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Psacothea Hilaris Hilaris (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Performance Under Laboratory Conditions

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Psacothea Hilaris Hilaris (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Performance Under Laboratory Conditions International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Research Volume 4, Issue 1, ISSN (Online) 2319 -1473 Manuscript Processing Details (dd/mm/yyyy) : Received : 25/06/2015 | Accepted on : 30/06/2015 | Published : 29/07/2015 Diet Effect on Psacothea hilaris hilaris (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Performance under Laboratory Conditions Daniela Lupi*, Costanza Jucker*, Anna Rocco*, Silvia Cappellozza**, Mario Colombo* *University of Milan Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Science (DeFENS), Italy. **Consig lio per la Ricerca e Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Honeybee and Silkworm Unit, Italy. Abstract – As both climate and food can affect insect feeding under the bark, larvae tunnel into the xylem of the development, in order to deep the knowledge on Psacothea host tree. This re sults in considerable damage to the tree, hilaris hilaris (Pascoe) (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, which is progressively weakened, sometimes until death. Lamiinae) biology, four treatments were tested to evaluate The adults feed on the leaves and on the tender bark of the the effects of diet composition and temperature on some smallest branches and their feeding is usually of little biological traits of this longicorn beetle. P. h . hilaris survival, pre-imaginal developmental traits, adult size, sex -ratio, economic importance [2]. longevity, fecundity and duration of the oviposition period P. h. hilaris la rvae complete their development in the have been examined in order to evaluate the direct influence trunk where eggs were deposited. Therefore, larval of the diet on larvae as well as the effect of pre -imaginal development depends on the temperature, which varies feeding on adult performances. Treatments investigating the according to the climate of the area considered, and on the maximum rearing temperature and the diet with th e lowest nutritional value of the host, which depends on the s pecies, content of mulberry showed the lowest rate of larval survival the individual conditions and the season. Consequently, and adult longevity. Despite no variation in adult body size larvae must have adaptation mechanisms to the changes in was estimated in relation to preimaginal rearing condition, temperature and food quality over the year. The q uality of significant differences were observed in adult performances: fecundity and oviposition behaviour were significantly higher the host plant and the conditions of the host tissues can at 25°C compared to 30°C, but no differences were recorded diversely affect i nsect biology and morphology, such as on the pre-oviposition period. larval development in terms of length and number of molts, and diapause. Early nutrition has been shown to Keywords – Artificial Media, Diet Quality, Exotic Species, have important implications on adult phenotype and Fecundity, Temperature Dependence. therefore on fitness in some species including P. h. hilaris [11], [10], [6], [12], [13], [14] . It is known that food I. INTRODUCTION quality is a determinant of the fecundity of herbivorous insects and that diverse components of host plant quality The yellow spotted longicorn beetle Psacothea hilaris can directly affect egg production [15]. However, for hilaris (Pascoe) (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae), a many insects and also for Cera mbycid it is difficult to species widely distributed in East Asia [1], has recently separate the role of food from the surrounding settled in Europe [2], [3] . It is an oligophagous pest that environment as food is something they live in [16], feeds on plan ts belonging to the Moraceae family, [12],[17]. including mulberry trees ( Morus spp. ) and fig trees ( Ficus Rearing P. h. hilaris on an artificial diet under carica L.) [4], [5], [6]. In Asia the insect is a serious pest laboratory conditions allows standardization of nutrition damaging sericulture, as it seriously harms mulberry and therefor e comparison of environmental parameters plants whose leaves are used to feed Bombyx mori L. [7], possibly affecting its physiology. Artificial rearing of [8] . In Europe, where sericulture could augment due to the larvae will permit to overcome the nutritional variability recent increase of the international price of silk, the insect of plant tissues according to the host and season [18]. can attack the still-existing mulberry fields or the new However, as artificially reared insects nee d to be plantations, in addition to the those specimens used for representative of natural populations [19], the choice of ornamental purposes or scattered in the countryside. On proper laboratory conditions in terms of alimentary quality the other hand, as the production of figs is important and temperature is fundamental. around the Mediterranean Basin, and many fig trees are The aim of this work was to investigate P. h. hilaris grown in private gardens, the