UDC 633.71 ISSN 0494-3244 Tutun/Tobacco, Vol.56, No 7-8, 159-164, 2006 Institut za tutun - Prilep, R. Makedonija UDK: 633.71(497.2) Izvoren nau~en trud

INVESTIGATION ON THE BURNING PROPERTIES OF BURLEY TOBACCO GROWN IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF BILGARIA

Venelina Popova 1), Dimitar Drachev 2), Violeta Nikolova 2)

1)University of Food Technologies, Department of Tobacco, Sugar and Essential Oils - 2)Institute of Tobacco and Tobacco Products - Plovdiv

INTRODUCTION

Tobacco is a raw material which growing and the good usability of the raw material (3). and processing is focused on accomplishing The process of tobacco burning depends tobacco products with specific consumer largely on the structure and the chemical characteristics. CAMPBELL J. (3) emphasizes composition of the leaves. Lower leaf density that the present-day evaluation of tobacco calls combined with higher content of mineral salts, for a differentiation between quality and usability. especially potassium and calcium, favors Tobacco usability refers to the formation of agro- combustibility, while raised chlorine levels execute technical, physical, chemical, smoking and a definite negative impact (1). NIKOLOVA M. (11) technological properties that are acceptable to studies the role of potassium on the formation of both the producer and the customer. Usability tobacco quality and finds out that optimal incorporates two key elements - the first related potassium fertilization results in favorable leaf to the processing efficacy (like lamina/stem ratio, coloration, good physical characteristics leaf texture, shatter resistance, elasticity, filling (elasticity, burning) and satisfying smoking power) and the second determining the smoking properties. The author confirms the fact that perception (leaf chemical composition - mostly fertilization with potassium chloride considerably with respect to nicotine and soluble deteriorates tobacco quality with regard to carbohydrates; effect of filtration and ventilation; hygroscopicity, protein content, smoking burning properties; pesticide residues, etc.). In character, and odor. In the research work of his discussion on market problems facing broad- BONEVA-IVANOVA A. (10) additional information leaf tobaccos in , STAYKOV P. (13) points about the impact of inorganic constituents and out that in every market situation the evaluation some physical indexes on the burning properties of a tobacco variety is to be done in its whole of tobacco leaf is found. YAMAMOTO T. et al. (8) complexity. Customers' approach is definitely and KAMESWARA RAO B.V. et al. (6) individual depending greatly on the exact purpose demonstrate that considerable concentrations of of every tobacco stock (i.e. taking into account potassium (especially in the form of organic salts) tobacco usability). strongly alter the temperatures within the burning As an ingredient of many cigarette brands zone of the cigarette, thus defining the reduced Burley tobacco distinguishes itself by its porous yield of tar, nicotine and CO observed. The leaf structure, high cigarette output and excellent positive effect of organic potassium on the burning burning rate - characteristics that are shaped by capacity of tobacco is underlined, too, by PIRIOU the biological heritage of the type and the curing N. (7) and BASKEVITCH N. (2), who suggest technology (5, 12). In many Burley producing regression models for the prediction of burning countries, there had been a clear understanding rate and tar yield for different types of tobacco. about the correlations between the variable and The investigation of ZAHEDIE R. and constant factors that affect tobacco MOGHADDAM S. (9) defines the effect of characteristics (4), and these correlations served potassium to chlorine ratio on the burning capacity as a basis for the development of national of cured tobacco leaves. It is summarized that programs for guaranteeing the minimal quality tobacco leaves demonstrate poor burning rate at

159 Tutun/Tobacco, Vol.56, No 7-8, 159-164, 2006

K/Cl < 1; at values within the range 1 - 4 tobacco at the investigation on the burning properties of has low burning rate and when values exceed 5 Burley tobacco grown in different Bulgarian (5-20) tobacco is with intensive burning. regions, as a basis for its usability assessment. These were the grounds to aim this study

