DOCSLIB.ORG

Online Tutorial

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Online Tutorial Purpose of course: The student will: • Execute hands-on exercises, such as using AutoLISP for mathematical calculations, AutoCAD shortcuts and text manipulation. • Learn to create new LISP commands, and develop skill in managing lisp programming. • Learn to use available tools for AutoLISP creation. • Learn to locate alternate resources for this craft. • Discover error management and learn beginner techniques for resolving error reports. Introduction: When I first began learning AutoLISP eighteen years ago, I was awestruck at how easy it was to learn. I was also awestruck at what a powerful a skill it was to have within my AutoCAD arsenal of tools. I buried my nose in every book and magazine I could locate, with a deep thirst for whatever new ideas and routines I could put to use. Over time I found that the value was not so much in the software others had authored, but rather the techniques they used, and more importantly, the fact that I could create new ones of my own. Rare it is that you will be able to create something that can be sold on the market. While this tool is extremely powerful, you will likely be using it just as an enhancement to your own capabilities. However, if you have an office with well versed management, you may be called upon to create productivity tools. Perhaps someone may ask you to DEBUG existing company programs. On the very rare occasion, you might even encounter employment specifically for creation of AutoLISP. Simply know that no matter how you use it, AutoLISP knowledge is very rewarding. Investing in learning and writing code will pay for itself very quickly, and will serve you for years to come. You are wise to be here learning this new “toy”. Commit yourself to gaining a fully fluent knowledge; hunt for new sources of this skill. Know that you will always be a more valuable AutoCAD user once you have mastered AutoLISP. Right this very moment you have the opportunity to expand your horizons in surprisingly powerful ways. This exciting adventure is about to begin... • What is AutoLISP? AutoLISP is a high level programming language developed as an enhancement tool integrated into AutoCAD. It is the singular most powerful tool in the AutoCAD arsenal. “High Level” means that it is generally NOT compiled (such as C++, Pascal or Assembly languages), but instead utilizes an Interpreter, built into AutoCAD itself. AutoLISP is a dialect (or derivation) of “Common LISP”, which is a language created for Artificial Intelligence (AI). This means it can be written to modify itself, and create & execute its own new functions. LISP itself is an acronym for LISt Processing. We will examine that soon enough. • Is AutoLISP easy to learn? Generally YES. Functions & syntax are easy, and help is easy to find. Most concepts are intuitive to anyone who understands AutoCAD. There are three concepts that might be a bit complex: • List elements • AutoCAD Database • Error Management This course will gently introduce these concepts by examining them from various views before showing the depth of definition. Our second course will study advanced techniques of manipulating these concepts. We will begin with easy fundamentals and build upon them. You will have the capacity to write your own code (or functions or routines) before the end of this course. • What will I need to write AutoLISP? AutoCAD. You will need a working knowledge of AutoCAD concepts such as entities, command-line dialogue, layers, dimensioning, text, and AutoCAD variables. It would be helpful if you have a working knowledge of your Operating System (Windows?) and file management. Generally, AutoLISP files have an LSP extension and are saved as “Text Only” files, editable with Notepad, WordPad and most word processors. AutoCAD itself has its own AutoLISP editor. This is discussed briefly in the Appendix of Module I, however, to begin with we will simply be using AutoLISP directly on the Command line. Module I Lesson 1: FUNDAMENTAL MATH Math in AutoCAD is a good place to begin learning AutoLISP. It is easy to learn, you already know it, and it can be used right away within a drawing. It also demonstrates the format that other AutoLISP commands use. First you must learn about parentheses. All AutoLISP FUNCTIONS are surrounded in parentheses. The function itself is always the first item or ATOM within the parentheses. The remaining required items (ATOMS) follow, separated by spaces. In the mathematical