DOCSLIB.ORG

Emotions and Psychopathology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Emotions and Psychopathology COGNITION ANDEMOTION, 1999, 13 (5),575± 599 Emotions and Psychopathology AnnM.KringandJo-AnneBachorowski VanderbiltUniversity, Nashville, USA Emotionaldisturbancesa recen traltodiversep sychopathologies.I nthis article,we ar guethatt hefu nctionsofemotionareco mparablefo rpersons withandwithoutpsychopathology.However,imp airmentin o neormore componentsofemotionalprocessingdisruptstheachievementofadaptive emotionfunctions.Ad optingatheoreticalconceptualisationofemotional processest hatst ressesa ctivityincen trallymed iatedap proacha ndwithdra- walsystems,we d iscusstheroleo femotioninsever alformsofpsychopathol- ogy,in cludingmajordepression,someoftheanxietydisorders,p sychopathy, andsch izophrenia.Indoingso,we h ighlightthenatureofemotiondistur- bancea ndattendantbehaviouralandcognitived e®cit s.F inally,we d iscuss themeritsofthisap proachfo rconceptualisingemotionaldisturbancein psychopathology. INTRODUCTION Mostfo rmsofpsychopathologyre¯ ect d isturbancesin a number ofareas, includingemotionalprocessingandemotionalresponding.Althoughem o- tions®gure prominentlyin m anyd isorders,t henature ofemotionaldis- turbanceva riesa mongdisorders.Fo rexample,so meoftheanxiety disorders are markedb ytheexperienceo fintensea nxietyand/orfear, ofteno ccurringint heabsenceo fanobviousprecipitant(e.g.Ba rlow, 1991).By co ntrast,schizophreniais o ftenma rkedb ydiminishedexp res- sionofemotionand,inso mecases,d iminishedexp erienceo femotion(e.g. Kring&Neale,1996). T heseexa mplesillu stratejustt wot ypeso femo- tionaldisturbancein p sychopathology:An excess o fexperiencedem otion andade®cit in t heexpressionofemotion.Inthisarticle,we willa rguethat Requestsforreprin ts shouldb esentt oeither AnnM .Kring,who is nowat the Department ofPsycho logy,3210 Tolman H all,U niversityofCaliforn ia±Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720,U SAo rJo-AnneBachorowski,D epartmentofPsychology,301 Wilso nHall, VanderbiltU niversity,111 21st Ave. So uth,Nashville,T N37240,U SA;o rbye-mail: [email protected]@vanderbilt.edu Duringth epreparationofthisart icle, AnnM .Kringwas supportedin part b yagrant fromtheNationalAlliance forResearch onSch izophrenia andDepression(NARSAD)and Jo-AnneBacho rowskiwas supportedin p art byMH53929-02. q 1999P sychologyP ress Ltd 576 KRING AND BACHOROWSKI manyofthesed isturbancesre¯ ect a disruptionino neormorecomponents ofemotionalprocessingthat,int urn,interfere withtheachievementof adaptiveemo tionfunctions.F urthermore,n otonlya re disturbedem o- tionalprocessessa lientfeatures ofthesed isorders,t heya re linkedwit h hypothesiseda etiologicalfactorsatbothneurobiologicalandpsychological levels. Emotionsare complexsyst ems thatd evelopedt hrought hecourse of humanevolutionaryh istoryandthatprepare anorganismt oactin responset oenvironmentalstimulia ndchallenges(cf. Keltner &Gross, thisissu e).We viewt heseem otionsystemsasbeingfundamentallylin ked withtwom otivationallya daptivesyst ems typicallyrefer redt oasgoal- directeda pproacha ndwithdrawalsystems.A lthought hespeci®cs o f theoreticalaccountsthatdescribethesesyst emsdiffer, theapproachsys- temh asvariouslyb eenrefer redt oastheBehavioralActivationSystem (Fowles,1980; a lsosee G ray,1987)a ndtheBehavioralFacilitationSystem (Depue&Iacono,1988;D epue,K rauss,& Spoont,1987),wh ereasthe withdrawalsystemh asbeenmo sto ftenid enti®ed a stheBehavioralInhibi- tionSystem(Fo wles,1980; G ray,1976).A thirdsyst em,wh ichwill b e discussedin t hesectiononanxietydisorders,is refer redt obyG raya s theFight-Flightsystem (Gray,1987), a ndrespondstononrewarda nd unconditionedp unishment. We havea doptedt heapproacha ndwithdrawalsystem perspectivet o describeemotionalprocesseswit hinselect edp sychopathologiesb ecause,in ourestimation,thisa pproachp rovidesa parsimoniousaccountofemo- tionaldisturbanceint hesed isorders.An a lternativea