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Three varieties of Burley tobacco were of the overall quality of the type, we carried out investigated - Burley 1317, Burley 1000 and proportional blending of the so-prepared samples, Burley 21, crop 2004, grown in different production individually for North and South Bulgaria, in that regions of South and North Bulgaria, as follows: manner forming two additional samples for South Bulgaria regions: analysis - North Bulgaria blend and South Bulgaria - villages: Yabalkovo and blend. Kroum; Basic parameters affecting tobacco - villages: Mednikarovo, combustibility were determined, as follows: Mogila, Iskritza and Zimnitza; Physical indexes: Kazanluk - villages: Dolno Sahrane; - Free burn (min) and linear - villages: Zimnitza and Drazhevo. burning rate (mm/min) - by ISO 3612 (14); North Bulgaria regions: Chemical indexes: - villages: ; Potassium (as K2O), % - according to - villages: Glozhene, Butan and the Bulgarian State Standard (BDS) 17365-94 Harletz; (14); - villages: Koinare and Yasen; Chlorine, % - by continuous flow analysis Isperih - villages: ; (a method of the ITTP, 1995), on an auto-analyzer Dulovo - villages: Tzar Samuil, Nova AA II C, "Technicon", USA; Cherna, Pravda, Professor Ishirkovo, Belitza. Mg (as MgO), %; Ca (as CaO), %; Na In order to assess its potential, we (as Na2O), % - the protocol of sample preparation selected for analysis the experimentally grown in followed BDS 17365-94 (14) and the reading of the Yambol region GR variety (labeled as Yambol the data was done by atom-absorption - GR). spectroscopy (AAS) on a Spectra AA 220 Tobacco samples from each micro-region apparatus, "Varian", Australia. (village) were built by selecting leaf material from All analytical data presented are mean stalk positions B (lugs) and C (cutters), which are values from two parallel samples in twofold known as shaping the characteristic quality of the repetition. type and comprising mainly of first grade leaves. The assessment of the burning properties Tobacco samples from each village were carefully is accomplished by the implementation of a blended. Corresponding to the percentage share number of indexes ("ratios of burn"): the indexes of tobaccos produced in the respective villages of Nessler, De Bonis, Sastry and Kurup (var. I in accordance with the national quotas for 2004 and II), which have been defined in the literature crop year, representative analytical samples for review as the most appropriate for expressing the each region were designed, thus expressing the role of basic inorganic components on the burning "average" quality of the tobaccos from the studied characteristics of Burley tobacco. region. Aiming at a more complex characterization

ANALYSES AND DISCUSSION

The results achieved for the free burn and both parameters, were expressed in tobacco the linear burn rate of the samples are presented samples from the regions of Yambol, South in Table 1. The indicator free burn (expressed as Bulgaria blend, Stara Zagora, Pleven, Kazanluk the time required for the uninterrupted smolder and Yambol - GR. of a pre-marked cigarette length) took values The results from our study showed that within the range from 9.79 min to 12.06 min for tobaccos originating from South Bulgaria regions the entire bulk of samples. The linear burn rate distinguished themselves by better burning (in mm/min) varied between 3.32 and 4.09 mm/ properties. min. The best burning properties, according to

160 V. Popova, D. Dra~ev, V. Nikolova: Ispituvawe na svojstvata na gorewe na berlejskiot tutun odgleduvanvo razli~ni reoni vo Bugarija

Table 1 - Free burn and linear burning rate Tab.1 Slobodno gorewe i brzina na goreweto

