The NATION A·L HOR TICULTURAL MAGAZINE

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

APRIL, 1933 The American Horticultural Society

PRESENT ROLL OF OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS March 1, 1933

OFFICERS President, Mr. Robert Pyle, West Grove, Penna. First Vice-P?'esident, Mr. Knowles A. Ryerson, 1601 Argonne Place, N. W., Washington, D. C. Second Vice-President, Mrs. Fairfax Harrison, Belvoir, Fauquier Co., Va. Secretary, C. C. Thomas, 211 Spruce Street, Takoma Park, D. C. Treasure?', Roy G. Pierce, 504 Aspen Street, N. 'vV ., Washington, D. C. DIRECTORS Terms Expiring in 1934 Mrs. Clement S. Houghton, Chestnut F. J. Crider, Superior, Ariz. Hill, Mass. Mrs. Mortimer Fox, Peekskill, N. Y. Mrs. Horatio Gates Lloyd, Haver­ Mr. F . L. Mulford, Washington, D. C. ford, Pa. Mrs. Silas B. Waters, Cincinnati, O. Mr. D. Victor Lumsden, Washington, Dr. Earl B. White, Kensington, Md. D.C. Terms Ex piring in 1935 NIr. J. Marion Shull, Chevy Chase, Mr. Fairman R. Furness, Media, Pa. Md. THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZLT E Publiished hy and for the Society B. Y. MORRISON , Edit01"

CON TRIBUTIN G EDITORS Mr. Alfred Bates Mrs. J. Norman Henry Dr. Clement G. Bowers Mrs. Francis King Mrs. C. I. DeBevoise Miss Frances Edge McIlvaine Dr. W . C. Deming Mr. Carl Purdv Mr. Sherman R. Duffy Mr. C. A. Reed Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox Mr. J. Marion Shull Mr. Arthur D. Slavin

At the Annual Meeting of the Society there was announced the formation of a Narcissus and Tulip Committee, organized to undertake the advancement of the interest in the two important plant groups. The preliminary work will consist of the study of tulip species and the preparation of special studies on the modern narcissus. Inquiries should be addressed to the Chairman at the Editorial Office, 116 Chestnut Street, Takoma Park, D. C. The personnel of the Committee follows: Mr. B. Y. Morrison, Chatirw/,an, Miss Mary Judson Averett, Mr. Leonard Barron. Miss Mary McD. Beirne, Mrs. Paul M. Davis, Mrs. F. Stuart Foote, Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox, Dr. David Griffiths, Mrs. R. Howard Hall, Mrs. Floyd Harris, Professor Frank McWhorter, Mr. Sydney B. Mitchell, Mr. John C. Wister, Mr. Richardson Wright. At the same time was announced the formation of a Rhododendron Com­ mittee, under the temporary Chairmanship of Dr. Clement G. Bowers. A more complete report of the personnel of the permanent committee will follow shortly. Preparations are being made for the formation of special committees to promote the interests of other plants, notably lilies and rock garden plants.

Publicat ion Office, 1918 Harford Avenue, Baltimore, Md. Entered as second·class matter January 27, 1932, at the Post Office at Baltimore, Md., under the Act of August 24, 1912. The American Horticultural Society AFFILIATED SOCIETIES 1933 Alexandria, Virginia, Garden Club, Garden C~ub of P eekskill, Mrs. F. M. Willard, Presid ent, 118 Pl.ne St., P eekskdl, N. Y. Belle Haven, Alexandria, Va. Garden CIUlb Df SDmerset Hills American Fuchsia Society, Mrs. J. M. E lI swDrth, Pr ~s . , Mrs. Elizabeth MadisDn, Sec'y, Bernardsville, N . J. 1025 2d Ave., Oakland, Calif. GeDrgia H Drticultural SDciety, Adult Park Garden Club, G. H. FirDr, Sec'y, Mrs. William N. SI Dan, Pres., Athens, Ga. 1434 Hershel Ave., Cincinnati, O. Hartwell Garden Club, Bethesda CO'mmunity Garden Club, Care Df Mrs. R. Lucius, Mrs. PrestDn C. Alexander, Pres., 43 Hartwell Ave., Cincinnati, O. 502 Maple Ridge RDad, Bethesda, Md. Indian Hill Garden Clu b, Blackstone Garden ClUlb, Mrs. RDbert Sattler, Pres., lvIrs. A. G. Ing'ham, Pres., Varner RDad, R. F. D. 1, Sta. M., Wellsville, Virginia. Cincinnati, O. California Garden Club Federation, Kennedy Heig'hts Garden Club, Mrs. Leonard B. SlossDn, Pres., Mrs. Grace GDlay, CDI'. Sec'y, 426 SO'. Arden Blvd., 6514 Tyne Ave., Cincinnati, O. Los Angeles, Calif. Lake FDrest Garden Club, Chestnut Hill Garden Club, Lake FDrest, Ill. Mrs. Edwin S. Webster, Pres., Lake Washington Garden Club, 307 Hammond Street, Mrs. Alexander A. Gardner, Chestnut Hill, Mass. 5951 49th Ave., S. W., Chevy Chase (D. C.) Garden Club, Seattle, Wash. Mrs. F . B. V.,reaver, :Mo ntgomery Suburban Garden Club, 5324 39th Street, N. W ., James c. Dulin, Jr., President. WashingtDn, D. C. 325 High St., Friendship Hgts., Chevy Chase Garden Club, Chevy Chase, Md. Mrs. T . H. MacDDnald, Northem Nut Growers' Association, 520 Maple Ridge Road, Carl F . Walker, Pres., Bethesda, Md. Cleveland Heig1hts, OhiO'. Civic Study Club, P ennsylvania Nut GrDwers' AssDciation, IVIrs. O. R. BrusDn, Secretary, J Dhn YV . H ershey, Secretary, Michigan, N. D. DO'wningtDn, Penna. Fairfax Garden Club, RDCk Garden Society Df Ohio, Mrs. L. P. TaylDe, Secretary, Mrs. Frank Seinsheimer, Treasurer, Vienna, Virg inia. 3421 Middleton Ave., Fairfield Garden Club CliftDn, Cincinnati, O. Mrs. J D'hn R. Reyburn, Shaker Lakes Garden Club, 523 Old Post RDad, Mrs. Frank B. Stearns, Fairfield, Conn. 15830 S. Park Blvd., Shaker Hills, Fecl erated Ga rden Clubs Df Cincinnati and Cleveland, O. Vicinity, St. LDUis HO'rticuhural SDciety, Mrs. S il as B. \iVaters, President Missouri Botani·cal Garden, 2005 Edgecliff Point, Cincinnati, O. St. Louis, Mo. Gal esburg H Drticultural Imp.rovement So­ Takoma Hor,ticultural Club, ciety, Mrs. J ohn Gu ill. Secretary, C. Z. Nelson. Secretary, 227 Maple Ave., 534 Hawkinson Ave., Galesburg, Ill. Takoma Park. D. C. Garden Club Df Cin{:innati, Talbot CDunty Garden Club, Mrs. H. W. Iichols, Mr. James D1xon, President, 2345 Madison R Dad. NDrth Bend, Easton, Md. E . \iVa lnut Hills. Ci ncinnati, O. T own and Country Garden Club, Garden Club Df Buz:zard's Bay. Mrs. Frederick Hinkle, Sec'y, 11rs. M. \iV. \iVilcox. Pres., Edwards Road and Walsh Place, 350 Union St .. New Bedford, Mass. Cincin nati. O. Garden Club of Madison. N . ]., T O'wn and Countrv Clu b Df Cleveland, Mrs. Hubert Cheeseman, Sec'y. Mrs. A. H . Wood. Academy Road, MadisD n, N. J. And erSDn and Green Road. Garden Club Df OhiO', S. Euclid. Cl eveland. O. Mrs. C. S. Ro!)i nso n, Pres., \VDrcester CDunty HDrticultural Dciety, 840 Old Furnace Road, 30 E lm Street, YDungstown, O. \Vorce ter, 1fass. [il To ALL MEMBERS

y the time this magazine is in your hands it is possible that the first flowers of the narcissus and tulips \'\Till have pass·ed. B If they have not, will you cooperate with the members of the committee that is named on page 2 of cover and keep a record for us of the dates of their blooming? It will be of the greatest interest to all of us, if we may have this sort of information for our files from as many of the members as possible. It will also be of the greatest value to us if you will make a special report to us of the general health and behaviour of the varieties that you grow. There seem to be several impressions among our members that certain facts are indeed facts, but this can be confirmed only by wider observa­ tions. In sending in comment, will you also tell something of the kind of soil in which you grow your plants, a brief comment on the "usnal" spring weather and the approximate age of the planting? The 'same data are asked for in regard to tulip species. These charming plants have not received all the attention they deserve and are too often overshadowed by the more spectacular beauties of the garden strains. This is certainly not the case in such amazingly bril­ liant flowers as Tulipa F oste1-ia11;a with its huge blooms and unbe­ lievably scarlet color. Part of your committee is already at work on these plants and other members will begin this autumn. Will you send in such data as you have? At the present time pictures are being taken of all the species and records have already been made of the bulbs. It is hoped that in the Ireturns from a collecting trip now being carried out in Persia, some additional material will be made available for report. In any case the project will not be ready for reporting until 1934, but some preliminary notes can be given in October, 1933. In the end it is hoped that we can publi'sh for you a report that will make it unnecessary for you to do all the reading of miscellaneous texts that you must now read, if you would find out about these delectable plants. If you are growing azaleas and rhododendron, will you remem­ ber also that the society is acutely interested in gathering data con­ cerning these plants and their usefulness in various parts of the

11 country? The Rhododendron Committee is 110t yet fully formed but is under way and we are able to announce that Mr. S. A. Everett will become the Permanent Chairman of the Committee. The full person­ nel will be announced in the July issue of the magazine. Since the members of the society have given such excellent sup­ port to all the requests of those who have to do with the assembling of the material, it seems to us that we have only to ask and we receive your help. No one realizes more acutely than we that the present year is a year of necessities, but we make bold to urge that you feel your relation to this partiular project as one of the essential matters of your life. Surely no special persuasion is needed to show the libera­ tion of the spirit that can be found in the garden, no pleading will be needed to prove that life can be enriched in an indefinite extent by the opening of one's eyes to life in the garden with its related con­ tacts in art, history and geography. This may sound serious, too serious perhaps; but life itself is serious and in this time of change for our national life with the curious alterations in attitude and ap­ proach that may appear, those of us who garden must hold fast to that which we have found good. Will you· write to us and for us? Tell us what you are doing and why. That why is very important. Store up for us your infor­ mation in regard to a variety of things. Make a note that in addition to the plants already mentioned we are anxious to have as much data as possible about rock garden plants in all parts of the country, native plants with attractive growth and bloom, pentstemons in particular, all lilies, all iris species, ivies and ivy forms (these to be sent to Mr. Bates), dianthus and campanulas. As these accumulate we shall be able to return to you a very complete summary of all the material that has come in, under one final cover, with illustrations of perma­ nent value. It may be unbecoming to boast, even discreetly, but you will be interested to know that your magazine is becoming more popular as time goes on. There are still those who believe it one iota t.oo difficult, but there are more and more who find it what they have long de­ sired. You will be glad to know that it is making some fame for its illustrations and that libraries in all parts of the United States are making it part of their bound collection. If one were permitted to quote to you the messages of approval that come in from horticul­ turists in this country and some from abroad you would realize why aU of us are so anxious to contribute our time and wi t to this com­ mon project. Will you not feel that it is yours too ?

III The National Horticultural Magazine

Vol. 12 Copyright, 1933, by THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY No.2

APRIL, 1933

!1-·is clllrysophoen1·cia. By E. J. ALEXA NDER and E. A. S. PECKHAM ...... 77 The Rock Garden ...... 81 Climbing R06es. By ]. HORACE McFARLAND ...... 86 Gertrude ] eky.II . By MRS. FRA NCIS KING ...... 94 The Califomia Manzanitas. By LESTER RO,WNTREE ...... 96 Ge1~a1M·1,t1'/1, sangu.i1-te1t1n prost'ratu1'II.. By P. J. VAN MELLE...... 100 The ABC's of Rock Gardening-III. By ALrcE MINER...... 102 Osmarea B~wkwoodii. By MRS. J. NORMAN HENRy...... 109 Six Studies of the Front Yard. By ROBERT S. STURTEVANT ...... 110 Nut Cuhure in the Northeast. By C. A. REED...... 121 Saxifrage Notes-IV . By FLORENS DEBEVOISE...... 129 What I Have Done in N ut Growing. By J. S . RITTENHOUSE ...... _...... 134 Species of A'rbor-vitae. By ARTHUR D. SLAVIN...... 136

The Idealist 111 the Garden ...... 147 The Carissa or Natal Plum. By K NOWLES A. RyERSON ...... 154 A Book or Two...... 158

The Gardener's Pocketbook:

Gla~tCO'the. a an'mata. By HOWARD E. GATES ...... 161 P m tstenwn Cra1~da l1ii. By MRS. G. R. MARRI AGE ...... 161 Aqttilegia saximontana. By MRS. G. R. MARRIAGE ...... _...... 162 LiIium, Baclchouse H ybr ids. By MRS. MORTIMER J. Fox...... 162 Ru.ellia ciliosa. By W. A. BRIDWELL...... 166 R 11.ellia /01'111-0sa. By MRS. J. NORMAN HENRy...... 166 Campambla mp1-mwloides. By 1. N. ANDERSON...... 168 H ymenocallis occidmtatis. By MRS. G. LATTA CLEMENT...... 168 P1'1-bn1IS senulata- Amanoguwa. By PAUL RuSSELL...... 170 Kalmiopsis Leach-iana. By DREW SHERRARD ...... 172 B01'ago ojfici?ba.iis. By HELEN M. Fox ...... _...... 176 176

Published quarterly by The American H orticul t.ural Society. Publication office, 1 9.18 Harford Ave., Baltimore, Md. Editorial office, 116 Ch estnut Street, Takoma Park, D. C. Contributions from all members are cordi ally invited and should be sent to the Editorial offi ce. Advertising Manager, Mr. J. S. Elms, P . O. Box 27, Kensi ngton, Md. A subscription to the m agazine is included in the annual dues of all members; to non·members the price is seven ty·five cen ts the copy, tln-ee doih,rs a year. [iv] IRIS CHRYSAEOLA

Rep"inted by permission of the New York Botanical O(l1'(/e11; The Am,,·ica.n HorticuZt,,"al Society (1.11,1 The Am"'ican [ri.• Society cooperating. Iris Chrysophoenicia

By E. J. ALEXANDER

One of flower having mauve with a light yellow blotch, a a smoky flush over its light red-pur­ third lilac with a yellow blotch, a ple ground color, and the s ty 1 e fourth pale violet or deep lavender bmnches winged and keeled with with a pale yellow blotch, and last and white. The yellow base underlying most beautiful of all a bronze-red with the color of this flow er indicates that a brilliant golden yellow blotch. we may hope to some clay discover a creamy yellow albino, which would Like all the Louisiana species, this indeed be a welcome <1.ddition . iris is a gross feeder, doing its best in N. Y. BOTANICAL GARDEN. ri ch, well prepared soil with plenty of peat and at least once a year a work­ Dr. Small and Mr. Alexander have ing in of manure. The plants should arranged irises in groups according to be kept quite dry, however, and well­ their crests and published this classi­ drained in winter, as, even though in fication in "Botanical Interpretati on of their native haunts they grow in water the Iridaceous Plants of the Gulf often knee-deep. in this more north- States," which is No. 327 of the Con- [771 78 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933 tributions from the New York Botan­ Tricristatae, the crest laterals radiate ical Garden and was issued in 1931. towards the edge of the fall and I. In this classification there are thirteen M arplei and I. atroena11tha are placed classes of which the two first, Fulvae here. The seventh group of Coroni­ and Ecristatae are without crests, the cristatae contains those species that third group, Bicrisrtatae has the crest have crest laterals radiating towards notched at the tip so it forms two the edge or they may be very short, parts or else the division may be deep~ forming altogether a triangular blotch. ly cleft almost to the base of the Here we find I. chrysaeola and I. blade. In the fourth group which has chrysophoenicia. In the eighth group, been named Unicristatae, the crest is entitled Radicristatae, there is a white true1y solitary with no rudimentary zone around the crest and these irises laterals present. To horticulturalists are on a white base which none of the best known member of this latter those in the preceding groups are. group is Iris vinicoloT but I. violipUT­ The Floridian species in this group pU1'ea and I. 11Iwricolor are included. (there are some) have six-ribbed cap­ In the fifth group, Lancicristatae, aTe sules while those from other parts placed those irises with crest laterals have six-lobed capsules. his giganti­ well developed each side of the center cae1'ulea, I. albispiritus, I. savannarum, crest and with the crest, a raised I. elephantina all belong here. The ridge. These l

Seed .. Sowing

By F. W. MILLARD, V. M. H.

