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"Benet Land Problem" in Eastern Uganda Anna Dirkse

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University of Vermont ScholarWorks @ UVM Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Rubenstein School Masters Project Publications Resources 2017 Master's Project: A Case Study of the "Benet Land Problem" in Eastern Uganda Anna Dirkse Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/rsmpp Part of the African Studies Commons, Nature and Society Relations Commons, and the Place and Environment Commons Recommended Citation Dirkse, Anna, "Master's Project: A Case Study of the "Benet Land Problem" in Eastern Uganda" (2017). Rubenstein School Masters Project Publications. 14. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/rsmpp/14 This Project is brought to you for free and open access by the Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources at ScholarWorks @ UVM. It has been accepted for inclusion in Rubenstein School Masters Project Publications by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ UVM. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Case Study of the “Benet Land Problem” in Eastern Uganda A Master’s Project Paper written by: Anna Dirkse Dept. of Natural Resources Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources (RSENR) University of Vermont Advisory Committee: Pablo Bose, Ph.D., Dept. of Geography Clare Ginger, Ph.D., RSENR Walter Kuentzel, Ph.D., RSENR May, 2017 ABSTRACT Boundaries are inherently political creations. Boundaries of national parks and other protected conservation areas are one such instance. Social boundary lines are also drawn within communities to determine who is legitimate and who is allowed to access resources as a community member. Boundary lines are also present in the stories people tell about themselves and their environment; the portrayal of their roles as land stewards may leave out certain details. The effects of environmental issues such as deforestation and soil erosion transcend such constructed boundaries. Historically, the Benet, as indigenous peoples of eastern Uganda, had derived their livelihood and cultural identity from land-based activities within the forest of Mount Elgon before being resettled by the Ugandan government in 1983. When Mount Elgon National Park was created in 1993, the government discovered that more land had been distributed than the intended 6,000 hectares. Officially, that surplus land is within the bounds of Mount Elgon National Park, but people continue to reside and make their living there and the High Court of Uganda has put forth a consent judgment that the Benet have a right to this land. Most members of the community currently derive their livelihood from subsistence farming and grazing in this area. Small, fragmented land holdings and population pressures, as well as the movement of others from outside the Benet community into this land area, contribute to members of the community continuing to access resources within the national park boundaries illegally. This illegal access use (notably, firewood gathering and grazing of livestock) creates conflict between the community and the authorities controlling the national park and leads to perceptions by government officials that the Benet community is responsible for environmental degradation. I consider, through the analysis of documents, and of interviews and observations undertaken in May and June of 2014, how the resettlement process (and subsequent lack of resettlement for the Yatui, a sub-group of the Benet) is connected to resource use within the national park. What I deem “the land problem” is the combination of a lack of resettlement (or adequate resettlement) and a lack of access to resources necessary for a subsistence livelihood. Using examples from my interviews and analysis, I identify the connections and relationships that resettlement and resource use have to one another and assess possible responses to the land problem. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to thank the community members in Uganda, both Benet and non-Benet, who invited me into their homes, gave of their time to answer my questions, and who watched over me. Special gratitude goes to Moses Kiptala, David Mukwhana, Charlotte Mafumbo and Edward Twala, as well as Patricia Nait and Simon Chepteok. Part of my heart shall always remain in eastern Uganda. Clare Ginger, thank you for not only taking me on as an advisee, but also for not giving up on me. Conversations with you were always clarifying and helpful and I would not have been able to accomplish this without you. Carolyn Goodwin-Kueffner, thank you for being a cheerleader when I needed it the most. Thanks to the community I developed in Vermont – the people and places which kept me at this endeavor longer than I wanted to stay at it and the relationships I formed in the process. Thanks to my parents and Grey for doing my farm chores while I finished writing. I thank you and the cows do, too. Lastly, I would like to acknowledge Saleem Ali for asking a question in one of our initial meetings: “Do you just want to be a farmer?” Yes; yes, I do. iii Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ vi LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... vi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT ......................................................... 8 2.1. Mount Elgon Region ............................................................................................................ 8 2.2. The Benet (Ndorobo) Community ....................................................................................... 9 2.3. Land and Resource Use Conflict ........................................................................................ 10 2.4. Resource Use in Mount Elgon National Park .................................................................... 17 2.5. Conservation and Environmental Issues ............................................................................ 19 CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................... 25 3.1. Conservation-Induced Development .................................................................................. 25 3.2. Resettlement Due to Conservation-Induced Development ................................................ 29 3.3. Community Conservation .................................................................................................. 33 CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY ................................................................................. 43 4.1.1 Theoretical Considerations ............................................................................................... 43 4.2. The Case Study Design ...................................................................................................... 45 4.3. The Study Area................................................................................................................... 46 4.4. Sampling Strategy .............................................................................................................. 47 4.5. Data Sources, Tools and Methods of Collection ................................................................ 50 4.6. Data Analysis and Validity ................................................................................................ 53 4.7. Ethical Considerations........................................................................................................ 54 4.8. Considerations for Future Research ................................................................................... 58 CHAPTER 5: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................... 60 5.1. Conservation and Land Use Management Practices .......................................................... 62 5.2. Accessing Resources From Within National Park Boundaries .......................................... 70 5.3. Political Organization as a Community Response ............................................................. 82 5.3.1. Benet Lobby Group (BLG).......................................................................................... 83 iv 5.3.2 Mount Elgon Benet Indigenous Ogiek (MEBIO)......................................................... 86 5.4. Government Response........................................................................................................ 88 CHAPTER 6: PATHS OF ACTION ............................................................................. 94 CHAPTER 7: DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS ................................................ 101 CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................. 108 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 111 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................. 118 Appendix A: Land Allocation Certificate from Original Resettlement Process ..................... 118 Appendix B: 2005 Consent Judgment and Decree.................................................................. 119 Appendix C: Relevant Documents Regarding the Shooting and Killing of Yesho Maling/Maningi ....................................................................................................................... 121 Appendix D: Maps of Mount Elgon Region ..........................................................................
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