It has long been known that good blend and North Bulgaria blend the differences combustibility of tobacco is a major quality index, in potassium levels were significant - 1.78 % as no revealing of smoking potential is possible opposed to 3.22 %, respectively. without a satisfactory burning. Moreover, the The results achieved for potassium to process of tobacco burning outlines to a great chlorine ratio (the index of Nessler) and the review extent the yield of tar, CO and other components of the published data on the subject, allowed for of tobacco smoke defined as harmful to humans. the following grouping of tobaccos to be made: Considerable part in the manifestation of burning 1st group - tobaccos with poor burning character is played by the chemical composition characteristics - Kozloduy and Pleven; of tobacco, especially with respect to its 2nd group - tobaccos with good burning potassium and chlorine content and the capacity - the rest of the regions, among which quantitative ratio between the two elements. the best burning properties according to this Literature review found a number of authors specific index were demonstrated by the samples suggesting the application of various indexes from the regions of Kazanluk, Haskovo and ("ratios of burn") that reflect the impact of the Yambol-GR. major inorganic constituents on the combustibility The greatest values of the index of De of Burley tobacco. Bonis were calculated for the samples from the Table 2 presents the results about the region of Haskovo, followed by Yambol, Kazanluk content of tobacco components that are known and South Bulgaria blend. to correlate with combustibility, as well as the The values obtained for the index of calculated values of the four indexes of burn Sastry and Kurup (var. I) allowed for the following chosen as the most suitable for the purpose of sequence of regions to be made (in descending the study. order) - Yambol, Stara Zagora, South Bulgaria With respect to chlorine levels, the blend, Kazanluk, Yambol-GR and Haskovo. deviations were within relatively narrow limits for According to the results from the the entire bulk of tobacco samples - from 0.06 % determination of the index of Sastry and Kurup for Kazanluk region to 0.84 % for Kozloduy region. (var. II) the best burning properties were The common trend was that lower chlorine levels associated with the regions of Yambol, Stara characterized the regions of South Bulgaria. North Zagora, South Bulgaria blend, Kozloduy and Bulgaria blend had higher chlorine levels than Vidin. South Bulgaria blend. Potassium content varied As it might be seen from the data listed within a broader range - from 1.00 % for Pleven above, some variations did exist in the ranking of region to 3.30 % for Yambol. A reverse trend was tobaccos from the different regions under study, found in potassium content distribution - higher according to the specific criteria applied, as each levels were determined for the samples from of them reflected the influence of different South Bulgaria regions. Between South Bulgaria chemical constituents of tobacco dry matter. On

161 Tutun/Tobacco, Vol.56, No 7-8, 159-164, 2006 the grounds of the results achieved from the following groups (in the order of burning application of all indexes of burning, the samples properties' decline): were awarded corresponding ranks and, after Group I - Yambol and South Bulgaria eliminating the greatest deviations, statistical blend; analysis was performed with Fisher's F-test. The Group II - Kazanluk and Haskovo; ranking of tobaccos was found statistically Group III - Yambol-GR and Stara Zagora; significant at =0.05. So, according to the values Group IV - North Bulgaria blend, Vidin, of the indexes of burning and the ranks awarded, Isperih and Dulovo; the samples from Burley tobacco grown in the Group V - Kozloduy and Pleven. different regions of Bulgaria were arranged in the

Table 2 - Chemical composition of tobacco and indexes of burning Tab. 2 Hemiski sostav na tutunot i indeksi na gorewe

OK 1) Index of Nessler = 2 Cl

2 + CaOOK 2) Index of BonisDe = 2 ++ MgOONaCl

2OK 3) Index of Sastry − IKurup = Total Nitrogen + Cl

2 + CaOOK 4) Index of Sastry − IIKurup = MgO + Total Nitrogen + Cl

162 V. Popova, D. Dra~ev, V. Nikolova: Ispituvawe na svojstvata na gorewe na berlejskiot tutun odgleduvanvo razli~ni reoni vo Bugarija

CONCLUSIONS

The assessment of the burning properties were distinguished as having the best of Burley tobaccos from different regions of characteristics. production established better combustibility for the In conclusion, the results from our study tobaccos from South Bulgaria. The regions were are informative from a decision-making point of classified into five groups by the manifestation of view, considering the usability of tobaccos from the burning properties of the tobacco grown there, different Bulgarian regions and the options for among which Yambol and South Bulgaria blend their blending.