This article is penned with especial possibility of obtaining lovely hybrids. reference to the seeds of alpine plants, In addition, by persistently producing although I hope what I have to say generations of plants from seed saved may prove useful to those readers in your own garden, a difficult wild who have to deal with other seeds. plant becomes more amenable to cul­ The raising of alpines from seeds is tivation. no easy matter, it being so much more Very few alpine seeds, except those simple in many instances to stick a of the more vigorous and common cutting in sand and root it, but, as is plants, may be sown in the open well known, continued propagation in ground with much hope of success; I that way by no means contributes to have found it advisable to attempt the strentgh of the subject. Seedlings nothing but pot culture under the pro­ possess greater stamina, and when tection of glass, with no artificial heat. plants collected from thousands of H advantage is taken of heat you may miles apart are brought into close as­ induce seedlings to progress more sociation in the garden there is every rapidly, and apparently you produce Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 79 a better plant, but when it comes to fer a firm hasis. It is very essential be put in the open it is certain to that the soil should be perfectly level, stagnate. Content yourself with sow­ for uneveness leads to the higher por­ ing and growing the seedlings natural­ tions dryi ng out and the lower being ly, if more slowly, and better success too moist. The seedlings under st.lch will be yours in the end. conditions germinate and grow very I use as far as I can earthenware unevenly. A perfectly flat surface is pots and pans for alpine seeds, these also necessary, or some of the seeds being far superior for the purpose to will lie deeper than others and that other receptacles. Crocks, or pieces will tend to uneven and irregular of broken pots, are placed over each germination. drainage hole, and over these about Always sow evenly and thinly, this half-an-inch of smaller pieces. Cover­ being most important, as crowded ing these a thin layer of moss is im­ seedlings cannot progress. The dis­ posed, sphagnum for preference. This tance apart should be governed by the moss serves a double purpose, as it amourut of top growth various seed­ prevents soil choking the drainage, and lings develop before being ready for retains moisture. Should neglect by pricking out. Very small seeds are any chance lead to the pan of soil dry­ difficult to distribute evenly, because ing out, seedlings whose roots have they are hardly visible on the surface reached the damp moss will not suf­ of the soil. This may be overcome fer. Moss is far better than any by sieving over the surface before other material. sowing a slight covering of fine white I am decidedly adverse to using sand. Against this the fin est seed sterilized soil for alpines, for some may be seen. This method offers a very necessary part of the soil (it may further advantage, for if the sand is be bacteria) appears to be destroyed afterwards obliterated by sieving fine by sterilization. Seedlings in it do soil over it the small seeds are then not grow as freely as they should, suffici ently covered. Finally press the and I would much rather run the risk surface evenly and fl at. Larger seeds of a few weeds and' insects. If the must, of course, be covered more soil is pressed through a sieve having deeply, a mesh of one-eighth of an inch there When sowing has been completed, is little chance of any injurious insects the pans are immersed in water to the passing, and as an extra precaution rims, li fted out directly water shows the soil may be spread thinly all a through, and if my method is fol­ bench and well hammered with a mal­ lowed further watering is unlikely to let. Nothing in the way of insects be necessary till the seed has ger­ should 'escape this drastic treatment. minated and spraying overhead is pos­ My favorite medium is three parts sible and safe. I cut asbestos sheets loam, two parts leafmold, and one half-an-inch wider than the pan to be part sharp sand, adding peat for wood­ covered, and place these on top; they land subjects and more sand for those conserve the moisture and assist to not in love with too much moisture. retai n a more even temperature. Every These prepara,tions should suit almost third day the pans are inspected, and anythi ng. Fill the pan to within half­ the asbestos plats removed imme­ an-inch of the rim and press the soil diately growth is detected. The a - very firmly, hammering it down with bestos is now replaced by glass, which the bottom of a pot, for seedlings pre- is kept in position for a few days till 80 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933 all the seedlings are through, when nature too closely. She sows her it is removed. This all tends to pro­ seeds as soon as they are ripe, which mote very even germination. The -g enerally occurs in the autumn; pans are then put in sli ght shade till therefore, the smaIt seedlings have the seedlings are able to endure full to face the most inclement period of sun. The asbestos covering saves the year. However, nature can af­ much space in glass frames and ford to do this, because she sows houses, as till the seeds start the pans prodig ally, and it is all to the good may be stacked on each other to al­ that the larger number of seedlings most any height. succumb; otherwise they would be Care should be observed to keep too crowded. The gardener cannot the pans uniformly moist as the seed­ afford such w holesale losses, and lings grow, the conditions as regards therefore he is compelled t o sow a t this being controlled by the nature of a time w hen the seedlings w ill meet the plants and habitats from whence with a more congenial climate. For­ they came. As a rule pricking out tunately, most seeds have sufficient should be undertaken when the first vitality to enable them to endure leaves, other than the seed leaves, have delayed sowing without serious de­ developed, and the root-system of each terioration as r egards fertility. The seedling should be injured during re­ following rule is a very good one moval as little as possible. P ress each -to observe. Sow in 'autumn those in firmly, using same compost from seeds w hich quickly germinate; so which they came. that the seedlings w ill have t ime to Clean pots and pans are a neces­ become strong enough t o endure sity fo r sowing; they should be winter; also those seeds the ger­ washed thoroug hly and if it can be mination of which may be depended done immersed in boiling wat er to upon not to take place till the destroy all fung i. Cleanliness in the spring. Other seeds should be stored garden is always worth while and under tool and equable conditions especially under glass. tiil spring is actually here. Finally, a few suggestions as to Camla Gardens. when t o sow, because this is a mat­ F elbridge, E ast Grinstea rl , ter where it is hardly 'wise to follow E ngland. The Rock Garden

No spring issue would be complete ering plants and low outcroppings of without some illustrations of rock rocks. The illustration on page 82, gardens and although there are ar­ sent in by Mr. P . ] . van Melle, Pough­ ticles elsewhere in the issue that tell keepsie, N. Y., shows a more elabo­ of rock garden building and rock rate construction over a higher bank garden plants, the following illustra­ with a very careful balance between tions may serve as examples of rock the masses of rock and the masses of garden work. fl owers. The illustrations on pages 83 The illustrati on above and the pic­ and 84 show examples of that even ture on the following page are from more difficult task, the planting of the garden of Mrs. Azro F ell ows, natural stone crevices in such a fash­ Belvidere, Ill., and show excellently ion that the result is plausible and the the transition from a more general plants themselves are happy in their garden treatment into the speciali zed situation. In these instances the rock garden . which here is of a gentle plants show a particularly happy con­ elnation with broad ma ses of fl ow- trast in color values and in habit. [81] 82 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933

Entrance to the Rock Gm-dell Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 83

Steellson & Van Vlack A Well-Planted Balik Carpenter Labo'ratories, H opewell fl/Jl ctio ll , N . Y. Foregrol/Ild center, Veronica al'JIl l?lla; Lower 1'ight, Arabis procl/rrells 84 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933

S teenson & Van Vlacl~ Sed%'/11s and S el1'bpe1'vivu111'b L agger,j ,in natuml crevices Es-tate of lvI". and Nhs. L. S. H asl~in, Glenha111, N. Y. Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 8S

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Steel/son & Van Vlac/~ ArlNeria alld CerastiulIl //lak e a good fad for tI,e cOI'l'lpact colollies of Se//lperVi~' UIIIS Climbing Roses

By J. H OR ACE McF ARLAND

At the outset let me disclaim any are. Nature fail ed to provide rose intention of either a botanical or a bushes with either the tendrils of the complete di scussion of that extraordi­ grape, the twining habit of the wis­ narily useful group of roses falling teri a, the aeri al roots and suction pads generally under the designati on of the of the ivy and ampelopsis, or the coil­ heading. It would not be diffi cult to in g peti oles of the clematis. E vident­ ly Nature intended the rose to spread wax enthusiasti c about the general or clamber over other shrubs, cliffs usefulness of the roses that can be and co nveni ent tree trunks, and for call ed clilTlbers. They are climbers that purpo;;e furnished them, in most because they are vigorous, and that cases, strong, sharp prickles which means, for the 111 0st part, that they would hook in almost any kind of are enduring ancl accommodating. I f support. Some climbing roses have a the dreadful co ntingency should arise sli ght power of cl imbi ng by accident­ that would confine me to just one ally encircling their support, but in rose as my own rose, I often think it garden use most of them need to be would probabl y be one of the hardy tied up if they are to make their best climbers, and I almost know which di spl ay." one it would be. W e attempt to classify climbing As, therefore, this IS not to be a roses in these days broadly by their botani cal di squisition nor a co mplete hybrid ori gin. There are certain roses one, I can foll ow my own preference , which would follow Mr. Steve ns' defi­ whi ch is to stay closely within the nition, but they are not definitely roses o f Ill y acqu aintance . In the past hardy. R osa g'iga17 tea, for example, twenty years and more I have had to with its abil ity to go sixty feet in a do with many roses f rOI11 many la nds. season, and the exquisite, less am­ My pre ference fo r those call ed "climb­ bitious but yet vigorous, smooth-leaved ing roses" ca n he accepted when it is cli mber that used to deli ght me as it reali zed that out of something less sprawled over the entrance to one of than eight hundred vari eti es at Breeze the buildings in which Dr. Van Fleet Hill, ISS of them are in the climbing worked at Bell , R osa genlii1:ana, are class, and presumabl y, unless the win­ not hardy in the sense that the roses ter which is working through its en­ covered by this paper ought to be. tirely too warm weeks as I write is O ur own nati ve R osa setigera is hardy radicall y 1lnkind, the hardy cl imbing enough, and ~x tr e mel y valuable be­ roses. cause it is not only hardy but beauti­ T o get off to a good start, I am go­ ful. Yet it is somewhat of a strain in g to qu ote what I think is the best to treat it as a climber. All the rest defi ni tion I have yet read of a cl imb­ of our cl imbing roses, from the Bal­ in g rose, from G. A . Stevens' new til1101'e Bell e and Prairie Queen of book " Oimbing R oses." Thus he Samuel F east's Baltimore producti on writes : in 1840 down to the last ambitious " In the sci entifi c se nse no rose is a attempt 'to combine the richly colored t rue vin e as most other climbing pl ants and large-sized hybrid tea fl owers with [86 ] Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 87

McFa1'iand Co. © Rose, Dr. VV. van Fleet 88 THE NATIONAL HORT I CULTURAL MAGAZI NE Apr., 1933 cl imbing vigor, are hybrids, and SOi lle­ branches and thus become again more ti mes l1li ghtil y mixed. desirable. Y et I have likewise seen Indeed, it is one of the oharacter­ single plants of any one of a dozen, istics of the whole g roup that while or twenty, or fifty of the more vigor­ ous clinrbers allowed to sprawl into a there are di ff erences, they are not picturesque habit in the edge of a easil y noticed. I shoul d regard with shr ubbery, and be there a great glory considerabl e admiration, not unmixed when in bl oom, and at least as sightly with doubt, anyone who woul d walk as the average S fJirea vCL llhouttei when among 'the Breeze Hill hardy cl imbers out of bloom . and unhesitatingly pick out as he There is desirability, however, in walked those whi ch he coul d surely the climbing roses, which could be say were of M ultiflora or o f W ichur­ treated as this very day I have been aiana parentage. I have never heard treating certain g rapevines at Breeze o f rose di vorces, hut I certainly do Hill, several o f those vines bein g more kn ow of mixed marriages among the than six ty years old and yet retai ning subjects o f the queen of fl owers, so the central distinctive trunk from that the hyhrid of a hyhrid of two or which each year arise the shoots that three other vari eti es, themselves 0 f a year later w ill provide the frui ting hyhrid origill , certa inly has a host 0 f branches. S lI ch roses are II sllally of forbears ! the climbiug hybrid tea type, 'which O ne likes to contemplate a rose l11 eans that they are, in a sense, ordi­ that w ill "go it alol1 e," so to speak, nary garden roses that have gone not req uiring any sort of coddling, wroll g---that is, that have substi tuted pruning, or rejuve nati ng . I do not g rowth for hl ool11. Thlls tlte climbing know, however, where that contem­ form () f the all11 0s t \I\1i versal H.a diancE' pl ati on can take place in any garden. grows freely, hilt it does not bloom hecause the only roses fit to go it with anythillg like the profusioll of alone wO l1lcl be some of the hardy it s pa ren L I b lOW 0 f !lone 0 f these climbers, as well as certain o f the "sports" frol11 the garden size that "species" roses, partic ul arly incl uding keep lip any g reat bl oom deli very, the Rugosa hybrids. Many o f li S will though all of them a re desirable be .. remel11her the earl y plants o f R osa calise they do sO lll etillles in alltulllll hugonis g rowing in the rose-garden provid e the scanty, reCllrrellt crop o f at A rlington, and how in the kindly fl owers that a re then dOllbly precious. conditions there provid ed they spread [t is a qllality of these roses tltat they and spread, and sprawled and sprawled I11I1 St not be handled as other ty pes o f until they were no longer ornamental roses are handled, else they will just or desirahle. I have seen a good . grow and grow, and never bl oom. husky plant of a hardy climbing rose T,hat is, they II1I1 S t he kept to an old. which does not climh but instead rilgged and qllit e dead-looking cen­ sprawls, covering more than a ten­ tral stem, or several central stems, foot spread on the lawn at Egandale fr0111 whic h arise each spring the when that prince of plantsmen, the blooming shoots. S o f ar as I know, late W illiam C. Egan, tended it. But the onl y rille that can be adduced I have also seen the sal11 e variety get, concerning this class o f roses is to as it were, out of hand and require find alit by personal experience and the easy renewal of shearing off so observati on jllst whi ch are to be so that it could make new stems and new treated. \Ve are also aware, how- Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 89

McFarland Co. © Rose, SC01'Che1' 90 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933

ever, that the only existing hybrid combined vigor and higher rose beauty with Rosa bracleala, the exquisite than any other one sort, at least in Mermaid, will , if vigorously pruned, my humble opinion. (Isn't it a mis­ grow but not bloom, whereas if those fortune that the name selected by the old and disreputable looking, almost modest genius who originated this and dead central stems are left, an a11- so many other good things, who want­ summer bloom deli ght will co me. ed to call it "Daybreak," should have Most of the originations of the late been denied him by the Henderson Captain Thomas fall into this class of firm, which introduced it in 191O?) scantily pruned climhers; that largest, Since the introduction of this exquis­ richest and deepest-colored red rose ite rose, which has a mixed parentage, of all the climlJers, Countess 0 f Strad­ including the Tea rose, Safrano, and broke, which came from Australia to the H ybrid Tea, Souvenir du Presi­ please us several years ago, must not dent Carnot, on a Wichuraiana base, feel the pruning-knife; the old veteran we have had many other large-flow­ of 1853, Gloire de Dijon, is in the ered climbers. Probably the largest same class, and here I might as well bloom of all ( unless it be the recent admit that the most 0 f the Australian Spanish introduction, Mme. Gregoire roses, of which only one was men­ Staechelin) is another of Dr. Van tioned above, resent vigorous pruning. Fleet's roses which was namec1 If YO ll want to see the best 0 f Black "Breeze Hill" because it was my in­ 130y, Scorcher, Miss Mari on Mani­ sistence that saved it for cultivation. fold, Daydream, Nora Cuningham, go This was the first cross over into the easy with the kni fe ! fascinating and aggravart:ing rose blood­ The great maj ority 0 f present-day stream derived from Rosa foe-tida, and hardy climbing roses arise fr0111 the I can yet remember the letter Dr. same Multiflora par e n t ag e that Van Fleet wrote when he sent me, brought us Crimson Hambler from November 3, 1916, the first plant as China, through England, nearly forty "f;J/ P 1" with the remark that it years ago; or are in the larger-fl ow­ w·as "a poor grower but worth waiting ered group, somewhat later, relating for." The good Doctor did not real­ to what was first sold as the "Me­ ize that this rose, like many other morial Rose," Rosa wichuraial1 a. The hybrid climbers of mixed parentage, Multiflora climbers tend to small, clus­ needs a chance to get its feet well tered bl o0 111 s, for the most part, and into the ground, and that then it will are very much less important. They grow with all desired vigor. are being more and more supplanted Now these Wichuraiana climbers by the Wichuraiana parentage, which have vast usefulness. From the defi­ has provided us with a superb group nite white of Purity to the deep crim­ of roses. Nevertheless I do not dis­ son of Dr. Huey, from the sunrise count the value of Dorothy Perkins, tints of Breeze Hill to the clear, warm Tausendshon, and a score of other yellow of Mrs. Arthur Curtiss James, vigorous and pleasing Multiflora hy­ we have almost everything in climbing brids. rose color that we have in bush rose If I had to confine myself to but color. In not a few cases I suspect one hardy climber, I should, in accord that the parentage is partially Multi­ with a previous hint, probably select flora, but what difference does it Dr. W. Van Fleet, which has better make if the rose is a good rose, a Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 91

M cFarland Co . © Rose, Breeze Hill 92 T H E NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI E Apr., 1933 beautiful rose, a hardy rose, and one se ttes. A ll the climbing H ybrid T eas that will vigorously climb when it ca n be at th ei r bes t with them, as is wanted ? they are in Cali fo rni a, and the Gigan­ Broadly speaking, I sh ould pay no tea race, brought most fully to our attention whatever to' the hybrid origin attention through the work of Alister Clark in Australi a and being hope­ of any rose I wanted within the clima­ fully pushed along by F ather Schoener tic range of the groups I have been of Santa Barbara, can give them di scussing. F or most of the Middle other roses as glori ous as is Delle of States they are hardy, though the Portugal-properly Bela Portuguesa. chill breath from the Great Lakes will (It may be that before these words sometimes cripple and sometimes de­ are read a Bell e of Portugal seedling, stroy them. Those who are inter­ Susan Loui se, will have proven ability ested to experiment should find in the to live over another winter at Breeze catalogues fro111 whi ch they buy, hon­ Hill, in which case, I shall feel that est expressions as to adaptability ancl a new item of pleasure has been added hardiness. It is good news to have to to the cl imbing rose fiel d.) say that one brilliant worker, M r. M. Fragrance is not a characteri stic of H . H arvath, who lives where 20 de­ most climbing roses, alas ! Yet there grees below zero is not the severest are excellent varieties that delight us weather, has produced a group of hy­ with sweet odors. That rose of the brids with R osa setigem that pay no South, lVIarechal Niel, is sweet. The attention to low temperatures. Some old Glori e de Dij on has the same of these roses, as yet unnamed, are merit. Climbing American Beauty extremely bealltiful, and I think we has rich fragrance and the lovely but will shortl y have good and really little used Zephirine Drouhin is even hardy climbers for some of the below­ fin er. The eX Cjui site pink E vangeline ze ro states. F or those who expect add s sweetness to the beauty of its roses to endure without damage 40 or single bloo ms. There are others ! 50 degrees below zero fo r many suc­ F rom these observations it can be cessive months, there is also hope in gath ered, I think, that I commend the wo rk of Professor N. E. H ansen, climbing roses not only for the gar­ who in South Dakota is endeavoring den, not only for their peculiarly deco­ to secure complete hardiness. rative use where the overhead feature I have not said anything, so far, is desirable, but for shrubbery and about the roses particularly adaptable roadway items of useful beauty. They to the warmer part of A merica, the will always be good for a glori ous South Atlantic States. These fo rtu­ splash of bl o0 111 , and we will before nate folks do not have enough climb­ long have vari eties that will C-.'( tend ers because they are lazy about it. that splash as recurrent fl owers come. They have not made use of their op­ All the season through they will be portunities with R osa bmcteata, Zae­ good for graceful foli age, and their vigata or "Cherokee," or Banllsia winter twigs commend them to me this bases upon whi ch to work. Nor do January clay on which I ·write these they sufficiently use the lovely N oi- words of last year's rose memories. Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 93

McFarland Ca. © Gertrude Jekyll

By M RS. FRANCI S K ING

T o find the legacy left by Gertrude den" had appeared to bring into J ekyll one need not wander far. In favor the old E ng li sh garden fl owers. all countries where is the least E ng­ Miss J ekyll became the apostle of lish influence, every garden has the their beautiful use. imprint of her eye and mind, of her A nd what a g ift to the wo rld is suggestion, translated into a happy hers, what a heavenly leaving ! H ow neighbo ring of plants and fl owers. could it have co me? Only from a All over Britain , throug hout the life devoted to the things of beauty United States and Canada, and wher­ in many directions, <:oupled with ever the Anglo-Saxon has made him­ that " bequest" of Sir J ames Barrie's self a home in any continent, Miss recent address " the joy of hard J ekyll's books are on hi s table, her work." No better gifts than these principles of fin e gardening shining may be willed to mankind, the love in his borders. A lm ost no modern and understanding of beauty in the garden of di stinction and intelligence garden and the enjoyment of activi­ (and the last implies the first ) but ties entailed by creative gardening shows fo rth her influence. eff ort, physical, mental, spiritual. Prepared for the creation of pic­ M iss J ekyll's unmatched power ·in tures in the garden by her studies in setting garden pictures before the drawing and painting, Miss J ekyll amateur derives from several sources. set herself so to arrange her various 'While the world knows her books garden spaces, her borders at Mun­ on gardening, how many have heard stead 'N ood as to make pictures in of her study of drawing and paint­ fl owers and foli age. Composition was ing, of her work in the crafts such her deli g ht, color her special joy, as water-g il ding, gesso, repousse long harmoni es in the border, ·con­ work, and wood-carving. " Indeed," trasts and accents in planting, the says the London T imes, "there was use of g rey-leaved materi al of "be­ little that her skill ful fin gers co uld tween plants" as she called them, the not bring to perfection from a piece nice placing and training of the of fin ely wroug ht deco rative sil ver rather difficult subj ect such as Mi­ down to the making of garden chaelmas Daisy toward the front of boots." H er book. "Old \iIles t Sur­ the border, the element of surp rise rey," reissued in 1925 as "Old E ng­ as in the turn of a garden path, and li sh H ousehold Life," testifies to her a most thoroug h study of succession interest in and her knowledge of the of bloom in the garden, all were her crafts of an earlier time. This book dail y pleasures, and the co mmuni­ and another, "Children's Gardening," cating of these pleasures to others are not as widely known as they throug h her "simple monasti c style" should be. A n austerel y beautiful the natural res ult of this wo rk in her Eng lish prose formed the medium garden. The time was ripe for both for setting forth the word-pictures work and books ; fo r W illiam R ob­ of the garden. T he photog raphs en­ inson's "The E ng li sh Flower Gar­ ri ching Miss J ekyll's pages were her [94] Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 9S own, and composition and color di s­ are many mansions, inhabited by cussed as never before or sin ce, glow widely divergent spirits. Dar'win and in her writing. W allace took co ntinents and oceans With her artist's sense, Miss J ekyll as their laboratories wherein to study did, of course, the large thing in the strange and living 'creatures; W ords­ wo rth and T ennyson, lifting their development of Munstead W oo d. eyes to the hills and the sky, dis­ The house, desig ned by her friend, co ursed of reli g ion and philosophy; Sir Edwin Lutyens, was perfection Gertrude J ekyll, to whom we now for its region and site, the garden bid a , g rateful 'H ail and F arewell,' plan with its vistas and various soug ht ever fo r practical knowledge spaces for special types of gardens, allied to beauty and in that quest perfection for its house. Munstead whereby she may truly be said to W ood stands as one of the best pos­ have transfi g ured the gardens of sible examples of the tying together E ng land, she never g rew old at heart of a house and its land, of house and or wearied in mind, was never dis­ garden, and of wood and garden, to cO Ul' aged by difficulty or defeated by use Miss J ekyll's titles. failure, neither did she cease to This passage is eloquent for us share widely the fruits of her long all. " In the H ouse of Nature there and loving apprenticeship to Nature."