STATEMENT: 4 + 5 = 9 the addition is represented by the "+". This mathematical operation symbol is called a FUNCTION. The "4" and the "5", the necessary operands, are called ARGUMENTS. The "=" shows equality and, of course the "9" is the result (or RETURN). In AutoLISP "4+5" would be written: (+ 4 5) This RETURNS 9. Notice the function is isted first (always), followed by the necessary ATOMS to complete the LIST. For now, we shall say that math in AutoLISP takes on the general LIST form: (<function> <argument> <argument>...) NOTE: This LIST has three ATOMS. From this we can logically conclude that “5 - 4" would be written: (- 5 4) Notice that the ARGUMENTS appear in the order that you would expect in subtraction. Other math OPERATIONS take the same format: 9 * 3 and 9 / 3 and 3 * 3 * 4 would be written: (* 9 3) and (/ 9.0 3.0) and (* 3 3 4) We will discuss the decimal point and trailing zero later. Given this much, you can actually use AutoLISP while in a drawing. Suppose you needed to offset a polyline 3/32". Try this: Command: OFFSET Offset distance or Through <Through>: (/ 3.0 32.0) In this sequence we are actually able to use AutoLISP's math as a response to an AutoCAD question at the Command Line! In fact, anytime AutoCAD is requesting a distance, you may substitute your response with a math statement written in AutoLISP. (Note: It is understood that AutoLISP in the OFFSET command is not practical in this case, but it is important to know that AutoLISP can be used at any AutoCAD Command- line query). Lesson 1: Summary AutoLISP comprises of LISTS interpreted by AutoCAD. These lists are always surrounded by matching parentheses. The FUNCTION is always the first ATOM in the list followed by the other needed atoms, called ARGUMENTS. The result of a lists function is called a RETURN. Lesson 1: Questions and Exercises 1. What is the RETURN of: (+ 0 pi) ? 2. Are these RETURNS equal: (- 12 5) ; (- 12 5.0) ? 3. Are these RETURNS equal: (/ 12 5) ; (/ 12.0 5.0) ? 4. How many ARGUMENTS are in: (* 1 1) ? 5. How many ATOMS are in this LIST: (* 1 1) ? For your first exercises in AutoLISP try your own math at the Command Line or try converting these: 278 + 1211 - 111 55 * 100 144 / 12 2 * 2 * pi If, at the command line, you see “>1" or “>2" or “>” followed by any number it means that you are not matching parentheses. Use only one open parenthesis and one closing parenthesis for each function. Every leading parenthesis requires a closing parenthesis. It is important to place the closing one in its proper place. We will discuss this in the next lesson: NESTING. Module I Lesson 2a: NESTING MATH OPERATIONS In normal mathematics the following two statements are equal: 4 + 5 5 + 4 as well as are: 3 * 4 4 * 3 however these two are not: 3 * 4 + 5 3 * 5 + 4 The reason is that multiplication TAKES PRECEDENCE over the addition. Multiplication is done first, then the addition. If, there is need for the addition to be done first, then in mathematics one must force it like this: 3 * (4 + 5) This would actually force the three to be multiplied by the result of the addition The operation in the parentheses come first. In other words, one operand of the multiplication is actually an addition operation. In AutoLISP this would appear as: (* 3.0 (+ 4.0 5.0)) The concept of substituting a LIST for an ARGUMENT is called NESTING. This can be done to both arguments: (3 + 2) * (4 + 5) becomes: (* (+ 3 2) (+ 4 5) ) The use of three lines and indentation here is not necessary but it is common practice to make AutoLISP as readable as possible. This concept of NESTING can be carried to several levels and is fundamental to ALL AutoLISP programming. 3 * ((5 + 4) / (6 – 3)) becomes: (* 3 (/ (+ 4 5) (- 6 3) ) ) Practice these ideas several times until you feel comfortable doing math in AutoLISP. Soon you will find yourself doing it naturally. The concept of nesting is pervasive in programming. It is a relatively simple concept that you will see again so be sure you are comfortable doing it. I use closing parentheses on seperate lines here. In easy lines of code this is probably less useful for reading, but more complex lines may need the practice for clarity. Hereon, this tutorial will use seperate lines for closing parenthesis only when clarity calls for it. Module I Lesson 2b: VARIABLE ASSIGNMENT In the mathematical statement “X = 5", the VARIABLE X is ASSIGNED the VALUE 5. In AutoLISP this is done using the SETQ FUNCTION [say SET eQual]: (SETQ X 5.0) The SETQ FUNCTION takes the general form: (SETQ <variable> <expression>...) If either the variable or the expression is missing (or any an odd number of arguments) you will get an ERROR message. SETQ is valuable because it is the only easy way to save the result of an expression. Otherwise, to the program the expression would have no purpose. The algebraic expression “X = 5 * (4 + 5)” becomes: (SETQ X (* 5.0 (+ 4.0 5.0))) Given this step, we can use the assigned variables to generate something new: (SETQ A 4.0) (SETQ B 5.0) (SETQ C (+ A B)) This sequence returns 9.0.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Machine That Builds Itself: How the Strengths of Lisp Family