pproachwo uldb eto adoptastrategyt hatemphasisesa discreteemotionsperspective,in wh ich primacywo uldb egivent oanunderstandingofthedisturbanceswit hina particularemotion,sucha ssadnesso ranxiety.Althoughn otclearly articulatedb ymotivationsystemt heorists,d iscreteemotionscanbe alignedwit hactivityineit her anapproacho rawithdrawalsystem.H ow- ever,so meemotionscanalsob emeaningfullylin kedwit hactivityinb oth motivationsystems.Fo rinstance,a ngeris a negativeemo tionwithbeha- viouralcomponentsthatcanrangefro movertaggressiontoactiveavo id- ance.In a motivationsystemfra mework,itis possibleforthese`` hot’’and ``cold’’varietieso fangert obedifferentiallym ediatedby a ctivityin approacha ndwithdrawalsystems,resp ectively.Arelatedp ointist hat positiveemo tionsare notinvariablya ssociatedwit happroachsyst em activity,norare negativeem otionsalwayslin kedwit hwithdrawalsystem activity.Forinstance,t heexperienceo fthenegativeemo tionofsadnessin depressionhaslargelyb eena ttributedt odisturbancein a napproach motivationsystem. Emotionshavesevera lcomponents,in cludingbehaviouralandexpres- sive,su bjective/experiential,p hysiological,a ndcognitive,a ndmostfu nc- EMOTIONS AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 577 tionalaccountsofemotionassume thattheseco mponentsofemotion operateinrela tivesyn chronyin mo stsit uations.In deed,inn ondisturbed individuals,t heco-ordinateden gagementofthevariousemotioncompo- nentssubservesa number ofadaptiveo rganisationalandmotivational functions(Buck,1994;E kman,1994a,b;Izard,1993a,b;Lang,Br adley, &Cuthbert,1990;M acLean,1993;N esse,1990; Plu tchik,1993).A s examples,so meofthesefu nctionsincludestimulusperceptionandevalua- tion,organisationofmotivatedresp onding,b ehaviouralregulation,and coping.A dditionally,adaptiveco mmunicativefu nctionsincludethemod- i®ab lep roductionofexpressivecu est hatsignalmotivationalstatesa nd behaviouralintentions(Fridlund,1994;cf. Bu ck,1994).I nourestima- tion,theoreticalconceptualisationsofemotionalprocessest hata relinked toactivityincen trallym ediateda pproacha ndwithdrawalsystems (Davidson,1992;L angeta l.,1990) a re especiallyu sefulforintegrating thismu ltiplicityoffunctionswithevidentphylogeneticco ntinuitiesin bothneuroanatomy(M acLean,1993)a ndbehaviour(Davidson,1992; Konorski,1967; L angeta l.,1990). We consider the functions ofemotioninp ersonswithpsychopathology tobecomparablet othosefo rnondisorderedin dividuals.H owever,in manyp sychopathologies,o neormore components ofemotionalproces- singareimpairedin so merespect.Suchd e®cit scanoccur, forinstance,in theperception,experience,in tensity,o rdisplayo femotions.C onsequently, adisorderedin dividual’sab ilitytoachieveo neormoreemotionfunctions ina nadaptivefa shionisim paired.Thus,we positt hatmanyo fthe emotionaldisturbancesin p sychopathologyca nbeconstrueda sde®cit s ino neormore componentsofemotionalprocessingthatdisruptthe adaptiveo utcomeofactivityinap proacha ndwithdrawalsystems. Althoughso metheoristshavesp eculatedab outthepotentiallya daptive functionsofpsychopathologysp eci®ca lly,anddisorderedemo tionalpro- cessesmo re generally(e.g. N esse,1990), t hefunctionaloutcome ofthese disturbanceswill a lson ecessarilyinvolve t heimpaireda chievementof motivationallysign i®ca ntgoals. Althoughemo tionsplaya rolein m ostt ypeso fpsychopathology,we willd iscuss theroleo femotionino nlya few psychopathologies:U ni- polardepression,someoftheanxietydisorders, psychopathy,andschi- zophrenia.We choset oincludethisp articulargroupofdisordersfor severalreasons.First,emotionaldisturbancesa re salientfeatures inea ch oftheseco nditions.Second,there isa fairlywell-ch aracterisedb odyof theoryandempiricalresearchsu pportingtheroleo femotionaldistur- bancesin t hesed isorders.F inally,b yelaboratingontheroleo femotions int hesefo urexemplars, we are ablet oextractp rinciplesab outhow emotionsin¯uence,in teractwit h,andcontributetopsychopathology more generally. 