On the Subject of God

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This issue is not the simple assertion, whether God exists, or not; the immediate question is a fa r more modest undertakinn: By what means might human beings have the capability to know with certainty whether God exists? What aspect of human intelligence might bear upon such a special quality of knowledge? What relevant fo rm of scientific incompetence, commonplace among academicians, has Dawkins exhibited?

The Metropolitan Museum of Art,Purchased with special funds and gifts of friends of the Musuem, 1961 . (61 .198)

Rembrandt van Rijn, "A ristotle with a Bust of Homer, " 1653.

16

© 1993 Schiller Institute, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part without permission strictly prohibited. On the Subject of God

by LyndonH. laRouche,Jr. July, 1992

ccording to the daily London Independent of the rhetoric; this should be a crucial included point to be most recent April 16, the preceding evening's submitted in refuting him. Thirdly, the best available Aparticipants in an Edinburgh (Scotland) interna­ argument, which G6del should have been able to offer, tional science fe stival had heard an Oxford University but apparently did not, the Classical argument restated 4 professor of biology describe belief in God as a disorder from the standpoint of Cantor's Beitriige, deserves to be of the brain analogous explicitly to a transmittable "com­ presented as a supplement to the Classical proofs by puter virus." Oxford's Richard Dawkins' address had Plato and Leibniz. included the fo rmulation: "These are arbitrary, heredi­ The fo rmal question begged, in speaking of such an tary beliefs which people are told at a critical age, passed ontological proof, is not the issue as posed so ineptly by on from your parents rather like a virus." He had added: Dawkins. The issue is not the simple assertion, whether "that 'evolutionary theory' has removed any scientific God exists, or not; the immediate question is a fa r more basis fo r arguing the existence of God, and said that modest undertaking: by what means might human beings people who believe in a God who is responsible fo r the have the capability to know with certainty whether God ex­ 1 order and beauty of the universe are 'stupid.' ,, ists? More precisely, what aspect of human intelligence might Report of Dawkins' address was relayed to the present bear upon such a special quality of knowledge? Also to the writer by Charles B. Stevens of 21st Century Science point is: what relevantfo rm of scientificincompetence, com­ quarterly. Stevens suggested, that several persons, whom monplace among academicians, has Dawkins exhibited? he listed at that time, co-sponsor the submission of a For Plato, to whom we owe the original ontological rebuttal of Dawkins to the Independent, to consist essen­ proof, as fo r the present writer, human knowledge per­ tially of a 1960's ontological proof of the existence of taining to the existence of God is to be discovered, God authored by Princeton University's late Professor uniquely, within a correct grasp of the notion of "Pla­ 2 5 Kurt G6del. tonic ideas" (eide). The Christian Platonist, Gottfried At first glance, that suggested rebuttal was particu­ Leibniz, employed the term monad as a referent fo r such 6 larly relevant, since the choice of fo rmulation reported ideas. To the same purpose, Bernhard Riemann once 7 by the Independent might imply to a knowledgeable employed the term Geistesmassen. These terms, and this reader that Dawkins had intended to single out G6del's writer's term, "thought-objects," are each and all related 1961 ontological proof fo r attack. Nonetheless, G6del's in an essential way to (Christian Platonist) Georg Can­ 8 work appeared to be inadequate rebuttal on three counts. tor's 1890's conception of transfinite types. In these fo l­ Firstly, presently available versions of G6del's proof add lowing pages, we shall summarize the kernel of the nothing significant to the Classical argument by Plato proof, that the conception of a Judeo-Christian God occurs 3 and Leibniz. Secondly, it would be disingenuous not as a matter of human knowledge only in the fo rm of a to attack directly the shameless illiteracy of Dawkins' "Platonic idea," or "thought-object."

17 fines a new theorem-lattice, "B, " associated with a new 12 I. set ofaxioms and postulates. That transformation, from A to B typifiesa rudimentary definition of "scientificand The Definition of technological progress." '" 'Human Knowled e' As we have shown in various other locations, no g theorem of lattice A can be consistent with any theorem That quality which sets the human species above, and of B; an "unbridgeable" chasm of fo rmal discontinuity apart from all lower species, is empirically reflected most separates mutually each lattice from all other lattices of simply, but nonetheless crucially, in all that pertains to such a series. That "chasm" corresponds, as does a map the simple fa ct, that mankind has risen, by successive to a terrain, to that action of change by means of which advances, above the miserable potential population-den­ B, fo r example, is generated from A. The series A, B, C, sity of a baboon-, or yahoo-like "primitive hunting and D, E, ... , is generated as a series by a higher fa ctor of gathering" culture, to a population-density of a thou­ change. This higher order of change, orders the suc­ sandfold greater today. This successful transformation cession of individual changes AB, BC, CD, DE, has occurred without a change in the present-day human etc., as a series. This higher change cannot be repre­ genotype, but, nonetheless, a succession of changes to an sented by any fo rmal algebraic or similar representa­ effect which is paralleled in the animal kingdom only tion of an ordered fu nction-since each and every by means of evolution from inferior to superior species. term of the series A, B, C, D, E, ..., is separated from In mankind, this achievement occurs through upward all others by an "unbridgeable" fo rmal discontinuity. transformations in quality of culture, a transformation Yet, this higher fa ctor of change defines in its own effected uniquely by means of an agency termed "cre­ way the effective generation of successive increases in ative reason." potential population-density, increases on which succes­ To restate this: the notion of "human knowledge" is sion the continued existence of that society ultimately so defined, as the ordering of progress, from inferior, to depends. superior fo rms of culture, a progress effected by that A detour is needed at this point; an example of the agency of change which we term human creative reason. change from lattice A to B must be supplied. For this The difficulty which impairs fa tally the argument of purpose, the reade r is referred to Nicolaus of Cusa's a Richard Dawkins from the outset, and many other 1430's discovery of the isoperimetric principle, as the putatively educated illiterates voicing conceits like his relevant fe atures of that discovery are emphasized in this 14 own, is the fa ct, that no fo rmal system of deduction! present writer's "On the Subject of Metaphor.,, Briefly, induction could portray positively such progress in hu­ the highlights most relevant to the ontological proof are 9 man knowledge. That difficulty can be located in the the fo llowing. fo llowing terms of reference. IO To estimate the area of a square which is equal to the The central fe ature of a process of successive increases area of a given (e.g., "unit") circle, use some fo rm of the in a society's population or potential population-density, fo llowing algorithm. Construct two squares by means of is scientificand technological progress. I I From the stand­ a single, continuous construction, one inscribed within point of fo rmal systems of argument, the level of scien­ the given circle, the other circumscribing it. Repeatedly, tificknowledge (technology) of a society at a given time double the number of sides of this pair of polygons, to may be represented, approximately, by a mutually consis­ generate a series of paired regular polygons of 2" sides, tent open-ended set of theorems. This set of theorems is fr om n = 1 6 to an astronomical n = 256. The average of implicitly consistent with some underlying set of interde­ the areas of the two polygons will approximate the size pendent axioms and postulates. This arrangement is of a given circle, and the average of the perimeters termed a "theorem-lattice," and the associated, underly­ of the polygons that circle's perimeter. That perimeter ing set of interdependent axioms and postulates is some­ divided by the length of the diagonal of the inscribed times termed an "hereditary principle." Let one such polygon yields an approximate value fo r 7T;the estimated theorem-lattice be represented by "A." Let this A be area divided by the square of half that diameter, is also associated with a specific potential population-density an approximation of 7T. fo r that society. Let a fu ndamental discovery, overturn­ However, even if n is increased astronomically, as fo r ing some part of the interdependent set of axioms and the cases that n = 256 or much more, a well-defined, postulates of A, be correlated with an inc rease of that discrete difference in area and perimeters persists be­ society's potential population-density. This change de- tween the circle and each of the polygons. The perimeter

18 of the polygons never converges upon congruence with that rior, initial lattice A, could never become coincident ' of the circle. The polygon and circle are of different with a higher, bounding state of fo rm. Thus, as this species of existence.15 A strong proof, using the seven­ principle's method is typified by Plato's Parmenides teenth-century notions of "infinite sima Is," fo r example,16 dialogue, we show a fo rmal flaw of A to be not only leads us, as in this illustrative case, to recognize that a axiomatic in nature, but of the fo rm of an ontological circular action cannot be accounted fo r in terms of the paradox. set of interdependent axioms and postulates of Euclidean 2. The discovery. This negative (Platonic dialectical) fo rmal geometry. proof requires that the higher, externally bounding However, let us define circular action in a different fo rm, unreachable by the lower, is ontologically supe­ axiomatic way, as Cusa did. Let us define this circular rior to, and existing independently of the lower. How­ action by means of what Cusa identified as his "Ma­ ever, the lower is derivable from the higher; thus, a ximum-Minimum" principle; this principle is recog­ new theorem-lattice's underlying set of interdepen­ nized in its more superficial aspect as the isoperimetric dent axioms and postulates is required, in which the principle, of least action required to generate a given ontological superiority of the higher fo rm is axiom­ area, or the fo rm of closed action which defines the atic, and the existence of the inferior is a derived one. largest enclosed area. Then, reference the way in which (Note, however, the fa ct that the inferior theorem­ the same "Maximum-Minimum" principle came to be lattice's underlying set of axioms and postulates can viewed over the course of the seventeenth century, be accessed from the higher does not mean that there as the Leibniz-Bernoulli principle of universal least . is any consistency between the axiomatic structure actIOn. 17 of the higher theorem-lattice and any or all of the We cannot define continuous circular action within theorems of the lower lattice.) the implicitly Eleatic terms of a fo rmal Euclidean theo­ rem-lattice. We must expel the disabling axiomatic fe a­ 3. The proof of discovery. The proof of a discovery is tures of that lattice, notably the presumption of a fo r­ threefold: (a) it must satisfy the paradox's requirement mally axiomatic existence of the asserted point and fo r a fo rmal solution; (b) the discovery must increase straight line. We must arrive at a fo rmal description of implicitly mankind's power over nature; (c) the dis­ actually existent points and lines, as consistent theorems covery must be one of an ordered series, of a method generated by an appropriate new set of interdependent of discovery which generates a series of a type A, B, C, axioms and postulates. This new "hereditary principle," D, E, ..., which correlates with increasing potential from which such new theorems are to be derived, allows population-density. only the self-evident fo rm "circular" (isoperimetric, "least") action. All that which is properly termed "human knowl­ The seventeenth century concept of the cycloid (circu­ edge," must be nothing different from that characteristic lar action acting reciprocally upon circular action), and of individual human behavior which is essential to the its derivatives (involutes, evolutes, analysis situs, and en­ perpetuation of the human species as an indivisible velopes), as the basis fo r an anti-Cartesian, non-algebraic whole. It is a fact of physical economy, that such existence calculus of universal least action, by Huygens, Leibniz, the of the species depends upon no less than some critical, 18 Bernoullis, et al., shows us that our new mathematics minimum rate of increase of potential population-den­ 20 ("Lattice B") enables us not only to eliminate the vicious sity. In other words, "change" in human behavior to paradoxes of "Lattice A, " but to equip mankind with the such effect. This change is generated uniquely by those power of knowledge over nature which had not been processes of creative reason referenced here. In other possible within the framework of an inferior, merely words, knowledge occurs solely in the fo rm of "thought­ algebraic "Lattice A." objects," Platonic ideas, and never as Aristotelian, That, in brief, is the gist of this short detour. Note that Cartesian, empiricist, or Kantian fo rms of deductive we have underscored three fe atures of the discontinuity conceits. between A and B. That point, crucial fo r the ontological proof in ques­ tion, is best illustrated by reference to the evidence sup­ 1. The preconditions fo r the discovery. A paradoxical fe a­ plied by modern Classical fo rms of Christian humanist ture of theorem-lattice A is driven to beyond its limit. secondary education-from the Brothers of the Com­ This shows, contrary to the anti-Monge, anti-Leibniz mon Life of Groote and Thomas a Kempis, through 19 Augustin Cauchy, that processes definedby the in fe - Wilhelm von Humboldt's nineteenth-century reforms.21

19 This bears upon our third point, 3(c) above, under "the istry is directed. The sixteenth century, Venetian fo und­ proof of discovery." ers of modern neo-Aristotelian gnosticism and its twin, The relevant kernel of such a Christian humanist Baconian empiricism, explicitly proposed exclusive em­ fo rm of secondary education, is emphasis upon the guid­ phasis upon the symbols ("marks") of nature (percep­ ance of (a sense of)primary sources to prompt the student tion), in explicit attack upon Nicolaus of Cusa's De Docta 23 to relive the creative-mental experience of many great Ign orantia. In other words, the gnostic empiricism of original discoveries in Classical natural philosophy, Clas­ the Baconian Rosicrucians24 is based upon a militant sical fo rms of fine arts, and statecraft. This has two outlawing of "Platonic ideas." Thus, to accept empiricism, leading aspects, fo r our purposes here. Firstly, each dis­ or, the same thing, positivism, is already to have adopted, covery, relived successfully by the student in that way, purely arbitrarily, without reason, the fo rmal premises is a reliving of, a replication of the processes of valid fo r denying the existence of God, e.g., fo r excluding discovery, virtually those which were experienced by the arbitrarily the entirety of that body of conclusive evi­ original source. Thereafter, that portion of the creative­ dence upon which a proof depends. In short, bury the mental capability of the original discoverer lives again in relevant crucial evidence, human creative knowledge, the mind of the student. This replicated portion of that out of sight; then, that done, deny that there is any original discoverer's creative-mental capability lives on relevant evidence in sight. (This practice reminds one in that student's mind as a "Platonic idea," "monad," or of a typically crooked prosecutor, burying exculpatory "thought-object." evidence with the complicity of a corrupt judge.) Thus, Secondly, the process of such education is historical, did a hoaxster such as Professor Dawkins tread in the each discovery located in time and place of original gnostic Venetian footsteps of Paolo Sarpi, Francis Bacon, discovery, and also located, in time and place, in respect Robert Fludd, Jeremy Bentham, Bertrand Russell, and to each of those subsequent original discoveries fo r which Rudolph Carnap. it serves functionally as an indispensable predecessor. Thus, in this higher analysis situs, each such individual discovery is a member of one, or more series, each latter of the fo rm representable by our pedagogical series A, II. B, C, D, E, . ... With each series, there is associated The Kernel of the Proof implicitly the appropriate, required, higher order of thought-object. The idea of a "universal history," as fo r Since all progress in knowledge is correlated with the Friedrich Schiller, in such a Christian humanist educa­ single dimension, of an increase of society's potential tional program, is a "Platonic idea," a "thought-object" population-density, it adumbrates, fr om that latter of this second, higher order.22 standpoint, a fo rmal representation by a single series of Contrast such a Christian Classical humanist educa­ the general fo rm of our pedagogical sequence of theo­ tion to the stultifying philosophical banality of today's rem-lattices, A, B, C, D, E, .... The increase of potential fa r worse than merely mediocre secondary and university population-density lies causally, not in any one or many programs. The latter chieflydr illing fu ture professionals, of these denoted terms of that sequence, but in the not to develop knowledge, but to pass computer­ changes marked by the discontinuities among the literal scoreable multiple-choice questionnaires. The Christian terms. Classical humanist program aims directly at fo stering Thus, the "substance" of knowledge is change. All the development, the increase of power of the student's such change has the "content" of a "Platonic idea," or creative-mental fa culty; this is a method, rooted in "Pla­ "thought-object." In the pedagogical sequence refer� tonic ideas," fo r fo stering directly, by carefully aimed enced, two distinct orders of such change are denoted. intent, the development of the student's creative powers There is the firstcase, the change (discontinuity) defining of reason. Modern positivist education aims at a con­ the change from one lattice to a successor; there is the fo rmist show of mere learning, as, in the extreme case, the second, higher order of change, the latter implied by the late behaviorist pigeon-tormenter, B.F. Skinner, might specificationthat the sequence as a whole correlates with have defined "learning." Classical humanist education a succession of increases of potential population-density. fo sters human knowledge. This second, higher order of change bounds the first; the In the contrast of such "knowledge" to such mere, first is determined by the second, not the contrary. That empiricist "learning," is key to the kind of banalized is to say, that the mere fa ct of a successful generation of credulity toward which Dawkins' fo rm of populist soph- B from A, does not generate per se a subsequent successful