J7 ro1l/. 1111'. ?Jan 111 elle C era ll'i u7lt sangu'l1l elt1n prostratll£l/'L The California Manzanitas

By LESTER ROW N TREE

If it were not for that little gada­ us hope I can confine myself to a few. bout manzanita, Arctostaphylos uva­ For they are a fascinating lot and it urS1., I would like to call the arctosta­ is difficult for a manzanita enthusiast phylos a "little-known genus." Also to draw the line. I would like proudly to refer to them Individual as they are, the nunza­ as "the California arctostaphylos." nitas are alike in the shape of the But U7Ja-w'si puts a crimp into that, flower, which is urn-shaped and waxy, too. In fract A . uva-ursi is either the sOinetimes white, often flu shed with black sheep or the flow er of the genus, pink and sometimes a real pink. They I can never make up my mind which. also all have berries, differing in size She is the one species tlut is native to and sometimes in shape. The bark many countries. She is a good mix­ of the exceedingly hard wood is usu­ er. - She is a tremendous traveler, ally smooth and polished and almost either skirting the coast or skipping always a rich Ted or brown-red. The along the mountain ranges. She is branches of many of the species are found in California, New Mexico, conspicuously crooked. The manza­ British Col l1lnbi a, Alaska and po·ints nitas like the ceanothus, are gregari­ east,-or, as Willis L. Jepson puts it ous. Also like the ceanothus are "thence round the earth in northern quite squeamish about boundaries. regions." She is certainly an inter­ Each species has its own characteris­ lutionali st. But as she is apparently tic stamping ground and the moun­ excessively particular regarding the tain manzanitas are so strict on this exact spots in which she chooses to point that anyone who is familiar grow, we can at least label her as with their haunts could be taken into "not adaptable." their precincts blind folded and upon It is hardly necessary to describe release of sight could tell the altitude this little world-wanderer. A dark, by the prevailing manzanitas. small-leaved prostrate trai ler, rather Two proshates, Arctostaphylos l'Ie­ slow growing and bearing bright red vadensis and A. p~tmila live far apart (sometimes pink) berries. Along the and yet they are not so much unlike. coast of central and northern Cali­ The former, pine-mat manzanita, is a fornia it pals along with huckleberry characteristic plant of the High Si­ bushes beaten fl at by sea winds so erras in the central and northern part that the two entirely di stinct species of the state. It carpets the floors of look much alike. pine forests and hugs gray granite As the twenty-five O'r more Cali­ boulders. Evergreen, and always beau­ fornian arctostaphylos species vary in tiful, it is a constant joy to the moun­ hei ght from carpeting plants to shrubs tain traveler. The leaves are small of almost tree size, I am, by way of and shining, the bark glossy brown­ tryin g to li ghten your burden, going red and the fl attish berries carmine at to separate them into three sections; first and then brown. A. pwnila lays the prostrates, the small bushes and claim to the label of "endemi c," for it the large shrubs, and mention a few seems to be found nowhere else but representatives from each class. Let on the Monterey Peninsula, and, with [96] Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 97

L. Josselyn

A sandy st1'etch on the central Califo1'1~ia coast. The low g7'owth contains A1'ctostaphylos tomentosa, H 001u1'i and pumila; the medium sized shnbbs are Cup7'essus Goveniana and the t7'ees a1'e Pinus 11~u1'icata .

the "improvement" of property it is composed granite, leaf mould or a rapidly disappearing from there. It mixture of all three. makes more of a mound than a car­ The group of small bush manzanitas pet, keeping a rather symmetrical is an interesting one. Here, too, the roundness and rooting more repeated­ different members show a similarity ly than the pine-tnat lnanzanita. Its and yet are found in widely separated small leaves are a soft gray-green and places. There is A. 11U111,11t'Ulal'ia of so numerous that they almost hide the the Mendocino Cou11lty coastal plain branches from sight. The berries are (northward and containing much fas­ real "manzanitas" (1 itt I e apples), cinating and distinctive flora); A. round and at first red-cheeked, per­ H 001,e1'i localized in the San Fran­ haps the most decorative of all man­ cisco region and a little southward; zanita berries. I doubt if the hardi­ A. 111,)wtifolia, an aloof little endemic ness of A. pUlIIila has ever been test­ limiting its stand to one or two places ed, but in case you contemplate grow­ in the Sierra foothills; and A. sensi­ ing it, give it deep fine sandy soil. tiva, growing sometimes a bit taller not much water and not much colel than the rest of the group and keep­ weather. A. 'Il evadellsis, on the other ing to the coastal ranges a little north hand. i equal to any amount of cold and a little south of San Francisco. and will thrive in rocky crevice, de- All of these manzani ta carry with 98 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933 them a proud distincticn and yet each dropped f r0111 the honorable mention is individual. They all have small class. This group forms much of the leaves but they vary both in the shape dense growth that covers the Califor­ of the leaves and o-f the shrubs. In nia foothills for hundreds of miles cultivation, A. mY1,tifolia and A. sensi­ and mingles there with ceanothus spe­ tiva will stand heavier soils than the cies, adenos tol11 a, scrub oak, rhus and other two. The bright glossy leaves rhamnus and all the other pushing, of A. nU-11~177ula1'ia cover the branches crowding shrubs which congregate to thickly, the shrub becomes rounded in fo rm that delightful state-wide thick­ age and often grows several feet tall. et so dear to the heart of every Cali­ A. H ookeri varies in size also, in shel­ fornian,-the chaparral. tered places reaching over three feet A . glauca is the giant of the lot,-­ and on the coastal bluffs crouching to at leas>t as far as berries go. It is prostrate form before the sea winds. frequent on the warm foothills of cen­ The leaves of this arctostaphylos are tral and southern California, grows very shining and are borne rat her sometimes to small tree size, has large s can til Y on gracefully spreading roundish gray-green leaves, large white boughs. It makes a splendid little fl owers and bunches of big round shrub for rock-work and should be sticky berries which hang down like used more in California landscaping. grapes. It would be grand for bold A. mY1,t·ifol1·a is more of a miff than landscape work where native shrubs the rest and, not being content to give were needed. A. patula is as much a trouble in transplanting is very chary part of the Sierras as its creeping rela­ about seed-bearing, apparently not tive, A. nevade11sis. It forms open wishing to become "common." But spreading bushes covering several though a prude it is a very lovely quare yards and several feet tall and little shrub: A. sensitiva is an up­ has large rounded bright green leaves. standing bush with hairy branchlets, distinctive in a genus where so much roundish leaves and oblong berries. of the foliage is gray-green. These A. bicolo1' refuses to be bunched wide bushes fill spaces between yellow with any of the others. It is the pine, white fir and incense cedar. ten1peramental member and lives alone Whole mountain sides have a green near the San Diego County coast, ad­ fl oor of A. patula and a gree n roo f of venturing down into Lower Californi a. fir and pine. The fl owers are deep It is an interesting and lovely thing, pink and the rather fl attish berries quite tall and with very dark green, turn brown early in li fe. shining, revolute leaves, rose··pink A1'Ctostaphylos viscida's claim to dis­ flowers and gli stenin g red-black ber­ tinction is the light gray, almost 'w hite n es. It carries itself with an air and foliage and branchlets. It has pink inspires immediate affection. In west­ fl owers, large round sticky red berries ern San Diego County whole hillsides and is especiall y particul ar about keep­ are covered with it and I often find ing within its own zone-that which mysel f lookin g forward to seeing it lies between the camp of valley 111 an­ again, with the eagerness and expec­ zanitas and the strongholds of those tancy of renewing an old friendship. clans iILhabiting the mountains proper. The group of tall manzanitas con­ A. manzanita li ves among the inner tains so many rather si milar species coas,t ranges and is recognizable by the that some will have to take the conse­ tree-like ambitions of its trunk and quences of being un-individual and be stems, its narrow, smooth, pale green Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 99

Lezvis J osseiJ'1! Arctostaphylos H oolu!ri 100 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933 leaves, drooping panicles of faint pink shrubs, is a glorified member of its flowers and berries at first white and genus, with no very striking botanical later red-brown. A. Ande1'sonii's idio­ distinction but with a glamor born of syncracies are its large-eared leaves its free sea-encompassed environment. crowded on the branches and its tight The manzanitas are an integral part terminal bunches of flowers. A. Au­ of California's landscape and history. Their berries have for ages fed the denonii keeps to the low mountains California bears and were a staple ar­ of central California. A. tomentosa is ticle of the Indians' diet. White peo­ a coastal species rarely venturing far ple have used them for jellies, vinegar inland. It makes a low wide shrub, and brandy. The rich smoothness of well clothed with downy gray-green the crooked mahogany-red branches leaves, which is associated with the and the exquisite purity of the bloom pine-clad and fog-wrapped seaward is always a subject of remark to the slopes of central California. Its close tourist. And to jihe Californian the but larger relative, A. glandulosa, manzanitas are as closely interwoven more cosmopolitan, bounds it on the into his memories of the state as the north and south. A. i1'lsulG1'is is limit­ fields of wild mustard, the carol of ed to the islands of the Santa Barbara the meadow lark and the scent of Channel. It, like most of the island burning eucalyptus wood.

Ge·ra.n·iw/1'l sa 'nql, ~ine'l!t11'L prostrahlm (G. lancastriense) is a very valuable plant, not only for the Rock Garden but as well for use atop a retaining wall. It begins to flower, here, about May 1st and continues intermittently into. October. [See page 95.] Rather slow in establishing itself, being one of these deep-going, woody­ rooted things, it is, once settled, a very rcii

Harry H . Haworth A1'ctostaph:,'los 1nariposa The ABC's of Rock Gardening-III

By A LICE MINER

If a rock garden can not be satis­ box 0 f gravel, the customary tool s and factorily fitted into the garden plan the garden hose will al so be needed. and the owner's heart yearns to grow alpines, a dry wall may be a happy CONSTRUCTIO N BEGINS solution. With the garden hose, mark the A double faced wall may be built outline for the first course of stone. on a boundary line or use d to separate In plan X II, M N would be such a the vegetabl es from the fi owel-s. Such line. An irregularly built wall has a wall is used in my own yard be­ more individuality than on e built to a tween the tennis co mt and the lawn chalk line. You will note that the line area. just establi shed with the hose is well If the property can be graded into away from the bank again st which the more than one level, a retaining wall wall is bein g constructed, the dis­ may be built. Anoth er lovely effect tance M X in plan X I bein g about 4 may be produced by pl antin g the walls feet . This is necessary to give an of a sunken garden. ample amount of good soil in which The ideal exposure for a dry wall these long greedy alpine roots may is east or south with at least a half stretch themselves. It is well to allow day of sun. One facin g north will generously for this space as it leaves give a minimum o f bl oo m while a the builder plenty of latitude in which west wall will Tequire slightly more to vary the angle of slope in the wall. watering and a selecti on of plants that H e may, for example, wi sh to leave a like the hottest sun . wide ledge such as the point P on pl an X I whil e other secti ons may be C ONSIDER THE MATEHIALS carried up at an abrupt angle. In fact There are a num:ber of materials there are unlimited possibilities of that are useful for dry walls. My vari ati on and it is alm ost impossible own preference is for weathered strati­ to make the wall too irregul ar. fi ed limestone but if this is not ob­ Drainage must be provided in just tainable old bricks, broken cement the same manner as in rock garden pieces, g ranite, li me- or sand-stone co nstruction. The depth of the drain­ boulders may be use e\. Olel bricks and age materi al will, of CO llrse, be gov­ s.tone are so metimes combined in E ng- erned by the kind of soil as has bee n 11 sh gardens with charming effect but prev iously di sc ussed. Provid e plenty normally it is wiser not to use mi x ­ a f drain age uncler a double faced wall tures . as it will help to prevent heavin g by The builder who ll ses one of the frost. less attl-acti ve materi als may console In plan X I, V indi cates the low­ himself with the thol1 ght that in a er and Y the upper level ; alJd X Y very few years, the plants will cover the origin al line of the grass terrace the wall generollsly and little of it will di viding them. It is assumed that the be left exposed. difference in levels is about 30 feet. Plenty of the rock garden soil mix­ On the lin e establi shed, such as M ture, such as that described earlieT, a N in plan X II, pl ace the first course [102] Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 103

VERTICAL CROff Jfer/ON Or A I?ETAININ6 IVALL

x OODDDODDDDDDDOC Y ~ .s?~c/cd Sod N/x faye _ . 1-;"-_~;-'-~- " - " "~{j,,.,'- ~.-I '~ " h0/' b . J;;.t::.I..\ \:, ., 0'- -- -- _ ':' '.. . •• b. , ..~ y-- ~ __. frJ '-:::::;;Jb~ ~, . ", '...... :./-,\ ,,' ...... - . )yi'--,.X::" .' --.;; -1, 8;,- 't!..:.:JI~ N [)OI/13Lt FACEP IVALL -ONLY ONt 510f TO BE PLANTE!} HOIUIONTAL CROff JECT/ON. r/6."%lL

VERTICAL CROJJ JEeT/ON OF fJOUL{}ER. (VALL Fl6.XIJ[.

F/G .-x£ 104 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933

View of Wall Between the Lawn and T ennis COU1't

The two tTees have since been c~1t down to give the wall more light of stones which in this horizontal cross dotted lines and letter "B" in plan section is marked "A." Referring XII. This is a vital factor in the con­ now to plan XI YOll will note that struction and the utmost care should these stones are not laid parallel to be taken to make certain that this has the ground but are tilted backward. been adequately done S111ce it will This is done to conserve moisture and minimize soil loss. prevent soil loss. The narrow ledges As the courses are added a little so formed are ideal planting spaces experimenting will soon show the for most alpines as the foliage will builder how best to combine the dif­ be kept free from soil spatters and ferent sizes and shapes of stones. In there will be no danger of excess the drawings I have assumed that the moisture around the crowns. material used is stratified limestone The prepared soil mixture is now but the same principles apply no mat­ placed over the stones. The space be­ ter what material is used. tween the stones and the bank is filled The cross section in plan XII shows with it and it is then thoroughly one way in which the wall may be stamped down. A few pieces of grav­ varied. The wide ledge at point P may el should be incorporated in the soil be used for plant material requiring on top 0 f the stones so as to prevent a greater space than the narrow ledges the succeeding courses from pressing of other parts of the wall. the soil into too thin a layer. The If the builder prefers an uninter­ stones in each COllrse and the courses rupted slope, the upper part of the themselves should he about 2 inches wall should be carried up in the same apart. manner as the first two courses. The second and each succeeding In the preceding article, plan X course is laid and the soil packed in shows a rock garden treatment for a between them in the same manner. difference in two lawn levels. Either Care should he taken to place each method of treating this space will be course so as to cover the joints in the charming, the rock garden is less one beneath. This is indicated by the formal but takes more space while the Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE lOS

Typical section of old wall showing gene1'ous growth of plants; dwarf iberis and mossy saxifmges blosso11'l.i11g in foreg1'ound. wall will be more forIllal and take less rocks, and it will be noted that al­ space. pines will not grow in such a loca­ In the picture of my own planted tion. This illustrates clearly the nc­ wall which is in the first one of this cessity of placing each succeeding series of articles, it will be noted that course well back from the edge of the the slope and contour of the wall va­ one below so that sun and moisture ries greatly. One section juts out will be equally available to all the sharply just beyond the pool, and plants. These pictures will give you bas a much more gradual slope tban an idea of how completely the plants the section in the foreground. The will cover the wall. You will per­ stones directly above the pool are haps wonder why it was rebuilt. The beautiful examples of the stratified over hanging stones, insufficient grav­ weathered limestones. This picture el between courses resulting in inade­ was taken a week after rebuilding. quate planting sp

were di vided and repl anted and have My own wall is completely covered not yet quite reco vered from bhe shock at the top with trailing roses and though in another yea r or two I shall Junipers. This is clearly shown in again ue wondering what to do with the photograph carryin g the legend them all, for once established they " W all N ewly R ebuilt." I have found are busy growers. the most satisfactory varieties for this purpose to be R ose, Max Graff or A DOU BLE F ACED WALL Lady Duncan, and l unipe1'us chinel1sis Plan XIII is a vertical cross sec­ proc~t mbens, 1. h01' izontalis D ouglasii, tion and plan X II is a horizontal cross 1. horizontalis SabiNa, and 1. chineN­ secti on 0 f a double fa ce d wall. sis S(}Jrgenti. In plan X II it is assumed that the A planting of the larger growing wall is on a boundary line and that alpines would be charming though the outer wall will not be planted. If even then I should like to see some there is only suffici ent stone for one types of dwa·rf evergreen used. wall, tile or cement blocks or other material may be used in the wall next WALLS B UILT OF BOULDERS to the boundary. A sc reen of shrubs If boulders are used for a wall should be pl anted to co nceal thi s rela­ more difficulty will be encountered tively unattracti ve material f rom the in the constructi on. A few years ago public eye. The shrubs will also serve I had my first experience in building as a uackground fo r the planted side a double faced boulder wall. A fter of the wall. considerable experimenting I found If, however, the wall is located so that a perfectly solid wall can be that both sides are to Iw pl anted the achi eved if the slope of the wall is shrubs should not be useel. W hat­ very gradual. ever the materi als or locati on both The drainage was put in and then sides of the double faced wall should the first course "a" in plan X IV was be carried up simultaneously by exact­ laid for each wall and ,the soil firmly ly the same method as described for a packed between t he stones and level retaining wall. The space between the with their tops. Then the boulders wa lls should be fill ed with the good marked "b" were put in behind those soil mi xture as they are built. in the bottom row and always as The di stance between the points X close together laterally as possible for and Y in plan X III will depend on in this type of wall the danger that I:Jhe height of the wall and the amount the so il will wash away is very great. of planting space desired at the top. Each succeeding co urse was lai c! in In this plan 6 feet has been allowed the same relati on to the one beneath between the wall s at the bottom and so that the completed wall has a ve ry 2 ~ at the top, the wall bein g approxi­ gentle slope. mately 3 ~ feet hi gh. T he treatment P lan XV suggests possible ways of of the planting area at the top will combinin g the diffe rent shapes and depend on the location of the wall. If sizes of the boulders. additional height is desired such ever­ greens as h mipe1'us P fitze1'iana or WHEN T O PLANT l unipe1'1ts K oste1'i while Rosa S pi11 - The ideal ti me to plant is during osissi111a might be usee! between the the constructi on when the roots may evergreens or massed at the ends of be spread out to their fullest extent. the wall. A small evergreen such as J unipents Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 107