578 KRING AND BACHOROWSKI UNIPOLARDEPRESSION Thecardinalemotionalsymptomsofunipolardepressionincludesadness andanhedonia(i.e. a de®cit in t hecapacitytoexperiencep leasure). Both symptomscanbecharacteriseda scomparativelyen duringmoodstatesa s wella sphasicem otionalreactions,a ndhaveb eenco nstruedasoutcomesof dysregulatedactivity(i.e.excessive va riability)inanapproachmotivational system (Clark&Watson,1991;C lark,Watson,&Mineka,1994;D epueet al.,1987; D epue&Iacono,1988; Fo wles,1994; H enriques,G lowacki,& Davidson,1994;Tellegen ,1985).Ot her symptomsassociatedwit hdepres- sion,includingcomorbida nxietyandguilt,are more closelyrela tedt o withdrawalsystema ctivity(Clarket a l.,1994; Tellegen, 1985). Somesupport forconsideringthattheemotionalfeatures ofdepression re¯ect d isturbancesin b othapproacha ndwithdrawalsystems comes from theconceptuallinksthathaveb eenm adebetweent heset wosyst emsand levelso fpositivea ndnegativea ffect(C lark& Watson,1991;C larket a l., 1994;Wa tson,Clark,&Carey,1988).Wh enmeasuredwit hthePositivea nd NegativeAffect Schedule:G eneral(Watson,Clark,&Tellegen,1988), levelso fpositivea ffecta ndnegativea ffecta re construeda sre¯ect ing positionsalongtwob roadtemperamentdimensions.T hus,d ifferenceso n eachd imensionare associatedn otonlywit hcharacteristicmo odsand emotionalresponses,b utalsowit hparticularcognitivest ylesa ndperson- alitytraits,su chasextraversionandneuroticism.Per sonswithlowlevelso f positivea ffecta reapttoexperienceemotionssucha ssadnessa nddullness, whereaspersonswithhighlevels o fnegativea ffectfreq uentlyexp erience emotionssucha sanxiety,gu ilt,andhostility.Cumulativeem piricalevi- dencesu pportsthepositionthatthisp articulartemperamentcombination isco rrelatedwit hdepression,withlowp ositivea ffectsh owingsomespe- ci®cit ytodepressionandthegeneraldistress
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Improving Emotion Perception and Emotion Regulation Through a Web-Based Emotional Intelligence Training (WEIT) Program for Future Leaders
    Volume 11, Number 2, November 2019 pp 17 - 32 www.um.edu.mt/ijee Improving Emotion Perception and Emotion Regulation Through a Web-Based Emotional Intelligence Training (WEIT) Program for Future Leaders 1 Christina Köppe, Marco Jürgen Held and Astrid Schütz University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany We evaluated a Web-Based Emotional Intelligence Training (WEIT) program that was based on the four-branch model of emotional intelligence (EI) and which aimed at improving emotion perception (EP) and emotion regulation (ER) in future leaders. Using a controlled experimental design, we evaluated the short-term (directly after the WEIT program) and long-term (6 weeks later) effects in a sample of 134 (59 training group [TG], 75 wait list control group [CG]) business students, and additionally tested whether WEIT helped to reduce perceived stress. For EP, WEIT led to a significant increase in the TG directly after training (whereas the wait list CG showed no change). Changes remained stable after 6 weeks in the TG, but there were no significant differences between the TG and CG at follow-up. By contrast, ER did not show an increase directly after WEIT, but 6 weeks later, the TG had larger improvements than the CG. The results mostly confirmed that emotional abilities can be increased through web-based training. Participants’ perceived stress did not decrease after the training program. Further refinement and validation of WEIT is needed. Keywords: emotional intelligence, web-based training, stress, future leaders First submission 15th May 2019; Accepted for publication 4th September 2019. Introduction Emotional intelligence (EI) has attracted considerable attention in recent years (see Côté, 2014).
    [Show full text]
  • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Nature and Relation to Non-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