20 generation of C from B. AB, Be. Nonetheless, (re­ AB occurs as a sub­ specting this second qual­ sumed action occurring ity), the principle of trans­ on the level of the first finite equivalence implicitly order of approximation, anticipates this increase of subsumed (in the causal rate of value of the series sense) by the higher as a whole by later changes principle of change, a in the same series. higher persisting prin­ To illustrate what we ciple which generates are saying of this extraor­ the continued succes­ dinary quality of each term sion of each of the first­ of that unified, transfinite order changes of that series of changes, compare senes. this to the case of succes­ A still higher, third sive integration (in the cal­ order of change (to sim­ culus): each term of the se­ ilar effect), is implied by ries is not only an integral the notion of variability of the preceding term cre­ in change of the second ated now as a differential; order. Given A" B" C" the number of multiple in- D" E" ..., is there pos- tegrations performed in­ sibly a more powerful, creases with each succes­ alternate rate of change sive term. This is merely a of the second order which generates a series, A" B , C , simplified illustration of the kind of analysis situs which 2 2 D ,E , •••,o f higher rates of growth than the firstseries ? substitutes fo r ordinary notions of deterministic fu nction 2 2 And, then, a third such; and, so on? The question is in the highest transfinite domains. implicitly its own answer, at least partially so. (1) Let Consider a real-life case from the history of music change of the first order be designated as hypothesis. (2) (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's "1782-1 786 Revolution Let change of the second order be a principle of higher in Music.,,)26 Three revolutions, in succession, brought hypothesis. (3) Let change of the third order be a principle about the discovery which Mozart exhibited in, fo r of hypothesizing the higher hypothesis. example, his six "Haydn" string quartets.27 The first This "hypothesizing the higher hypothesis" has a sig­ was Joseph Haydn's 1781 presentation of his revolu­ nificance ofBecoming in Plato and in Georg Cantor. This tionary Motivfiihrung principle in his six "Russian" transfinite Becoming, in Plato and Cantor is bounded, "as quartets of that year, Op. 33.28 The second is a Bach fr om above," by Plato's ("infinite") Good (God). The discovery of 1747, represented by a collection of related "hypothesizing the higher hypothesis," the highest state compositions entitled "A Musical Offering.,,29 The of mind corresponding to comprehension of Plato's and third is Mozart's 1782 discovery, combining the three Cantor's Becoming, is bounded by the unchanged cause in the isochronic time-series of necessary predecessor, of change (for increase of potential population-density), 1781, 1747, 1782. the Good. This relationship of the lesser (Becoming) to This example from the history of music is equivalent its master (Good) parallels somewhat the bounding of to the more general fo rm of a (Christian) Classical hu­ the inferior species, a polygonal process, by the higher manist education, based upon the isochronic "necessary species, circular action.25 predecessor" principle of ordering of primary-source Focus upon the crucial detail of series A, B, C, D, representation of crucial creative discoveries in the ad­ E, ..., the relationship of the individual revolutionary vancement of human knowledge. discovery, say CD, to altering the determination of DE What is occurring in all valid such series of this A, by a BC+CD. There are two qualities to be considered. B, C, D, E, ..., fo rm, is that the series is converging First, CD must be the necessary predecessor of DE. isochronically upon a generalized fo rm of Plato's and Second, CD must increase the series' rate of increase of Cantor's Becoming. Notably, the manner in which this potential population-density above that determination of process of "perfection" is proceeding (in valid cases), to fu ture such rate already implied fo r CD by the series its "equivalence," shows that it never becomes coincident

21 with the efficientlysubsuming principle bounding it, the of experience, throughout the entirety of one's life. Good. So, the educated Classical humanist-the modern Now, reconsider the term, "leap offaith," as employed "Renaissance man"-knows relevant parts of the cre­ to describe the mere outside appearance of an act of valid ative mental processes of Plato, Archimedes, Cusa, da revolutionary discovery. To this purpose and effect, focus Vinci, Kepler, Gilbert, Desargues, Fermat, Pascal, Huy­ all that has been, or might have been said up to this point gens, Leibniz, et al. Somewhat similarly, great moments upon the Classical humanist educational process. The of the greatest, and other Classical fineartists, and of the fo llowing observations bring the relevant images into political history of our planet. For that humanist, the the required fo cus. creative principle of change is the efficient principle, the characteristic behind all valid fo rms of human activity. 1. The purpose and content of humanist education is The apparent "leap of fa ith" is not a capricious act of not the accumulation of mere information and recipes, arbitrary "blind fa ith." Not only does creative revolution­ but rather a direct fostering of the individual spark ary change-as best typifiedby valid, fu ndamental scien­ of creative genius (imago viva Dei) in each student, by tific discovery-set mankind's individual person apart a total emphasis upon incorporating in the student's from, and above the beasts; such creative thinking, such mind crucial moments from the acts of crucial, valid apparent leaps, is the true nature of all behavior which discoveries by (implicitly) all of the greatest known is characteristically human. The Classical humanist edu­ creative geniuses in all of history. This experience of cation compresses millennia of such human progress genius-this youthful living the experience of be com­ into the student's direct experience, by replication of ing a genius-is not limited to any so-called specialty; numerous among the greatest moments of concentrated, it covers all natural philosophy, plus great Classical valid discovery, by means of selection fr om among the fo rms of all fine arts, plus mastery of the universal works of the greatest original thinkers of all history. For principle oflanguage from the standpoint of Classical the student fo rtunate enough to enjoy such a fo rm of Indo-European philology, plus the science of state­ education, thousands of years of such progress in natural craft. philosophy, finearts, and political affairs are compressed into a fe w years of one's youth, one's development of the 2. The discoverer does not make a "blind leap of fa ith," intellectual and moral fo undations of adult life. In that although that appearance may be presented to an case, one's own, richly developed creative talent is ele­ observer who lacks familiarity with the true, Classical vated from the rank of "raw intuition," to an intelligible humanist species-nature of creative genius. The dis­ fo rm of creative thinking. That intelligibility is named coverer reacts to the stimulating paradox in the natural by Plato "the method of hypothesis:" to see one's own way of genius, as previously acquired through reliving creative efforts in the setting of the higher hypothesis the acts of genius of the greatest discoverers from the posed by one's experience of creative moments of history past. Genius, so educated, is not an extraordinary to date, is to make one's own conscious efforts, so situ­ event to such an educated person. For that reason, fo r ated, an object of conscious reflection; this is "hypothesiz­ such persons, creativity has become a continuing way ing the higher hypothesis." Knowing the principle of of life. It is the natural way of reacting to experience hypothesizing the higher hypothesis, so, we know when, fo r those who have made constant companions of how, and where to leap. exemplary creative moments from within the minds Once that educable quality of self-consciousness, hy­ of numerous among the greatest original thinkers of pothesizing the higher hypothesis, is attained (through history. a lifetime's continuing commitment to this Classical edu­ cational approach), the ontological proof is a readily The spark of potential genius is given to all of us who intelligible proposition. Otherwise, as the case of Daw­ might become capable of understanding, fo r example, kins' April 15 Edinburgh address illustrates the wide­ this page; all are imago viva Dei. Some, too fe w, develop spread illiteracy among putatively professional academ­ their talent; most, unfortunately, waste it in squirrel-like ics, competence in this and related deeper matters of pursuits of wealth and sensuous pleasures, or simply scientific method were not possible. bury it, unused. To those who do develop that talent, or The crucial marks of Dawkins' address are sufficient who might do so, as a Christian fo rm of Classical human­ to prove his illiteracy, conclusively. His hand-waving ist education implies that accomplishment, the way of reference to hackneyed phrases respecting "evolutionary true genius becomes simply daily custom, in every aspect theory," is among the more glaring examples of this.

22 Here, thus fa r, we have examined, in summary, the day's Boltzmann-like statistical representation of an kernel of the ontological proof; we turn next, to exploit "evolutionary theory" based upon the "action" of "sur­ the Dawkins case as a "whipping-boy," to show some vival of the fittest/natural selection.,,41 among the more important historical implications of the Compare the primary fe atures of two somewhat simi­ proof. lar, but specificallydis tinct evolutionary series. The first, is the geological and related records of transformation of the species-composition of the biosphere. The second, is human history (and archaeological pre-history) from III. the standpoint of physical economy. Both series demon­ Plato vs. Aristotle strate the principle, that successful reproduction of the global biosphere, or successful cultural evolution of phys­ The core of Dawkins' argument is derived not from the ical-economic modes of social existence are characteristi- progress of modern science, but from the influence of ca IIy negentroplc. processes. 42 an anti-Renaissance, anti-Christian, gnostic movement The fo llowing considerations are adduced. which rose to great influence over the course of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries of modern European 1. The firstseries (biological evolution) is characterized history, the Rosicrucian and related, gnostic cults which by some biological principle of action, the second assumed the disguise of the eighteenth-century Enlight­ by the sovereignly creative-mental processes of the enment of Voltaire and his cronies. individual mind.43 Yet, the general fo rm of both is This post-Renaissance, gnostic intrusion into Western similar. Europe was partially an echo of medieval cults of "Bug- 2. The successful case of evolutionary development is gery ,,30 and "AverrOism. . ,,31 I t was mtro. d uce d c h·Ie fl y the diversificationof the entire process by addition of through Venetian usurers, such as the fa ction of the a new type whose characteristic activity increases the notorious Paolo Sarpi/2 and his fo rerunners of the early relative negentropy of either the biosphere, or the through middle sixteenth century.33 The proverbial "red society taken as a whole process. dye," by means of which this gnostic subversion may be traced from the East, is the promotion of the teachings 3. There are many instances of fa ilures in the actual and method of Aristotle. history of both series, yet the fa ilures are the prover­ That the real-life Aristotle, and also his writings are bial exceptions which prove the rule. evil, is beyond reasonable doubt; his notorious Politics and (Nicomachean) Ethics are luridly SO.34 In this present Consider some crucial fe atures of cultural evolution, discussion, a different fa cet of his writings occupies our and thereafter resume the comparative examination of attention, the Aristotle of logic and natural philosophy. the two, specifically distinctive series. Focus upon the The fa mous Philo ("Judaeus") of Alexandria was the physical-economic characteristics, i.e., changes in poten­ firstleadin g theologian to show explicitly that Aristotle's tial population-density per capita and per square kilome­ 44 method rejects absolutely the existence of a Mosaic, ter. Include the standard of durable survival, e.g., not 35 Christian God the Universal Creator. In modern times, the value of AB, but of the series A, B, C, D, E, ..., as whoever has adopted competently the method of Aris­ a type, e.g., the higher hypothesis. Reflectionupon variabil­ totle, such as Rene Descartes/6 Immanuel Kant,37 or the ity of performance of higher hypothesis, then implies hy­ typical, consummately evil Bertrand Russell/8 will reject pothesizing the higher hypothesis. axiomatically, as did Dawkins, even the mere suggestion From this objective standpoint of physical perfor­ that an ontological proof exists. mance, of the science of physical economy, the data Expressed in this writer's "On the Subject of Meta­ collected by the anthropologists represent chiefly types phor," the Aristotelian, or so-called "Big Bang" model of of cultures which collapsed because they were, at best, the universe, is implicitly consistent with a popularized no longer morally fit to survive, the least suitable, the delusion, that "human intelligence" is merely "informa­ "least fit"of cultural types. The usury-practicing cultures tion," the which might be assessed statistically, and there­ of Mesopotamia are a leading example of persistent deca­ fo re could be accomplished by an adequately sophisti­ dence. All cultures under the influence of those fo rms cated fo rm of digital computing system.39 This of worship associated with the Shakti-Shiva, Cybele­ argument, typifiedby that of the late Professor Norbert Dionysus, Ishtar, Isis-Osiris, or Gaia-Python-Apollo Wiener, et al.,40 is the same proposition underlying to- fo rm of Satan-worship, represent a fa tal cultural virus,

23 a disease of culture analogous to bubonic plague in the labor is the correlative of an Increase of potential biological domain. From no later than approximately popula tion -densi ty. 1000 B.C., the pre-Columbian cultures of the Americas 5. The crux of these connections, which places science were in a spiral of collapse, into such terminal fo rms of and materialist ideology into irreconcilable opposi­ utmost moral degeneracy as the Aztec culture of the tion, is the fact that the origin of this causal sequence late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. There are is a spiritual, i.e., mental-creative act of discovery, and virtually no instances of known aboriginal cultures; the hypothesis. I.e., a material result, increase of potential philological and archaeological shards show that the so­ population-density, is the result of a spiritual cause, a called "primitive cultures" are usually the pitiful, degen­ result which could be accomplished in no other way than erated remains of a fo rmer, collapsed culture. reliance upon this spiritual causation. This is directly Against this mass of evidence, there is no doubt of the contrary to the arbitrary dogmas of materialists Des­ great advancement of humanity's potential population­ cartes (deus ex machina) and Newton (hypotheses non density, especially since the European Golden Renais­ jingo). 48 sance of the fifteenth century. The negentropic character of successful cultures is best illustrated by attention to the largest component of For example, the importance of private entrepreneur­ the human activity of a successful culture, its physical ship is implicit in this aspect of technology. The higher economy. To the purpose of exposing the illiteracy of the rate of capital-intensive (and energy-intensive) in­ Dawkins' use of so-called "evolutionary theory," we take vestment in application of high rates of scientific and a necessary detour through the relevant rudiments of technological progress, the higher the combined rates modern physical economy. of real-wage growth, profits, and potential population­ density. Thus, the necessary emphasis upon the sover­ Ph sical Econom eignly individual, personal quality of creative-mental y y processes, in the fo rm of private entrepreneurship by The science of physical economy, or technology, firstestab­ fa mily fa rms and small- to medium-sized manufacturing lished by Gottfried Leibniz during the interval 1672- and related organizations, especially in the machine-tool 1716, was fo unded upon study of two leading fe atures sector. The right to private entrepreneurship is properly of the industrial revolution which such collaborators of contingent upon promotion of scientific and technologi­ Colbert as Leibniz and Huygens were designing at that cal progress in energy-intensive, capital-intensive modes. time. In his 1672 "Society and Economy," fo r example, However, the possibility of success in the private sec­ Leibniz treated the principles of a real-wages policy.45 tor depends upon certain fo rms of relatively massive His more extensive work emphasized the principles of investments by government. These are properly concen­ design of heat-powered machinery4 6 and the relationship trated in two categories of basic economic infr astructure: between technology and productive powers of labor.47 "hard" (e.g., water, sanitation, energy, transportation, So, we have identified technology, heat-powered ma­ communications grids), and "soft" (e.g., educational sys­ chinery, and real-wages policy. Examine each of these tems, public health systems). We turn to "hard" infra­ topics, summarily, in that order; we need consider only structure, under Leibniz's rubric of heat-powered ma­ enough to situate our use of the term "negentropy" as chinery. applicable to a description of culture. Leibniz's treatment of the principles of heat-powered Technology is fa irly described as fo llows: (e.g., steam-powered) machinery shows us, that although the increase of per capita and per square meter power l. Every scientificdiscovery is susceptible of being repre­ does tend to correlate with fu nctions of increase of the sented in its effects by a fo rm of demonstration some­ productive powers of labor, this fu nctional increase is times named "a crucial experiment." delimited by progress in technology-using a geometric 2. A refined version of such a crucial experiment is the representation of technological progress (of hypothesis model of reference fo r design of a corresponding and of higher hypothesis). The reverse is also true, even principle of machine-tool design. "more true." The ability to realize technological progress is delimited by several fa ctors which are measured appro­ 3. The appropriate application of such a machine-tool priately in common terms of "per capita " and "per square design increases the average value of the productive meter" (or a multiple or fraction of a square meter). We powers of labor of that society. call these "basic economic infrastructure," which we 4. That fo rm of increase of the productive powers of divide into the indicated "hard" and "soft" categories.

24 A level of technology re­ quires a minimum to maxi­ CHART 1. Population as a Wh ole. mum range of allotment, per capita and per square kilome­ ter, of such "hard" infrastruc­ ture as (fresh) water manage­ Seniors ment, transportation grids (ton-kilometer-hours), power Highest age of gainful employment grids (megawatts per capita, per square kilometer), sanita­ tion, and communications. It requires a certain level of Working age compulsory education (by Classical standards), and health-service grids-other­ wise intellectual develop­ School leaving age ment, longevity, and health will not be sufficient fo r eco­ Secondary school age nomical realization of the in­ dicated level of technology. Primary school age In addition to such infra­ Pre-school age structural constraints, the fe a­ Infants under one year of age sible level of realized technol­ ogy by a society (as a whole) is delimited by the capital-in ­ tensity of employment in in­ Social composition shown is the United States, 1970 population of 203,235,000. fr astructure, agriculture, Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; Executive Intelligence Review. mining, and manufacturing, combined. This capital-inten- sity is not measured, in any way, in dollars or kindred The analysis of the process of self-reproduction of a monetary units or indices; it is measured twice, in rations society begins with the population as a whole. of the total available, and employed (respectively) labor­ In physical economy, two demographic fe atures of fo rce. This capital-intensity of the society/economy as the social-reproductive process are most crucial; life­ a whole, is the ratio of labor employed directly in pro­ expectancy and health provides us the general profileof duction of producers' goods, to labor employed di­ the consuming population; the way in which the labor­ rectly (physically) in fa shioning households' and related fo rce component of the population is defined, is the goods. second of the two principal fe atures. This ratio of capital-intensity fo r infrastructure, agri­ In a modern, late twentieth-century industrial society, culture, mining, and manufacturing, respectively, is fo r example, the fo llowing rule of thumb applies (SEE combined to yield a capital intensity fo r that society/ Chart 1). economy as a whole. Agriculture is combined with min­ Chart 1 is a bar diagram placed in a representation of ing and manufacturing, to yield one crucial ratio; this age (modal life-expectancy of the society) compared with ratio, in ratio to total (including infrastructure) yields a fu nctional demographic composition of that popula­ the second significant ratio. tion. This bar, roughly corresponding to trends in the post-World War I U.S. economy to date, shows the Demo raphy fo llowing composition. g The highest significant life-expectancy range is be­ Given, these constraints, infrastructural and capital-in­ tween eighty-five and ninety years of age. The highest tensity, fo r realization of a level of available technology, generally-significant age of gainful employment is be­ consider then the fo llowing, diagram-aided representa­ tween sixty and seventy years. Except fo r those living tion of the corresponding process of self-reproduction of in sub-standard social circumstances, the modal school­ an entire society. leaving age is between seventeen and twenty-five years,