    Khomtchouk et al. OPINION NOTE The Machine that Builds Itself: How the Strengths of Lisp Family Languages Facilitate Building Complex and Flexible Bioinformatic Models Bohdan B. Khomtchouk1*, Edmund Weitz2 and Claes Wahlestedt1 *Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract 1Center for Therapeutic Innovation and Department of We address the need for expanding the presence of the Lisp family of Psychiatry and Behavioral programming languages in bioinformatics and computational biology research. Sciences, University of Miami Languages of this family, like Common Lisp, Scheme, or Clojure, facilitate the Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th ST, Miami, FL, USA creation of powerful and flexible software models that are required for complex 33136 and rapidly evolving domains like biology. We will point out several important key Full list of author information is features that distinguish languages of the Lisp family from other programming available at the end of the article languages and we will explain how these features can aid researchers in becoming more productive and creating better code. We will also show how these features make these languages ideal tools for artificial intelligence and machine learning applications. We will specifically stress the advantages of domain-specific languages (DSL): languages which are specialized to a particular area and thus not only facilitate easier research problem formulation, but also aid in the establishment of standards and best programming practices as applied to the specific research field at hand. DSLs are particularly easy to build in Common Lisp, the most comprehensive Lisp dialect, which is commonly referred to as the “programmable programming language.” We are convinced that Lisp grants programmers unprecedented power to build increasingly sophisticated artificial intelligence systems that may ultimately transform machine learning and AI research in bioinformatics and computational biology.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the 8Th European Lisp Symposium Goldsmiths, University of London, April 20-21, 2015 Julian Padget (Ed.) Sponsors
    Proceedings of the 8th European Lisp Symposium Goldsmiths, University of London, April 20-21, 2015 Julian Padget (ed.) Sponsors We gratefully acknowledge the support given to the 8th European Lisp Symposium by the following sponsors: WWWLISPWORKSCOM i Organization Programme Committee Julian Padget – University of Bath, UK (chair) Giuseppe Attardi — University of Pisa, Italy Sacha Chua — Toronto, Canada Stephen Eglen — University of Cambridge, UK Marc Feeley — University of Montreal, Canada Matthew Flatt — University of Utah, USA Rainer Joswig — Hamburg, Germany Nick Levine — RavenPack, Spain Henry Lieberman — MIT, USA Christian Queinnec — University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, France Robert Strandh — University of Bordeaux, France Edmund Weitz — University of Applied Sciences, Hamburg, Germany Local Organization Christophe Rhodes – Goldsmiths, University of London, UK (chair) Richard Lewis – Goldsmiths, University of London, UK Shivi Hotwani – Goldsmiths, University of London, UK Didier Verna – EPITA Research and Development Laboratory, France ii Contents Acknowledgments i Messages from the chairs v Invited contributions Quicklisp: On Beyond Beta 2 Zach Beane µKanren: Running the Little Things Backwards 3 Bodil Stokke Escaping the Heap 4 Ahmon Dancy Unwanted Memory Retention 5 Martin Cracauer Peer-reviewed papers Efficient Applicative Programming Environments for Computer Vision Applications 7 Benjamin Seppke and Leonie Dreschler-Fischer Keyboard? How quaint. Visual Dataflow Implemented in Lisp 15 Donald Fisk P2R: Implementation of
    [Show full text]
  • Gábor Melis to Keynote European Lisp Symposium