    BETH-00620; No of Pages 19; 4C: Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Behavior Therapy xx (2016) xxx–xxx www.elsevier.com/locate/bt Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Nature and Relation to Non-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Lorenzo Lorenzo-Luaces John R. Keefe Robert J. DeRubeis University of Pennsylvania there is any kind of contribution of the “cognitive” in Since the introduction of Beck’s cognitive theory of emotional cognitive-behavioral therapy. disorders, and their treatment with psychotherapy, cognitive- Despite debate regarding their active treatment behavioral approaches have become the most extensively components as well as working mechanisms, CBTs researched psychological treatment for a wide variety of continue to be the most widely studied forms of disorders. Despite this, the relative contribution of cognitive to therapy (Hofmann, Asmundson, & Beck, 2013). A behavioral approaches to treatment are poorly understood uniquely appealing aspect of CBTs is that their theo- and the mechanistic role of cognitive change in therapy is ries of therapeutic change comport well with most widely debated. We critically review this literature, focusing modern conceptualizations of psychopathology. In on the mechanistic role of cognitive change across cognitive this review, we attempt to reconcile skepticism and behavioral therapies for depressive and anxiety disorders. regarding the relative contribution of CT strategies to BT, as well as the mechanisms that account for their efficacy. First, we provide a very brief historical
    [Show full text]
  • Emotion Perception in Habitual Players of Action Video Games Swann Pichon, Benoit Bediou, Lia Antico, Rachael Jack, Oliver Garrod, Chris Sims, C
    Emotion Emotion Perception in Habitual Players of Action Video Games Swann Pichon, Benoit Bediou, Lia Antico, Rachael Jack, Oliver Garrod, Chris Sims, C. Shawn Green, Philippe Schyns, and Daphne Bavelier Online First Publication, July 6, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/emo0000740 CITATION Pichon, S., Bediou, B., Antico, L., Jack, R., Garrod, O., Sims, C., Green, C. S., Schyns, P., & Bavelier, D. (2020, July 6). Emotion Perception in Habitual Players of Action Video Games. Emotion. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/emo0000740 Emotion © 2020 American Psychological Association 2020, Vol. 2, No. 999, 000 ISSN: 1528-3542 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/emo0000740 Emotion Perception in Habitual Players of Action Video Games Swann Pichon, Benoit Bediou, and Lia Antico Rachael Jack and Oliver Garrod University of Geneva, Campus Biotech Glasgow University Chris Sims C. Shawn Green Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute University of Wisconsin–Madison Philippe Schyns Daphne Bavelier Glasgow University University of Geneva, Campus Biotech Action video game players (AVGPs) display superior performance in various aspects of cognition, especially in perception and top-down attention. The existing literature has examined these performance almost exclusively with stimuli and tasks devoid of any emotional content. Thus, whether the superior performance documented in the cognitive domain extend to the emotional domain remains unknown. We present 2 cross-sectional studies contrasting AVGPs and nonvideo game players (NVGPs) in their ability to perceive facial emotions. Under an enhanced perception account, AVGPs should outperform NVGPs when processing facial emotion. Yet, alternative accounts exist. For instance, under some social accounts, exposure to action video games, which often contain violence, may lower sensitivity for empathy-related expressions such as sadness, happiness, and pain while increasing sensitivity to aggression signals.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Automated Face Analysis for Affective Computing Jeffrey F. Cohn & Fernando De La Torre Abstract Facial Expression