25 concentrated in the seventeen to twenty-two year range. Growth Since Pagan Rome,,).49 If a "primitive hunting­ Elementary education occupies the age-interval from and-gathering society" ever existed, the life-expectancy five or six through ten or twelve, secondary education was below twenty years of age, the infant mortality up to seventeen or eighteen years. For obvious reasons, almost that of rabbits in the wild, and plus or minus the we distinguish infants under one year from the under ten square kilometers of Cenozoic wilderness required six norm fo r pre-(elementary)-school-age. to sustain an average individual life-such as that life Since World War II, an increasingly excessive ration might be. of "housewives" has been employed in meeting the two­ The most crucial fe ature of modern civilized social income requirement of the typical fa mily; the resulting life is, that individual political equality cannot be realized damage to children and youth is one of the principal without a Classical humanist fo rm of education through evils of u.S. social life today. (The popular "baby-sitter" secondary-school age-levels. A civilized fo rm of political fo r children of all ages, has become Satan's own one­ society, a constitutional fo rm of republican democracy, eyed entertainer, the proverbial "boob-tube.") Although cannot be sustained unless the cultural standard of such some have seen only the "improvement" of women's an education is the generally accepted standard fo r policy independent career opportunities, the fa ct of the matter deliberations. Call this standard set by the Brothers of is that the cause fo r the two-person-per-family income the Common Life of the late fo urteenth through the late standard is a result of a trend of fa lling real wages per sixteenth centuries, or of the Humboldt reforms of the capita. This trend has been uneven, but consistently nineteenth century. Every child and youth has a moral downward since approximately 1947-1949. right, therefore, to completion of a Classical fo rm of Since pre-civilized society, humanity has moved up­ secondary compulsory education in natural philosophy, ward, especially since the accelerated impetus sup­ finearts, language, and history of statecraft, through the plied by the early fifteenth century, Western European age of seventeen or so. In addition, beyond a general (Christian) Golden Renaissance (SEE Chart 2, "Population Classical humanist education compulsory fo r all, modern society requires post-secondary specialist education of professionals, up to an age range between twenty-one 2. European Population Growth Since CHART and twenty-five years rather commonly, and through Pagan Rome. thirty (appr?ximately) fo r the most intensive of scientific (millions) professional specialties. 700 Thus, a civilized level of society today requires post­ poning regular labor fo rce duties of the young until the 600 age of between sixteen or seventeen and twenty-five. This period of life, and cost of education, must be sus­ tained by the production of the adult labor-force. This 500 requires a long-lived labor fo rce, kept in sound, work­ a-day health, through ages sixty-five through seventy years. Such a labor-force has the present best life-expec­ 400 tancy profile fo r the age-ranges seventy to ninety. So in these and other ways, are development and demography

300 interdependent. Similarly, if the modal ratio of birthsper capita of adult population falls below more than one, a catastrophic 200 demographic aging of the total population is the result. If the fa mily (parental) household becomes an unstable institution, serious mental illness among the young is 100 more frequent, and a broader range of incidence of less severe personality defects as well. Such and related demographic considerations deter­ o 400 400 1000 1300 1550 1700 1900 '75 mine the ratio of a demographically healthy society's B.C. A.D. labor-force to total population. This brings us to Chart Year 3, summarized in the illustrative bar-diagram provided. Note changes in time scale at A.D. 1000 and A.D. 1550. Compare the corresponding labor fo rce and employ­ ment censuses of leading industrialized nations today

26 ment of the labor-force, which have become so promi­ CHART 3. To talLabor Force. nent, and so distinctly costly, since about the time of Harold Wilson's becoming prime minister in Britain. Percentile These include the cancerous growth of employment in 3% Unemployment parasitical expansion of administration and non-scien­ 5% Other 15% Administrative services tific services, financial services most notably. This also includes the growth of unemployment, and underem­ 7% Teaching ployment, and marginal employment. It includes the 6% Medical doubly parasitical wastefulness of a "recreational drugs" 3% Energy 6% Science market which loots the U.S. economy today of an amount fa r greater than U.S. military and related expenditures combined. 27% Manufacturing Thus, as this bar-diagram illustrates the point, these patterns of allotments of the total labor-force, to the various categories of respectively (physically ) productive and non-productive employments, are an integral aspect 2% Mining & related of the characteristic of action of an economy/society during 3% Agriculture 23% Infrastructure a chosen interval of time. This is a key fa cet of what may be termed fa irly the "spectroscopy" of that economy during that interval, speaking in much the same sense The percentiles shown are those appropriate to a technologically we speak either of characteristic spectra in referring to advanced economy. the Periodic Table, or the spectra emitted, fo r example, Source: Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr., So You Wish To LearnAll About to be detected by a moth, of a mechanically agitated Economics? A Text on Elementary Mathematical Economics, chap. 8. molecule of pollen.50 This same characteristic of action of any interval of a . with the firsteight U.S. censuses (1790, 1800, 1810, 1820, physical economy has additional integral fa cets. The 1830, 1840, 1850, 1860, 1870). We begin with the required absolute levels of household consumption, per capita and rural component of total employment which is in excess per square kilometer, and the levels of output, also per of ninety percent; we proceed, through scientific and capita and per square kilometer, correlate with the fo re­ technological progress in the fa mily-owned and operated going spectra of allotment in crucial and otherwise inter­ fa rm and ranch, to a requirement on the order of two esting ways. Also, we have already noted power-correla­ percent of the total labor-force. Look closely, briefly, at tives; this includes kilowatts per capita and per square some crucial fe atures of the development of agriculture. kilometer, fo r both residential and production uses of Consider yields in agriculture in terms of per capita land, respectively; the distribution of this requirement and per hectare. Consider also the roles of transportation­ varies by type of land use, and by level of technology and grids, energy grids, and industrial capital-intensity, and capital-intensity employed. At the point of application technology in bringing about reduction in agricultural of power by technology, we have power-density and labor-force required per one thousand of total national electromagnetic-radiation characteristics. population. Consider also, improvements in diet re­ The result of correlating this and other significant, sulting from technology of agricultural development, integral facets of the characteristic of action, is an estimate and from water-management, transportation, and post- of the necessary, optimal allotment of the total labor­ 1930 use of chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs) fo r refrigeration fo rce, as contrasted with any actual or mooted "spectros­ in the fo od chain. copy." This picture of a "global" economic fu nction can Consider the growth of infrastructure 1790-1 970 (little be described in a series of constraints, written out fo r improvement, significant collapse has occurred in the purposes of approximation as a list of inequalities.51 U.S.A., fo r example, since 1970). Consider the growth These include such constraints as the fo llowing leading in employment and manufacturing and fluctuations in items: mining. Consider the growth of employment in physical science and related engineering in two respects: as a 1. The longevity and coefficientsof health of the popula­ percentile of the labor fo rce, and in ratio to the operatives tion must be increased, while the duration of the employed in rural and agricultural occupations. period of education converges upon a Classical-hu­ Consider the "post-industrial" pathologies in employ- manist program of compulsory education fo r all, ex-

27 tended upward in specialist professional education logical progress in a relatively capital-intensive, power­ toward an asymptotic level of perhaps twenty-five intensive mode; otherwise society decays. years modally. With this in view, return to Chart 3. With the consid­ erations-constraints-identified taken into account, let 2. The per-capita household consumption of a popula­ a moment of the economic process of a society be treated tion of such demographic characteristics must be as "theorem-lattice A" of a series of the pedagogical fo rm gradually increased in quality at an approximately A, B, C, D, E, ... . This "moment," A, is, of course, steady rate. otherwise seen as an "interval." This is an "interval of 3. The allotment of labor fo rce directly to agricultural action," action defined"s pectroscopically" by the consid­ employment must be decreased as a percentile, toward erations outlined in our elaboration of some leading some lower asymptotic limit of probably between one implications of Chart 3: a characteristic action of that and two percent, while increasing the per capita supply interval A. This "local" characteristic of action is, of and quality of agricultural products fo r the population course, action fo r change, but changes which might ap­ as a whole. pear to correspond consistently to the internal fu nction­ ing of a system of linear inequalities. We are concerned 4. The employed industrial operatives component (in­ to represent the point of breakdown of such a particular cluding infrastructural employment) of the labor array of changes governed by linear inequalities. fo rce must grow to a level of perhaps seventy percent This characteristic action of the economy/society as a of the total labor fo rce, and be diminished below that negentropic process, has the fo llowing general fe atures only by transfers into the professional ranks of science of interest to us respecting Dawkins' use of the catch­ and engineering. term "evolutionary theory." 5. Within the individual operatives segment of employ­ We begin with a demographic determination of a ment, the ration employed in producers goods must total population's labor fo rce; this, as we have indicated, increase relative to employment in production of already reflects, at each moment, a level of technological household goods, but without reducing the per capita practice. We measure consumption, per capita and per supply of household goods. square kilometer, in terms of the total physical output And so on. of an operative's portion of the total labor fo rce. We then estimate the amount of combined technological progress However, to realize the program of development such and expansion required (after accounting fo r depletion constraints imply, imposes two additional constraints of previously improved resources) to sustain at least the upon the economy. First, scientific and technological same per capita values; this rate of technological progress progress must proceed at an adequate rate. Second, in­ plus expansion defines-with apologies to Professor creases in development of basic economic infrastructure Hermann Minkowski-a "world-line," a pathway of must be supplied in quantity and quality. growth which merely secures a "zero entropy" condition This requires aminimization of wasteful and parasiti­ fo r that society. cal activities, especially the evil of financial and related The margin of total physical output of operatives usury. If the kinds of constraints indicated are not satis­ which is consumed up to the level of securing a bare fied, the physical economy will slide into an entropic "zero entropy" of the economy/society, is treated as anal­ collapse. The general rule is fa irly described as fo llows: ogous to the thermodynamic "energy of the system." Think of both "raw materials" and man's improve­ The "free" margin of total output remaining after this ments of the total physical environment as, at each mo­ deduction fo r maintaining a "zero entropy" state, then ment, a productive resource which must be maintained, attracts our attention. We fo cus more narrowly on that if the productive potential-potential population-den­ ration of this "free output" which is employed in fo ster­ sity-is not to be lowered. It is sufficient,fo r our present ing technologically progressive expansion of the econo­ purposes, to stress an aspect of this connection: as the my's productive system; this latter, smaller portion of best and cheapest raw materials are depleted by use, the "free" output is treated as analogous to "free energy." physical productivity must fa ll in the sector, (and, thus, in We have, then, a notion analogous to that of a variable the economy as a whole), unless this marginal depletion's ratio of "free energy" to an absolutely expanding "energy effects are offset by advances in technology. There is no of the system." possibility of a "zero technological-growth equilibrium" This analogue of a "free energy" fu nction correlates in a real society/economy without scientificand techno- with a rising potential population-density.

28 Actual Physical fa shion, and as evil. Economy "Sorry, buddy. This is nothing personal; I'm The outline of eco­ just doing my job." As­ nomic growth just sum­ sassin? Government marized does not corre­ bureaucrat? Corpo­ spond, in any consistent rate bureaucrat? U.S. way, to the overall prac­ Democratic Party tice of modern Euro­ hack? Concentration pean civilization. How­ camp gas chamber at­ ever, the exceptions tendant? Vietnam body prove the rule, conclu­ counter fo r Robert S. sively. McNamara? Whoever Speaking statIstI- that might be, the prin­ cally, European civiliza­ ciple of the case is essen­ tion-and its actual tially the same. Personal economy-is not the re­ moral responsibil ity to sult of a single current be self-governed by of successive cultural truth-seeking reason is impulsions ("character­ put aside, when a mere istic of action"); fo r covenant might be more than 2,500 years to obeyed blindly. Who date, Europe and Euro- or what covenant­ pean civilization have been, at each moment, the net wielding potency is directing this "zombie"? A "blob" result of two conflicting, irreconcilable sets of impulses. fr om outer space, perhaps? No, not from "outer space," There was the evil of Mesopotamia and Canaan, against but perhaps one of those "blob" -like pestilences spread the Ionian city-state republics. There was the conflict fr om the Cult of Apollo by way of a Venice fa ction to between the Athens of Solon's constitutional reforms, which the notoriously evil Paolo Sarpi and also England's and the oligarchical evil of slave-holding Sparta under Sir Henry Wootton adhered.55 Lycurgus's code.52 There was Plato, versus the evil repre­ Fly fo r a moment, in the imagination, to a possibly sented by Aristotle and Isocrates.53 There was the Chris­ fictional death chamber of a dying, fa bulously wealthy tianity ofSts. Peter, John, and Paul, against the oligarchi­ and powerful man. His attorneys and a notary are occu­ cal, paganist gnosticism of the Delphic and Roman pied at the side of the tycoon's bed. The dying man pant h eons. 54 completes the legal rituals; his visitors depart, leaving the Of these, Professor Dawkins might say, "Two oppos­ old Croesus to the ominous sound of his own breathing. ing viruses." Indeed, from the standpoint of his April Whatever his daydream, it brings a small, sadistic smile 15 address, were he consistent, the whole of history, to his aged, Faustian fe atures. He has purchased a cer­ including the history of teaching biology at Oxford Uni­ tain, perverse kind of earthly immortality, by creating versity, must appear to him as not a product of human his own "blob" to live after him: a new charitable fo un­ behavior, as much as a virus-like infection of the collec­ dation. tive mind by some potency in the fo rm of "covenants," Already, the fo undation's initial roster of administra­ or "linear systems." To understand Dawkins' thus-per­ tors is in the process of being selected and installed. They plexed miscomprehension of history and science, think will each die, as will the individual attorneys of the law back to a type of Hollywood, pseudo-science fiction firms, and the officials of the private banks; but the rather modish during the 1950's. Pods from outer space fo undation will live on in its eerie, "blob" -like earthly invade Earth surreptitiously (of course), and capture the quasi-immortality, like a pagan god of Olympus-to minds of hapless persons, which latter become a special live in earthly immortality fo rever, at least until the sort of "zombie-like" creatures, "pod people." Unfortu­ inevitable "Twilight of the Gods." nately, there are real-life approximations of that script, Who are the passing generations, of attorneys, bank­ less fa ntastic, but ultimately just as eerie in their own ers, and so fo rth, who administer to the "blob" -like

29 57 covenant throughout its long, but finitely eternal immor­ with playing the game of the Lord of the Flies. What if tality? "Pod people"? More or less, exactly so; just "pod many deranged people play out acting lackeys of a people" going about, "just doing my job." The dying old "blob," or of an assortment of "blobs," as young people man leers at the thought. might be caught up playing "Dungeons and Dragons" The "pod people" who minister to such "blobs," are in dead earnest? What if people make a secure income, not limited to the administrators, attorneys, financial and enjoy great covert power by pretending that the officers, and so fo rth, who serve as the lackeys of the "blob" which nominally employs them is a real personal­ "blob's" personal household. Its power reaches out, ity, a personality whose absolute self-interest is the pres­ through the tentacles of its usurious capital, to recruit its ervation of itself as an increasingly wealthy "blob" in a "pod people" among the corporation executives, real nation which is ruled by like-minded "blobs"? What if estate schemes, and reinsurance cartels. Through the overgrown children, as an assortment of trustees, attor­ tentacles of its charities, the "blob" controls its "pod neys, financial agents, corporate executives, heads of fra­ people" in the university fa culties, the science labora­ ternal orders, university officers, and so on, each and tories, the fine arts, medical officials, and the popular all dedicate all of their resources, in dead earnest, to entertainments. By aid of these means, the "blob's" roster perpetuating eternally "the game of blobs"? of "pod people" includes judges, various officialsof other What, on the other side, if a newly elected govern­ branches of government, and political party organiza­ ment, fo r example, were to remove the legal protection tions, as well as the leading news and entertainment of tax and other statutes indispensable fo r the continued media. fictive existence of a powerful nation's local oligarchical One "blob" by itself does not make such an Olympian collection of "blobs"? How would the assembled lackeys power within, or over society. Over the centuries, the of the "blobs" respond? species of "blob," called in Venice the fo ndi, has come to Some common gossips insist, that every individual's constitute a large number of such "blob" fa milies. It is opinions are either a response of an experience-scarred these types of "blob" families who constitute the collec­ "human nature" to sensory stimuli, or some silly babbling tion of those non-human creatures, the real-life gods of to the same net effect. What ignorant, unobservant, fool­ Olympus. These "blobs," whose existence is premised ish gossips these are! How often do we not meet a person upon a mere parasitical, usurious covenant, constitute the pompously "just doing my job" in the disgusting manner oligarchy; those "pod people" who serve the oligarchy's of a mind-slave lackey of either some "blob," or another, "blobs" are merely the mind-slave lackeys of the inhu­ but related type of non-human, fictive institution man oligarchy proper. manned by mere apparently soulless lackeys? What of Since King Philip's ancient Macedon, Philip's agent the curious propensity, observed in that way, in such a Aristotle is the gnostic archetype fo r the mind-slave variety of frequently encountered incidents, of persons lackey of those inhuman "blobs" which constitute the whose apparent chief concern in life is "what will the ruling oligarchies of this planet, the quasi-immortal, neighbors think?" What is the commonly pathological earth-bound gods of pagan Olympus. This quality of fe ature of mental life typical of those persons who behave evil in Aristotle's still continuing influence, is shown in such unwholesomely aberrant ways? Why speak of 56 explicitly, pervasively in his Politics and Ethics. The "human nature"? Why not speak also of persons of immediately relevant point is the correlation between "unhuman nature"? What is the method commonly char­ the method of Aristotle's anti-scientific logic and natural acteristic of such bureaucratic, unhuman mental pro­ philosophy, on the one side, and the method permeating cesses? This brings our attention back to the method of Dawkins' address reported in the April 16 London Inde­ Aristotle, and of Dawkins' address. pendent. We are stressing here the congruence of that The submission of the human will to the service of a Aristotelian method with the state of mind which is non-human, fictive potency, such as an oligarchy of typical of the mind of the priestly rank among mind­ "blobs," submission to such an institution, the most vital, slave lackeys of the "blobs," down through the ages, into usurious interest of which is antithetical to natural law, 58 the present. such submission is in itselfa fo rm of evil. This evil is intrin­ The non-human existence of the "blob" as a species, sic to the most essential fe ature of oligarchical overlord­ is key to the curious dualism we see in 2,500 years of ship. This evil is that which underlies the method and European civilization to date. The "blob" does not exist, doctrines of that person who is, historically, to date, one of course; it "lives" only as a phantasm in the minds of of the most famous, perhaps the most fa mous, gnostic deranged children, children who might just be occupied lackeys of the oligarchy of "blobs," Aristotle.