    Gábor Melis to Keynote European Lisp Symposium OAKLAND, Calif. — April 14, 2014 —Franz Inc.’s Senior Engineer, Gábor Melis, will be a keynote speaker at the 7th annual European Lisp Symposium (ELS’14) this May in Paris, France. The European Lisp Symposium provides a forum for the discussion and dissemination of all aspects of design, implementationand application of any of the Lisp and Lisp- inspired dialects, including Common Lisp, Scheme, Emacs Lisp, AutoLisp, ISLISP, Dylan, Clojure, ACL2, ECMAScript, Racket, SKILL, Hop etc. Sending Beams into the Parallel Cube A pop-scientific look through the Lisp lens at machine learning, parallelism, software, and prize fighting We send probes into the topic hypercube bounded by machine learning, parallelism, software and contests, demonstrate existing and sketch future Lisp infrastructure, pin the future and foreign arrays down. We take a seemingly random walk along the different paths, watch the scenery of pairwise interactions unfold and piece a puzzle together. In the purely speculative thread, we compare models of parallel computation, keeping an eye on their applicability and lisp support. In the the Python and R envy thread, we detail why lisp could be a better vehicle for scientific programming and how high performance computing is eroding lisp’s largely unrealized competitive advantages. Switching to constructive mode, a basic data structure is proposed as a first step. In the machine learning thread, lisp’s unparalleled interactive capabilities meet contests, neural networks cross threads and all get in the way of the presentation. Video Presentation About Gábor Melis Gábor Melis is a consultant at Franz Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Essential Autolisp® Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC Royharkow
    Essential AutoLISP® Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC RoyHarkow Essential AutoLISP® With a Quick Reference Card and a Diskette Springer RoyHarkow Roy Harkow Associates 40 MacArthur Road Wellesley, MA 02181 USA E-mail: [email protected] AutoLISP, AutoCAD, and AutoCAD Training Center are registered trademarks of Autodesk, lnc. AutoCAD Development System is a trademark of Autodesk, Inc. This book is not an Autodesk product and is not warranted by Autodesk. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Harkow, Roy. Essential AutoLISP 1 Roy Harkow. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. AutoLISP (Computer program language) 1. Title. QA76.73.A84H37 1995 620'.0042'028755369-dc20 95-34192 Printed on acid-free paper. © 1996 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. in 1996 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1996 AH rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Production coordinated by Impressions and managed by Bill Imbomoni; manufacturing super­ vised by Jacqui Ashri.
    [Show full text]
  • A Python Implementation for Racket
    PyonR: A Python Implementation for Racket Pedro Alexandre Henriques Palma Ramos Thesis to obtain the Master of Science Degree in Information Systems and Computer Engineering Supervisor: António Paulo Teles de Menezes Correia Leitão Examination Committee Chairperson: Prof. Dr. José Manuel da Costa Alves Marques Supervisor: Prof. Dr. António Paulo Teles de Menezes Correia Leitão Member of the Committee: Prof. Dr. João Coelho Garcia October 2014 ii Agradecimentos Agradec¸o... Em primeiro lugar ao Prof. Antonio´ Leitao,˜ por me ter dado a oportunidade de participar no projecto Rosetta com esta tese de mestrado, por todos os sabios´ conselhos e pelos momentos de discussao˜ e elucidac¸ao˜ que se proporcionaram ao longo deste trabalho. Aos meus pais excepcionais e a` minha mana preferida, por me terem aturado e suportado ao longo destes quase 23 anos e sobretudo pelo incondicional apoio durante estes 5 anos de formac¸ao˜ superior. Ao pessoal do Grupo de Arquitectura e Computac¸ao˜ (Hugo Correia, Sara Proenc¸a, Francisco Freire, Pedro Alfaiate, Bruno Ferreira, Guilherme Ferreira, Inesˆ Caetano e Carmo Cardoso), por todas as sug- estoes˜ e pelo inestimavel´ feedback em artigos e apresentac¸oes.˜ Aos amigos em Tomar (Rodrigo Carrao,˜ Hugo Matos, Andre´ Marques e Rui Santos) e em Lisboa (Diogo da Silva, Nuno Silva, Pedro Engana, Kaguedes, Clara Paiva e Odemira), por terem estado pre- sentes, duma forma ou doutra, nos essenciais momentos de lazer. A` Fundac¸ao˜ para a Cienciaˆ e Tecnologia (FCT) e ao INESC-ID pelo financiamento e acolhimento atraves´ da atribuic¸ao˜ de uma bolsa de investigac¸ao˜ no ambitoˆ dos contratos Pest-OE/EEI/LA0021/2013 e PTDC/ATP-AQI/5224/2012.