    Please do not quote. In press, Handbook of affective computing. New York, NY: Oxford Automated Face Analysis for Affective Computing Jeffrey F. Cohn & Fernando De la Torre Abstract Facial expression communicates emotion, intention, and physical state, and regulates interpersonal behavior. Automated Face Analysis (AFA) for detection, synthesis, and understanding of facial expression is a vital focus of basic research. While open research questions remain, the field has become sufficiently mature to support initial applications in a variety of areas. We review 1) human-observer based approaches to measurement that inform AFA; 2) advances in face detection and tracking, feature extraction, registration, and supervised learning; and 3) applications in action unit and intensity detection, physical pain, psychological distress and depression, detection of deception, interpersonal coordination, expression transfer, and other applications. We consider user-in-the-loop as well as fully automated systems and discuss open questions in basic and applied research. Keywords Automated Face Analysis and Synthesis, Facial Action Coding System (FACS), Continuous Measurement, Emotion, Nonverbal Communication, Synchrony 1. Introduction The face conveys information about a person’s age, sex, background, and identity, what they are feeling, or thinking (Darwin, 1872/1998; Ekman & Rosenberg, 2005). Facial expression regulates face-to-face interactions, indicates reciprocity and interpersonal attraction or repulsion, and enables inter-subjectivity between members of different cultures (Bråten, 2006; Fridlund, 1994; Tronick, 1989). Facial expression reveals comparative evolution, social and emotional development, neurological and psychiatric functioning, and personality processes (Burrows & Cohn, In press; Campos, Barrett, Lamb, Goldsmith, & Stenberg, 1983; Girard, Cohn, Mahoor, Mavadati, & Rosenwald, 2013; Schmidt & Cohn, 2001). Not surprisingly, the face has been of keen interest to behavioral scientists.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Alexithymia and Emotion Perception in Music, Odor, Taste, and Touch
    MINI REVIEW published: 30 July 2021 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.707599 Beyond Face and Voice: A Review of Alexithymia and Emotion Perception in Music, Odor, Taste, and Touch Thomas Suslow* and Anette Kersting Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany Alexithymia is a clinically relevant personality trait characterized by deficits in recognizing and verbalizing one’s emotions. It has been shown that alexithymia is related to an impaired perception of external emotional stimuli, but previous research focused on emotion perception from faces and voices. Since sensory modalities represent rather distinct input channels it is important to know whether alexithymia also affects emotion perception in other modalities and expressive domains. The objective of our review was to summarize and systematically assess the literature on the impact of alexithymia on the perception of emotional (or hedonic) stimuli in music, odor, taste, and touch. Eleven relevant studies were identified. On the basis of the reviewed research, it can be preliminary concluded that alexithymia might be associated with deficits Edited by: in the perception of primarily negative but also positive emotions in music and a Mathias Weymar, University of Potsdam, Germany reduced perception of aversive taste. The data available on olfaction and touch are Reviewed by: inconsistent or ambiguous and do not allow to draw conclusions. Future investigations Khatereh Borhani, would benefit from a multimethod assessment of alexithymia and control of negative Shahid Beheshti University, Iran Kristen Paula Morie, affect. Multimodal research seems necessary to advance our understanding of emotion Yale University, United States perception deficits in alexithymia and clarify the contribution of modality-specific and Jan Terock, supramodal processing impairments.