30 Construct a concept of the relevant conception in the For this purpose, we must exclude from the Chris­ fo llowing, illustrative way. tian (and, Plato's) notion of an ontologically existent Focus upon the cited attribute of the "pod people," creator the Adam Smith doctrine of worship of God the lackeys: "This is not personal; I'm just doing my "by fa ith alone," without "any consideration of their job." That statement reports implicitly that lackey's con­ [personal impulsions'] tendency to those beneficentends viction that he has, at least momentarily, suppressed that which the great director of nature intended to produce agency fa irly identified as "one's personal conscience." by them.,,60 The god of Adam Smith and Lady Margaret In other words, the lackey signals us so, that he has Thatcher's "free trade" dogmas, is clearly not the God suppressed his capabilities fo r truth-seeking, rejected, at the Creator of Moses and the Christians. This is to least fo r the moment, that quality of rational thinking underscore the point, that the "beneficentends" of policy and action we associate with the tradition of scientific guided by true reason are intrinsically intelligible to the discovery. degree that whoever disregards that practical connection, There is nothing immoral, per se, in carrying out as Adam Smith proposes we do, is plainly a scoundrel. orders; it is the suspension of reason, the suspension, thus, It is the intelligibility of the Creator's work, as this is of moral responsibility fo r the ultimate consequences of accessible to us within the inferior domain of Plato's one's actions, which is immoral. One might say, "I know Becoming, and Cantor's Transfinite, which is the intel­ the person guiding my actions in this matter is a reason­ ligible basis fo r morality, and also the intelligible elemen­ able, responsible person, who deserves to be respected tary basis fo r fa ith in the ontological existence of the morally as an 'authority' in such matters." A respected Creator. physician might be such an authority, and the person In belief, as in Adam Smith's clearly paganist belief, speaking a patient of that physician, or a person assisting there is another, pagan's choice of monotheistic deity, in the care of one of that physician's patients. In such such as Baal and the Zeus of Olympus. This deity is latter circumstance, to reject or ignore the physician's a "blob," a pseudo-human (anthropomorphic), quasi­ authority out of hand, would be an irrational act, and immortal, fictiveobject, to which is ascribed the author­ therefore an immoral act. Or, persons who insist on "my ity and power of a Babylonian potentate, the authority right to act according to my gut-feeling," that tribal witch and power of the ruling Jo ndo of this usurer's earthly doctors often know better than doctors, are behaving paradise.61 In a word, Satan. For Adam Smith, thisJondo­ irrationally, certainly immorally, and perhaps also crimi­ god was currently incarnate as that spawn of Paolo Sarpi, nally. In the latter case, the evil lies in the mode of et al., the "Venetian Party's,,62 British (and, Dutch) East thinking per se of that culprit. India Company, which Smith served as a lackey. For So, there is nothing intrinsically immoral in short-term this Smith, the palpable devil incarnate was probably fa ith in the competence of moral accountability of some known to him as that lackey's immediate employer, putative authority provided that judgment is premised Barings Bank's William Petty, also controller of William upon a reasonably grounded, intelligible basis fo r fa ith. Pitt the Younger's Parliament, and paymaster also fo r Frequently, especially in those urgent cases where post­ King George III, the second Earl of Shelburne.63 If not poned action would be disastrous, it would be a lunatic Shelburne himself, then certainly Shelburne's chief thug, degree of immorality to do other than act, at least fo r the the murderous professed usurer and pederast, Jeremy near term, upon acceptance of such authority. The moral Bentham.64 question is, whether one is acting on the basis of a reason­ Such pagan deist's anthropomorphic concoctions are able attribution of reason and personal moral accountabil­ a caricature of all the wicked rulers of ancient Canaan ity to the person issuing the instruction, or, in the opposite and Mesopotamia, concentrated into one foul essence. case, acting as an "amoral" lackey in service of a fo rm of They are as arbitrary in their absurd claims to legitimate "blob"-like power, such power as command over great authority as in their whimsical decrees, their literal com­ wealth or physical fo rces. Without going much fu rther mands. These are Jo ndi, whose literal commands must than this in the matter of a fine,leg alistic distinction, we be obeyed by the lackeys (and helots) without rhyme or may now concentrate on the types of instances in which reason. Such a lunatic's earthly paradise corresponds to the latter, immoral relationship to power is clearly the its own implicitly underlying axioms respecting ordering case, the point in Beethoven's Fidelio (Act II, Scene 3) at and ontology. The most consistent known representation which the bass, "Papa" Rocco, the warden of the prison, of such a satanic fo rm of natural philosophy is the Or­ exclaims with evidently great relief and recognition: "0 ganon of Aristotle.65 59 Let us introduce the term to iden- was 1st. d as, gerec h ter G ott1,. , institutional reflex,

31 tify that type of human behavior which is controlled Q: Then, the laws his creation builds into the universe characteristically by a wont fo r blind implicit obedience are perfect? to literal commands; this is in contrast to individual A: Also. behavior intelligibly directed by an agency of truth-seek­ Q: If they could be changed, they would not have ing reason (as we have defined reason, both in the refer­ been perfect laws in the first place? enced "On the Subject of Metaphor,,,66 and earlier in this A: Also true. present writing). Focus upon that type of institutional Q: Then God could not act to alter any of these laws reflex we have described here to the lackey's fo rm of without causing them to have been imperfect? submission to the "blob." A: That is true. In the oligarchical utopia, the infantile, mythical Q: Then, once your God had created this universe, realm of the Olympian pantheon, men and objects alike he must never act to change what he had done at the are ordered directly by the literal fo rm of a command moment of creation? spoken by one among the pagan gods, or as conveyed by A: (Silence) an Olympian emissary (lackey) to the same effect. The Q: Did you hear me? intent attributed to such literal babbling by Delphi's A: (Nods slowly) Pythia, as such intent is interpreted by the local, herme­ Q: Do you see any flaw in my argument thus fa r? neutic "spin doctors," the priests of Apollo at the bench A: (Shakes his head very slowly). before Python's grave, is the presumed order of universal Q: Then, all is as pre-ordained at the instant of cre­ pagan law, civil, geological, biological, and astronomi­ ation, and your God himself could not change any of it, cal.67 Herein lies, implicitly, the underlying axiomatic, without making the original creation imperfect, and ontological basis which, as an "hereditary," oligarchical therefore himself the author of an imperfect act, and not principle, underlies Aristotle's so-called Organon as a a true God. Is this not also true? whole.68 Mythically, Zeus spake, and by his literally spo­ A: (Pulls out a dagger, and moves as if to kill). ken command, all the objects in Aristotle's universe, and So, like the pagan oligarchical priest's mythical Py­ their attributes, were created in a single "Big Bang." If thon swallowing his own tail, Aristotle's fo rm of the this is examined rigorously, then, as Friedrich Nietzsche dialectic consumes, and nullifies itself. His God never adduced from Aristotelian rantings, such a god-Aris­ existed; neither did his fictive, linear, mechanistic uni- tot!e's pagan god, in verse, nor the neo-Aristo­ point of fa ct-is long telian fictive universe of since as good as dead.69 the materialists Francis The simple Aristotelian Bacon, Descartes, Kant, dialectic, turned upon Darwin, and Dawkins. Aristotle himself, is to In Aristotle's fictive the fo llowing effect. universe, the name of an Q: Is this God attribute, associated with perfect? the mere name of an ob­ A: Yes, that is his na­ ject, drives the name of ture, by definition. that object, linearly, to af­ Q: Otherwise, he fe ct the name of another would not be God. Is object in a named way. In that not true? Aristotle, there is no true A: That is true. causation; there is only Q: If he is perfect, the mechanism of the syl­ then his commands logism. His universe is a must be perfect. Is this tangle of "blobular," true? "physiocratic" covenants, A: Yes, that is true. in which each particle Q: Then, his creation does his duty as pre­ is perfect. Is this not also scribed by contract. true? The Christian impulse A: Yes, that fo llows, in political-economy, in as you have said it. opposition to the oli-

32 garchical radical Aristotelian nominalism of modern isotopes of that table; rather, that development is charac­ monetarist dogma, drives the economy as we have in­ teristic of an ever higher state of organization of the dicated, but does so in defianceof the satanic power of "table" as an interdependent wholeness. the oligarchical enemy. Hence, the dual aspect of Euro­ "We combine this view of such revolutionary/evolu­ pean civilization's history. Hence, because of the politi­ tionary processes as these, with a notion of rising 'free cal power currently enjoyed by the oligarchical patrons energy' of the entire 'system' undergoing such ordered of empiricism, Dawkins acquired his esteem fo r the evolution. This combination of higher states of organiza­ views he has championed in his April 15 published tion with relative increase of 'free energy,' is a definition address. we prescn'b e f, or our use 0 f t h' e term negentropy. , ,,71 And, an additional paragraph on the same subject: Evolutionary Theory "Thus, the provisional array of such thought-objects, ILab' ILk, ILcd' ..., is subsumed by a generative, self­ Evolutions intrinsically are negentropic processes, as this evolving quality of yet higher-order thought-object. This writer, fo r example, has supplied a corrected definition higher species of such thought-object is called scientific of "negentropy" in other locations. We introduce fo ur method, a thought-object whose efficientdimens ionalities exemplary relevant paragraphs from "Mozart's 1782- are the notion of 'evolutionary negentropy,' which we 1786 Revolution in Music,,70 fo r this purpose: referenced above.,,72 "There are two distinct species of thought-objects In contrast to such a definition of "evolutionary neg­ implied in the given, illustrative series of theorem-lat­ entropy," Dawkins' address adopts the contemporary tices. First, on the relatively lower level, there is a quality positivist representation of the Malthus-Darwin-Huxley of the thought-object which is typifiedby the transforma­ dogma of the "survival of the fittest"/"natural selection." tion of A to generate B. Second, there is the higher This dogma Darwin adopted explicitly from Thomas quality, higher species of thought-object associated with Malthus; however, the dogma was not original with a notion of a choice of determined ordering fo r the series Malthus; it had been introduced to Britain earlier from presented, the ordering of the lower-order thought-ob­ the work of the Venetian Giammaria Ortes.73 It had jects corresponding to the discontinuities AB, BC, CD, been rightly seen as consistent with a Hobbesian-Lock­ DE, .... ean, bestial view of man's nature. "For example, a successfully advancing science would If we adopt as the primary phenomenon of biophysics, be associated with a succession of such revolutions, each the biosphere as a whole, rather than the individual always leading the relevant society (implicitly) to higher species taken one, two, or three at a time, the truer levels of potential population-density. This would also picture, refuting Darwinism, quickly appears. Contrary signify, that that generation of successive revolutions AB to the faddish "ecological catastrophes," the biosphere as and BC must result in a revolution CD, which latter a whole has a remarkable adaptability, a remarkable increases the potential population-density more rapidly type of metastability. This quality is associated with the than the average ofAB and Be. These successive revolu­ curious interdependency among the fu ll range of partici­ tions are effected under the guidance of a self-evolving pating species in the evolutionary development of the method fo r effecting successive such revolutions, a self­ biosphere as a whole. The characteristic of the emergence evolving method of scientificdis covery. Call this quality of new, higher species, successively, within that bio­ of revolutionary ordering a method of evolutionary neg­ sphere, is a type of generative principle, a principle of entropy in increase of potential population-density. negentropic transfinite ordering, analogous to the sub­ "Understand 'evolutionary negentropy' as a concep­ suming principle of thought-object depicted here as or­ tion introduced by Nicolaus of Cusa. The progressive dering the successful successor of an evolutionary negen­ evolution of the biosphere is dominated by emergence tropic series of the pedagogical fo rm A, B, C, D, E, .... of relatively higher species-higher than any previously This "evolutionary negentropy" is, on the one side, a extant. This does not (generally) wipe out the surpassed description of those processes of successive ordering inferior species. Rather, the proliferation of most among which we associate with the term "creative," as employed the accumulated, interacting species makes possible the to signify the fo rm of "creative reason." emergent existence of the higher species. Similarly, in Thus, successive evolution "in the wild" has an eerie the case of the Mendeleyev Periodic Table of Elements resemblance to successful creative, problem-solving rea­ and their Isotopes, the emergence of helium and lithium, son in man. The effect of successful evolution of species and so on, from nuclear fu sion of hydrogen, and so and varieties is to increase the negentropy of the charac­ on, does not eliminate the lower ranking elements and teristic action of the biosphere as a whole; conversely,

33 the level of the negentropy of the biosphere as a whole gan Olympus' lackeys. Hence, the mark of the lackey delimits the "spectra" of species which can be sustained. intellectual in European civilization has become a prefer­ The existence of human culture is fu nctionally a part of ence fo r the method of Aristotle (or, worse, Ockham)/6 the biosphere as a whole; thus, as human development is and calumnious hatred toward the person and method negentropic fo r the human species, it is also a negentropic of Plato. enhancement of the entire biosphere. This mark of the academic lackey is key to the perpet­ This line of argument is required, not to settle here uation of the so-often discredited Malthus-Darwin-Hux­ issues of biology, but to expose the shamefully theological ley "evolutionary theory" hoax. When Professor Daw­ bias which Dawkins' address superimposes arbitrarily kins employs the name of such an "evolutionary theory" upon the hapless name of "evolutionary theory." It is dogma to libel the Creator, it must be pointed out, that not biological science which governs Dawkins' theology; from the outset, the very existence of such an "evolution­ rather, Dawkins delimits "evolutionary theory" to what ary theory" was a gnostic's "religious" refusal to allow fits the Olympian blob's theology of his circle of puta­ crucial evidence to be considered. Thus, the use of "evo­ tively atheistic co-thinkers. We continue this line of lutionary theory" to libel God, is a plain tautological argument, now, briefly,with that warning to the reader fa llacy. set plainly in view. It may be the case, that some persons had started from What Dawkins' choice of "evolutionary theorists" their arbitrary, diabolical hatred of God as Creator, to have done, may be described fa irly in the fo llowing way. arrive at an adoption of the fo rmalist methods of either Let the pedagogical series,A, B, C, D, E, ..., represent an Aristotle or an Ockham. We are not making such an a species-evolutionary development-"evolution." In­ assumption; we are focusing our argument here only on stead of viewing the succession of discontinuities as this the general case, in which the origin of Aristotle's (or, writer has described (as in correspondence with a higher, Ockham's) method is axiomatically implicit in the oligar­ transfinite principle of ordered, "axiomatic"--or, "ge­ chical lackey's servile attitude of dependency upon the netic"-changes), the empiricist ideologue74 demands, species of Olympian "blobs." perhaps even hysterically, that we attribute the change from A to B, B to C, and so fo rth, in each instance, to some mechanistic, e.g., statistical fo rm of action. Such IV. an ideologue next aggravates his initial mechanistic as­ sumption by demanding that we all ignore the most Social Relations crucial fa ct of this series, that the succession itself has a self-similarly negentropic fo rm of ordering; this ordering As A Correlative is, in turn, the characteristic action of the transfinite Of Method equivalence of each valid stage in the succession. All such ideological errors of the empiricists are prem­ We have reached a crucial subordinate fe ature of our ised upon that same, specificallygnostic (i.e., oligarchical) proof. principle which is typified by such marks as Descartes' We said, at the outset, that the issue posed fo r us, is deus ex machina and its Newtonian predicate hypotheses not whether God the Creator exists, but whether it is non jingo. Thus, in the case of the evolutionary biosphere, possible fo r the mortal mind of an individual person to as in cultural progress, there is something which the know that He exists. We have demonstrated several gnostic refuses to fa ce. In the case of the biosphere it is things. We used the case of Nicolaus ofCusa's discovery the evidence that evolution is not "randomly mechanis­ of a principle of universal least action, to definea notable tic," but has an intrinsic ordering, as if a priorz� an experience of an individual creative act. We show the ordering consistent with a principle of nature subsuming equivalence of this creative act to Plato's Parmenides the creative evolution of living from ostensibly non­ method, and to his negative proof of an absolutely infinite living processes. In the case of cultural progress the Good (God) from manifest existence of a universal, trans- 77 empiricists deny the existence of a "divine spark" of the fi·nlte B ecommg.. person's sovereign, human-specificpot ential fo r creative That, with its essential, subsumed features, was the reason. As this "divine spark" puts mankind's existence first part of our rebuttal of Dawkins' address. into an efficient relationship to the creator of this uni­ We then focused upon Dawkins' specific assertion, verse, so that "divine spark" (Schiller's and Beethoven's that so-called "evolutionary theory" absolutely refuted 75 Gotteifunken ) must be denied hysterically by all of pa- the notion of the existence of God. We examined the