    [Show full text]
  • MNU, MNS, MNR, MNC, MNX, MNL ... Or CUI Speaker: Chris Lindner – WD Partners
    MNU, MNS, MNR, MNC, MNX, MNL ... or CUI Speaker: Chris Lindner – WD Partners GD105-2P This course guides anyone familiar the two-decade-old method of customizing AutoCAD's menus into the uncharted territory of the new CUIs. It outlines the procedures for creating, sharing and editing toolbars , menus, dashboards, shortcuts, mouse buttons, workspaces, and even touches on how to migrate legacy technologies (table, screen and image menus.. remember those?) safely and quickly. After attending this class, you will be able to: • Use previous menu knowledge to accelerate the CUI learning curve • Create CUI files from existing MNU/MNS files • Set up Enterprise and Main CUI files • Work with workspaces and dashboards About the Speaker: Chris is a veteran AutoCAD user of over 20 years. He has been a CAD drafter, CAD manager, trainer, and consultant in a variety of industries. He is currently the Director of CAD technology for WD Partners, an international, multi-unit design and development firm. Chris is currently serving as the Vice President for the AUGI Board of Directors, and is Manager of AUGI's monthly HotNews publication where he also writes the popular TIPniques column. [email protected] 1 Introduction Since AutoCAD 2006, Autodesk has taken some innovative steps to modernizing how we tailor the AutoCAD environment. Rather than having to do customization with a variety of tools, practically all of AutoCAD’s user interface (UI) elements (toolbars, menus, shortcuts, etc.) can be modified and managed from within AutoCAD itself using the new Customize User Interface (CUI) editor. This course will give you the fundamentals to fully leverage the new CUI 2 Out with the MNU, in with the New The CUI is not perfect, but is a step in the right direction.
    [Show full text]
  • ATP164 First Step in Autolisp Programming Segment 2
    ATP164 First Step in AutoLISP Programming Segment 2 Date: January 15, 2007 Instructor: Mohmed Zuber Shaikh Level: Beginning Category: AutoLISP Web: www.AUGI.com Reuse of any or all material contained within this document for commercial purposes, 1 without the express written consent of AUGI, Inc. or its authorized agents is expressly prohibited. © Copyright 2004 Autodesk User Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. Introduction In first segment, we explored programming fundamentals. Every programming language is equipped with pre defined functions to make programr’s life easy. In this segment we will be dealing with String handling functions, Data type conversion functions, built-in functions for controlling the user input, list manipulation functions and other useful functions. This segment will also cover the methods and functions for providing logical flow to your program. At the end of this segment, you will be in position to write your own functions. OTHER PREDEFINED FUNCTIONS 3.1 Handling of string in AutoLISP : AutoLISP is basically a graphics mode output program tool but text also forms a part of drawings and diagrams, so handling the string is also a important part of AutoLISP programming. String is nothing but a sequence of alphanumeric characters. AutoLISP provides many string manipulation functions. We have already covered the function getstring, used for accepting string input from the user. There is one more function called read-line, which can be employed to get the user input as line. Read-line is primarily used to read the file. We shall discuss the same in detail at a later stage. 3.2 String Handling Functions : 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Need for More Lispers in Bioinformatics Bohdan B