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Personality in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by The University of North Carolina at Greensboro The role of personality in cognitive-behavioral therapies By: Kari A. Merrill (Eddington) and Timothy J. Strauman Merrill, K.A., & Strauman, T.J. (2004). The role of personality in cognitive-behavioral therapies. Behavior Therapy, 35(1), 131-146. Made available courtesy of Elsevier: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80008-X ***© 2004 Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy. Reprinted with permission. This version of the document is not the version of record. *** This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Abstract: Trait-based theories of personality explain behavior across situations based on a set of broad personality attributes or dimensions. In contrast, recent social-cognitive theories of personality emphasize the importance of context and take a combined nomothetic/idiographic approach to personality. The social-cognitive perspective on personality resembles cognitive-behavioral therapies, which explain behavior in particular situations based on interactions of specific cognitions, mood states, and stimulus conditions. This article considers how contemporary personality theory and research might be integrated into the study of the outcomes and processes associated with cognitive-behavioral therapies. We propose that applying the social-cognitive perspective on personality to the study of how cognitive-behavioral therapies work provides both validation of current theories and promising directions for additional research. We review the research literatures on cognitive theories of psychopathology and cognitive-behavioral treatments to examine how the topic of personality has been addressed in those literatures to date.
    [Show full text]
  • Neuroscience Approaches to Understanding Psychopathology 41
    Neuroscience Approaches to Understanding 2 Psychopathology CHAPTER OUTLINE LEARNING OBJECTIVES The Growing Importance of Neuroscience, Genetics, and an 2.1 Explain why neuroscience, Evolutionary Perspective genetics, and an evolutionary Brain Anatomy, Neurons, and Neurotransmitters perspective are increasingly A Quick Review of Brain Anatomy and Function important in understanding Neurons and Neural Transmission psychopathology. How Does the Neuron Pass Information? Major Neurotransmitters 2.2 Describe how information Encoding Information is communicated within the How Do We Observe the Brain at Work? human brain. Electroencephalography Evoked Potentials 2.3 Describe the major techniques Magnetoencephalography used to view the human brain Positron Emission Tomography at work and their related Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging distributeethical implications. Diffusion Tensor Imaging 2.4 Explain what brain networks Spatial and Temporal Resolution are and how they influence CULTURAL LENS: Using Brain Imaging to Understand Culture or human behavior. Neuroethics LENS: Neuroethics: Ethical Considerations When Using Neuroscience 2.5 Explain the function of Techniques genes, epigenetics, and endophenotypes. Networks of the Brain Neurons Connect in a Network 2.6 Ask critical questions about What Is the Brain’s Default (Intrinsic) Network? psychopathology from an Different Networks Are Involved in Differentpost, Tasks evolutionary perspective. Genetics and Psychopathology The Study of Genetics What Do Genes Do? DNA How Do Genes Influence Behavior? Epigenetic Processes Mitochondria and Mitochondrial Inheritance What Are Endophenotypes?copy, Evolution and Psychopathology The Themes of Evolution Psychopathology From an Evolutionary Perspective Summary Study Resourcesnot Review Questions For Further Reading Key Terms and Concepts DoSAGE edge he neuroscientist V. S. Ramachandran (1998) told about an individ- ual, David, who came to see him at the medical center in San Diego, TCalifornia.