34 Ortes-Mal th us-Darwin­ Aristotelian syllogism Huxley dogma of mecha­ within the oligarchical nistic "evolution" against thinking of the "pod the backdrop of social people," the mind­ (e.g., "cultural") evolu­ slaves of "the blobs." tion. We emphasize the This latter distinction is proof, that social evolu­ key to both the fu nc­ tion is ordered by the cre­ tional differences and ative principle of reason, the interaction between which defines the indi­ the two warring fa c­ vidual person as imago tions in 2,500-odd years viva Dei. We define this of European civilization evolution as necessarily to date. This is the axi­ subsumed by a principle omatic root of the dif­ of higher hypothesis, a fe rence between Profes­ principle expressed in the sor Dawkins' April 15 fo rm of self-similarly neg­ address and the con­ entropic change in se­ trary way of thinking quences of the pedagogi­ represented by Plato's, cal fo rm A, B, C, D, E, Leibniz's, and this pres­ . . . . We indicated that ent writer's statement of the interdependence be- the ontological proof. tween an entire biosphere This is key to under­ and its included, newest highest participating species, standing those moral disorders of the student's or profes­ reflects an ordering-principle of this same fo rm. sional's intellect which are induced by the continued To make clear the case fo r cultural evolution, we influence of such sadistic scalawags as the neo-Aristote­ described the relevant setting of Dawkins' own existence lian fo rmalists Leopold Kronecker79 and Bertrand Rus­ and development: the two, irreconcilably ("axiomati­ sell.Bo• A similar impairment of otherwise gifted minds cally") opposed social currents whose interaction is the is met too frequently, caused by the victim's guilt-ridden, past 2,500 years of European civilization. We defined, propitiatory compulsion to conform to the crippling, thus fa r, the crucial fe atures of one of these two conflict­ anti-geometry sophistries of today's "generally accepted ing social currents, the "blob" -dominated oligarchical classroom mathematics."sl The Cusa solution fo r the fa ction. We turn, now, to contrast that current with its paradox of Archimedes' construction could never have Platonic and Christian adversary. We define thus, the been discovered, to this day, 550 years later, nor anything most characteristic fe atures of the conflictingint eraction. of non-algebraic fu nctions, had the discoverers not de­ We proceed thus, to show how the defect of Dawkins' tested the anti-geometric Aristotelian fo rmalism ofOck­ imperfect thinking, on the subject of God the Creator, ham, Descartes, Newton, Kant, and the nineteenth-cen­ can exist in a universe created by a perfect God, in "this tury positivists. best of all possible worlds.,,7s Contrast the two mutually-exclusive axiomatic sys­ There is a manifest reciprocity between the two con­ tems: first, the modern Platonist mathematics, in which ceptions, between the individual person as imago viva (in non-algebraic fu nctions) multi-connected, circular Dei, and the "evolutionary negentropic" fo rm of charac­ least action is made self-evident through successive dis­ teristic of action of a viable fo rm of physical economy. coveries, especially the crucial such discoveries of the In this connection, we have shown already, that the A.D. 1440-1697 interval; second, the opposing, Aristote­ axiomatic basis for all valid thought respecting either lian system, in which static objects enjoy the attributed conception, is Plato's quality of change as we have en­ axiomatic quality of being perceived to exist self-evi­ riched Plato's notion of change by aid of references to dently. For the second case, therefore, the "perfect point" our pedagogical negentropic series A, B, C, D, E, .... and "perfect straight line" have also a self-evident, axi­ For the Platonist, fo r the Christian humanist, this non­ omatic existence, derived from the Aristotelian axiom linear quality of (negentropic) change takes the axiomatic of perception. For the first case, the modern Platonist place otherwise occupied by that linear principle of the thus echoes ancient Heraclitus' "nothing exists but

35 change"; from this, we higher value than row­ are led to the notion of series AB I; hence, im­ action fo r change in phys­ plying the envelope-like ical space-time as the hypothesizing the higher most elementary unit of hypothesis. The object of cognition of the particu­ our quest fo r scientific lar. In the second case, knowledge, is to refine contrary to the first,the our hypothesizing the essential thing is that the higher hypothesis toward mere sensory perception desired lessening of dis­ of the discrete object is the agreement between our premise fo r the notion of wills and the manifest existence. Will of God. Dawkins' address That is not perfect, not rests implicitly, entirely absolute knowledge, nor upon the implications of does it converge, as if as­ the Aristotelian's crude ymptotically, upon abso­ fa ith in the authority of lute knowledge. It is perception per se. The merely the transfinite of deeper point to be made Georg Cantor, or, the is that Dawkins' opin­ same thing, the Becoming ion flows ultimately of Plato, which diffe rs in fr om his adopted social species from the Absolute, status, as, so to speak, a "pod person," a lackey of the the Good in the sense the perimeter of Nicolaus ofCusa's oligarchical hierarchies within the "Venetian Party's" 2" regular polygonal perimeter diffe rs from that higher system. species of bounding existence, the circle.83 The issue thus posed is implicitly twofold. First, how This (transfinite) hypothesizing the higher hypothesis do social relations determine the axiomatic (methodolog­ is what we must signify by use of the term "human ical) beliefs of persons? Second, how is it possible, that knowledge." It is not only fa lse, but a quasi-schizo­ an imperfect system, specifically the implicitly satanic phrenic sickness of the mind, to imagine that God or system of Aristotelian 0ligarchism,82 may exist as ostensi­ nature poses "right answers" neatly parsed in textbook bly part of a perfect Creator's universe? We will bring fo rmalism.84 No defensible definition which is contrary this rebuttal to its implicitly pre-designated close by to our own here exists. This knowledge is generated and applying the answer to the first query to resolve the recalled in the fo rm of what we have identifiedvari ously paradox of the second. as "Platonic ideas," "monads," "Geistesmassen, " or We know the universe by changing it. By comparing "thought-objects." It belongs to a higher species of men­ changes in human productive (and, related) behavior tal existence than communicable fo rms of conscious ac­ with corresponding changes in potential population-den­ tivity, and bounds all sane fo rms of such inferior species sity, we are enabled, uniquely so, to know two things of activity. The substance of this knowledge is, generi­ we could not know in any other way. The experience so cally, not objects, not perception, but change; this change identified admits of representation in the fo rm of our occurs in fo ur fo rms: hypothesis, higher hypothesis, hypo­ pedagogical series, A, B, C, D, E, .... Thus, as indicated thesizing the higher hypothesis, and that still higher spe­ earlier here, we have two immediate qualities of change cies which may be known only negatively, the absolute represented. First, the relatively linear order of change: Good. fr om A to B, B to C, and so on. Second, the analysis situs This knowledge is individual knowledge, but it can ordering principle which subsumes the series of changes be acquired and expressed only in a social way. It is AB, BC, CD, DE, ... . In other words, hypothesis and individual because each and every generation of a true higher hypothesis. As noted earlier, any value of self­ thought-object occurs uniquely within the sovereign cre­ similarly negentropic evolution attributed to a row-series ative-mental processes of the individual person, and ABI, BCI, CD I, DEI, ... , implies a column series AB , never occurs in any different way.85 Nonetheless, in each 2 AB3, AB4, •••, of additional row-series, each with a valid discovery, the individual acts directly upon the

36 entire corpus of human knowledge to date, and upon the On this account, if one does not see the unbridgeable potential population-density of the present and fu ture of gulf separating Socrates and Plato from the evil Aristotle, the human species. The terms of reference in which one understands nothing of the underlying issues of all discoveries are made is the general, historical-social modern scientific work. On this account, among Plato's context to which the effi ciency of all discoveries attacks upon the Eleatic fo rerunners of Aristotle and the refers. Sophists, his concentrated Parmenides dialogue takes us In such creative-mental activity, it is as Nicolaus of most directly to the core of Plato's thought and method. Cusa stressed: the individual, as microcosm, participates If one does not grasp the significance of that dialogue, directly, effi ciently in the macrocosm-the society and one understands nothing of Plato's work and standpoint. the universe are as a Becoming within a timeless whole­ A related point: the student who has not yet experienced ness.86 It is through this relationship to knowledge fo r the abyssal and tectonically violent issues separating society as a whole, that the individual mind acts upon Plato from Parmenides and Parmenides' Sophist fo llow­ the wholeness of the efficient relationship of the human ers, one has not yet grasped anything of the principal species to the universe. It is as hypothesis, and changed issues of European thought during the past 2,500 years. practice whose change is informed by hypothesis, that The Parmenides dialogue, with its central ontological the individual mind acts upon the universe directly. This paradox, is also the key, both to the Platonic ontological nexus is the point to which all development or proof of proof fo r the existence of God the Creator, and to recog­ human knowledge is referred. nizing the implications of the two indicated, mutually In the case of the Christian Platonist (to be specific), opposing, humanist versus oligarchical, social systems, all such knowledge has the substance of "change": hy­ as the root of those axiomatic differences in method pothesis, higher hypothesis, hypothesizing the higher which divide all of the recent 2,500 years of European hypothesis. Thus, knowledge as a process is not merely civilization into two, thus fa r, perpetually warring cul­ non-linear in the relatively limited sense of non-algebraic tural camps. fu nction in general; it reaches into the still higher domain On this point of cultural differences, the oligarchical of the "alephs" ("X'S"),87 as the discontinuities of the representative Sir Isaac Newton conceded-unlike Brit­ pedagogical series A, B, C, D, E, ..., are such. In the ish oligarchists Kelvin, Clausius, Grassmann, Helmholz, contrary case, the Aristotelian, the Ockhamite, the prin­ Maxwell, and Rayleigh, later91-that the fa lse picture of ciple of the syllogism-the linear principle of Kronecker, the universe, the "entropic" one, which is characteristic et al. -takes the place of Platonic change. of the method of his Principia, was the result of a vicious The Platonic social relationship is essentially educa­ defect in his choice of mathematics.92 That defective tional, as the Schiller or von Humboldt (Christian) hu­ mathematics was the same syllogism-based fo rmal alge­ manist educational programs, or the related aesthetical bra which underlies axiomatically the flawed "generally principles of Schiller illustrate such a relationship.88 It is accepted classroom mathematics" of today. Any attempt as we have summarized the matter above, the generation to portray a universe in terms consistent with such a of thought-objects, as in the use of primary sources to philosophically oligarchical, gnostic, linear mathematics, replicate the creative-mental processes experienced by an consistent with the principle of the syllogism, must repre­ original discoverer as part of the genius reproduced sent the universe fa lsely, and pervasively so: from fron­ within the mind of many students. Thus, in the republi- ' tiers of scale in astrophysics, to frontiers of scale, beyond can, anti-oligarchical humanist tradition of Solon, Plato, 10-18 centimeters, in microphysics. Linear mathematics and the Christian Platonist,89 the quality of change, as we must represent the phenomena fa lsely, superimposing have defined its significance, is the essential, non-linear upon the array of data a false image of an efficient social relationship. statistical principle of universal entropy ("Time's In the contrasted, oligarchic scheme, man's individual Arrow," this folly is sometimes named). and collective relationship to both man and nature is Similarly, as in the included case of mathematics' sly that arranged by the Sophist's nominalist reading of imposition of its vicious ideology upon the image of the literal commands issued on behalf of the Olympian nature, does the axiomatic root of a method of thinking "blobs," as Lycurgus' Spartan communistic oligarchy determine the policies of practice in all aspects of cultural illustrates the point.90 Literal, deductive, linear consis­ determination of individual and social life. In this way, tency, as typified by Aristotle's and Kant's principle of two mutually irreconcilable methods, the Platonic notion the syllogism and categories, is the prescribed fo rm of of universal change, versus the Aristotelian notion of a relationship among persons, and of mankind to nature. universal syllogistic principle, define implicitly, in their

37 interaction, the essential fe atures of the ruling cultural nology. That, in turn, defines a quality of process in warfare of the recent 2,500 years. which Cantor's alephs acquire a unique physical signifi­ cance. The apparent problem of these alephs, is, that, appar­ Parmenides and the Aleph - Transfinite ently, by construction, they do not permit the kind of The oligarchical syllogistic method, as Bertrand Russell's notion of fu nctional ordering which we associate with a and Alfred North Whitehead's Principia Mathematica mathematical physics. They diffe r thus fr om algebraic depicts a radical Ockhamite fo rm of Aristotelian mathe­ and also non-algebraic series. In the pedagogical series matics, is axiomatically simple, one might say "brutishly A, B, C, D, E, ..., the commas correspond to fo rmal ,, simple. 93 As the case of the great Professor David Hil­ discontinuities. These discontinuities are alephs, by con­ bert's pathological "Tenth Problem" ably illustrates this struction; they also correspond to the indicated action of point, the comprehension of Platonic axiomatics is noto­ change, and thus to "thought-objects." As thought-ob­ riously less simple. To be certain our ontological proof jects of such a series, they have a certain kind of two­ is stated without omission of any crucial pedagogical fo ld fu nctional ordering. They have the analysis situs order point, we describe summarily the importance of this of "necessary predecessor"; they are a series subsumed present writer's relevant 1952 discovery. in effe ct by rising negentropy (potential population­ In the culminating work of his magnum opus series density). 94 on the transfinite, the 1897 Beitriige, Georg Cantor Look at Plato's Parmenides from this vantage-point. provides a systematic view of his last great discovery, the Substitute fo r the series of sections of that dialogue a transfinite alephs (X's). Certain among Cantor's sophisti­ series conforming to our pedagogical series here. This cated admirers, then and later, praised this discovery, substitution does not alter any essential fe ature of the many with the curiously mistaken assertion, that Cantor methodological and ontological issues posed by the origi­ had discovered a higher class of numbers which had no nal. Yet, this substitution, by introducing technological useful place in the real world. This latter mistaken opin­ ordering, shows a case in which the doubly (or, even ion is analogous to the prevailing scholarly misinterpre­ trebly) transfinite ordering of change is introduced to a tation of Plato's Parmenides dialogue. This writer's 1952 dialogue which is perfectly characteristic of the fo rm of solution, as represented in the design of the pedagogical Plato's Pa rmen ides. On later reflection, this substitution series employed pervasively in this and earlier books yields in fa ct the general fo rm of Plato's own dialectical 5 an d papers,9 permits. a argument. "stronger" treatment of That is to emphasize, both the Parmenides once more, that if the paradox and Cantorian change from A to B rep­ alephs, than has been resents the actions of otherwise available. hypothesis, the series as The crucial added a whole represents a fe ature of the pedagogi­ higher hypothesis ac­ cal series (A, B, C, D, E, tion. This, III turn, ...), relative to Plato's poses hypothesizing Parmenides and Can­ the higher hypothesis. tor's treatment of his Then, with the intro­ alephs, is this writer's duction of self-similarly definition of that series negentropic action as the as a sequence of succes­ metrical fe ature of the sive increases in poten­ higher hypothesis (in­ tial population-density. crease of potential pop­ This addition leads to ulation-density), the solution of hitherto per­ meaning of the Parmen­ plexing problems in the ides is illuminated most physical economic fu nc­ brightly. Hypothesizing tional definition of the the higher hypothesis is Leibnizian term, tech - the "envelope" of all

38 higher hypotheses, and corresponds to the Becoming; the our thinking in the right direction, is increase of our Becoming definesneg atively the Good which bounds and society's potential population-density. subsumes it. This subjectivity of scientificthink ing is key to defin­ Examine the quality of analysis situs this (negative) ing the interaction of the humanist and opposing, oligar­ dialectic implies. Begin with the exemplary case ofCusa's chical cultural impulsesloo: the respective consequences ,, "De Circuli Quadratura, 96 and De Non Aliud (The Not­ of a culture based upon either the oligarchical gnostic 97 Other). The persistence of a discrete discrepancy, and principle of the syllogism, or of the opposing principle also a typical non-congruence between a 2" -regular poly­ of "Platonic ideas." gon and the circumscribing circle, shows that the linear Sir Isaac Newton once held the key in his hand. The (algebraic) species of construction (action) defines the gnostic principle of the syllogism, expressed as mathe­ existence of the higher species, circular action, only nega­ matics, is a pagan religious ideology, which superim­ tively. Consider the discrete margin of discrepancy be­ poses an entropic principle upon the array of data it tween the perfectly defined area of the sphere, and the adopts; true, such a mathematical ideology imposes en­ indeterminately approximate area of the corresponding tropy also upon the practice of a credulous society. As pseudosphere.98 However, the higher species, multiply­ the Golden Renaissance of Cusa et al. demonstrates the connected least (circular-derived) action adequately de­ reverse, the practice of "Platonic ideas" (change) imposes fines subsumed algebraic fo rms. This set of relations, negentropy not only upon the data as a whole, but also between lower and higher species of constructions, illus­ social practice. trates the relevant notions of analysis situs ("required If Isaac Newton did, thus, recognize the fa lseness predecessor," "required successor"). of that "clock-winder" ("entropic") portrait of nature, Given, such a sequence (e.g., of the A, B, C, D, E, ..., which his Principia presented, and, if he also recognized fo rm). The "required successor" is the higher hypothesis (as he did) that this fa lse portrait was directly the result which orders the sequence of changes as a selJ-similarly of a flaw in the mathematics he had adopted, why did negentropic series of a type. he not choose a different mathematics? Why did he not This corresponds to the empirical actuality of cultural choose a readily available, alternate mathematics which evolution. was free of that specificflaw, that mathematics of}ohan­ That type is a one which subsumes perfectly a many. nes Kepler from which Newton and his Rosicrucian This example supplies a fu nctional significance to the cronies of the London Royal Society had plagiarized such method of the Parrnenides dialogue, a dialogue echoed notable contents of the Principia as Kepler's discovery of by Cusa's De Non Aliud. So did the application of the · the correct algebraic fo rmulation fo r universal gravita­ relationship of Plato's the Becoming to the Good, applied tion? 101 The answer to these, and other such questions is to the method of the Parrnenides dialogue, sufficeto point veiled behind the lurid fa ct, that Newton and other to the crux of Cusa's De Non Aliud. Ashmolean scalawags among the fo llowers of Francis Bacon and Robert Fludd were pagan mystics, a collection The Subjectivit of Science of gnostic, cabbalistic practitioners of black magic in the y image of Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus.102 It is fa shionable to speak of "scientific objectivity." Yet, What lies behind that sordid veil of Ashmolean de­ like most popular beliefs nowadays, this fa shionable con­ bauchery? What but that which the higher-ranking En­ 99 ceit is also fa lse. Science is intrinsically subjective. Sci­ glish people (and others) of the seventeenth and eigh- ,, ence is essentially the correlation of our hypothesizing teenth centUrIes. k new as "ht e V enetlan. P arty 103 0 fPao I 0 of our fo rmation of higher hypothesis with resulting Sarpi's casa nuovi, the "blobs" transplanted North by increases of potential population-density. This hypothe­ the usurers of Venice.104 Newton was a lackey of those sizing, insofar as it governs our on-going process of "Venetian Party blobs." The history of this Venetian changing our society's practice, is our relevant action Party in England, notably from the 1520's onward, is a upon the lawfulness of our universe. The gains in poten­ topic of most importance and detail in its own right; let tial population-density "measure," in effect, the lessening us limit our treatment of it here to stipulating those fe w of the discrepancy between our thinking about the uni­ most urgently relevant highlights, as follows. verse and the way in which the universe "thinks" effi­ In the middle of the fo urteenth century, England ciently. It is as if our hypothesizing the higher hypothesis repudiated its usuriously pyramided debt to the House were an attempt to guess at the "hypothesizing of the of Bardi. This event triggered an avalanche of similar higher hypothesis" by the universe. The "reward" fo r debt-repudiations throughout Western Europe. During