    Khomtchouk and Wahlestedt COMMENTARY The need for more Lispers in bioinformatics Bohdan B. Khomtchouk and Claes Wahlestedt Full list of author information is available at the end of the article Abstract We address the need for expanding the presence of the Lisp family of programming languages in bioinformatics and computational biology research. Common Lisp, the most comprehensive of the Lisp dialects, offers programmers unprecedented flexibility in treating code and data equivalently, and the ability to extend the core language into any domain-specific territory. These features of Common Lisp, commonly referred to as a \programmable programming language," give bioinformaticians and computational biologists the power to create self-modifying code and build domain-specific languages (DSLs) customized to a specific application directly atop of the core language set. DSLs not only facilitate easier research problem formulation, but also aid in the establishment of standards and best programming practices as applied to the specific research field at hand. These standards may then be shared as libraries with the bioinformatics community. Likewise, self-modifying code (i.e., code that writes its own code on the fly and executes it at run-time), grants programmers unprecedented power to build increasingly sophisticated artificial intelligence (AI) systems, which may ultimately transform machine learning and AI research in bioinformatics and computational biology. Introduction New language adoption is a chicken-and-egg problem: without a large user-base it is difficult to create and maintain large-scale, reproducible tools and libraries. But without these tools and libraries, there can never be a large user-base. Hence, a new language must have a big advantage over the existing ones and/or a powerful corporate sponsorship behind it to compete [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Programming Languages CM20253
    We have briefly covered many aspects of language design And there are many more factors we could talk about in making choices of language The End There are many languages out there, both general purpose and specialist And there are many more factors we could talk about in making choices of language The End There are many languages out there, both general purpose and specialist We have briefly covered many aspects of language design The End There are many languages out there, both general purpose and specialist We have briefly covered many aspects of language design And there are many more factors we could talk about in making choices of language Often a single project can use several languages, each suited to its part of the project And then the interopability of languages becomes important For example, can you easily join together code written in Java and C? The End Or languages And then the interopability of languages becomes important For example, can you easily join together code written in Java and C? The End Or languages Often a single project can use several languages, each suited to its part of the project For example, can you easily join together code written in Java and C? The End Or languages Often a single project can use several languages, each suited to its part of the project And then the interopability of languages becomes important The End Or languages Often a single project can use several languages, each suited to its part of the project And then the interopability of languages becomes important For example, can you easily
    [Show full text]
  • Autolisp Programming Techniques
    AutoLISP Programming Techniques AutoLISP Programming Techniques Lesson One in the CADalyst/University of Wisconsin Advanced AutoLISP Programming course covers AutoLISP program structure & development. by Anthony Hotchkiss, Ph.D, P.Eng. About this course. Advanced AutoLISP Programming is an eight-lesson independent study course, originally published in monthly installments in CADalyst magazine. Before you begin this course, it is assumed that you have reached a basic level of AutoLISP programming, equivalent to completing the preceding 'Introduction to AutoLISP Programming' course which was originally published in CADalyst, and is now available as an independent study course from the University of Wisconsin- Madison. On successfully completing an intermediate and a final mail-in project, registered students will receive certificates of completion and 5.0 CEU's (continuing education units). For further information, contact: Steve Bialek Engineering Professional Development University of Wisconsin-Madison 432 North Lake Street Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (608) 262-1735 LESSON ONE - AUTOLISP PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES This lesson shows you how to structure your AutoLISP programs for systematic development. You will also learn