Section of wall befoTe 1'ebu ilding sho'willg overh.anging 1'oc/~ which p1'e­ vents plant g1'owth beneath. Prill/ula allriClfla in foregrollnd. 108 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933

TIVall Newly Rebuilt LV ate irreg-ulaT wntour chinensis mna or TaXlls cuspidata put soil and wet moss on top of them. nana is fascin3!ting, cropping out from N ow with the assistance of the f·ree the face of a wall and, obviously, hand slide the whole mass into the spa-ce foil." any plants having such a hole. Remove the crow bar allowing large ball of roots must be arranged the stone to drop back in place. for as the wall is built. Gradually fill the hole with good soil, However, if it is impossible to packing it firmly around the roots plant during construction it can be with a small "chinking" stick. Re­ done later. After trying many differ­ serve a small space at the opening for ent methods I have finally worked a final packing of wet sphagnum. out one that has proved to be suc­ The use of wet sphagnum in this cess f ul. fashion provides a more constant sup­ With a stout crow bar, raise the ply of moisture to the plant roots and stone immediately above the spot in holds the soil in place while the roots which you wish to plant. Even a are establishing themselves. It will stone near the bottom of the wall can absorb additional moisture readily and in this way be raised the necessary eventually incorporate itself with the inch or so. Dig out a larger space soil. I have had practically no losses than that required for the roots. On since using this method. the palm of the left hand place a thin The wall may be built at any time layer of soaking wet sphagnum moss, of t'he year that weather permits but sprinkle a light layer of good soil, should be planted in the spring or spread out the roots of the plant and early fall. Summer planting is possi- Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 109 ble but will require constant care and cation will in a measure determine the chances of high mortality will be what can be grown successfully. greater. Many things that do well in the Eng­ The choice of plant material de­ lish rock gardens fail utterly in my pends upon the result desired by the garden while others said to be diffi­ gardener. One may be interested only cult grow here readily. in a collection of rare and difficult After the rock garden or wall is plants while another may want plants built the search for plant material giving a splendid splash of color and will be absorbing as long as gardeners requiring little attention. garden. What to put in now, how­ The climate of your particular 10- ever, is the question ahead of us.

OS'I1b(J;Yea Burkwoodii. daimed to be absolutely hardy by its Osma1'ea Bu.rhwoodi'i, is one of the introducer and to have endured thirty­ really fine new shrubs. It is a rather two degrees of frost in the open with­ dwarf, dense-growing evergreen of out protection and with no il.l effects. good habit and bears handsome, lus­ Mr. Burkwood sent me six plants trous, deep-green foliage. The small, to try in the United States in 1929. milk-white flowers are borne in few­ Our recent abnormally mild winters flowered clusters in the axils of the have not been a real test in the hardi­ leaves toward the end of the branches. ness of any plant and unfortunately They are pleasantly fragrant and add rabbits have greatly damaged the two considerably to the ornamental quali­ bushes I had in the open. I think, ties of this shrub. however, that in a suitable position This bi-generic hybrid, whose par­ and with some shelter from the north ents are OS11Iwnthus Dclava'j,i (seed) winds, Osmarea Burhwoodii will be and Phillyrea deC01'a (pollen), two hardy here. It is well worth a trial, very fine Asiatic shrubs, was raised by for no one could fail to admire this Mr. A. Burkwood on Kingston-on­ shrub for all its good qualities, and in Thames, England. It was Dr. E. H. addition for the grace of its simple, Wilson who proposed the name Os­ unobtrusive beauty. mayea, which combines the names of MRS. J. NORMAN HENRY. both parents, for this plant. It is Gladwyne, Penna. Six Studies of the Front Yard With Planting Plans

By ROBERT S. STURTEVANT, lVI. L. A.

T HE FRONT Y ARD-20 FT. DEEP simpli fied by an absence of big over­ A f ront yard seems to retain its hanging trees. As to t he planting the name as long as it is open to the minimum is marked with A . A reas at B street and serves, visually as a fore­ are frequently planted also, the height ground to the picture dominated by determined by the height of the ap­ the house. As it becomes larger in parent fo undatio ns of the house while area and permits the house to be C in part or in whole mi ght be added screened f rom the street our interest for greater pri vacy. Occasionally a in the view out f rom the house with garden lover li vin g on a side road its doors and windows increases. T he m.ight develop the whole area into a house still dominates the plan but we cottage garden but even an herb gar­ ourselves see it less frequently from a den possesses little winter interest. distance. Despite this limitati on of Naturall y, in so Slllall and in so im­ subject even the narrow front yard portant a spot we must select our offers a wide range of possibilities . plant materia ls with especial care as It also creates for the passer-by or to all-season interest and suitabl e color visitor a first impression of what we and size. Most people avoid a clash are, and first impressions are im­ of colors but few can res ist planting portant. too many different kinds of too large Let us start with an average small a size fo r permanence of eff ect. W e problem, the low set hOLl se pleasantly should sti ck to dwarf or low grow­ symmetrical in plan, the owner in­ in g vegetati on wi th occasional heights terested in appearances and perhaps of compact pyramidal form or care­ in fl owers, the ground risin g gently fully sheared standards. The materi al to the house, and our garden problem and color of the hOllse wall should be [110] Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 111 considered, e. g. the smooth or painted ever, that, though the slow growing wall suggests gloss and fine texture material is easier to handle, any of in the foliage. We like some contrast our small flow ering trees or tree-lik~. of light again st dark, or, an occasional shrubs can be maintained as pyramids;' harmony in the gray of juniper and cones, or standards and this also ap­ shingled wall or stone, and the con­ plies to vines with a distinct trunk trast of rhododendron against clap­ growth such as Wisteria and others. boards is rarely pleasing. As with hedges the small leaved spe­ Accents that appear to en frame the cies show less injury from the shears. door cOl1le first in importance. They Though these shaped plants may may be close to the house or out a appear well by the entrance, we need bit at the corners of the stoop. The much less distinctive material at the house facade suggests the shape we corners. Much too frequently does need as the plants should never hide the individuality of corner planting the delicacy of pilasters or darken actuall y distract our attention from adjoining windows. Three shapes give the entrance instead of merely soft­ satisfacti on in their definition: the ening the corner and suggesting an mound, the standard, and the colum­ enframement of the house. Hence a nar. The mound may be natural or deciduous, often rather rounded amor­ sheared but it should never be leggy phous shape is ideal and our attention nor become a ball on a stick as our in­ is drawn to it only for the brief beauty terest is in its silhouette. With a small of bloom or autumn color. Almost house the planting here can rarely ex­ any of the better shrubs seem fitting ceed four feet in spread though its provided that their branches sweep effective height may range from two to the ground or their feet are hid­ feet to over twelve in a tall standard. den by a low ground cover. The Though things like the Harison location may be at A2, A3, or for Yell ow rose tend to have few trunks larger growths at C2. Either as seen and legs, standards in general must from the street or the gate they serve be artificially maintained. A three to lead the eye to the hospitality of foot standard rising from a low mat the door. of green may be placed close to the The planting along the house (B) house whereas a six to eight foot should be lower and quite uniform standard is often better placed out in texture. Lines of flowers, clove from the hOl1se at the corners of a pinks, tulips, flax, and chrysanthe­ square platforl11. As seen from the mums may suit a Cape Cod cottage street one hardly reali zes the change house or an even planting of myrtle in l ocat~on and, from within, it gives and ferns a shaded site while a non­ a pleasant enframement of the path. descript house with few pretensions Standards of intermediate height are to architectural charm might sport a hopeless-too low for enf ral11ement row of Japanese barberries, or abelia and too hi gh for decoration. where it was hardy. There is a cer­ The third and 111 0St overdone shape tain tight monotony in evergreen plant­ is the colu1l111ar normally found in ing unless bulbs break through th t" variety pyramidalis and in slow grow­ carpet at odd seasons and the change ing evergreens. The deciduol1s pyra­ fr0111 green to autumn color, frul11 midals are too large for such a use flow er to fruit is marked ly tu be de­ and topiary work takes considerable sired. skill. It i well to remember, how- The accompanying plan for thi 112 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933 suuny yard suggests solutions for MarjoraIll, a green carpet for tulips; three temperaments: the uninterested, 3. 1< i ngs 0 f chi ves rise f rom the mats those with taste but little garden en­ of thYllJe that overlap the stones. thusiasl11, and those who plant in (There are many low growing varie­ every available spot. The accompany­ ties of thyme, gold and silver, green, iug key to the planting suggests but gray, and vivid lemon thyme.) 4. one solution tllough its development Sage, lavender, santolina, and hyssop may be budgeted for successive years. in balanced groups of threes serve as The ideal location would permit the a foil to clusters of Liliwl1L speCiOSu,11~ . use of box but alternatives are sug­ S. Monarda rises high above the dy­ gested for more northern winters. I ing foliage of daffodib. 6. Accents would start with my foundation plant­ of dark box (or hyssop) rise fr0111 a ing (A and B), add my hedge the gay mat of N epeta mu,ssini and Call1,­ following year, then my fence and panula CGlrpatica which though not finally, if my interest held, the hel-b herbs give colOir throughout the season garden to right ancl Ie ft. I have as­ and permit scattered drif.tings of the sumed that the hOllse is attractively earliest bulbs. 7. A touch of mari­ unpretentious and needs no screening golds. 8. A medley of greens-burnet, of heavy vines or growth. Naturally horehound, peppermint, sclary and box, and lilacs, and herbs sound both burrage, things of interest rather than English ancI old-fashioned. of beauty. 9. is the much used mint bed edged with parsley and with scat­ KEY TO PLAN- tered planrt:s of Sweet Rocket and A. Clematis, its color contrasting Tansy giving touches of color in their with the house: AI, Box (Taxu,s var. season. We can spare no space that repandens); A2, IVlock orange for would be empty in winter for the fragrance; A3, standard lilac. many annuals, Dill, Sweet Basil, Cori­ n. A trailing rose of suitable color, ander or Carraway. pegged flat and with lines of tulips A FRONT YARD-HouSE UNSYM­ and lilies bmsting through in succes­ METRICAL- sion. Thyme (T. ser/,'yllu1n) creeps III dealing with the narrow front in the crevices 0 f the pavement. yard we can attain but little privacy C. A hedge 0 f lilac or crape myrtle from the street and the straight path gives seclusion for 111)' future garden leading to the door is the only reason­ or a low hedge of harberry or abelia able soltttion but with a squarish area may mark the edges of Illy plot at Cl. of yard seclusion is both practical and Four old-time roses nod behind the desirable and the straight approach is picket fence and a pear tree (C2) the least effective as it cuts our lawn pyramids towards the eaves. directly into two parts. Nos. 1-9 are a final playful addi­ N aturalIy the picturesqueness of the tion. The hox-edged plots each have house with its side gable suggests in­ wee paths of hrick or stone, and are formality of path, lawn, and en­ planted with herhs for the 1110st part closing shrubbery·-a treatment that as so many of them have winter in­ is, incidentally, inexpensive in mainte­ terest. Wi th the addi tion of bulbs nance. Assuming the presence of and a few hlooms we win sLtccession good loam the cost of small-sized of color-1. Wormwood and Tiger quick-growing shrubbery is also in­ lilies peering through the fence; 2. considerable where as the use of many Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 113

KITCHE.N

Dl\IVE,

A TALL IS l'1wluM 6' C LoW' .Ij' D GqcuNDCoVE:R.. [. LoW' ACCt.NT .f VINE..

J\ FR.ONT YARP ",,--,~.:-:.:....:....:...-HOV 51.. UNSYMME.T\IC'<.L ' .-:-c. ..-:-- .. :7":-.. :"".:. "'::-R"'"-j;:- .-::""': ....,.j.. ., .. :

evergreens or the stnvmg for imme­ our planting. The curves must be diate effect may run t

A SOLUTION FOR SOUTH OF WASH­ B. Nandina for fruit and texture; INGTON - B1. Lonice1'a Standishi,' B2. Hibisc~~s Trees: A big liquidambar for its syriacus in tight array; B3. Pymcan­ tha lit with the occasional white of brilliant fall color, a Japanese flower­ clematis; B4. Roses Silver Moon and ing cherry and Albizzia to enframe Jacotte. the house and Oxydendron rising Abelia grandifiom and the D from the shrubbery. e. areas variously disposed, though J A and AI. Pyramidal and Spread­ should prefer simple masses of Eng­ ing Yews; A2. Azalea ledifoliu711 lish Ivy by the path, of azaleas and album,,' A3. Cedars of Lebanon with jasmine. wide-spreading shade. E. Box. E1. M agnolia s t e ll a t a

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~ [ :· ::·.. · ······A ff\ONT GAR..D[N · ~" " HOUSE. SYMMETR..1CA L 116 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933 again; E2. the spreading dark green thell the shaded seat is pleasantly dis­ of cephalotaxus. tractil1g. The hedge, whether high or low The huuse facade is frallled between would be of evergreen privet and standards of P,'unus serrulata sacha­ throughout the Southern planting linense, the Sargent Cherry (A) which broadleaved evergreens should pre­ in sOll1e f () rills has a Illost delightf ul dominate. hronze ill its new growths and bril­ liance of fall color in addition to its A FRONT GARDEN-HoUSE SYMMET­ rosy 1>lool1ls and close to the path are RICAL- plantings of barberry with a tangle of Whether the symmetrical house be rambler roses (C) (olle rose to either Colonial in feeling or non-descript it side) of Japanese yew, the erect grow­ suggests immediately formality in plan, ing forl1l (13) a11(1 the cheer of C oton­ at least as we look outward, however easter horizo7lfa/is (Cl) ill close con­ subtle the treatment of the entrance tact with the junipers (AI). path may be. Again we seek privacy An odd plallt (BI) of Spiraea trico­ (it makes the problem more difficult carp a, the latest of the Bridal wreaths of solution) and again we consider to flower, stands at the gate, while first our winter effects despite the nearby (132) S. prtl1li.folia, the earliest strictly garden pattern. The area be­ o f all runs riot. .Juiliperus var. SIl'r­ tween hOll se and street, path and gentii (C2), i[ountain Lamel (C3), drive, is almost square-with the in­ Carolina rhododendron (C4) all d sertion of a terrace we would easily touches of I..eiophylltllll (D) are all attain an octangular pattern and cen­ evergreen as in fact are the Clove tral pool but it has seemed more Pinks (Dl) and even the mixed amusing to develop a seat beneath the planting of till ips and chyrsanthel11ums apple tree that gives a bit of seclusion (D2). It is hard to remember that and is pleasantly off axis. many an edging plant and perennial The accent plantings are balanced has winter green even if a covering for the most part but only as seen of pine boughs does not help us. from different points of view rather At G are dwarf polyantha roses than as a foolish balance all around to that will appreciate sl1ch a cover, and be fclt only on plan. As we enter at Gl, 2, 3 are mixed perennials, tall through the break in the tall hedge sun-loving things; peonies, cimici fuga, only the edging of dipt Euony111t£S with bl11bs and annuals to the fore, 1'(zdiwlls or box sYl11111etrically placed an

the paved or gravel path is neatly it would look well) hence the provi­ edged, amI 'wi thin the beds the plant­ sion of a livably flat terrace, of a two ing will SOOll become so thick as to to one (two horizontal to one foot discourage the weeds--a noble desid­ vertical) slope and a retaining wall of eratul11 for the lazy gardener and, in­ varying height. With even a . two cidentally, most natmalistic and lovely foo.t hedge (preferably of the dwarf 1IJ appearance. Taxus repandens) and a mixed plant­ i11g of obher yews and E"W1~y11 'I$tS mdi­ A NARROW Y AIm ON A SLOPING cans var. vegetus (C 1) we are well SITE- shielded from the passer-by. Often when the house is perched The path c1im.bs up between forsy­ well above the street the mere mech­ thia (B3) (var. spectab·ilis) and privet anics of stepping llP are difficult and (B2), turns beneath the white birches the solution lies in zig-zagging the (A) and we look ahead at the hem­ path, inserting landings between flights lock (AI), birch, forsythia, and bush of steps. III this case the seven foot honeysuckle (B) (L. jragrantissi1'l1.a) . drop to the east permits entrance to a There are nearby laurels (C) rising garage at the lower level and the four from a carpet of evergreen ferns, foot drop to the west permits an easy trilliums, mertensia, and early bulbs entrance. Incidentally it is well to re­ and we watch anxiously the slow de­ member that we tend to take out-of­ velopment of hollies (A2) against the door flights 0 f steps more leisurely house. than indoor ones and that hence the It matters little what happens clown risers should he less (5 ~ to 6 in.) by tbe garage but a red maple is love­ and the tread proportionately more ly in spring and fall, and dense shrubs (13 in.) rather than the frequent 8-9 will screen the path to the rear. Such by 10-9 inches that is not too steep a pa:th, as it adjoins the garage, might within. well he shaded hy grapes held high on The average difference in grade be­ the li ghtest of Sllpports. I have seen tween the hOll se and the street is too a lovely and lllOst aged grape arbor, great to perll1i t ,111 even slope (even if its posts a mere two inches squure- 118 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933

GAf\AGE. UNDE.I\ FL.E.L.SO.