    [Show full text]
  • Postural Communication of Emotion: Perception of Distinct Poses of Five Discrete Emotions
    fpsyg-08-00710 May 12, 2017 Time: 16:29 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 16 May 2017 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00710 Postural Communication of Emotion: Perception of Distinct Poses of Five Discrete Emotions Lukas D. Lopez, Peter J. Reschke, Jennifer M. Knothe and Eric A. Walle* Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA Emotion can be communicated through multiple distinct modalities. However, an often-ignored channel of communication is posture. Recent research indicates that bodily posture plays an important role in the perception of emotion. However, research examining postural communication of emotion is limited by the variety of validated emotion poses and unknown cohesion of categorical and dimensional ratings. The present study addressed these limitations. Specifically, we examined individuals’ (1) categorization of emotion postures depicting 5 discrete emotions (joy, sadness, fear, anger, and disgust), (2) categorization of different poses depicting the same discrete emotion, and (3) ratings of valence and arousal for each emotion pose. Findings revealed that participants successfully categorized each posture as the target emotion, including Edited by: disgust. Moreover, participants accurately identified multiple distinct poses within each Petri Laukka, emotion category. In addition to the categorical responses, dimensional ratings of Stockholm University, Sweden valence and arousal revealed interesting overlap and distinctions between and within Reviewed by: Alessia Celeghin, emotion categories. These findings provide the first evidence of an identifiable posture University of Turin, Italy for disgust and instantiate the principle of equifinality of emotional communication Matteo Candidi, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy through the inclusion of distinct poses within emotion categories. Additionally, the *Correspondence: dimensional ratings corroborated the categorical data and provide further granularity for Eric A.
    [Show full text]
  • Context-Aware Emotion Recognition in the Wild Using Spatio-Temporal and Temporal-Pyramid Models
    sensors Article Context-Aware Emotion Recognition in the Wild Using Spatio-Temporal and Temporal-Pyramid Models Nhu-Tai Do 1 , Soo-Hyung Kim 1,* , Hyung-Jeong Yang 1 , Guee-Sang Lee 1 and Soonja Yeom 2 1 Department of Artificial Intelligence Convergence, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju 500-757, Korea; [email protected] (N.-T.D.); [email protected] (H.-J.Y.); [email protected] (G.-S.L.) 2 School of Technology, Environment and Design, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Emotion recognition plays an important role in human–computer interactions. Recent studies have focused on video emotion recognition in the wild and have run into difficulties related to occlusion, illumination, complex behavior over time, and auditory cues. State-of-the-art methods use multiple modalities, such as frame-level, spatiotemporal, and audio approaches. However, such methods have difficulties in exploiting long-term dependencies in temporal information, capturing contextual information, and integrating multi-modal information. In this paper, we introduce a multi-modal flexible system for video-based emotion recognition in the wild. Our system tracks and votes on significant faces corresponding to persons of interest in a video to classify seven basic emotions. The key contribution of this study is that it proposes the use of face feature extraction with context-aware and statistical information for emotion recognition. We also build two model architectures to effectively exploit long-term dependencies in temporal information with a temporal- pyramid model and a spatiotemporal model with “Conv2D+LSTM+3DCNN+Classify” architecture.