some techniques for making your programs more efficient. The lesson shows you how to write your own error handler to deal with such error conditions as a cancel during program execution. The lesson ends with some homework questions to test your understanding of the text. PROGRAM STRUCTURE FOR SYSTEMATIC DEVELOPMENT A Prototype AutoLISP Program A typical program contains an input section, a processing or calculation section, and an output section. Also, because your programs interact with AutoCAD, you can include a method for setting system variables and resetting them back to their initial conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix: Graphics Software Took
    Appendix: Graphics Software Took Appendix Objectives: • Provide a comprehensive list of graphics software tools. • Categorize graphics tools according to their applications. Many tools come with multiple functions. We put a primary category name behind a tool name in the alphabetic index, and put a tool name into multiple categories in the categorized index according to its functions. A.I. Graphics Tools Listed by Categories We have no intention of rating any of the tools. Many tools in the same category are not necessarily of the same quality or at the same capacity level. For example, a software tool may be just a simple function of another powerful package, but it may be free. Low4evel Graphics Libraries 1. DirectX/DirectSD - - 248 2. GKS-3D - - - 278 3. Mesa 342 4. Microsystem 3D Graphic Tools 346 5. OpenGL 370 6. OpenGL For Java (GL4Java; Maps OpenGL and GLU APIs to Java) 281 7. PHIGS 383 8. QuickDraw3D 398 9. XGL - 497 138 Appendix: Graphics Software Toois Visualization Tools 1. 3D Grapher (Illustrates and solves mathematical equations in 2D and 3D) 160 2. 3D Studio VIZ (Architectural and industrial designs and concepts) 167 3. 3DField (Elevation data visualization) 171 4. 3DVIEWNIX (Image, volume, soft tissue display, kinematic analysis) 173 5. Amira (Medicine, biology, chemistry, physics, or engineering data) 193 6. Analyze (MRI, CT, PET, and SPECT) 197 7. AVS (Comprehensive suite of data visualization and analysis) 211 8. Blueberry (Virtual landscape and terrain from real map data) 221 9. Dice (Data organization, runtime visualization, and graphical user interface tools) 247 10. Enliten (Views, analyzes, and manipulates complex visualization scenarios) 260 11.
    [Show full text]
  • Einführung in LISP
    Einführung in LISP Simon Lutz, Frank Preiswerk “Real Programmers don't write in LISP. Only idiots' programs contain more parenthesis than actual code.” “Lisp is worth learning for the profound enlightenment experience you will have when you finally get it; that experience will make you a better programmer for the rest of your days, even if you never actually use Lisp itself a lot.” 04/19/06 Seminar 10 Programmiersprachen - Lisp/Scheme - Simon Lutz, Frank Preiswerk 1 Zeitlicher Überblick 1958: Lisp wurde von John McCarthy am MIT speziell für nicht-numerische Probleme designed und von Steve Russell auf einer IBM 704 Maschine implementiert. Der Name bedeutet “List Processing Language”. 1968: Erster Lisp Compiler geschrieben in Lisp von Tim Hart und Mike Levin. 1968-70: Implementation von SHRDLU mittels Lisp, berühmtes AI-System. 1970er Jahre: Performanz von bestehenden Lisp-Systemen wird zum Thema, es entstehen optimierte Lisp-Maschinen. Heute wieder verschwunden. 1980er – 1990er Jahre: Bemühungen für eine Vereinheitlichung der vielen bestehenden Lisp-Dialekte: Common Lisp entsteht. 1994: ANSI veröffentlicht Common Lisp Standard. Dies zu einem Zeitpunkt, als der Weltmarkt für Lisp viel kleiner war als in den früheren Zeiten. 04/19/06 Seminar 10 Programmiersprachen - Lisp/Scheme - Simon Lutz, Frank Preiswerk 2 Lisp heute Nach einem Rückgang in den 90er Jahren ist das Interesse seit 2000 wieder gestiegen, massgeblich im Rahmen von Open Source Implementationen von Common Lisp. 2004: Peter Seibel’s “Practical Common Lisp” ist für kurze Zeit an zweiter Stelle von Amazon’s populärsten Programmierbüchern. April 2006: Tiobe Software rankt Lisp auf Platz 14 der populärsten Programmiersprachen. Neue “Lisper” beschreiben die Sprache gerne als “eye-opening experience” und behaupten, in Lisp deutlich produktiver zu sein als in anderen Sprachen.
    [Show full text]