hardly matching in diameter the trunks tal11l11g wall) we must climb a flight of the grapes. of steps unbroken by landings. A low Please note that our house faces due edging of myrtle fends off the prick­ north anci there is little chance for ly bank-cover of mixed roses and flower color except from the plants barberry and finally we emerge from of the forest floor. beneath the overhanging oak upon the garden terrace, its center marked with THE HOUSE PERCHE]) HIGH- a sun dial set upon an old mill-stone. With the house a good ten feet But to return,-fr01l1 the street a above the street we may live on one bush-honeysuckle (B) overhangs the level in almost complete privacy ane! service path. The stepped wall lead­ let the passer-by enjoy the view of ing to the garage is hung with for­ the garage below and of a thickly sythia (B2) (I wish we could grow planted bank-the worle! will look up jasmine in the north) and a rose, to us. while an Austrian Pine (AI) and a To attain the greatest possible area low juniper reach outward. Then of flat (without too expensive a re- come the steps and further along our Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE 119 old convenient friend the evergreen and paths (or drives) should be kept bittersweet (EI) shields the passer-by to the sides is almost a necessity as a from the barberries and roses (B 1) . straight long path appears even nar­ From within the house we look out rower than it actually is and leaves across a pleasant grass plot to a plant­ too restricted areas on either side for ing of big perennials, the bed sloping a good appearance. up to a thicket planting of Aronia The development of a terrace close and C ornus mce111osa. The Choke­ to the house becomes a first thought berry and Gray Dogwood offer a even though it is merely a breakfast pleasing background in both winter terrace as in this plan. This shortens and sUlllmer and also variety of fruit om area desirabl y and if there were and flower. To one side is an Eng­ marked changes in grade we might in­ lish hawthorn (A2), its fruit hanging se rt a sq uari sh garden near the ter­ late (,birds permitting) while to the race rather than developing the whole other is a fragrant 1110ck orange while front into an informal lawn. The lo­ elsewhere there are touches of ever­ cation of the garage is to the north green in yew (Cl) and juniper (C). ( incidenrt:ally it abutts of the service­ Close to the step are pyramidal arbor­ a des irable point) and the location of vitae (A) rising above a carpet of the entrance was influenced both bv pachysandra (D) and in the beds the nee d Qf access to the garage and against the house we st rive for suc­ the fact that the stores were to the cessIon of bloom,-early bulbs giving northeast while the f ront door was to way to low perennials and to aspiring the southwest. These locations per­ lilies . mit a pl easant curvin g path leading The edgin g of the fl ower beds is up the slope and the variati on in slope the crowning touch ·with its accents s ugg~ s t s the introdll cti on of steps wi th of lavender and varied display of odds plantings ahollt thelll . and ends of rock plants swarming out But a few points in the planting over the wide fl at stones. That there nec d comlllent perhaps. As usual the should be vi nes (F) against the house lawn off ers pleasing lin es of bay and as well as against the garage goes prolllontory, the planting on the heaci­ without saying. lands tall enollgh to hide what might I think the plan presents a feeling be beyond. Again st the garage and of order and pleasing pattern despite se rvice lattice, vin cs are trained to the fact that its only symmetry is the permit the largest possible area fo r centering of th e dial in the turf panel ollr fl owers. \i\Ti n( er interes t in fruit and its placing on axis with one group and t wig as well as i 11 evergree n has of windows. All too often strict ad­ been emphasize d and the very early herence to the rules of balance be­ flowering slend er Pnmus Da1lidiana comes obtrudingly obvious. aci ds tlllusllal int erest as it is even earlier than the weeping cherry and A Drmp FRONT YARD-- yet does not make too large a tree. Where the house is set well back If the plantillg were in a limestone from the street, complete privacy is secti on ell on),lll ll S or evergreen bar­ easil y attained and the chief problem berries should he suhstituted for the is ·in the subdivision of an area made Mountain Laurel and azaleas. even narrower by a sid e drive or the I t is well to re1l1elll her that i 11 a garage and service as in the solution front yard of these general propor­ presented in plan. That all planting tions the first decision as to how it 120 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933

) II I

SE.l\V1C E.

.131

£3

Dl.

... .. :,. should be suo-divided is the most im­ a slender standard tree blooming in pOl·tant thing. earliest spring; AI, a sun-loving ever­ green (a place for a blue spruce if Key to Plal/ling you lllust have olle); A2, witchhazel, A (over 8 ft.), Pmnlfs Davidiana, and I should like to mix American Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 121

and Chinese for their different sea­ ria; C2, the Scotch rose var. altaica, sons of winter bloom; A3, Red cedars a lovely thing; C3 Mountain Laurel; in varying shapes and heights; A4, C4, Flame azaleas interplanted with EuonY1nus a/atus and you should start daffodils and Phlox divGfYicata; C5 out with a good big one as it screens Stf/p hanandra for its attractive foliage the entrance. and density of habit. D (ground-covers), a variety of B (6-8 ft. for screening) , Japanese woodsy things, evergreen ferns, mer­ yew and as large plants as you can tensia and the like; Dl, one of the afford; B 1, Weigelia would be lovely; stand-bys, pachysandra, vinca, or Eng­ B2, Vibu1'1lU1n cassino ides, not thrill­ Jish ivy, which ever will thrive best. ing hut a good filler under the witch­ E (flowers planted for succession­ hazel which should arch the path; B3, your own selection), spring bulbs and the red-twigged cornel; 134, Multiflora annuals and a careful picking of per­ roses planted for their winter fruit ennials with good foliage is best ad­ even more than for their bIQom--var. joining the terrace ; E1, big sun-loving cathayensis is a delightful blush varia­ perennials, the effect heightened by tion; B5, the dark F01'sythia var. spec­ climbing roses and clematis behind; at tabilis. the northern side of the shrubbery C (low shrubs, Leucothoe Cntes­ one might add many spring flowering baei, rich bronze in winter and al­ things hut there are relatively few ways graceful; C1, green-twigged ker- sunny spots after the leaves come out.

Nut Culture in the Northeast

By C. A. REED

If you were to telegraph to some moderate-Industry promises fair qualified authority for a ten-word returns under right conditions." picture of the present nut growing Neither of these answers would situation in the Northeastern States, satisfy one who seriously considers you would probably receive an an­ going into nut growing. Both indi­ swer something like this: "Past cate that, under favorable condi­ failures many-successes occasional tions, a moderate margin of profit -times changing-industry going may be expected but w hat those forward." conditions are is what the prospec­ If you should want more details tive planter wants to know, and and should request a fifty-word "Will it pay t o try to meet them?" night letter, you might get this: Before going further, let us deter­ "Two centuries with foreign species mine just w hat kind of a planter it made little forward progress-Two is that wants to know. If it is a decades with natives has apparently coldly calculating investor, interested placed industry upon sound pioneer only in placing money where divi­ basis-T est orchards of g rafted trees dends ar e practically certain, and in rich soil bearing young as apples the question is how great the profits -Use of kernels in manufactured will be rather than whether there foods steadily increasing-Prices will be any return or not, there will 122 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933 . be no u·se in going further. The growing in the South. It would be sooner the matter is forgotten the hard today to find an orchard of better. On the other hand, if it is a black walnut, chestnut, or other land owner w ith seedling nut trees kind of nut tree in the Northeast of one or more e'dible species al­ having as many as 500 trees that ready growing thriftily along fence has been planted by a man of any rows and other places on the farm, other class. In some respects, these the situation may be qt.1ite different. men are m ore important to pioneer­ Any such person w ho wishes t o de­ ing in nut culture than farmers rive r evenue from all possible w ho, not being able to take risks, sources may well consider nut grow- . must feel their way by planting ing. With little expense he may small numbers of trees and eter­ derive enough cash income to pay nally play safe. They plant large interest on mo·rtgages, taxes, or or:chards, test varieties, try scores other items where cash only is ac­ of minor new ideas., and do other ceptable. things w holly beyond the financial A class of amateur planters usu­ reach of the farmer. This class of ally omitted in considering parts planter is vital to the northeastern played in agriculture, yet w hich is nut industry. May their tribe in­ oftentimes of incalculable value in crease! experimentation and w hich has long But w hy does the night letter say been of leading importance in nut that foreign species have failed in growing, is that of business men, the Northeast? There are three doctors, lawyers, co ll ege professors, reasons: lack of hardiness, natural and others w ho seek new lines of enemies, and inferior varieties. The agriculture as a form of diversion in kinds first tried were: Persian (Eng­ preference to golf, yachting, base­ li sh) walnut, almond, filbert, Euro­ ball, shooting, and the like. Such pean chestnut, Japanese chestnut, men often find recreation in man­ and Japanese ·walnut. aging a farm. They seldom care for doing the same thing poorly that Persian ·walnut, f1,tglans 111:gra, Linn. farmers in the neighborhood are do­ The Persian walnut is not an en­ ing better than they can hope to tire failure in this part of the coun­ do. They want something new, try as there are thousands of trees, something unusual, something that usually growing singly or in small won't perish from off the earth if plantings of less than a half-dozen, left alone for a few weeks or in dooryards, and home orchards months, yet which, without being throughout various parts of the burdensome in labor or cash, will East. They are usually in peculiarly make the farm more valuable year favorable sites about the lower after year. These men are often Great Lakes in Michigan, Ohio. real leaders in local agriculture. Pennsylvania, Ontario, western New They are usually assets to any com­ York, and in protected positions east munity, either by showing how to of the Appalachian Mountains, espe­ do or how not to do. As recently cially between Long Island Sound as a quarter of a century ago, such and Norfolk, Virginia. They appar­ men were among- the main leaders ently prefer neutral or moderately in Persian (English) walnut culture acid soils to those in whIch blue­ on the western coast and in pecan berries, rhododendrons, and the like. Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 123

thrive best. They are especially close relationship to the peach, it is Gammon in southeastern P ennsyl­ often assumed that it should do well vania, northern Maryland and the in similar locations. This, however, District of Columbia. The greatest is sadly untrue, as, except for an apparent trouble with this speci es occasional seedling of the hardshell in the Northeast is due to its re­ type w ith kernels scarcely more sponsiveness to mild t emperatures edible than peach pits, there are no in winter and early spring. At such almond trees t o speak of east of the times its sa p -begins to fl ow and its Rocky Mountains. There are occa­ buds swell. Extremely low tem­ sional trees in T exas, Oklahoma and peratures w hich sometimes follow Arkansas, but no orchards and no catch the trees wholly unprepared. important crops of nuts. This is in The tops a J:e easily killed back and spite of the fact that the Texas very often the trunks are injured (Syn. T exas Prolific) variety, one by splitting the bark. This walnut of the best known in California, is is sometimes truly said to be as supposed to have originated in the easily injured by freezing a s the state w hose name it bears. sweet cherry, but this is not the whole In this country, almond g rowing story. The P ersian walnut is more is commercially successful only in sensitive to frost injury than the certain favored regions of the far sweet cherry and less able to recover. west. These are chiefl y in the in­ Also, it tends to grow late in fall terior vall eys of California, w here without properly maturing ahead of there is minimum danger of destruc­ winter freezes. Old trees in this part tively low t emperatures following of the country without large scars the blooming season. With early due to destructive freezing a re hard varieties in some instances this often to find. A safe general statement re­ begins in J anuary, and with late garding the P ersian walnut in the East varieties may extend into April. would probably be that to every Filbert, C orylus avellana, Linn. living tree that can be found today, The story of the E uropean filbert a dozen or perhaps a hundred have in the Northeast is somew hat differ­ undoubtedly perished in the same ent although, like the others, it too neighborhood. Certain it is that, has had iots extremely low ebb. It In 1933, there is neither an im­ portant P ersian walnut orchard in­ has had at least three reasons for dustry in the E ast , nor any visible doing so. The plants blossom in prospect of there being one w ithin late winter and the fl owers are fre­ the near future. In spite of all this, quently destroyed by severe t em­ peratures occurring in February, it is a splendid tree to have w herever March, and early April. The varie­ and w henever it does well. ties planted were of E uropean par­ Almond, A11ttygdalus c01'I't11!f,unis, Linn. entage and fatall y subj ect to a fun­ The story of the almond in the gus disease everywhere harbored by North is short. Noone now knows the largely resistant native species; how generally it was planted here and the plants w hose fl owers were when the country was young, but not kill ed by freezing temperatures the chances are that it was t hor­ and were not themselves destroyed oug hl y tested long before it was by the fungus, simply failed for taken to Cali fo rnia. Because of its some other reason to bear payinO" 124 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933 crops. However, less than fifteen joyed particular popularity. With years ago, renewed activity with the the American sweet and the Euro­ filbert was begun along more en­ pean chestnuts both gone because lightened lines and today the situa­ of blight, the weevils took to the tion looks encouraging. Of this, Japanese species, probably because more will be said later. it represented the only food left. Chestnut, Castanea spp. Japanese walnut, Juglans sieboldiana, The European chestnut, Castanea Maxim. satizJa, Mill., came into this country The Japanese walnut came into about 1800 or earlier. It was never the United States at about the same considered as comparing favorably time as did the chestnut from the with the native American sweet in land of the Rising Sun. At home palatability. Its redeeming features it had been so lightly regarded by were due to its greater prolificacy the Japanese that it had not been and larger nuts. During the eighties, cultivated, yet we undertook at once seedlings began to appear which to incorporate it prominently amoIig produced nuts so superior to the our orchard products. Trees and average of their kind as to suggest seeds were planted from New Eng­ hybridity with the American sweet, land to California and from Florida C. dentata, Borkh. These were given to the Pacific Northwest. The only such variety names as Paragon, trees available were seedlings. These Numbo, Ridgely, and others, and ex­ proved exceedingly variable, some tensively used both in the nursery producing one type of nut, some and in top-working coppice sprouts others quite distinct, and some in­ from cut-over chestnut forest lal'lds. termediates. Some produced nuts The trees bore heavily but natural pr'actically indistinguishable from enemies proved insurmountable. Few native butternuts, although the ker­ nuts were ever marketable due to nels never possessed as rich quality weevil infestation. Then came the or as pleasing flavor. Most of the bark disease and destroyed the trees earliest trees planted have now dis­ with the same, although slower appeared and there is no longer thoroughness which characterized special interest in seedlings of this its atback upon the native species. species. However, the last two dec­ No European chestnut trees are ades have broug-ht forth certain now planted in regions where the varieties chosen ~from one of the native species grew as a forest tree. types and called "heart-nuts," be­ The Japanese chestnut, C. crenata, cause of their heart-like form. A Sieb. et Zucc., was first brought into limited amount of experimental this country about three-quarters of planting is now taking place along a century ago. It was both more lines of more modern horticulture. precocious and more prolific than NATIVE GENERA AND SPECIES its European cousin. Also, the nuts were larger and the species more During the past 25 years-more resistant to the bark disease. How­ or less-much interest has developed ever, except when especially pre­ in certain native species indigenous pared, the nuts were ordinarily not to this part of the country. Not sufficiently palatable to appeal to that fa-reign kinds have been finally the taste and they have never en- and completely abandoned, but that Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 125 many contributing factors have store up material within their buds combined to lead in that direction. for a crop the following year. An­ Of the native species which now other drawback is the difficult and appear to give promise for orchard extremely disagreeable task of re­ use, the black walnut, butternut, moving hulls from the nuts. There shagbark hickory, shellbark hickory, is also difficulty in cracking the sweet pignut or false shagbark, shells and extracting the kernels in and the pecan, and possibly inter­ pieces large enough to command first mediate and hybrid forms, must be prices. Again, a factor which must considered for use in some parts of not be discounted too lightly in con­ the Northeast. Definite progress nection with the black walnut industry has been made with each of these is the crop from native trees. As the species during recent years. demand increases, the crop is yearly being more carefully gathered. Com­ Black walnut, fuglans nigra, Linn. ing as it does in small quantities from The black walnut has received thousands of farms, there are no more recent attention at the hands standards of grades and prices vary of pioneer nut planters than has any accordingly. The very uncertainty of other species. This is because of the size or condition of this crop is de­ greater range of area to which it moralizing to the market. However, is indigenous, and the fact that an these factors are no more numerous important market for its kernels or serious than are those connected has long existed. Nurserymen are with other ag-ricultural projects and propagating a half-dozen or more none should be taken too seriously. varieties and thousands of trees are Some are already being overcome. yearly being set out, mostly in small lots of a half-dozen or so. Butternut, fuglans cine1'ea, Linn. As stated in the night letter, the The butternut has yet received no trees are capable of bearing their great amount of aJttention in so far as first crops quite as young as apples. development of varieties or produc­ However, the soil must be fertile tion of grafted nursery trees are con­ and of the right general character cerned. It grows farther north than for the trees either to- grow or bear any other member of the walnut fam: satisfactorily, and at best as the ily, out-distancing the shagbark hickory trees grow older, they show marked in New England and the black walnut tendencies toward alternate bearing. west of Lake Michigen. It enjoys As with every other form of or­ much popularity in New England. It charding, there are numerous known is hard to graft and practically no va­ drawbacks to growing black walnuts. rie.ties can be had from nurserymen at These are not pleasant to contem­ this time, although a dozen or more plate, but they should not be de­ have been named and propaga,ted to liberately overlooked. For instance, some extent. There are no known the trees are subject to summer de­ orchards. foliation by the familiar walnut Nuts of this species are among the caterpiIIars. Without leaves during most palatable of any produced by the latter part of the summer, the native species. As the range is much trees are able neither to develop more restricte.d than that of the black plump kernels within the nuts al­ walnut, there are fewer trees. Pro­ ready on their branches, nor to duction is therefore less and it would 126 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE Apr., 1933 seem logical that the market will be now cultivated to any extent upon a less likely to become saturated. In all variety basis. In fact, not more than likelihood, it will be but a matter of three or four varieties are known to time before there will be orchards of have been named. Good shagbarks grafted butternut trees, especi ally 111 have a delightful fl avor all their own, the extreme northern points. for which they are very much worth Shagbark hi ckory, H-icoria 07Jata. while. (Mill er ) Britton. Sweet pignut or false shagbark, H ie­ The shagba rk, the choicest of the oria ovalis (W angenheim) Sud­ nClJtive hi ckori es, except the pecan, worth. bears the partially deserved reputation The small pignut or false shagbark of being hard to graft, difficult to is nearly as palatable as the true shag­ transplant, slow to grow a nd, in so ba rk, which it closely resembles, but far as the kernels are concerned, not has received little attention thus far greClJtly in demand. U nder certain by those who are bringi ng out new condi,tions these points are all con­ varieties wit h many other species. ceded. In compari son with the apple H owever, there is no reason why its or peach, the shagbark can not be time shoul d not come. called easy to graft or transplant, but they are much easier than butternut Pecan, Hieoria peean (1\-1arshall ) Brit­ and J apanese walnut. In these re­ ton. spects, they are about like the black T he pecan is generally rated as walnut. H ere, as elsewhere, the term America's choicest nati ve nut. In the "easy" is relative only. To one who Northeast it is of interest as a nut knows how and is willing to take producer only in the lower north. A pain s, shagbark hi ckory grafting and dozen or more vari eties have been used transplanting are not part icularly dif­ in experimental orcha rds for approxi­ ficult. Experi enced propagators soon lnately two decades, but it remains yet learn the art of successful hickory to be proved that pecan t rees are cap­ grafting, and when properly planted in the right kinds of soil , the trees able of producing paying crops at latitudes as hi gh as that of the Dis­ grow rapidly and come into bearing trict of Columbia, Vincennes, Indiana, much earlier than is supposed. Neither and St. Louis, Missouri, except possi­ obj ection should be taken too serious­ bly to a limited extent on the Chesa­ ly by any earnest person who wants to grow the shagbark hi ckory. peake Peninsula of Maryland and with certain varieties only, near the Missis­ In so far as a demand fo r the ker­ sippi R iver north to southeastern nels is concerned, much depends upon Iowa. At other northern points the local tastes. A t present, the demand pecan has little value other than as is greater for black walnut kernels .an ornament in the landscape. In whi ch have greater povver of impart­ ing fl avor after being cooked. this latter capacity it is well worth considering wherever the soils are rich Sihellbark hickory, Hieo'ria laei'niosa and l-easonably moist, yet well drained, (Michx . f.) Sargent. at points much farther no,rth. A t its The shellbark hickory, cl osely re­ best, it is unsurpassed in beauty by lated to the shagbark but much more any other deciduous tree. It is un­ limited in range and producing nuts doubtedly the largest-grow ing hard­ of three or four times the size, is not wood species of this country. Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI E 127