establishment of the pest in preimaginal survival and development, and adult this area could become a threat for fig production . In Italy performances in relation to its larval nutritional needs the insect, principally detected in association with fig trees under different laboratory conditions. Moreover, collecting cultivated in many private gardens and grown as ruderal data on the beetle survival and fecundity is essential to species in undisturbed areas, is spreading in new areas as better understand the population dynamics as these few natural enemies are found in association to this pest parameters affect the rate of its increase [20], hence the [3], [9]. study can contribute to deepen information useful for Major damage is caused by larvae, which are future researches in fields. xylophagous and bore tunnels in the trunks and branches of different diameters [10], [3] . After a first period of Copyright © 201 5 IJAIR, All right reserved 97 International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Research Volume 4, Issue 1, ISSN (Online) 2319 -1473 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS the bark around the egg was removed with a scalpel and the egg was extracted. Eggs were individually placed in A. Stock population 12-well tissue culture plates filled with artificial diet in A laboratory stock culture was founded by rearing the which a small hole was excavated; to avoid dehydration progeny of adult beetles collected on fig trees from May to and to allow observation, eggs were covered with a September 2010 in Anzano del Parco (CO), Northern Italy transparent cellophane foil. (GPS coordinates 45°46'09.98" N, 9°11'52.86" E MAP As insect development is affected by both temperature datum WGS 84; altitude 324 m above sea level). In order and diet which interact [27], [28] , 4 treatments were to obtain numerous eggs, four to ten males and females compared: Treatment 1, 25DML and 25±0.5°C; Treatment (depending on the number of adults captured in the field) 2, 40DML and 25±0.5°C; Treatment 3, 25DML and were placed together in plastic cages ( 30x20x18 cm) in a 30±0.5°C; Treatment 4, 40DML and 30±0.5°C. The eggs climatic chamber (temperature 25±0.5°C , photoperiod obtained were equally divided in the two climatic 16L:8D, R.H. 65±0.5%). Three times a week they were chambers and checked daily until hatching. Afte r egg provided with fresh fig tree twigs (10-15 cm length, 1.0- hatching, a set of 50 newly-hatched larvae were prepared 2.5 cm diameter) as food and oviposition sites. In addition, for each treatment. The larvae were singularly transferred water was always available. into plastic boxes (5.5 cm diameter, 3 cm height), and fed B. Rearing condition ad libitum (about 30 g of artificial diet). Diet was changed Two distinct environmental conditions were considered: once a week an d the larvae were individually reared until 1) 25±0.5°C and 65±0.5% R.H., 2) 30±0.5°C and adult emergence. Each larvae was numbered and weighed 65±0.5% R.H. The photoperiod was established in 16L:8D weekly, until pupation, on a digital precision balance for all the experimental treatments. The temperature of (Sartorius TE64, Sartorius AG, Germany) and its head 25°C was considered to compare the results o btained with capsule measured under a stereomicroscope provided with the ones of [21], [22], and [23] , while 30°C was chosen as an ocular micrometer scale to evaluate if a molt had this temperature is considered critical for P. h. hilaris occurred (Wild Heerbrugg M5A, Leica Geo systems development by Watari et al. [24] . New information on the GmbH, Heerbrugg, Switzerland). Pupae were then biology at critical temperatures can elucidate the capability removed from their food and checked until emergence. of the xylophagous beetle to adapt to Mediterranean Larval and pupation period was then calculated. A dults regions characterized by high temperature in summer. To were sexed just after the emergence and females were then evaluate the effects of the quality of the larval feeding on coupled with males coming from the same experimental larvae and adults, two different diets containing 25% or treatment. 40% of dried mulberry leaf powder (2 5DML and 40DML) D. Adult rearing were compared. The choice of an artificial diet containing Each couple was placed in a plastic cage in the same leaves of one of the host plants seems opportune as similar climatic conditions as preimaginal stages, according to the diets were used in other experiments on P. h. hilaris [25], respective treatment and their emergence date. Males that [21]. As P. h. hilaris larvae live inside trunks with up to died before the females were substituted with others 44.6% of cellulose, while the cellulose content in the two coming from the same treatment. Adult lifespan was experimental diets varies from 6% to 7% in dry powder, calculate d on all the specimens by checking rearing cages preliminary tests were made to compare the longhorn daily, from emergence until death. To standardize post - beetle development on these diets with a low content of emergence conditions all the adults were fed only with fig cellulose with the same added with cellulose powder up to twigs (10-15 cm length, 1.0-2.5 cm diameter) provided in 70%.
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