REFERENCES

1. Arany-Fuzessery K., 1981. deliveries in the mainstream smoke of cigarettes, Combustibility of tobacco as a function of its Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int., vol. 14, 6, 379-385. chemical composition and physical 9. Zahedie R., S. Moghaddam. 2000. characteristics, Acta Aliment., 10-3, 167-174. Study of potassium to chlorine ratio effect on 2. Baskevitch N., J. W. Horler ,1993. combustibility of tobacco leaf. Bull. Spec. Organic potassium. Its role in controlling the rate CORESTA, Lisbon Congress, 212. of burn and tar content of tobacco products. 10. Boneva - Ivanova A. 1979 CORESTA Symp., Hungary. Izsledvane vli®anieto na osnovnite 3. Campbell J.S., 1995. Trends in tobacco faktori, koito obuslav®at gor®emostta na leaf usability, Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int., vol. 16, 4, t°t°na. Avtoreferat, VIHVP, Plovdiv, 16- 185 - 195. 22. [Boneva - Ivanova A. (1979). A study on the 4. Bridges C., R. Walton, H. Casada, influence of the basic factors determining the 1994. Assessing the quality of Burley tobacco, burning properties of tobacco. Dissertation, HIFFI, Part 2: Environmental and timeless factors. Tob. Plovdiv, 16-22]. Sci., 38, 42-48. 11. Nikolova M. Kali®t - va`en 5. Drachev D., V. Nikolova, V. Petrova, element za ka~estvoto na t°t°na. [Potassium N. Shumarski, 2004. Investigation of Burley - a key element in tobacco quality]. International tobacco quality in horizontal stalk cut curing and Potash Institute Coordinator Central/Eastern using of desiccants, J. Biotechn. and Biotechn. Europe CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland (BG). Eq., (18), 3, 55-59. 12. Popova V., D. Dra~ev, A. K. Omar 6. Kameswara Rao B.V., Narashimha 2003. Osnovni himi~ni i tehnologi~ni Rao C.V., Nageshwara Rao K.,1997. Effect of pokazateli na t°t°n BÍrle¤, N. tr. UHT,tom potassium on tar and nicotine delivery from 50, 3, 370-373. [Popova V., D. Drachev, A. K. cigarette. CORESTA Congress, Jerez de la Omar (2003). Basic chemical and technological Frontera, Spain. characteristics of Burley tobacco, Sci. Works of 7. Piriou N., 1993. Prediction of burn rate UFT, vol. 50, 3, 370-373). and tar delivery of tobacco, according to its 13. Sta¤kov P. 1991. Pazarnata chemical composition, and in particular, its ikonomika i tÓtÓn†t, B†lg. t°t°n, 3, 2-4. organic potassium content. CORESTA, Meet. [Staykov P. (1991). Market economy and tobacco, Smoke-Techno groups, Budapest, abstr. ST 4. Bulg. Tobacco, 3, 2-4]. 8. Yamamoto T., S. Umemura, H. Kaneko, 14. Standards: BDS 17365-94 [Bulgarian 1990. Effect of exogenous potassium on the State Standard 17365-94], ISO 3612 reduction in tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide

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ISPITUVAWE NA SVOJSTVATA NA GOREWE NA BERLEJSKIOT TUTUN ODGLEDUVAN VO RAZLI^NI REONI VO BUGARIJA

V. Popova1, D. Dra~ev2, V. Nikolova2

1Univerzitet na prehranbena tehnologija, Oddel za tutun, {e}er i esencijalni masla - Plovdiv, Bugarija 2Institut za tutun i tutunski prerabotki - Plovdiv, Bugarija

REZIME

Ispituvani se slobodnoto gorewe (min) i linearnoto gorewe (mm/min) na berlejski tutuni od razli~ni proizvodni reoni. Tutunskite probi se analizirani vo odnos na nivoto na odredeni mineralni sostojki za koi se znae deka imaat vlijanie vrz karakteristikite na gorewe na tutunot. Presmetani se vrednostite na razli~ni pokazateli na goreweto. Ispituvanite tutunski probi se klasificirani na pet grupi, vrz osnova na manifestiraweto na nivnite karakteristiki na goreweto.

Adresa na avtorot: Venelina Popova Univerzitet za prehranbena tehnologija - Plovdiv Republika Bugarija

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