OTHER SPECIES, FOREIGN AS WELL past, this phase of the situati on must AS NATIVE be · con~idered. It should also be Chinese Hairy Chestnut, Castanea borne in mind that no species of mollissi11'La. Blume. ·chestnut yet found is altogether res,is­ Aside from the several species so tant to blight. It must be expected far discussed as having apparent pos­ that, regardless of species, there will ibilities of proving profitable when be a certain percentage of mortality. rightly handled, there are a few other More than this, by way of further forms believed to have their potenti­ warning against too great expecta­ alities, although not necessarily in the tions, the Chinese species is too new immediate future, for the reason that in this country tor much knowledge trees for planting could become avail­ to be had regarding its bearing habits. able for general planting within prob­ Most trees longest under observation ably another fi ve years. One of these have been light to moderate bearers. is the Chinese hairy chestnut. This Filbert hybrids. is the only chestnut yet brought into Still another form of nut tree be­ this country having as good flavor as li eved to have important possibilities the native American sweet. Many of is one already referred to in the filbert the nuts are fully as sweet as the discussion. It is a hybrid form re­ finest of our home chestnuts. In ad­ sul

By FLORENS DEBEVOISE

DACTYLOIDES SECTION quite as marked as those 0 f their (Mossy Saxifragas) relatives in the Ellaeizoon section. This section probably derived its The following notes include many name from the moss-like effects pro­ which have provell a success in this duced by the emerald green mats country and no doubt there are many which are formed by these plants. varieties still to be obtained from They are sub-alpine species found abroad, which will add beauty and usually in woodland. In spring their charm to our rock gardens, wall gar­ beautiful masses of green are be­ dens and borders. spangled with charming flowers rising CERATOPHYLLEAE OR STAG'S-HORN on stems from four to eight inches ROCKFOILS and ranging in colours from white through pink to dark rose and red. The members 0 f this group have They make better growth in shade foliage resembling miniature stag's than in sun, though contrary to the horns as for example S. trifu1'cata. proclivities of the encrusted section S. CAMPOSII they seem to enjoy the early morning sun, and if they have about three Sometimes con fused with S. X hours of this they appear quite flour­ Wallacei though its habit is dwarfer, ishing. The soil should contain a making compact mat cushions of three liberal amount of leafmold or humus lobed leaves, and the white flowers well mixed with sand and garden are smaller. It blossoms in May and loam. Moisture is a real necessity. June. A native of Spain. During the early spring they make S. CUNEATA good growth and a dazzling display, Is another Spaniard. A vIgorous but when the flowering period is past growing plant forming cushions of trouble begins for the gardener, for broad cuneate leaves which at the top they will turn brown and die out in are deeply cut into three lobes. The the center. Whether this is due to large white blossoms are borne in exhaustion from so much bloom or eight inch panicles in early spring. because of summer heat no one seems l'his plant should be sheltered from to know; however, in spite of this one the North and East winds during the defect they are well worth growing winter. and their ailment is easily remedied S. MAWEANA by clipping away tIle brown leaves and giving the plant a good top dressing Was introduced from North Africa of leaf soil mixe

Donald F. N[ errett © Saxif?'aga liVallacei

S. TRIFURCATA cleft. The fl owering shoots are red­ dish. A native· 0 f Northern Spain pro­ ducing a rich green carpet of rosettes . EXARATEAE .The stiff, thick little leaves are three There are ollly four species in this cl eft and more glaucous 1)1an the type. group, some with mossy tufted habit The white fl owers are loosely borne and others with lilOre ri gid foliage. 011 branchin g panicles cOl11pletely cov­ s. EXARATEAE ering the plallt with 1)1 00111 . It makes rapid growth and will endure more The habitat of this interesting and sun than oth er l11 ossic:3. beauti f ul plant extends across the European Alps and from the Pyre­ S. WALLACEI ll ees to the Balkans. The leaves are An orphan without pedigree or three lobed and rather blunt. Its country;' nevertheless of outstanding masses are covered with white fl ow­ merit. "fhe white 'fl()wers are very ers on two to three inch thick ·wiry, large and fragrant, £reely produced in branching stems held rigidly erect in branching sprays six inches hi gh. The early spring. leaves are somewhat larger than other . The three other' species belonging varieti es and of a light gFeen, five to this group are S. miita from the Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL H ORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 131

D onald F. M er·rett © S ax'if1'aga decipiens

P yrenees, a small tu fted plant not fl owers appear on fo ur inch loose ter­ often seen in gardens ; S . obscura and minal clusters 111 early summer. S. pubescens also from the P yrenees S. DECIPIENS and seld om seen in cultivation. H ail s from the Northern E uropean CAESPITOSAE regions. A pl ant of vigorol1 S habit ; This group contains Mossy Saxi­ large fl owers on tall er stems than the fragas of larger habit of growth in­ type. A parent of 111 any of the fin er cluding the red fl ower·ed varieti es. The coloured massies. A mossy with a hybridizers have been busy with this good di spos iti on in sun or shade. group in recent years, their efforts res ulting in many beautiful highly s. IRATIANA coloured fo rms ; S. 111,~£scoides var. A small dense tufted mossy from at1'opU1'pu1'ca, a small plant with little the Pyrenees where it is found at red fl owers, being used as a parent. high elevatioll s. T he rosettes are similar to S. caespitosa in Immature s. CAESPITOSA for111. T he whi te flowe rs are pro­ T hi vari abl e species wanders over duced on two inch stems in summer. the Northern and A rcti c regions. Its A late fl owering saxifrage is always crowdecl tufts of dark gree n foli age of value in the rock garden. covered with short glandular hairs quickly cover large spaces when grown s. NEVADE SIS in mo re temperate cl imates. White Another Spanish Mas y from the 132 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933

Sierra Nevada Mountains, rather rather succulent three lobed leaves similar to the above, but larger in all which are strongly nerved. It is tap parts than S. iratiana. rooted, so particular care should be given as to drainage. A crevice with s. SPONHEMICA a downward slope to avoid too much A native of Northwestern and Cen­ moisture in winter best suites its tral Europe. A plant varying between needs. The branching stems carry S. caespitosa and S. decipiens. White sprays of large white flowers in April flowers in loose panicles in early and May. summer. GERANIOIDES HYPNOIDEAE (HYPSUM-LIKE) This group contains species having S. hypnoides is the type for this larger and coarser foliage than those group whose members are smaller of the groups already mentioned. than those of the preceding groups.

s. AQUATICA s. AJUGIFOLIA From the Pyrenees where it is A prostrate miniature mossy from found in abundance along the edges high elevations of the Pyrenees. The of streams. Its showy white flowers leaves are five or seven cleft and fine in July wave about on stems from and thin in texture. These appear on twelve to fi fteen inches tall. The the prostrate shoots which are about leaves are glandular and hairy, di­ four inches long. A distinguishing vided and cleft into many segments. characteristic of the plant is that the A moist stony root run in shade suits flower stems ascend fr0111 the axils of its needs. the lower leaves on the shoots-"a S. GERANIOIDES thing that happens in no other mossy Named for the Geranium which it Saxifrage except S. perdurans (which does not resemble. A native of the has blunt leaf-segments instead of Pyrenees in cultivation since 1770. sharp ones)"-Farrer. The flowers Dense tufted rosetted form. The are white. It requires moisture and stems are eight inches high bearing shade. large corymhosc heads of white flow­ S. ERIOBLASTA ers in J ul y. The flowers are fragrant Another Spaniard fr0111 calcareous though half closed. The long narrow regions of Granada. A tiny mossy of segments of the calyx are a peculiar rosetted for111; flowers pink or white characteristic. on two inch stems appearing in May and June. S. PEDATIFIDA S. GIBRALTARICA From Southern France 1S classed as one of the finest of the large An interesting species found in cushioned mossies. A profusion of Southern Spain. Similar in habit to white flowers on stems six inches high S. erioblasta and often confused with cover the emerald cushions in May S. conifera on account of the cone­ and June. like buds which occur in the axils of the leaves. White flowers on three S. PEDEMONTANA inch stems in May and June. A fine mossy coming into cultiva­ tion in 1824. Found in the Alps of S. Globulifera (S. granatensis) Piedmont, in the Pyrenees and in A Spanish mossy forming mats of Switzerland, llsually in granite forma­ densely packed rosettes. The leaves tions. The ample rosettes have thick are Ibroader than S. gibraltarica and Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 133 three lobed. The buds have similar MOSSY HYBRIDS cone-like effects. Small white flowers Numerous beautiful varieties of the are borne in great abundance on five n1.Os sy saxifrages have resulted from inch stems in May and June. An hybridization in these groups. It easy doer. would be impossible to mention more s. HYPNOIDES than a few in these notes . The well known "Dovedale Moss" makes most lovely green carpets in s. X ARKWRIGHTII the rock garden, the rich green mak­ A tall growing variety having large ing an effective display during all sea­ white flat blooms freely produced. sons of the year. It has a long s. X BAKERI blooming period through spring and One of the smaller sorts; compact part of the summer when it is cov­ tufts of bright green, and charming ered with white flowers on stems nine crimson flowers. inches high. It grows rapidly. There are many varieties of the type. One s. X BATHONIENSIS of the best is gemmifeTa, also sent out A splendid variety, spreading rapid­ by var. K ingii. ly and producing a profusion of fine large scarlet flowers. MUSCOIDEAE The smallest species of mossy Saxi­ s. X CLIBRANI fragas are contained in this group. Is smaller and more compact in These require the same culture as habit than the last with large red those already mentioned. flowers on reddish branching stems. s. ANDROSACEA s. X DECIPIENS GRAN DIFLORA Resembles certain types of an­ One of the loveliest as well as the drosaces. It is found in th€ Car~ easiest of the mossies. The flowers pathians, Alps, Pyrenees, Siberia and are fairly large, rich deep rose colour Arctic regions. A beautiful species fading to pale pink. The shaded forming loose rosetted cushions with effect is lovely when the plant is cov­ white flow ers on three inch stems. It ered with blooms. reqUIres a peaty soil and moisture. s. X DITTON CRI MSON s. M USCOIDES Almost identical in form and flower It is a dense growing little dwarf to the above. mossy di stributed throughout the Alps, s. X GUILFORD SEEDLING Pyrenees and Balkans. Its tufts are A general favorite, the bright green barely an inch in height, composed of carpets being almost entirely covered narrow bright green leaves. Var. at1'o­ with charming crimson fl owers over a ptWplwea produces a mass of red long bl ooming period. flow ers and is the source of all the red fl owered hybrids among the mos­ s. X SANGUI NEA SUPERBA sies. Var. 1110schata is taller and has Supposed to have the finest flowers white fl owers. of all the red flowering mossies. What I Have Done in Nut Growing and Why I Am Interested

By DR. J. S. RITTENHOUSE

Read be/o·re the Pewnsylvawia State N~bt Growen ' Association, Harrisburg, Pa., Jan~£a7 'y 19, 1.933

More than twenty years ago, the than a dozen nuts altogether in any late J. G. Rush of Lancaster County, one year previous to 1932. That year Pa., and . I met casually in the lobby two pecan trees together bore 9Yz of a hotel. I soon found him en­ pounds. Several others planted in thusiastic about improved varieties of 1917 have not yet fruited. The nubs nuts and the best way to bud and from the bearing trees are not as graf,t the trees. My introduction to large, nor are the kernels as plump Mr. Rush was also my introduction as those grown in the South. Penn­ to nut growing. In this State Mr. sylvania appears to be too far north Rush was a pioneer in the art of nut for pecan growing to be profitable. tree budding and grafting and had a Persian (English) Walnuts lClrger percentage of successes than anyone before him. I met him a The Persian walnut has also been a number of times after that. He had misfit with me. The soil in which an interesting collection of nut trees my nut trees are planted is of the on his home place in the outskirts of Birdsboro silt loam. It is heavy, with West Willow, several miles south of a rather >tight subsoil. It is not of Lancaster, where' mJany of the trees limestone derivation. Berks County were then in bearing. has large areas of limestone soil and this w'alnut would perhaps do better It was largely due to the influence on that kind of soil than it does on of Mr. Rush that the late J. F. Jones mme. was induced, in 1912, to come from Louisiana to Lancaster County, this There seem to be two types of Per­ State, here to establish a northern nut sian walnut. Some varieties vegetate tree nursery. In 1915 I became ac­ much earlier in the spring than others. quainted with Mr. Jones at his home, Those that start to grow late in the two miles from W,est Willow. From spring do not make as much growth him I became so enthused that in during the season as those which vege­ 1916 and 1917 I planted nortl~ern tate earlier. Some of the late vege­ pecan and Persian (English) walnut tating varieties planted sixteen years trees on land whi'ch I Own in Berks ago are not yet more than 6 feet tall County. I hav,e sjnce found that and have not yet begun to bear. The neither of these kinds should be plant­ Hall has been the most fruitful va­ ed, with the hope of getting a pro.fit­ riety of any I have tested. It begins able orchard, under environment such to grow early in spring and my best as prevails in my section. A few tree is now about 20 feet tall. trees, from which to get nuts for Ricans (Natuml crosses between pe­ home use and as novelties are all cans and other hickories) right. The pecans did not bear urutil Of hi'cans I have one tree of a va­ a few years ago. They bore fewer riety whjch John W. Hershey says is [134] Apf., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 135

Burlington, although I bought it of plant only black walnuts, hickories, Mr. Jones as Marquardt. Mr. Jones and hicans. Of the last I would like told me a few years laJter that he did to know more of the McCallister. Mr. not get the scion WO'od he expected, Hershey sold me a tree two or three and that, while my tree was a typical years ago. It has made splendid hican, it was not Marquardt. I plant­ growth and I am anxious to see it ed the tree in 1922, and the same year bear. Nuts of all kinds are very cheap ' grafted a scion cut from it on a seed­ this year. I am told that, in Reading, ling pecan from Texas, obtained about southern-grown pecans are selling at five years before. The nursery tree 28c a pound, and black walnut ker­ .has not yet borne, but the top-worked nels at 29c. This does not look bright tree bore .3 Yz pounds of nuts last fall fo'!' nut growers. However, the pic­ (1932) . These trees are vigorous, ture is no darker for nut growers at handsome, and produce valuable milts. the present time, tha n it is for grow­ It seems safe to say, "Plant mo're of ers of grain, cotion and apples. The them." depression has certainly hit apple Other Hybrid Hiclwr1es growers. I know from experience as I depend upon apples I have two grafted trees of a nat­ for my chief source of income. But don't forget ural hybrid supposed to have resulted that j ltst now we are in the depths of from a chance cross between the shag­ financial and economic doldrums, and bark and the bitternut. It is called when conditions improve there will Beaver, af,ter Mr. G. E. Beaver of likely be an increased demand for Millerstown, Butler County, this State, nuts at better prices than can be had owner of the original tree. My two now. In my opini'on, now is the time trees were planted in 1923 and have to plant nut trees of the kinds adapted not yet fruited, although at the time to our dima;te and SO'il. of planting it was thought that they would come into bearing at an early Before closing I want to tell you age. that Berks County has what we be­ lieve to be the largest and oldest Per­ E lac k Walnut sian walnut tree in all America. Mr. Of black walnuts, I planted grafted J. F. Jones was authority for that trees in both 1922 and 1923. The statement. In 1922 he asked me to go varieties are Alley, Ohio, Stabler, Ten with him, to hunt for this tree, of Eyck, and Thomas. They all came which he had heard. After several into bearing while quite young but hours we found it about seven miles the Thomas was first in this respect from my place. It was then 100 feet and has been the most prolific bearer tall and mea:sured fifteen feet in cir­ up to this time. A few Thomas trees cU~1ference, three feet above ground. planted in 1928 had as many as a It had a branch spread of 92 feet. hundred nuts each l