39 the hundred-odd years preceding that event, and follow­ London Royal Society's Isaac Newton, et al., represent ing the A.D. 1250 death of the Hohenstaufen Holy Roman the pro-Aristotelian Venetian Party's basing of both Car­ Emperor Frederick II, these evil, usurious Venice-led tesian fo rmalism and English liberalism and empiricism fo ndi had nearly destroyed the economies, the Church, upon the revived core of theological dogmas of French , and the political institutions of Western Europe by "IMF medieval "Buggery" ("BogomiIlCathars ,).1 13 This echo conditionalities" -like measures, promoting economic of "Buggery" persisted after the seventeenth century, collapse, wars, fa mine, and epidemic-wiping out half as the axiomatic basis fo r the philosophical stand­ the population of Europe in the greatest genocide until point of such exemplary influentials as David Hume, the twentieth century's looting of the so-called "devel­ Adam Smith, Voltaire, Rousseau, Bentham, and the oping sector." Thus, the middle decades of the fourteenth "French (pro-Aristotelian) Enlightenment" generally, century are known in the history texts as the "New Dark Immanuel Kant, Karl S. Savigny, and today's positivists. ,, Age. 105 The wave of mid-fourteenth century bankrupt­ This tradition of "Buggery" in the misused name of cies of Lombard "blobsters" created the opening into science, is known to us most commonly as "materialism," which the Christian humanist fo rces advanced, leading although it has other expressions, including wildly mysti­ to their glorious Golden Renaissance of the fifteenth cal speculations. The "Buggers," otherwise known fo r­ century. merly as the "Bogomils" or "Cathars," were, like their The central figure of the mid-fifteenth century Re­ Manichean fo rerunners, a Byzantine-created cult, de­ naissance was the towering intellect of that priest, theolo­ ployed by Constantinople as part of its arsenal of alternat­ gian, scientist, and statesman, Cardinal Nicolaus ofCusa. ing military and cultural warfare against both the so­ Several times during the 1430's and 1440's, Cusa played called barbarians and Western Christianity.114 The usu­ a crucial role in reconstituting the shattered Christian ry-practicing Bogomil cult, thus established in Byzantine Church, and also definedthe indispensable fo undations Thrace (Bulgaria) about 1,000 years ago, spread across 6 of modern scientificmethod in his De Docta Ignorantia, 10 Bosnia into the commercial centers of northern Italy and and in his relevant later writings.107 Venice responded southern France's Rhone and Cologne-Tarne-Pyrenees promptly with efforts to destroy the work of the A.D. 1439 regions. The cult's notion of an "elect" was based upon Council of Florence, and the influence of the Platonic a Dionysiaclyin-yang notion of hermetic separation of Christian humanists. On the practical side, Venice and the spiritual from the material realm.115 That is a her­ its Ottoman partners conspired with the leading Aristo­ metic distinction perfectly consistent with Aristotle's Or­ telian gnostic of Mount Athos, Scholarius (later Patriarch ganon and the Aristotelian "Big Bang" dogma of Cre­ Gennadios) to bring Constantinople and the Greeks un­ ation attacked by Philo of Alexandria.116 Although this der the partitioning of Greece by Venice and the Otto­ Bogomil cult was nearly destroyed several times, includ­ mans, in A.D. 1453.108 At the same time, Venice worked ing the case of the "Albigensian Crusade," its network virtually to drive the memory of Cusa from the Church, of usury, extending across northern Italy, enabled it to and to establish Aristotle as the official pagan philoso­ persist into the sixteenth century, whence are derived pher of organized Catholic, Byzantine, and Protestant the prominent reflections of its dogmas of "elect" and theology during the course of the sixteenth and seven­ "spirituallmaterial" dichotomy in Descartes' deus ex teenth centuries. machina and other ways. The Rosicrucian cults of the By the middle of the sixteenth century, Venice had London Royal Society, and Newton's hypotheses non jingo nearly succeeded. Venice's usurious "IMF conditionali­ are consistent reflections of the usury-network's deeply ties" had plunged Europe into what some have described embedded tradition of such Buggery. as a hundred years of a "little dark age," until the 1648 The relevance of the Padua Aristotelians' promotion Peace of Westphalia.l09 By 1648, the name of Cusa had of Bogomil dogmas in this way, ought to be clear at this been driven into obscurity by Venetian calumnies. 110 point in our report. This is the background fo r the launching of strange In science, spiritual signifies imago viva Dei, those pseudo-scientific,gnostic cults by the oligarchical fa ction, fa culties of creative reason which cast man in the imper­ from approximately the beginning of the seventeenth fe ct likeness of the Creator. Similarly, it signifies three century. Typical are Francis Bacon's rantings against conscious states of the maturely developed creative scien­ England's greatest scientist of that time/II and Rosicru­ tificintellect: hypothesis, higher hypothesis, and hypothesiz­ cian Robert Fludd's attacks upon Johannes Kepler.1 l2 ing the higher hypothesis. The essence of such scientific The strange fe atures of Descartes' deus ex machina dog­ activity, is the role of the spiritual, as cause, in changing ma, and of the Rosicrucian kookery by the Ashmolean the ordering of the ostensibly material.

40 From the standpoint mathematics. " of the oligarchical To repeat the crucial "blobs' " pagan-priestly point of rebuttal, we lackeys, the useful fe a­ summarize the case as ture of the sexually ab­ fo llows. We are able to errant Bogomil dogma demonstrate knowl­ was the passionate ex­ edge of nature, not from tremes to which these repetition of the same Buggers went in out­ fa cts of perception, but lawing interaction be­ only by showing a cor­ tween the creative pow­ relation between our ers of the spiritual realm states of mind and in­ and their usury-bound crease of man's power material domain.lI7 The over nature, as measur­ motive of Venice's six­ able in per-capita and teenth and seventeenth per-square-kilometer century's Aristotelians terms. It is this kind of fo r promoting the Bo­ efficiency of material gomil dogma as change, as a conse­ Cartesian deus ex mach­ quence of the spiritual ina and English Rosi- change we experience as crUClamsm, was essen- Platonic hypothesis, tially the same as the higher hypothesis, and impulse among today's oligarchs fo r promoting "ecologi­ hypothesizing the higher hypothesis, which is the sole cal" anti-science fa naticism under such rubrics as the basis fo r that which deserves the name of human satanic (gnostic) dogma of stewardship, or revived pagan knowledge. lls worship of Satan's putative Delphic mother, Gaia. We note, and emphasize, in this connection' the aleph­ In summary of this point: the seventeenth-century like ephemerality of a creative action which shows itself oligarchs attempted to destroy, and replace then-existing to be the most powerful agency internal to the universe institutions of Renaissance science, by aid of the fo llow­ of the Becoming. ing doctrinal argument. "The world of perceived things, Thus, through showing the creative power of the the material world, is the realm of Satan, a realm which spiritual, hypothesis, we expose the quality of imago viva operates according to its own, nether-world logic, Aristo­ Dei in its aspect as efficient agency. This shows man as telian logic. You must deal with this nether-world of participating in God ! Through knowing this connection, perceived things on its own terms, and never attempt we have access to certainty respecting the efficient exis­ to mix in anything pertaining to the higher, spiritual tence of God as the higher species of universal personality domain." Hence, Descartes' deus ex machina and the which bounds and subsumes both our universe and our­ London Royal Society's war-cry, "Hypotheses non selves individually. fingo!" We see thus directly the fa llacy, the Buggered-up The same echo of medieval Buggery dominates, per­ quality of Dawkins' thinking. He proceeds, according meates the work of Immanuel Kant, and also the nine­ to his own insistence on the point, from a materialist teenth-century dogmatic, neo-Kantian Romanticism of standpoint (in "evolutionary theory"), a standpoint Karl Savigny's war-cry: "Absolute separation of Geistes­ which was established fo r the specificpurpose of exclud­ wissenschaft (spiritual) and Naturwissenschaft (material)!" ing fa natically all signs of the spiritual domain from Thus, it was avowed by these modern Buggers, that contemplation of perceived things. This policy, this so­ there must be no attempt to findthe connection between called materialist method, was introduced directly, con­ science and the fine arts, or to consider any principle of trary to a two-hundred-year record of the greatest mate­ creative discovery in efforts to define the characteristics rial scientific successes in history by persons who rejected of valid work in the physical sciences. Such was the the materialist method. doctrine of Kant.119 Such is the basis, in the tradition of Thus, we should not be astonished at the spectacle of Buggery, fo r today's "generally accepted classroom those only philosophically illiterate, or, III some cases

41 lying professors today, who insist that science is essen­ entropy" degree of required offset to depletion of man­ tially "objective"; there exist the strongest motives of improved natural resources. Thus, although, as the two fa ctional self-interest, among the oligarchical party, to fo regoing examples imply, the necessity fo r a life lived conceal the mystical depths of their own subjectivity, long ago may be expressed in terms of a concrete work, the subjectivity upon which the popularized delusion of such examples do not address the essence of the matter "objective materialist science" is premised rhetorically. in a general way. It is the participation of, one may wish, all of the population's individuals in the continuing "The Best of All Possible Worlds" process of generation, transmission, and efficientassimi­ lation of the fr uits of combined, fu ndamental scientific If we measure history by the standard of each person as and Classical fine-arts progress, which is the essence of imago viva Dei, we have a completely different notion of the human species' ability to continue to both merely history in general than is taught in our fo olish university exist as a species, and to progress. Thus, the development textbooks and kindred places. We summarize this proof, of the individual person's "divine spark" of potential fo r beginning with the case of the individual person as such. creative reason, imago viva Del� is the essence of history, Each of us, by the time we enter adolescence, knows that and thus the measure of the immortal necessity earned we are mortal creatures born to die within a fe w decades, by an individual mortal life. more or less. What will be seen of our having lived, once This reflection should guide the reader's thoughts we are deceased? Let it be added then, speaking of our toward a higher notion of relativistic space-time. To past life, "what would humanity have lost, had that wit: we observed a kind of analysis situs which applies, person never lived?" Even great physical works erode demonstrably, to the domain of creative reason's with time; what contribution could a mortal person "thought-objects." We observe, that in that space-time, of supply, which might have lasting value to mankind fo r that analysis situs ordering, the relations among efficient thousands of years-for example-to come? ideas ("thought-objects") have a characteristic paralleling For example. During the coming centuries, mankind isochronicity in the domain of non-algebraic physical will-almost certainly-begin to colonize space, rather functions. On such grounds, we may not know the design than merely explore it. For fu ture mankind, which will of God's own clock, but we can see its reflection within come to dwell, in the vast majority, many, many light­ a domain of our "thought-objects," the domain Plato years fa r from our Solar System, Earth will be but a very named "the Becoming," Georg Cantor's higher transfi­ distant, legendary speck in man's ancestry. Think of nite. That reflection is, as we have just indicated, a fa r school-children living in those fa r fu ture places; they different sort of a clock than that to which we are will be stunned by the very idea that mankind was once accustomed in measuring ordinary, mere perceptions. pitifully Earth-bound, apparently hopelessly so. "How Think! When we reach back into history, to employ did they finally begin to get up from Earth?" a child's and modify a discovery a century or more ago, we are voice will ask. What, then, of that mere handful of changing the past in the essential fe ature of all things German scientists who, in the 1920's, began the project past, their outcome fo r our future. Once we shift our which, about five decades later, placed the first human notion of what is essential, from the relatively petty fo otsteps on the Moon? How necessary did those fe w matters of perception, to that which is historically essen­ persons turn out to have been to the human species as a tial, the "world-line" of necessary predecessors and suc­ whole, and fo r more than many billions years to come? cessors in the isochronic domain of "thought-objects," For example. Look back to Plato. If we were to remove we're in a higher, truer universe, qualitatively diffe rent from 2,350-odd years of history all that humanity has than the inferior world of mere perception, a wonderful received from Plato and his Academy, would there have domain in which I may know Plato, or Nicolaus of been a European civilization during the recent fivehun­ Cusa, fa r better, more intimately than a sibling in my dred years since Christopher Columbus? If one is in­ household. fo rmed of all those things fo r which modern Europe is It is fr om the vantage-point of such relations among indebted to Plato's work, it is doubtful that a European efficient "thought-objects," which he named "monads," civilization would have developed under the Christians that Gottfried Leibniz spoke of that domain as "the best without Plato. of all possible worlds," the "best world" one might choose We have indicated earlier, that continued human exis­ to inhabit. tence, as human, requires at least sufficientscientific and What, then, of poor Richard Dawkins' pathetically technological progress to more than meet the "zero- blasphemous public utterance of this recent April 15; did

42 that transpire in "the best of all possible worlds"? The which has afflicted my emotions in that painful way. In largest genocide in history, executed upon Africa by such that way, in "this best of all possible worlds," despite means as "IMF conditionalities," is occurring; is that an himself, Professor Dawkins' shameful piece of public event in the "best of all possible worlds"? We might blasphemy may evoke from others, by negation, a good continue so. thing we might otherwise lack. A fr iend has recently translated into English three That now said, in conclusion of this, let us turn our extremely important essays, on the subject of tragedy, by imagination to the Prometheus of Aeschylus' Prometheus 120 121 history's greatest tragedian, Friedrich Schiller. In these Bound. Prometheus warns the immortal, Olympian three are stressed, in an excellent way, a topic which fills "blobs" by the ears of Zeus's message-bearing lackey, Schiller's treatments of the intertwined topics, tragedy that there is a real god who will work justice upon both and history, in many more instances than these three. Olympian pretenders and on behalf of mankind. I am The gist of the matter to be emphasized here, is that the certain that Aeschylus' Prometheus is a true prophet; we emotions are an integral fe ature of our powers of reason, shall have an end of Olympus' tyranny soon, and that creative reasoning most emphatically so. I know that the by aid of God's own agent, the imago viva Dei acting sight of great suffering, real or Classical tragedy, musters within men and women. Then, soon, I presume that within me a well-spring of motivating strength, to the Professor Dawkins will begin to recognize the ontologi­ purpose of goading me to solve the quality of problem cal proof of the existence of God.

choose the received "lesser of two evils" in the 1992 general election, is an example of that pathetic opinion. ADDENDUM In my book, on the contrary, "freedom" is equal to those On the Subject of God: exercises of truth-seeking creative reason in the sense I have employed that term in this and other relevant Suffix published locations. To the point, a beast may choose, even ifhe is likened A fr iend, after reading the draft of this work, suggested to Balaam's Ass. So much fo r "unhuman behavior"; that I compare my argument with the content of Book II creative reason signifies more than choice; it signifies an of St. Augustine's Free Choices of the Will. " From this, included quality of negentropy, or, fo r emphasis, "evolu­ I have adduced two topics whose brief treatment may tionary negentropy" as that is described in the article help to clarify fu rther the arguments central to my prin­ above. cipal text. The first,prom pted by Chapter II, Section III To "do what is right," is not to select one fr om among of Augustine's text, I caption now "The Correspondence an array of two or more alternatives presented; to "do Among 'Free Will,' 'The Power of Reason,' and 'Self­ right" is to do only that which promotes the cause of the Similar Negentropy.' '' The second, prompted by Chap­ right in defianceof all wrongs, including all "lesser evils." ter VIII of Augustine's text, I caption now "The Paradox That "right" is not the mere avoidance of evil (wrongs), of Indefinite Divisibility of Number." but has a required negentropic quality, even as I Corinthi­ ans 13 defines the requisite quality of agape. For example. In music, to repeat a thematic passage Chapter II, §I1I of Augustinus' Free Choices ifthe Will over and over, without developmental change, as Mau­ The Correspondence Among rice Ravel's experimental "Bolero," fo r one case, is a 'Free Will,' 'The Power of Reason,' degradation of music. In music, constant simple repeti­ And 'Self-Similar Negentropy' tion, like monotony per se, is to be abhorred. Negentropic change, as the Haydn-Bach-Mozart fo rm of the Motivfu ­ b Populist hermeneutics misdefines"f ree will" as a matter hrung principle" of unifying equivalence in composition of mechanical choices. The "freedom" of the voter to exemplifies this, is the essence of truth in artistic beauty in Classical composition. This principle, as typified by • St. Augustine, "The Free Choice of the Will," Book II, in The two outstanding Mozart songs, his Abendempfindunl Teacher, The Free Choice of the Will, Grace and Free Will, trans. by Robert P. Russell, O.S.A. (Washington, D.C.: Catholic Univer­ and Ave Verum Corpus, d is also key to the perceived sity of America Press, 1968), pp. 108- 163. quality of agape in great artistic compositions.