    [Show full text]
  • University of California, Santa Cruz Syllabus for Abnormal Psychology (PSYC 170) • Summer 2014 "...Whatever
    University of California, Santa Cruz Syllabus for Abnormal Psychology (PSYC 170) • Summer 2014 "...whatever ... psychiatric problems are, they have this in common with 'real' diseases - they are associated with pain, suffering, disability, and death." - Psychiatric Diagnosis, Goodwin & Guze (1979) This course is an introduction to human psychopathology. The course surveys fundamental issues and problems of people with behavioral, emotional and cognitive disorders. The major classes of mental disorders are reviewed, focusing on the development of serious mental disorders. The course material is interdisciplinary: it examines biological, medical, psychological, social, cultural, and political aspects of mental illness. Students are taught ways to formulate and analyze psychopathology, with the purpose of helping them develop an introductory but integrated understanding of mental disorder and intervention. Course Objectives: It is hoped that each student will: - gain a critical awareness of important theories about the etiology of human psychopathology, - learn all the major categories of mental disorders, - learn basic elements of psychiatric diagnosis, - understand strengths and weaknesses of diagnostic classification, - learn basic principles and processes in the development of psychopathology, and - gain a critical awareness of current social issues affecting people with mental illness. Instructor: David A. "Tony" Hoffman, Ph.D. phone: 831 247 5558 email: [email protected] office: Social Sciences 2 room #352 office hours: to be announced and by appointment. Teaching and course assistants: Pat Samermit email: <[email protected]> office: Social Sciences 2 room #305 office hours: to be announced and by appointment. Class times and locations: Lectures: Tuesdays and Thursdays, 9:00AM-12:30PM, Social Sciences building 2 room 075 Text, readings, and viewing material: Ronald J.
    [Show full text]
  • Personality Theory and Psychopathology
    Learning Accelerator Research Paper PERSONALITY THEORY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Kate E. Walton Stephanie R. Pavlos 2015 Walton, K. E., & Pavlos, S. R. (2015). Personality theory and psychopathology. In J. D. Wright (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edition, Vol. 17 (914-919). Oxford, UK: Elsevier. This is a draft of “Personality theory and psychopathology,” and the copy of record is with Elsevier. (ISBN: 978-0-08-097087-5) LA015039 Personality Theory and Psychopathology Abstract The connection between personality and psychopathology has been studied for centuries. In the current essay, we provide an overview of contemporary research in the field. We begin with a review of trait models of personality and the current psychopathology classification system in use. We discuss the link between normal personality traits and personality disorders and other types of psychopathology and conclude with a discussion of different theoretical perspectives explaining the personality-psychopathology connection. The link between personality and psychopathology has been long-recognized, dating back to ancient Greece and Hippocrates’ discussions of the four humors. The four essential fluids of the body - phlegm, blood, bile, and black bile - were thought to determine temperament. Depending on the dominant humor, one could be phlegmatic, sanguine, choleric, or melancholic, and each type had an accompanying set of attributes. An imbalance in these humors led to symptoms of illness, and therefore temperament was thought to be connected to all disease, physical or mental. Later, in the 19th century, Darwinian-influenced perspectives on the personality-psychopathology link arose. These were evolutionary perspectives, depicting mental illness as a genetically-based character deficiency.
    [Show full text]
  • Expanding What We Know About Observer Ratings of Emotional Intelligence
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Management Papers Wharton Faculty Research 2015 The Social Perception of Emotional Abilities: Expanding What We Know About Observer Ratings of Emotional Intelligence Hillary A. Elfenbein Washington University in St. Louis Sigal G. Barsade University of Pennsylvania Noah C Eisenkraft University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/mgmt_papers Part of the Management Sciences and Quantitative Methods Commons Recommended Citation Elfenbein, H. A., Barsade, S. G., & Eisenkraft, N. (2015). The Social Perception of Emotional Abilities: Expanding What We Know About Observer Ratings of Emotional Intelligence. Emotion, 15 (1), 17-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0038436 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/mgmt_papers/198 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Social Perception of Emotional Abilities: Expanding What We Know About Observer Ratings of Emotional Intelligence Abstract We examine the social perception of emotional intelligence (EI) through the use of observer ratings. Individuals frequently judge others’ emotional abilities in real-world settings, yet we know little about the properties of such ratings. This article examines the social perception of EI and expands the evidence to evaluate its reliability and cross-judge agreement, as well as its convergent, divergent, and predictive validity. Three studies use real-world colleagues as observers and data from 2,521 participants. Results indicate significant consensus across observers about targets’ EI, moderate but significant self–observer agreement, and modest but relatively consistent discriminant validity across the components of EI. Observer ratings significantly predicted interdependent task performance, even after controlling for numerous factors.
    [Show full text]