By .ARTHUR D. SLAVIN

Among the cone bearing plants used cause, practically speaking, all of the in ornamental work there is undoubt­ known species of this genus may be edly no conifer more commonly seen grown. In some sections where one than the Arbor-vitae. Two factors or more of the Arbor-vitae have been are responsible for this condition; the unsuccessful in the past, the work of first is the ease with which this type selection and the discovery of new of conifer may be propagated thus geographical forms is fast making it making it possible for the nursery­ possible for all to enjoy the company man to offer it to the public, and the of these denizens of the wild. second, the wide variation which is to The cultural requirements of this be found in several members of the group of plants, which in the species genus thus making for many horti­ are most often represented by trees, cultural forms. It is because of this are not difficult to meet. The one in­ second reason that, today, we see and variable condition is the need of well know more of the varieties than of drained soil. This may appear an the species. exaggerated statement to those who Most varieties of the Arbor-vitae have seen many plants in the wild represent forms of two species, name­ growing in boggy or wet land. Plants ly, Thuja occidentalis and Thuja ori­ in .cultivation have not the same re­ entalis. The result is that far too action and it is best explained by say­ often the species are forgotten and ing that if native plants had a better their use restricted to only the larger place to grow they would do much gardens and horticultural collections. better. Very often plants grow under This situation is unfortunate. Species adverse conditions despite themselves as represented by wild types present rather than because they can do the forms of growth and habit fully as best where they are located. A fer­ ornamental as varieties and, in most tile soil will benefit any plant and it is instances, preserve these characters my opinion that most conifers prefer for a longer time than do the forms. a soil tending towards an acid reac­ This later condition is often demon­ tion. There is no doubt that culti­ strated in our older plantings where vated evergreens in the Northern varieties, after two or three decades, States prefer a humid atmosphere. become scraggy in appearance and Orientation or the proper placement halt in development whereas a speci­ of plants is fully as important as the men of the type becomes more digni­ soil in which they are to grow. Suc­ fied in appearance, maintains its habit cess in planting is only too often lost and continues to make excellent growth. by ignorance and poor judgment in This is not to he taken as a condem­ placing materials. The Thuja will nation of the varieties because they, not make good growth in dense shade too, have their characters of beauty and with the more tender kinds an and adaptability. It is not, however, open southern exposure will cause the compatible with good judgment to foliage to color brown in winter. forget the species. An interesting morphological char­ Weare fortunate in America be­ acter which forms the basis of several [136] Arthwr D. Slavin Thuja occidentalis var. Ellwangeriana showing both juvenile and adult foliage from same plant,' center, Thuja orientalis uRosedale/' showing juvenile type foliage " Thuja koraiensis, lower, showi11g 'uppe1' and lower surfaces of foliage .. [137] 138 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933 beautiful varieties is the two types of American Arbor-vitae to plant than leaves found at one time or another the species. Its use is not restricted to on all Arbor-vitaes. When raised specimen planting and there is no bet­ from seed the first leaves to make ter conifer to establish as a low wind­ their appearance are needle-like and break or hedge. For the latter pur­ arranged in spiral formation along the pose it adapts itself excellently to stem. Normally, after the first sea­ clipping and in a comparatively few son's growth, these leaves are super­ years will provide a dense wall at l€ast seded by the typical foliage ordinarily fifteen feet high. Ignoring the many seen on mature specimens. In some garden forms which seldom attain instances, however, this needle-like or gr~at height, I prefer, whenever pos­ juvenile foliage persists either com­ sible, to use one or another of the pletely or in part and forms the basis other species. This desire is not of varieties which are grown especially based on any fault I can find with for their foliage. Among these may this conifer but because I would like be mentioned Th~£ja occidentaJis EU­ to have something which my next wanger1ana and Thuja o1'ientaJis door neighbor does not possess. "Rosedale." The former has foliage There is something to be said about of both kinds while the latter is en­ the selection of geographical forms of tirely without adult or typical leaves. this species suitable for ornamental Thuja occidentalis, the American work. It is quite possible that much Arbor-vitae, native in most of the of the material growing in our fields Eastern States and Canada, is so com­ and on 'waste lands is not the most monly known that little comment ap­ suitable for ornamental purposes. In pears necessary. It is represented in Durand Eastman Park at Rochester, our gardens by perhaps more forms New York, are several specimens than any other conifer. P yramidal in picked up as seedlings some years ago habit with a straight trunk covered in Canada. They appear to be more with reddish-brown bark and with dark vigorous growers and have better green foliage it makes an excellent shape and color. Arbor-vitae forests tree often more than fifty feet high. were not uncommon in the province Determinating features are found in of Ontario years ago and it is not be­ the leaves which are conspicuously yond possibility that material grown glandular and often yellowish-green from sources such as this would pro­ on the under-side. The cones of this duce better tree forms. as well as the other species differ in Thuja plicata, the Giant Arbor­ appearance from the evergreen cone vitae, is the largest tree form of the as it is generally known. They are genus. Its range extends from Brit­ oblong or oval in shape (oblong in this ish Columbia to Northern California species) and are made up of not more and from the Pacific Coast inland as than a dozen scales each of which has far east as Montana. In the wild it a thickened process, known as a boss, attains a height of well over two hun­ at the apex. On the inner surface of dred feet. What proportions it will each scale are two to three seeds. The reach in cultivation is probably not scales are seldom alike in size and known as few trees have been grown generally only those seeds inside the a sufficiently long time in parks or larger scales are fertile. gardens. Specimens in the Rochester Where . permanency is. desired there Parks are about thirty-five years old. IS no better representative of the As stated by Sargent and others, ma- Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICU LTURAL MAGAZINE 139

Arlllllr D. Slavin Tllll ja occidel/ talis 27 ;rears old, 22 f ce t tall 140 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933 terial from the Pacific Coast does not side they are streaked with white. appear to be hardy within the eastern Unlike the American and Oriental confines of this country. The speci­ Arbor-vitae it is represented by only mens growing at Rochester were ob­ a few varieties, eight in number, and tained f rom the Arnold Arboretum in of these only two or three are dwarf 1896 and it is believed that either forms. they or the plants from which they Thuja Standishii, the Japanese Ar­ were propagated were brought from bor-vitae, appears to have a small area Idaho by Dr. Sargent. Coming from of distribution in the wild, published a drier climate than the Pacific Coast accounts giving Central Japan and they have thrived well and several, Northern Korea as its habitat. Most grown from cuttings taken from the authorities describe it as a small tree original plants, have attained a height seldom more than twenty-five to forty­ of thirty-four feet in twenty-two five feet tall. I am able, however, to years. find one report where trees ninety Much comment is offered regarding feet in height have been observed. the requirements for propagating this The latter comment is hardly imp{)[­ species, some claiming that plants tant for our purpose as it is quite grown from cuttings do not attain tree safe to say that there are no trees in size. At Rochester both grafts and the United States more than forty-five cuttings have been made with identical feet tall and only a very few of these. results. The vigorous growth and A specimen even twenty feet tall size of this species renders it most would be an excellent plant. It is a adaptable for both specimen planting tree of comparatively recent introduc­ and windbreaks. As a specimen tree tion to the Western W orId and was it is unusually beautiful with graceful first grown in England about 1860. horizontal or s I i g h t I y drooping The oldest specimen which I know in branches which completely cover the this country is at the Hunnewell Pine­ trunk from base to apex. The foliage tum. It is reported to have been is shining green with a slight tinge of planted there in 1874. The oldest yellow while the new growth is being plant in the Pinetum of the Rochester made. That it will replace the Ameri­ Parks is now thirty-one years old and can Arbor-vitae where a large tree is measures about eighteen feet. It is a desired appears inevitable. Also its beautiful specimen but, unfortunately, use as a reforesting material appears is so located that it is inaccessible to quite promising due to its excellent the photographer. The accompany­ growth and the durability of its wood. ing photograph shows a smaller tree It is distinguished botanically by a'bout thirteen years old and seven several distinct characteristics. The feet in height. As it becomes older it trunk is somewhat buttressed towards broadens out considerably and mea­ the base on older trees and is covered sures about the same in both hori­ with reddish-brown bark which peels zontal and vertical planes. off in narrow longitudinal plates. The Its erect trunk and horizontal, wide branches are pendulous towards the spreading branches which are thickly ends except at the top of the tree disposed make it 'an excellent speci­ where they have a tendency to as­ men tree. It should be given average cend . Unlike the species occidentalis protection from the elements and not the leaves have very inconspicuous crowded, but afforded ample space to glands or none at all. On the under- develop and display itself. A lawn Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 141

./

Art/my D. Slavin Thuja plicata 19 'Y ean old, 34 f ee t tall 142 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933 protected from too open an exposure and only a little more in cross section. to the south as well as from open It appears shrubby in habit with ir­ blasts and slightly shaded by large regular, decumbent, spreading branches trees whose branches are well above terminating in foliage which lies in ground provides an excellent setting many planes. The branches are much for this tree. flattened in cross-section with thin, Like the other species, it is not dark brown bark. The foliage is difficult to determine. The reddish­ bluish-green above and glaucous on brown, thin bark and broad habit of the under-side. It is also glandular. older specimens immediately identify The particularly distinct grayish cast it. The branchlets are flattened in on the under-side of the foliage offers cross-section and the leaves are pale a most distinct character in its deter­ green and without glands. The foli­ mination. It is doubtful whether this age is whitened on the under-side species has ever produced cones in cul­ although not as distinctly so as in tivation. The cone is said to be li ght Thuja plicata. brown and elliptic-ovoid in shape with This species and the Oriental Ar­ eight scales. Dallimore and Jackson bor-vitae are the most difficult to consider it to be allied to Thuja Stand­ propagate from cuttings although it ishii but having coarser foliage and can be readily accomplished by prop­ with broader cones and cone scales er care. There appear to be no horti­ thicker than in that species. cultural forms of this tree, a feature At Rochester, N. Y., it appears often to be observed in plant materials moderately hardy and may be consid­ grown by vegetative means such as ered as a successful plant as far north cuttin.gs, grafts, etc., or from seed as Massachusetts provided it can be which is obtained from material in given some protection. It propagates the wild. readily from cuttings. Present de­ Thuja koraiensis, the Korean Ar­ velopments indicate its future use for bor-vitae, is the most recently intro­ low plantings and rock garden work. duced species. It is a native of Korea Growing in partial shade its bluish where it was found by Dr. E. H. Wil­ green leaves are so arranged that son in 1918. Whether it is cultivated much of the gray under-side is visible in Japan I do not know, but the making for a soft, pleasing color con­ probability is that it is not as it is trast. I can see no reason why this rarely mentioned in print and little little fellow should not become an es ­ data concerning it is available. It is tablished garden plant within a short described as a low, trailing shrub or time. occasionally a slender, pyramidal tree Mention may be made at this time to twenty-five feet in height. It is of another species, Thu,ja sutchuene11- unlikely that it will develop into a sis, an Arbor-vitae from Central China tree in the eastern and northern sec­ which as yet has not been introduced tions of this country as Wilson states into cultivation. It is supposed to be that in the wild it is found as a tree closely related to some of our known only in sheltered ravines. In Ireland species and is said to be a tree, more at County Down, the Marquis of graceful than Th'Uja plicata but re­ Headfort has a specimen more than sembling it in some ways. The leaves six feet tall. The only plants which are without glands. That we will I have seen are at Rochester and the sometime have this tree in our gar­ largest measures about one foot high dens would seem doubtful. Its small Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 143

Artlmr D. Slavin Thuja Standishii A specimen thirteen y ears old, Se'l.'f n f ee t high 144 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933 distribution in the wild and its range Attempts to grow it have, in many in Central China would indicate too cases, proven unsuccessful due to the great a tenderness for our climtae. severe browning of the foliage during Thuja orientalis, the Oriental Ar­ the winter months. The late Dr. E. bor-vitae, is a native of Central and H. Wilson of the Arnold Arboretum Western China, Korea and other near collected considerable seed of this tree sections of the Asiatic region. It has on his expeditions to Japan, Korea long been cultivated in Japan and it is and China with the prospect of find­ my belief, although I have no positive ing a hardy form which might prove data, that it is naturalized in some successful in the colder sections of parts of that country. It has been in this country. In 1918, while in Korea, cultivation in Europe since the eigh­ he collected seed which later was teenth century and while authorities sown at the Arnold Arboretum. The vary as to the date of its introduc­ resulting plants proved quite hardy in tion, the earliest given is before 1737. comparison with material previously It has been in this country probably available. However, latest reports are since colonial aristocrats first brought that this strain is none too hardy in garden materials from Europe. the vicinity of Boston. At one time this species was given Some years previous, Dr. Sargent separate generic rank and was called sent to the Rochester Park Bureau Biota o1'ie11talis which name is still seed of the Oriental Arbor-vitae. This used by some authorities. Its chief was planted and made vigorous growth. difference lies in the fact that the When announcement was made that seeds are wingless whereas in the Dr. Wilson had found a new hardy other species they are winged. A sec­ race of this species, it was believed ond characteristic and one more easy that the plants at Rochester were a to observe is the ·erect placement of part of that batch of seed. Investi­ the branchlets. The foliage is bright gation later showed that the Rochester green and glandular. The fruit or plants were received in 1909 while the cones are definitely marked by a fleshy Korean seed were not collected until hook-like boss at the apex of the cone 1918. Unfortunately, there are no scales. records to show from whence the In its native habitat it is said to at­ earlier collection was made. All that tain a height of forty feet with broad, is known is that it was collected by dense, columnar habit. The latter char­ Dr. Wilson and by comparison of the acteristics I can well vouch for but dates of his expeditions, it appears the largest specimen I have ever seen most likely that the material was col­ in this country measures nineteen feet lected in China, perhaps from some in height. This tree as shown in the temple grounds. It is perfectly hardy illustration is now grownig in Durand at Rochester and shows no tendency Eastman Park at Rochester and is to brown during the winter months. twenty-four years old. It is quite well Seedlings have been grown in large known and several stories have sprung quantity from the seed of the original up about it. The following is a com­ plants which are now bearing cones. plete outline of its history in so far as It is necessary to note here that young available data permits an account. The plants will color purplish-brown for Oriental Arbor-vitae has been consid­ the first few seasons although remain­ ered for many years as generally un­ ing perfectly hardy and making excel­ fit for planting in our Northern States. lent growth. After attaining a height Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL H ORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 145

Arlimr D. Slavin Thuja orielltalis RaAsed in 1909 from seed collected by E. H. TFilson "sol/l ewhere" In Chilla 146 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933 of about two feet this condition of found as a shrub in American gardens winter coloring disappears and the although specimens more than twenty­ plants remain green throughout the five feet in height have been reported. entire year. Unlike the American In England it grows into a tree as Arbor-vitae this species appears to high as fifty feet. Its growth is slow have no fOrlm which attain the height but if arranged in a sheltered location of the type and, hence, where an ar­ it will retain its broad pyramidal habit borescent form or small tree is de­ of growth and make a pretty plant. sired there is no other choice than the Practically all accounts mention it as type. Its use for specimen planting a tree growing in the wild where it will undoubtedly become popular as has the shade of other forest trees and this hardy form. becomes better dis­ for success, it should have a rich, tributed. Its huge columnar habit well drained soil and, if possible, a with branches extending from the base humid atmosphere. reminds one of the fine old specimens It is quite easily determined from of Irish Yew seen in gardens of the the Th u.ja, which it resembles, by its British Isles and it may be said with­ much larger leaves, the surface of out fear of contradiction that it has which is dark, lustrous green and with no substitute amongst the cultivated large, clearly defined white markings conifers of America. The forms of on the under-side. The branches are the Oriental Arbor-vi tae rank next in whorled and generally horizontally number to those of th