43 The complementarity/interdependence between the appear that Augustinus suffe rs fr om a deficient mathe­ "evolutionary negentropic" quality of creative reason, matical education, the point of his argument endures on and the quality of "sacred love," agape, is the reflection the condition we shift the discussion of Augustinus' of the Good, of rightness, in the macrocosm. illustrative point from the standpoint of Cantor's Rei­ It should not be inferred from this excerpt from Au­ trage. For example, referenced, above, are a treatment of gustinus that good deeds are always fo llowed by simple the polygonal series to the n, through n = 256: rewards to the doer. Only a fool would deny that Au­ Nature is not "indefinitely divisible" in a simple way. gustinus was already aware of martyrs at the time of However, the proofs of that fa ct lead us to Cantor's writing this referenced passage. However, the society discovery of the alephs, as presented in his Reitrage. Thus, which fa ils to sustain scientific and technological prog­ as we have corrected, above, such relatively popularized ress, fo r example, will soon discover itself to have lost its misreadings of Cantor's work as that of David Hilbert, moral fitness to survive. All individual Good, and its a rigorous fo rm of fa iled attempt to solve problems of consequences, lies essentially in the macrocosm, in the convergence "at infinity" is the basis fo r proving Au­ larger process in which the mortal individual action gustinus' point respecting the fa culty of reason. partici pates.

a. See page 21 above on the Motivfuhrung principle. Chapter VIII of Augustinus' Free Choices ifthe Will b. The Motivfuhrung principle and its implementation in Mozart's The Paradox of Indefinite and Beethoven's method of composition corresponds to the notion of equivalence, especially the higher notions of equivalence, of Divisibility of Number transfinite ordering, in the work of Georg Cantor. c. W.A. Mozart, "Abendempfindung," K.523. Georg Cantor's referenced Reitrage obliges us to look in d. W.A. Mozart, "Ave Verum Corpus," K.618. a new way at the nature of attempts at an indefinite e. See Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr., "On the Subject of Metaphor," divisibility of number. Nonetheless, although it might Fidelio, Vol. I, No. 3, Fall 1992, pp. 19-20.

NOTES

I. The quoted passage is from the April 16, 1992 wire-dispatch trans. by Philip E.B. Jourdain (1915) (New York: Dover Publica­ summary by EIR News Service. Dawkins' reference to "order" tions, 1941). It is in this development of Cantor's work, that and "beauty," appears to be a direct slap against the 1961 "infor­ Cantor touches most critically upon the quality of the Platonic mal proof of God" by Princeton University's Professor Kurt "idea" (eidos); see Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr., "On the Subject of Godel; that appearance is buttressed, twofoldly, by the fact that Metaphor," Fidelio, Vol. I, No. 3, Fall 1992, pp. 17-50. Dawkins' radical-positivist argument is virtually plagiarized 5. Admittedly, "Platonic ideas" are not to be confused with the intact from "linguistics" co-founder Rudolf Carnap's 1941 argu­ ordinary positivist definition of the term. Hence, for several ments against Godel. years, this writer accepted the suggestion that Plato's eidos be 2. Cf Hao Wang, Reflections on Kurt Godel, (Cambridge, Mass.: translated as the English "species," or Cantor "type." For reasons M.LT. Press, 1987), pp. 214-217; John Howard Sobel, "Godel's grounded in the argument of his "On the Subject of Metaphor," Ontological Proof," in Festschriftfu r Richard Cartwright, ed. by op. cit., it is better to adhere to the two-word translation, "Pla­ Thompson (Cambridge, Mass: M.LT. Press, 1987), pp. 241- tonic ideas." 261; C. Anthony Anderson, "Some Emendations of Godel's 6. See footnote 3. Ontological Proof," in Faith and Philosophy (Ann Arbor), Vol. 7. See Bernhard Riemann, "Zur Psychologie und Metaphysik," 7, No. 3, July 1990; Jerzy Perzanowski, "Ontological Arguments on Herbart's Gottingen lectures, fo r Riemann's reference to II: Cartesian and Leibnizian," in Handbook of Metaphysics and Geistesmassen, in Mathematische Werke, 2nd. ed. (1892), posthu­ Ontology, ed. by Barry Smith (Mtinchen: 1991). mous papers, ed. by H. Weber in collaboration with R. De­ 3. E.g., Plato, Parmenides, in Plato: Cratylus, Parmenides, Greater dekind. Hippias, Lesser Hippias, Loeb Classical Library, trans. by H.N. 8. LaRouche, "Metaphor," op. cit., pp. 42-44; Lyndon H. Fowler (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1926), and Ti­ LaRouche, Jr., "Mozart's 1782-1786 Revolution in Music," Fide­ maeus and Critias in Plato: Timaeus, Critias, Cleitophon, Menexe­ lio. Vol. I, No. 4, Winter 1992. nus, Epistles, Loeb Classical Library, trans. by R.G. Bury (Cam­ 9. This is proven implicitly by Plato, as in his already referenced bridge : Harvard University Press, 1929). Also, Gottfried Parmenides. Modern proofs of this, such as Georg Cantor's, Wilhlem Leibniz (on "most perfect being"), Monadology, trans. or the fa mous "Godel's Proof' of Professor Kurt Godel, are by George Montgomery (LaSalle: Open Court Publishing Co., reflections of Plato's original model proof. Although a corre­ 1989); also, Theodicy, trans. by E.M. Huggard (LaSalle: Open spondent of Godel's, Gottingen's fa mous Professor David Hil­ Court Publishing Co., 1985). bert never understood the most essential implications of Cantor's 4. Georg Cantor, "Beitrage zur Begrtindung der transfiniten Beitrage; if. Georg Cantors Briefe . ed. by Herbert Meschkowski Mengenlehre," in Gesammelte Abhandlungen, ed. by Ernst Zer­ and Winfried Nilson (Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1991), melo (Hildeschein, 1962), pp. 282-356; English translation: Con­ passim. This is perhaps nowhere more plainly displayed than tributions to the Founding of the Theory of Transfinite Numbers, by Hilbert's axiomatic blunder proposing his fa mous, intrinsi-

44 cally insoluble "Tenth Problem"; see J.P. Jones and Y.V. Matija­ Development," in Friedrich Schiller, Poet of Freedom, Vol. II, ed. sevic, "Proof of Recursive Unsolvability of Hilbert's Tenth Prob­ by William F. Wertz, Jr. (Washington, D.C.: Schiller Institute, lem," in The American Mathematical Monthly, Oct. 1991, pp. 1988). 689-709; see also LaRouche, "Mozart's Revolution," op. cit., 22. See A Manual on the Rudiments of Tuning and Registration, Vol. fo otnote 56. I (Washington, D.C.: Schiller Institute, 1992), chap. 11, "Artistic 10. See Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr., "In Defense of Common Sense," Beauty: Schiller vs. Goethe." chaps. 11-V, in The Science of Christian Economy and Other Prison 23. See Francis A. Yates, The Occult Phi/sophy in the Elizabethan Writings (Washington, D.C.: Schiller Institute, 1991). Age (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979). 11. Ibid., chap. III. 24. See LaRouche, "Metaphor," op. cit.; also Lyndon H. LaRouche, 12. Ibid., passim; also, LaRouche, "Metaphor," op. cit., passim. Jr., A Concrete Approach to U.S. Science Policy (Washington, 13. Ibid. D.C.: Schiller Institute, 1992), chap. IV, "The Cathar Root of 14. Op. cit., pp. 17-22. Cartesianism. " 15. Ibid. 25. Cardinal Nicolaus of Cusa, De Docta Ignorantia (On Learned 16. See Gilles de Roberval, "The Cycloid," in A Source Book in Ignorance), Book I, trans. by Jasper Hopkins as Nicholas of Cusa Mathematics, 1200-1800, ed. by D.J. Struik (Princeton, N.J.: On Learned Ignorance (Minneapolis: Arthur M. Banning Press, Princeton University Press, 1986), pp. 232-233; also in Gilles de 1985); also, "De Circuli Quadratura" ("On the Quadrature of Roberval, Treatise on Indivisibles, trans. by Evelyn Walker (New the Circle"), trans. into German by Jay Hoffm an (Mainz: Felix York: Teachers College, 1932). Meiner Verlag). 17. See Johann Bernoulli, "Curvatura Radii," in Diaphonous Non­ 26. LaRouche, "Mozart's Revolution," op. cit. fo rmabus Acta Eruditorum, May 1697; trans. in D.J. Struik, op. 27. Ibid. For musical score of the "Haydn" string quartets, see cit., pp. 391-399. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Complete String Quartets fr om the 18. Ibid. See Christiaan Huygens, The Pendulum Cloct or Geometri­ Breitkopf & HiirtelComplete Works (New York: Dover Publica­ cal Demonstrations Concerning the Motion of Pendula as Applied tions, 1970), K. 387, 42 1, 428, 458, 464, 465. For recordings, to Clocks, trans. by Richard J. Blackwell (Ames: Iowa State see Amadeus String Quartet, Mozart Complete String Quartets, University Press, 1986); also Christiaan Huygens, Treatise on Deutsche Grammaphon; Budapest String Quartet, Mozart's Light (1690), trans. by Sylvanus P. Thompson (New Yo rk: Haydn Quartets, Sony Classical. Dover Publications, 1962). 28. Ibid. For musical score of the "Russian" string quartets, see 19. Contrary to later apologies for the London-allied Enlighten­ Joseph Haydn, String Quartets Opus 20 and 33, Complete Edition, ment circles, France's continued leading position in the world's ed. by Wilhelm Altmann (New York: Dover Publications, science and technology, through 1815, was centered in the Pla­ 1985). For recordings, see Tatrai Quartet, Hungaraton HCD. tonic heritage of Minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert's Academie des 29. Ibid. For musical score, see J.S. Bach, Musikalisches Opfe r­ Sciences, and its successor, the Leibnizian Gaspard Monge­ Musical Offering- Offrance musicale, ed. by Carl Czerny (New led Ecole Poly technique of 1794-1814. The fa ctional opposition York: Edition Peters, No. 219). For recordings, see Leipziger represented the contrary, Aristotelian, "Enlightenment" Bach-Collegium, Capriccio, CDC10032; Cologne Musica Anti­ method. With the victory of Castiereagh's fa ction at the 1814-15 gua, Deutsche Grammaphon (Archiv). Congress ofVienna, the Holy Alliance fo rces inside the Restora­ 30. See LaRouche, Science Policy, op. cit., chap. IV. tion Bourbon monarchy expelled Monge and his program from 31. For Averroes see, for example, Oliver Leaman, Averroes and His the Ecole Poly technique, putting French science under the vastly Philosophy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988). less competent leadership of the Marquis de Laplace and La­ 32. Paolo Sarpi (1550-1623), a fo rmer Procurator-General of the place's protege, Augustin Cauchy. Servite religious order, was appointed state theologian of Venice 20. This is a point from the (Leibnizian) science of physical econ­ in 1606. He was a leading theoretician of the "new houses" (i omy. The continued existence of any society, even one of fixed nuovi or i giovani-"the young") of the Venetian aristocracy, population, must deplete natural conditions upon which the which took power in 1582. The nuovi fa ction proposed: (1) an existing standard ofper-capita and per-square-kilometer produc­ all-out assault against the Church at Rome and Rome's allies, tivity depends. This depletion must be offset by an at least equal Spain and the Hapsburg dynasty; and (2) a major redeployment margin of growth of per-capita productivity. Hence, a minimal of Venetian financial power north into England and Holland. rate of advancement of employed technology is required. See David Wotton, Paolo Sarpi: Between Renaissance and Enlight­ 21. The Brothers of the Common Life was a religious community enment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); see also fo unded in 1376 by the Dutchman Gerhard Groote. Based on Sarpi, ed. by Peter Burke (New York: Washington Square Press, a rule of personal piety known as the devotio moderna, the 1967), pp. xv-xvi and passim. movement fo llowed the precepts expressed by Thomas a 33. See Francis A. Yates, Occult Philosophy, op. cit.; also The Rosicru­ Kempis in his The Imitation of Christ and The Christian's Exercise: cian Enlightenment (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1972). or, Rules to Live Above the World Wh ile We Are in It. A Kempis 34. See Aristotle, "Politics" and "Ethics," in The Basic Works of also wrote "The Life of the Reverend Master Gerard the Great, Aristotle, ed. by Richard McKeon (New York: Random House, Commonly Called Groote." Nicolaus of Cusa received his early 1941). education from the Brothers of the Common Life community 35. Philo ("Judaeus") of Alexandria, "On the Account of the at Deventer. See Albert Hyma, The Brethren of the Common World's Creation Given by Moses" ("On the Creation"), in Life (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1950). Philo, Vol. I, trans. by F.H. Colson and G.H. Whitaker, Loeb For Wilhelm von Humboldt's educational reforms, see Carol Classical Library, (Cambridge : Harvard University Press, 1981). White, "The Humboldt Brothers' Classical Education System," 36. On Descartes' deus ex mach ina, see LaRouche, U.S. Science Policy, Campaigner, Vol. 14, No. 5, August 1981; see also, Wilhelm chap. IV. von Humboldt, Humanist Without Portfolio: An Anthology of the 37. Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, trans. by Norman Writings of Wilhelm von Humboldt, trans. by Marianne Cowan Kemp Smith (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1965); Prolegomena (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1963). See also, Wilhelm to a Future Metaphysics, trans. by Paul Carus (Indianapolis: von Humboldt, "On Schiller and the Course of His Spiritual Hackett Publishing Company, 1977); Critique of Practical Rea-

45 son, trans. by Lewis White Beck (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Either way, the moral assessment of Aristotle's thinking remains Company, 1956); Critique of Judgment, trans. by J.H. Bernard essentially the same. (New York: Hafner Press, 1951). 57. William Golding, Lord of the Flies (New York: Coward­ 38. Carol White, The New Dark Ages Conspiracy (New York: New McCann, 1962). Two motion picture versions of this title have Benjamin Franklin House, 1980), passim. been issued: 1963, directed by Peter Brook, produced by Allen­ 39. LaRouche, "Metaphor," op. cit. Hogdon-Two Arts; and 1990, directed by Harry Hook. 40. Cf Norbert Wiener, Cybernetics, or Control and Communication 58. This signifies Christian as opposed to John Locke's definition in the Animal and the Machine (New York: John Wiley, 1948); of "natural law." Cf LaRouche, "The Science of Christian 2nd ed. (Cambridge, Mass: M.I.T. Press, 1961); also, The Human Economy," chap. VIII, op. cit., pp. 301-359. Use of Human Beings (New York: Avon Books, 1967). 59. The liberator's trumpet is heard, and Rocco exclaims, "0, what 41. Cf Ludwig Boltzmann, Vo rlesungen aber Gastheorie, vol. i is that? Almighty God !" Ludwig van Beethoven, Fidelio in Full (1896), §6. Score (New York: Dover Publications, 1984). 42. LaRouche, "In Defense of Common Sense," and "The Science 60. See the cited passage from Adam Smith's The Theory of the of Christian Economy," in Christian Economy, op. cit., pp. 31- Moral Sentiments (1759), in LaRouche, "The Science of Christian 41, 318-323. Economy," op. cit., pp. 291-292. 43. LaRouche, "Project A," chap. II, "The Crucial Fact," in Chris­ 61. Presumably, this "earthly paradise" is that of U.S. State Depart­ tian Economy, op. cit., pp. 104-109. ment ideologue Francis Fukuyama's The End of History. See 44. LaRouche, "Common Sense," chap. II-IV, op cit. pp. 8-26. Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: 45. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, "Society and Economy" (1671), Free Press, 1992). Fidelio, Vol. I , No. 3, Fall 1992, pp. 54-55. 62. See H. Graham Lowry, How the Na tion Was Wo n: America's 46. See Philip Valenti, "A Case Study of British Sabotage: Leibniz, Untold Story, 1630-1754 (Washington, D.C.: Executive Intelli­ Papin, and the Steam Engine," Fusion, Vol. 3, No. 3, Dec. 1979, gence Review, 1987), pps. 74-76, 158-201. p. 26. 63. The well-known "free market" economist Adam Smith was a 47. Understand the phenomenon corresponding to "technology" paid retainer of the British East India Company throughout as typified by the fo llowing illustrative example. Given, two most of his career. According to the fa mily biography of William machines, performing the same operation in production of a Petty, Earl of Shelburne (1737-1 805), during a rather fa mous specificquality of net work-output, powered to the same degree, carriage ride to London in 1763, Lord Shelburne, a member of and operated, alternately, by the same operator. Yet, one of the East India Company's ruling "secret committee," commis­ these two machines produces a larger quantity of the same sioned Smith to prepare the research outline for an ambitious work-output, of equal or better quality than the other. That study of the rise and fa ll of the Roman Empire. The outcome diffe rence in the design of the internal organization of the of that Shelburne-Smith discussion was Edward Gibbon's The machine is the phenomenon of technology. Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. 48. See footnote 36. Sir Isaac Newton, in his Mathematical Principles Smith's most fa mous work, The Wea lth of Na tions, was also of Na tural Philosophy, states "hypotheses non Jingo" ("I don't make written on commission from the East India Company, and was hypotheses"), and explains his reasons for this on grounds of an attempt at regrouping Britain's empire fo llowing the loss of induction versus hypothesis. See Sir Isaac Newton's Mathematical its crown colony in North America. In that latter study, which Principles of Na tural Philosophy and His System of the World, was harshly criticized by American System economist Henry revised trans. by Florian Cajori (Berkeley: University of Califor­ Carey in his The SlaveTrade: Domestic and Foreign (1853), Smith nia Press, 1960), General Scholium, pp. 546-547. advocated the development of the opium trade from India as a 49. Data for Chart 2 are taken from Colin McEvedy and Richard means of securing hard currency. See Lyndon H. LaRouche, J r. Jones, Atlas of World Population History (Middlesex: Penguin and David P. Goldman, The Ugly Truth About Milton Friedman Books, 1978). (New York: New Benjamin Franklin House, 1980), pp. 97-124; 50. Philip Callahan, "Insects and the Battle of the Beams," Fusion, see also Carol White, New Dark Ages, op. cit., pp. 312-32 1. For Vol. 7, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 1985, p. 27. fu rther details on Smith's relationship to the Earl of Shelburne, 51. Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr., SO You Wish To Learn All About see Edmond George Petty-Fitzmaurice, The Life of William Economics? A Text on ElementaryMathematical Economics (New Petty, Earl of Shelburne, Aft erwards First Marquis of Lansdowne York: New Benjamin Franklin House, 1984), chaps. 4 and 8. (London: McMillan & Co., 1912). 52. Friedrich Schiller, "The Legislation of Lycurgus and Solon," in 64. Jeremy Bentham served as resident philosopher and counterin­ Friedrich Schiller, Vol. II, op. cit. surgency specialist fo r the British East India Company from 53. Isocrates (of Plato's adversary, the Athens School of Rhetoric) 1776 through his death in 1830. He was one of the principal and Isocrates' protege, Aristotle, were agents of Athens' enemy, propagandists of the Enlightenment concept of the "pleasure­ King Philip of Macedon. Plato's Academy at Athens, shortly pain calculus," which posited the idea that human beings are after Plato's death, backed Philip's son, and political adversary, merely animals driven by the desire to seek pleasure and avoid Alexander the Great, against Philip's agent, and Alexander's pain. An avowed enemy of the American Revolution, Bentham, mortal fo e, Aristotle. operating out of the Earl of Shelburne's estate, ran a "radical 54. On oligarchism and pantheons, see text, below. The Delphic writers workshop" which produced many of the speeches and Cult of Apollo was the chief usurer of the Mediterranean littoral, pamphlets fo r the Jacobins in France. He later entered into a and, as sponsor of Rome among the Latins, the key backer close collaboration with the American traitor Aaron Burr, and behind pagan Rome's step-wise advancement to imperial power. was part of the Burr plot to establish a new British colony in 55. See footnote 32. what was later the Louisiana Territory. When Burr fled North 56. Although there is no generally accepted crucial evidence against America, he took up residence at Bentham's estate in England. the opinion that Aristotle wrote these books, there is reason to Among Bentham's most noteworthy economic writings is his suspect that much of the content may have been the work­ essay, "In Defence of Usury." product of others, notably Aristotle's Peripatetic collaborators. 65. Aristotle, "Organon," in Basic Works, op. cit.

46 66. LaRouche, "Metaphor," op. cit. the 1950's. 67. See LaRouche, "Mozart's Revolution," op. cit., fo otnote 41 on 82. Satan equals Lucifer, Apollo, Python, Dionysus, Osiris, Baal, the priests of Apollo. Shiv a, et al. Satan's mother: Shakti, Ishtar, Isis, Gaia, 68. On "hereditary principle," see LaRouche, "Metaphor," op. cit., Cybele, et al. pp. 32-36. The best-organized Satanist fo rces currently operating in the 69. See footnote 35. United States include the Lucis Trust. This putatively respect­ 70. LaRouche, "Mozart's Revolution," op. cit. able, United Nations-accredited Satan cult-it worships Luci­ 71. Ibid., p. 12. fe r-operates in New York City out of the United Nations, and 72. Ibid., p. 17. also the Episcopal Cathedral of St. John the Divine. The Lucis 73. Giammaria Ortes (1713-1790), influential Venetian economist, Trust runs the "Temple of Understanding" at United Nations whose works were plagarized by various of the British school headquarters, the only religious chapel so located. It was origi­ of political economy (Adam Smith et. al., emphatically including nally fo unded in London in 1922, as the Lucifer Trust. The Karl Marx), fo llowing the consolidation of Venetian control Lucis Trust associated with the U.N. is the New York affiliate over England. His "Calculus of the Pleasures and Pains of Life" ofthe British organization; the name was changed from Lucifer (1757) fo rmed the basis fo r the Benthamite hedonistic calculus Trust to Lucis, to make the nature of the organization less (see fo otnote 64); the economic models he based upon this conspicuous. For a review of the spread of satanism today, see philosophy of "man as beast" are developed in the works of Carol White, Satanism: Crime Wa ve of the '90's, EIR Special "Free Traders" from Adam Smith to Milton Friedman, includ­ Report (Washington, D.C.: Exectuive Intelligence Review, ing today's illiterate Jeffrey Sachs. His Reflessioni sullapopol azi­ 1990). one delle nazioni per rapporto all'economia nazionale (Reflections 83. See LaRouche, "Metaphor," op. cit., pp. 18-22. on the Population of Na tions in respect to National Economy) 84. A humorless obsession with nominalist literal, "dictionary" (Venice: 1790) was plagarized and popularized by Parson meanings, is associated with schizophrenic tendencies in lan­ Thomas Malthus in his "On Population." Ortes was the only guage behavior. In professional and related work, this is a Italian economist cited by Karl Marx in his Capital (Vol. I). See destructive phenomenon, and plainly, fu nctionally a pathologi­ Scrittori classici italiani di economia politica, ed. by P. Custodi cal disorder of the mind. (Milan: 1802-16). 85. Cf LaRouche, "The Science of Christian Economy," chap. IV, 74. We are using the term "empiricist" here in its "generic," rather op. cit., pp. 229-240. than more narrowly proprietary definition. Specifically, we are 86. Cf Nicolaus of Cusa, De Docta Ignorantia, op. cit., passim. including British liberal philosophy and Franco-Viennese posi­ 87. Georg Cantor, Beitrage, op. cit., passim. tivism under the same rubric. 88. See Friedrich Schiller, "On the Aesthetical Education of Man," 75. Freude, schone Gotterfunken, Tochter aus Elysium: Gotterfunken in Friedrich Schiller, Poet of Freedom, Vol. I, ed. by William F. equals "God's sparks." The reference is to Beethoven's fa mous Wertz, Jr. (New York: New Benjamin Franklin House, 1985); Ninth Symphony setting of Friedrich Schiller's "Ode to Joy" also "What Is, and to What End Do We Study, Universal ("An Die Freude"). History ?" in Friedrich Schiller, Vol. II, op. cit. For Wilhelm von 76. William ofOckham (Occam) (d. 1349). A radical Averroist gnos­ Humboldt's educational policy, see footnote 21; see also Joachim tic, forerunner of empiricists such as John Locke and David H. Knoll and Horst Siebert, Wilhelm von Humboldt, Politiker Hume, and, later, Ernst Mach and Sigmund Freud, the lowest und Pedagoge (1767-1867) (Bad Godesberg: Inter Nationes, intellectual fo rm of neo-Aristotelianism. 1967). 77. Roughly speaking, Georg Cantor's work equates his notion of 89. Unfortunately, the term "neo-Platonist" has been pre-empted transfinite to Plato's Becoming, and places the idea of an absolute by a collection of quasi-Aristotelian, anti-Plato, gnostic cults of infinite beyond both transfinite and becoming, in the domain of Byzantine origin. Such cults have nothing to do with Plato or Plato's the Good. Christian Platonism. 78. This is the fo rmulation from Gottfried Leibniz which drove 90. Friedrich Schiller, "The Legislation of Lycurgus and Solon," the author of Candide, the gnostic Voltaire, into his frenzy of op. cit. hatred on the subject. 91. The so-called "Second Law of Thermodynamics," or "Law of 79. Leopold Kronecker (1823-1891), professor of mathematics at Entropy," concocted by Kelvin and Clausius during the 1850's, is the University of Berlin, student of the great Lejeune Dirichlet; essentially a rewarmed Newton "clock-winder" fa llacy. Entropy but a fa natical, cabbalistically inclined fo rmalist, fa mous for the occurs, of course; it is the gnostic dogma, a so-called "law of savagery of his vendettas against mathematicians Carl Weiers­ universal entropy," which is the kookery in question. trass and Georg Cantor. See Uwe Parpart, "The Concept of the 92. See footnote 48. Transfinite,"Campaigner, Vol. IX, Nos. 1-2, Jan.-Feb. 1976, pp. 93. See Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell, Princ;pia 54-56. Mathematica, 2nd ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 80. Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), grandson of British-empiricist 1927), 1968-1 973 printing. Prime Minister, and anti-American foe of President Abraham 94. Georg Cantor, Beitrage, op. cit. Lincoln, Lord John Russell. Bertrand is regarded by some well­ 95. The LaRouche texts referenced include the cited Christian Econ­ informed circles as not only a savage racialist mass-murderer omy, "Metaphor," and "Mozart's Revolution." against people of darker complexions, but one of the most evil 96. Nicolaus of Cusa, "De Circuli Quadratura," op. cit .. political figures of the twentieth century. In mathematics, a 97. Nicolaus of Cusa, "De Non Aliud" ("The Not-Other"), in To­ radical empiricist, early author of a bungling but hateful text wards a New Council of Florence: "On the Peace of Faith " and (Lectures on Geometry) attacking Karl Gauss, Wilhelm Weber, Other Works of Nicolaus of Cusa, ed. and trans. by William F. and Bernhard Riemann. His influential misrepresentation of Wertz, Jr. (Washington, D.C.: Schiller Institute, 1993). Cantor's work is a travesty. 98. The pseudosphere is the rotation, as around the abscissa of a 81. The commonplace worst case of this classroom problem is the three-coordinate system, of the tractrix. Therefore, the area of radical-positivist "New Math," popularized since the close of the surface of the pseudosphere diffe rs from the area of the

47 surface of the corresponding sphere by an infinitesimally dis­ an Ottoman dynasty. Venice, fo r its part, shared the spoils of crete, but not eliminable discrepancy. See diagrams below. the 1453 conquest with its Ottoman partner. 109. See H.R. Trevor-Roper, "The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century," in Crisis in Europe: 1560-1660, ed. by Trevor Aston (Garden City: Doubleday, 1967). 110. The Venetian Francesco Giorgi (Szorzi) was the fo under of a gnostic cult in England during the period of the 1518 fight in which Henry VIII voided his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. It was Giorgi, Venice's premier cabbalist scholar, who provided the justification that Henry's marriage to Catherine was never valid, as the Pope had had no right to grant dispensation fo r the marriage in the first place. This marked the beginning of the direct Venetian takeover of England. Writing in his 1540's Harmonice Mundi, Giorgi attacked Nicolaus of Cusa's De Docta Ig norantia as fo llows: "Those who retreat from the direct knowledge of the universe will retreat into the Docta Ignorantia" (as quoted in Yates, Occult Philosophy, op. cit.). Hence, Giorgi's gnostic cult, which claimed Robert Fludd and John Dee as members, and which fo rmed the basis fo r the Rosicrucians and later, by way of the influence of Francis Bacon, inspired the Royal Society of Isaac Newton, had been the enemy of Nicolaus of Cusa from the beginning. III. I.e., William Gilbert. For Gilbert's investigations of the electro­ magnetic and gravitational fields, see William Gilbert, De Mag­ nete (On the Magnet), trans. by P. Fleury Mottelay (New York: Dover Publications, 1958). 99. Cf LaRouche, Christian Economy, op. cit., Appendix XII, pp. 112. LaRouche, "The Science of Christain Economy," op. cit., fo ot­ 426-43 1. note 18, pp. 481-482. 100. "Humanist" is employed here in its original, Renaissance mean­ 1l3. LaRouche, Science Policy, op. cit., chap. IV, "The Cathar Root ing, as "Classical humanist" or "Christian Classical humanist," of Cartesianism," passim. See also, "Metaphor," op. cit., loco cit., not the modern atheistic, "secular humanist." passim. 101. LaRouche, "The Science of Christian Economy," op. cit., foot­ 114. See Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the note 8, pp. 471-473. Roman Empire, ed. by J.B. Bury, 7 vols. (London: Methuen); 102. Christopher Marlowe, "Doctor Faustus," in The Works of Chris­ reprinted (New York: AMS Press, 1974). See also Boris Primov, topher Marlowe, ed. by C.F. Tucker Brooke (London: Oxford Les Bougres: Histoire du Pape bogomile et du ses Adepts (Paris: University Press, 1910). Editions Payot, 1975). 103. See H. Graham Lowry, How the Nation Was Won, op. cit. 115. The Phrygian Satan-figure's Indo-European name signifies 104. See footnote 32. "day-night," indicating the yin-yang and other affiliations. 105. See Barbara Tuchman, A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous Four­ 116. Philo, "On the Creation," op. cit. teenth Century (New York: Knopf, 1978); see also Carol White, 117. Once a Cathar effected the rite of pas age to the ranks of the New Dark Ages, op. cit., passim. elect, he could not place his semen in the vagina of a woman; 106. De Docta Ig norantia was completed on Feb. 12, 1440. A major he was permitted almost any substitute fo rm of recreation. attack on the work, written by the Aristotelian John Wenck Hence the name Bugger. and entitled On Unknown Learning (De Ignota Litteratura) was 118. The substitution of "stewardship" fo r "dominion" in Genesis written between March 26, 1442 and mid-summer of 1443. 1 :28, is the hallmark of the anti-Christian, gnostic "Bible." The Cusa's response, entitled A Defense of Learned Ignorance, was Delphi of the Cult of Apollo was originally the site of the Gaia­ completed on Oct. 9, 1449. Python cult. In the case of Python, like that of Shiva, Osiris, et For Nicolaus of Cusa's role in reconstituting the Christian al., the customary "Satan" of the interchangeable serpent/penis Church in this period, see Helga Zepp-LaRouche, "Nicolaus of imagery: Gaia was ambiguously his consort or mother. Cusa and the Council of Florence," Fidelio, Vol. I, No. 2, 119. Immanuel Kant, Critique of Judgment, op. cit., passim. Spring 1992, pp. 17-22; and Nora Hamerman, "The Council of 120. Friedrich Schiller, trans. by George Gregory, "On the Use of Florence: The Religious Event that Shaped the Era of Discov­ Chorus in Tragedy," article this issue, page 60; German original ery," ibid., pp. 23-36. ("Ober den Gebrauch des Chors in der Tragodie") in Friedrich 107. Principal writings on the subject of scientifictopics by Cardinal Schiller, Werke in Drie Banden (MUnchen: Carl Hanser Verlag, Nicolaus of Cusa, composed after De Docta Ignorantia, include: 1981), vol. III, pp. 471-477. See also unpublished trans. by George "On Conjectures" ("De coniecturis"), "On Beryllus" ("De ber­ Gregory of Schiller's "On the Reasons We Take Pleasure in yllo"), "On the Game of Spheres" ("De ludo globi"), "On Quad­ Tragic Subjects," German original ("Ober den Grund des Verg­ rature of the Circle" ("De circuli quadratura"), "On Mathemati­ nUgens an tragischen Gegenstaden") in Friedrich von Schiller, cal Complements" ("De mathematicis complementis"), "On Samtliche Werke in Sechs Banden (Stuttgart: Phaidon Verlag, Geometrical Transformations" ("De geometricis transmuta­ 1984), vol. 5, pp. 127- 140; and of "On Tragic Art," German tionibus"), "Quadrature of the Circle" ("Quadratura circuli"), original ("Ober die tragische Kunst") in ibid., pp. 141-162. "The Golden Proposition in Mathematics" ("Aurea propositio 121. Aeschylus, "Prometheus Bound," in Aeschylus Two, Four Trage­ in mathematicis"). dies: Prometheus Bound, Seven Against Thebes, The Persians, and 108. Scolarius's A.D. 1453 treason against Greece was rewarded by The Suppliant Maidens, ed. by David Grene and Richmond the Ottomans appointing him, as Patriarch Gennadios, as patri­ Lattimore, trans. by David Grene (Chicago: University of Chi­ arch fo r all the non-Muslims of the Byzantine Empire under cago Press, 1969).

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