One of the pleasures of the past but their neighbors grew far more summer was to watch Ruellia ciliosa than I had expected them to grow so continue to flower from about mid­ that now a Kurume azalea "Christmas July until the end of September. Thi'S Cheer" has spread into the ever-ex­ plant is rather new to me, being only tending branches of a cotoneaster and its second summer in the rock garden. the soil in which the viola grows no I shall never regret that I allowed longer gets sunshine. Perhaps this Mr. van Melle to persuade me into shade was what the plants wanted for taking a plant of 1t when I first saw now they grow up through the twigs it in his rock garden several years of both shrubs as though they were ago, even though I did have to squeeze vines and the butterfly-like purple it in between stones to plant it in my bowers danced merrily over and over-crowded space. It has more through each of the bushes all through than repaid me for the planting; and the summer. has had to contend with Dianth ~~s del­ Although the ruelli a is a native to toides "Brilliant" and struggle through southern New J ersey, according to the twigs of C otoneaste1' 11'/,icrophylla. ROTtus, none of us who live in that It suffered bravely throughout the locality had ever seen the plant be­ summer because of neglect in water­ fore. With me it makes a rather open ing and because of its densely popu­ little clump of foliage some nine or so lated neighborhood; yet it was con­ inches high and bears a succession of tinually in flow er when the rest of the long-tubed, trumpet-shaped bowers of rock garden was sadly barren save for soft lav,ender much more toward the Nierembergia 1'i7Jula?'is, which isn't a blue side of that COIOT than the pink. great glo,ry with me being cruelly The poor things are weak at their at­ planted where it gets much too much tachment to the calyx and soon slide sun and far too little moisture. All off along the pistil and there hang through the late summer these two like fairy trumpets which some elfin plants together with Rosa Rouletti and childf'en, tiring of their play, have Talim£11f[, calycinu111, furnished all the flung aside. The surprisi ng thing color my rock garelen had to offer un­ about these cast off blossoms is that til h is dichoto111a began to open. Last they stay fresh as long as they do. I season this iris did not begin to flow er gathered some one m 0 r n i n g and until alm ost the end of August. brought them into the house; here, Now that I have given these four lying on a table and without water, plants this special honor I remem ber the corollas did not fade until late in what delighted me most; the fact that the evening. Were I able to make for the first time in the four years another planting in a new rock gar­ that I have had it, V1;ola gracilis proved e1en I should use this ruellia on some itself to be everblooming. I have, first ledge which would be just be­ until this past year, alway'S caviled hinel a sod of Nie're'/'/'lbergia 1'h'1 f.laris over its short blooming season; but where the two could form m.y A ugust 110 longer-provided it has 110t fl ow­ picture and then feel that one need ered itself to death. Years ago when never complain about lack of fl owers several seedlin g plants were pu.t in for that month. there was plenty of space for them I have always raved about the peo­ [147] 148 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933- pIe who get a lot of stones together, there is always a fresh supply for the plant a few near-dwarf evergreens morrow. The plant forms a low bush and some COHlmon "rock" plants and some eight inches high and the fleshy then sow portulaca seed and call the needle-like foliage has a slightly glau­ thing a "Rock Garden." The family cous tinge which looks well even when has patiently listened to me and shak­ there are no flowers. It is one of the en wise heads in sad agreement. So most interesting plants that I have when I brought home a small plant acquired in the last few years. of TalimmL calycinum and they had Coming from our southwest, Ar­ gathered around to observe the little kans'as to Mexico, I had not expected stranger, one observing member re­ it to be hardy. But it has lived marked that it looked like a "portu­ through the last two winters in south­ laca;" I innocently replied that it was ern New Jersey and without any pro­ and for several moments could not tection, although it grows on the understand the gale of laughter which highest and driest part of the garden. followed. Sad it is for me to ac­ There are others of this genus that knowledge that this charming little would probably prove as desirable for thing which botanists call talinum is the rock garden but I have not even a member of that ill-used clan. Be­ seen them listed. ing a second cousin to the annual it Rosa Rouletti I have mentioned in inherits the family trait of self-seed­ these pages before and should not do. ing which is to me its only bad qual­ so again were it not that I have not ity; but so far it has not become a been able to recover from my amaze­ nui·sance and the seedlings are easily ment that so small a shrub can man­ removed when they have been so age to so continuously send out its. thoughtless as to have germinated blossoms. My two year old plant is. wthere they are not wanted. Bloom­ not six inches high and could easily ing as it does in a season when there be covered by an old fashioned soup are so few other flowers in the rock plate, yet it persists in giving its little garden this plant is indeed a God­ roses throughout the whole summer. send. Its blossoms are like small In a better soil and location, where flowers of the common portulaca in mine is the soil is both dryish and shape, about an inch in diameter, and rather poor and the site is fully ex­ of a cherry-red in color not unlike the posed to a grilling sun, I am sure that tone of the old climbing rose Reine it would form a larger bush and give Marie Henriette. They are very short even more bloom for I have seen it in lived, lasting only until just after mid­ such a state in other gardens. day; or does my memory play me Many would not like the above false and do they only open after mentioned plants as well as I do be­ noon and last through the rest of the cause none of them produce a mass day? I am sorry to have to leave this of bloom, rather giving a scattering point in question but I find that I of blossoms which is far more pleas­ have no notes on this point and can ing to me than sheets of color. But not find any reference in any book or then I hope that there are others like catalog; I would have sworn that it myself who prefer individual stems of was the former until I had written it bloom to wide clumps of color. To and then doubts crept in. At any me a good healthy iris plant or a rate they do not last throughout the small group of daffodils where each day but are borne so plentifully that flower is able to show its form and Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 149 individuality is far more exquisite than Here nature clearly stamps her ap­ a mass of them where nothing is de­ proval of mass planting in her ar­ tailed and only a sweep of color is rangement of the blos-soms Qof the presented to the eye. Nor can I be­ Composite family for each individual come excited over a mass of any flower is a small, rather insignificant other flower for I feel that very much unit, and all more or less alike, so the same effect could be had by a silk that a large cluster is necessary to display in a department store window. make an impression. And what an shape, and almost all flower-s have, I impression they make! Even then I I f a flower has any beauty at all in its am perverse enough to prefer a stem feel that it is worth seeing as well as of thinly scattered flowers in the the color. Because of this-affliction, Michaelmas daisies and chrysanthe­ I 'am sure many would term it-I view mums to heavy clusters of them. with alarm the increasing hordes Qof There is little else in bloom at this landscape and garden designers who season of the year to combine with are descending like locusts upon our either the aster or the chrysanthemum renaissance in gardening. True gar­ except Japanese anemones so one is dening comes from within, outward compelled to use grey foliaged plants expression of an inner urge, and an like lavender and rosemary and es­ inherent love of the plants themselves; pecially Artemisia lactifiora or the and can never be laid on as a color­ deep rich greens of evergreens. My veneer. So whenever I am visiting garden is sadly lacking in Michaelmas and my host suggests taking me to daisies although they are dear to. my see gardens of his friends I always heart; for with the small space at my try to avoid the landscaped, the "well disposal they would shortly crowd designed" garden, choosing rather to everything else out. But it is one visit the "home-made" garden, done of the dreams I intend to realize by its owner without a color chart. I whenever that proverbial ship arrives am almost sure to learn something in to have them by the score. There such a garden and to see something shall be a long, wide path, five hun­ new; and am always sure that I shall dred feet of it or more if I can have meet a vital personality in the gar­ it; and without a sundial, pool, gaz­ den's owner. ing globe or jar in it to break its But there is one class of plants length so that all the garden designers which one can not avoid massing, for shall throw up their hands in horror by their nature they are mass plants. at the awfulness of it; it shall not be Very few of the Natural Order Com­ a level path but shall follow the nat­ positae flower singly, and most of this ural contour o·f the land so as to get group bloom in or toward the autumn; level beds on either side; stone walls and very properly so, for it has al­ of varying heights, from four to eigh­ ways seemed to me that one of the teen inches high, shall have to be prerogatives of autumn was to lay built to edge the path. At the top of color on with a lavish hand. We see this rock edging dwarf irises shall it first in the fields of goldenrod, then find a happy home and species of in sweeps of wild aster; in the long tulips and crocuses a snug comfort sunsets and the changing foliage of which shall make them forget their the trees. It is as though nature native dwelling places. There will be wanted the gardening year to end in spaces for summer 11100l11i ng plants a blaze of glory. and then will come the autumnal di - ISO THE NATIO TAL H ORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE Apr., 1933 play. But not in a regular line, various colors from white through all rather in waves and billows with som e shades of yellow and bronze and of the plants quite close to the path ; through all the pinks and reds to and the vast majority of these plants deepest crimson. A few had very will be Michaelmas daisies with only naTrow petals which gave them a a few clumps of H eli anthus, H elen­ spidery appearance that I , personally, ium and Rudbeckia. P erhaps no one do not like so they were immediately but myself will like that path ; but destroyed ; but the large majority bore that will not bother me in the least wide petals. They looked to me like for what is one's garden fo r except the same chrysanthemum whi ch has to please its owner. made such a furore at the fall shows If I cannot show the aster famil y these past two years and is called in my present garden I can display the "Cascade Chrysanthemum" and sells chrysanthemum. They and the iris at quite high prices . I am reporting and the narcissus occupy far more upon these plants before I have tested !space in my domain than they should their hardiness because they are far according to the strict rules of de­ too charming to remain hidden; even sign ; but it is my garden. So from though they should prove to be tender, the time when "Glory of Seven Oaks" which I do not think will be the case, begins to show color until after hard they can always be treated as annuals. frost has spoilt the last fl owers the re It shoul d be added that mine were is a conti nuous blaze of color. planted out quite late in the season F or the last two years T hompson and were given no special treatment and Morgan have advertised a new save that they were pinched back sev­ strain of chrysanthemums which were eral times during the sununer. One said to bloo m the first year from or two were not pinched back and spring sown seed. This past spring they fl owered quite as well as the seed of this strai n was tried and the others but were not as compact in germinati on must have been a hun­ growth ; so it is not even necessary dred per cent; there were so many to take that trouble. plants that I could give them to sev­ P lanted at the top of a low wall eral friends and can therefore report where they could spray their fl owers on them from several gardens beside in a cascade of color over the stones my own. This s ~r a in , "Japanese or used in a large rock garden to cov­ Mountain," grows to a height of a er barren places where spring bloom­ foot to a foot and a half, the main ing bulbs are resting would be ideal stems arching over so that all the places for them. Mine were all used lateral growth forms a plume of color in the fo reground of borders and in down to the base. T he individual some narrow beds. In all these places fl owers are from a scant inch in di a­ they made and would make ideal plants meter to over two and are in clusters for autumnal bloom. at the end of every branch and in From this type of singles to the small er sprays from each leaf axil all larger fl owered named varieti es is not along the stem. But the best part of only an increase in size of fl ower but the plant is that all the fl owers do not also in manner of gtrowth. For when open at once but gradually over a these larger flow ering chrysanthemums period of more than a month which lie over there is no grace about the ma kes for a much longer blooming arch but only gawkyness so, much as period. The fl owers are sin gle and in one hates to stake plants, it is really Apr., 1933 T HE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 151 a necessity in this case. O f the large "Glory of Seven Oaks" which I fl owering singles which I know "Caro­ have mentioned before and which is line Robbins" comes first in my es­ supposed to be also known as "Carry" teem ; it is a good sized fl ower of a is the earliest to bloom and is rather deep mall ow pink, a color which I a low growing plant with blossoms of usuall y di slike, but here it is gradually bri ght clear yellow. "Cameleta" with so ftened into a soft and lovely rose­ quite large flowe rs of a deep glowing color, the yell ow center is just yellow yellow and "Cranfo rdia" another enough and large enough to be a per­ large fl owering yellow but with a fect foil to the ray fl owers both in bronzy tinge to the color will always color and in size. A fter thi s, "Old be grown in any garden I may eve1' Gold" sati sfi es me most with its large have. "Mrs. Henry F . Vincent" is yell ow fl owers of two tones of gold ; another one I shall never be able to then comes "Ali ce H owell" of a rich do without unless one of the same orange yellow with a paler center. coloring comes along that does not "Mrs. Edward H arding" is a large get messy about showing its center fl at blossom of bright rich claret with towards the end of its bloo mi ng. In a deep golden yellow center and adds color it is one of those queer blends to its charm by having a delightful whi ch no two people can ever see fragrance which is both sweet and alike, fawn and bronzy yellow wi th spicy. "H. Marie T otty" is rather so strong a flu sh of salmon-pink that spoilt for me because it is entirely too in some lights it looks quite pink and large a fl ower but the coloring is de­ in others a topaz-yell ow. "Zeli a," lightful bein g a brilliant crimson whi ch whi ch I do not seem to be able to shade's into scarlet as the broad rays keep over winter no matter where I approach the full ri ch yell ow center. plant it and so must yearly renew it, Among the do ubles another pink is a glorio us orange-hronze, quite the will have to head the list. I am. al­ most brilliant of any of the yell ows ways loath to be compell ed to pl ace I know. a pink fl ower at the head of a li st It is harder to play favorites among for I di slike that color so intensely. the reds fo,r as fast as I decid e to Only when it has yell ow in it to make give anyone of them. fi rst place I finc! it a salmon or an apri cot or is a sil­ I am liking one of the losers better ; very pink like the "La France" rose so these which I have to name come am I abl e to reall y like the color. with the recommendation that each Far more pleasin g to me is the ill­ has been placed fi rst in my regard reputed magenta, except when weak many times and will be so placed and washed-out, but then it is becom­ many times again. "Lucifer" is a ing a pink. But I shall have to giye good-sized fl ower of a rich ox-blood fir st place to the chrysanthemum red and grows into a sturdy bush of "Acto" on account of its 'lovely form sti ff stems whi ch never need staking; even though its color is rose, and quite it, like "Cameleta" and "Zelia" be­ a pleasing rose I must acknowledge. longs to the class called, in some cata­ The fl owers are of quite a good size logs, Old Fashioned Chrysanthemums and the petals are incurving, qui te meaning that they are robust and disti nct from other hardy chrysanthe­ hardy and bear flowers larger than mums; it is the only hardy of this the pO ll1 pons and of slightly looser type that I have ever seen and I wi h petalage. "Red Doty" is of th(' ame other of thi type would be developed. shape as the rest of the "Doty" fam- 152 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933 ily and in colo'r is a rich wine-red wonder why it is that both the species with a silvery reverse on the under­ mentioned above always bloom with us side of the petals but that does not here in America fuIly a month later mean there is a two-color effect for than they do in England. Every the "silver" only shows enough to English writer clearly states that they brighten the red without being notice­ flower in mid-?eptember, "after the able in the open flower. "Fi'relight" early September rains," yet here it is is a pompon of quite large size for always mid-October before they ap­ this type and in color is a bright pear. Yet the blooming period of the -carmine shaded with scarlet; it is a sternbergia is the same here as over flowing flower which combines beauti­ there. I wish we could obtain more fuIly with bronze and yeIlow. "Ade­ species of this bulb in this country. laide" is a smaller flowered pompon Foreign catalogs list several beside S. of deep rich mahogany red and if it lutea; there seems to be beside this did not bunch its blossoms so tightly species its varieties major and angusti­ together I think that I should always folia, another species S. 11'tacrantha give it first place among the reds. and also several spring blooming ~ pe­ Of whites I shaIl say nothing, being cies. S. macrantha is said to bloom the one white flower which I do not after lutea and to have large canary­ like, for the shaggy blossoms get yeIlow flowers, a shorter stem and dirty so quickly that they lose all greyish-green foliage. Surely this charm. for me and anyway I hide be­ would be a valuable addition to our hind the contention that white is not all too short list of autumn blooming an autumnal color. Perhaps this is a plants. How much difference there is poor excuse but one has a perfect between the species and its vanetles right to be whimsical in gardening. l1WjO?' and angustifolia I have not This year, quite ,by chance, "Luci­ been able to discover. If there is fer" was planted near a clump of very little then I am sure that I have Sternbergia lutea which was stiIl in one or the other of them beside the good form as the chrysanthemum be­ type for I have two lots gotten from gan to flower and the two proved to different sources; one seems to bloom be quite a stunnin.g combination. It just a bit before the other and, un­ suggested the combination of chrys­ less I am -imagining things, is slightly anthemums with autumn crocuses. C. smaIler in size of flower. It has al­ speciosus would make a lovely foil to ways been a wonder to me that com­ any of the yellows and many of the ing from so southern a climate as reds and C. zonatus would combine Palestine the foliage of these bulbs weIl with the pale yeIlows and the should be hardy enough to stand our deeper pinks. Such combinations winters and yet without the slightest would be especiaIly pleasing if the protection it seems to be absolutely chrysanthemums used were the sin­ indifferent to frost and sleet. gles of the "J apanese Mountain" For the past three w~nters I have strain. These combinations could be been carefully protecting with ever­ made permanant by always replanting green boughs two plants of Poncirus the chrysanthemums each spring when trifoliata or CitnLS t1'ifoliata or Aegle the clump is divided by re-enriching sep1:aria, to give a few of this plant's the soil and replanting in the same botanical aliases; fortunately it has spot. !but one common name-Trifoliate Speaking of autumn crocuses I Orange--under the impression that it Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 153 was just about hardy in my locality. and glossy like those of the real It, or rather my two plants, were orange tree but are smaller and ar­ given to me by an old lady who as­ ranged in groups of threes and the sured me it would be quite hardy; foliage is not as dense as in the ordi­ but I hesitated to believe her and have nary orange. Before the leaves fall been taking extra precaution against in the autumn they turn to a rich loss. Last spring while visiting a gar­ yellow while the numerous stout spines den among the hills in northern New and the stems of the plant remain a Jersey, which' means that the winters deep bright green at all times which are much colder than in the neighbor­ makes it a conspicuous bit of colo,r in hood of New York City, I was as­ the winter garden. The flowers are tonished to see several of these trees quite like those of the orange save about fifteen feet high and many that they have no fragTance. Beauti­ more of lower growth. Upon in­ ful as it is at blossom time it is in the quiry, my host informed me that the autumn that its full glory is most evi­ first of his specimens had been plant­ dent; for then the fruits which are ed, and with much misgiving and about as large as golf balls turn to a fear, over ten years ago. It proved rich, deep orange-yellow. At first absolutely hardy and others were add­ again st the deep green of the leaves ed to hi s ga'rden, this time in more and stems they stand out in delightful exposed situations where they too contrast, especially when the fruits have stood the winters uninjured, al­ are in all shades of ripeness from though the Standard Cyclopedia of green balls to the ful1.y matured or­ Horticulture gives its most northern ange, and later when the foliage has limit as Philadelphia. One never turned yellow and the fruits are rich knows how hardy a plant will be un­ glowing orange this little tree is ever til one tries it out. a picture of great beauty. The fruit As this little tree is so valuable an cannot be eaten even by squirrels who ornament to the autumnal garden I sometimes bury the oranges and the shall go into detail in its description. next spring one finds seedlings spring­ Poncirus t1'ifoliata, this is the name ing up to mark the squirrels' mis­ Bailey prefers, is a small tree which takes. There have been several hy­ may grow as tall as twenty feet al­ brids raised between this plant and though I have never seen one taller the ordinary orange in the hope that than fifteen. It comes from "North­ a more hardy" eatable fruit lnight be ern China," from just which district obtained but so far nothing satisfac­ I cl o not know. The leaves are thick tory has resulted. U. S. D .. A. Specimen Cm'issa, H~mti1qgton Bota17ic Gm'den, S an 1I1m'ino, Calif.

The Carissa or Natal Plum

By KNOWLES A. RYERSON

South A frica has contributed many also been grown to a limited extent striking plants that have already found in Lower T exas. their way into the gardens of the T he Carissa is a fine shrub, with warmer parts of the U nited States. deep green foli age, fragrant blossoms They include a wide range of types­ and showy red fruits which are edi­ f,rom the tiniest succulents the size of bl e. It makes a sati sfactory solitary small pebbles up to large trees. plant, and, also, beca use of its much Among the shrubs from this region branched habit and its bifurcated that have become fairly well estab­ spines, it makes spl endid hedges, both li shed, especi ally in Florida and south­ sheared and unsheared. This is a ern Cali fornia, is the Carissa or Natal common use for it around Durban in plum, botanicall y known as Cm'issa Natal, and the bright red fruits are gmndifiora. It is not a recent intro­ found in quantity on its markets at duction, having been brought into the ri pening season. Florida by Theodore L. Mead in the The Carissa belongs to the Apocy­ ,eighties, while some time later it was naceae, hence is related to the oleander brought into California but the Cir­ and the vincas, and not di stant from cumstances are less ce rtain. It has the Asclepiads or milkweed family. [154] Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE ISS

U. S. D. A. Carissa gral1diflora Tn'o-tllirds lIatllral si:;e 156 THE NATIONAL HORTICULT URAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933

The genus has some 39 members, of One of the most prolific bearers in which several have been introduced Florida has been named the "Gifford" into this country. It enjoys tropical for Dr. John C. Gifford of Coconut and subtropical climates, both humid Grove, who selected it from a collec­ and semi-arid, and is found in most tion of seedlings from different tropical countries; it is injured by sources. In southern California Miss temperatures below 26° or 27° F., so Kate Sessions propagated an excellent that its adaptation to American gar­ variety for many years. More recent­ dens is accordingly limited. In habi­ ly, Dr. J. Eliot Coit has been making tat it is a thickly branched shrub, and selecti ons both for heavy fruiting, retains its shrubby habit even though high quality and also for ease in pick­ it attains a height of 15 to 18 feet. ing, the f·ruit on some plants being Its foliage is dark, glossy green in borne out beyond the thorns, while on color, the leaves being generally ellip­ others the hand of the picker must tical or elliptical-oblong to rounded or run the gauntlet of a formidable spiny obtuse in form, one to two inches defense before the fruit can be long. It is armed by stout, forked reached. thorns which, combined with its pro­ It is as a hedge that the Ca·rissa fuse branching, make it an impene­ has found especially sati sfactory utili­ trable barrier for hedge purposes. zation. Its spiny, closely packed foli­ The white fl owers are star shaped, age makes an impenetrable green wall. almost waxy in texture, and are about It stands shearing well, although, of two inches in diameter. Their fra­ course, the number of fl owers and the grance is rich and sweet, and re­ amount of fruit are accordingly re­ sembling the jasmine. While it fl ow­ duced. White fl owers and bright red ers profusely during the spring, fruit against the dark green of the blooms appear sparingly throughout foliage make an attl-active picture the year. The bright red fruit is practically all year round. As a foun­ ovoid or elliptical in form and varies dation shrub, the Carissa has also from an inch to two inches in length ; proved very useful , giving, in addi­ its skin is thin and the enclosed red, tion to its own attractiveness, a rich. rather granular pulp contains a milky dark background for other plants. juice; there are several thin, circular It is propagated readily by seed, seeds in the center. As a fresh fruit, which are planted in fl ats or pots in to be eaten out of hand, it is rather well-drained sandy loam, barely cov­ tart and not destin ed to arouse undue ered, and are tr-an splanted to pots as enthusiasm, though as a component of the seedlings develop. Where cuttings fruit salads it adds a rather sprightly are used, bottom heat is required for fl avor and a dash of color. Cooked rooting, and even this method is not as a sauce, its flavor resembles that always satisfactory. Excellent results of cranberries quite closely ; jelly made have been obtained by a method de­ from it is excellent. It is not to be veloped by the late Edward Simmonds expected that the Carissa will ever at the former Plant Introduction Gar­ become an important market fruit ; den at Miami. Young branchlets are its place is primarily in the home notched, cutting half way through the garden. stem at a point three to four inches Carissa plants show much variation from the tip ; they are then bent down­ as to fruit itself, bearing habit, and ward at this point and left hanging length and arrangement of thorns. until a callous forms, usually in about Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 157

U. S. D. A.

Hedge of Natal plw/L, Carissa gralldiflora, /II Miall/i, Fla. 158 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933 two months. The branchlets are then ing only half an inch in diameter; its severed at this point and the calloused fruit is also small&r, being about a half cuttings placed in sand under shade inch in length with but 3 or 4 seeds in­ where they readily root. The Carissa stead of up to 20, and are borne in layers easily and this also offers a clusters. This species is reported as simple method of propagation. While being very drouth resistant in South ordinary shield budding in the spring Africa. C m'issa ca1'andas has simple is ·not difficult, this method of propa­ instead of forked spines; its fruits, gation has not been used very ex­ which are less than an inch long, are tensively. black when 'ripe, smaller than C. The plant isn't at all particular as grandifiora, and are used green 111 to the type of soil in which it is India for pickles, and for tarts and planted; it thrives well on light, sandy puddings when ripe. Carissa ed$£lis, a soils as well as on heavy clay, and tall, straggling shrub native to tropi­ can stand considerable drouth. cal Africa and Arabia. which produces A numoor of other species have a small purple frut, and C. 07Jata, an been introduced at different times but open shrub from Australia, producing have not proved so useful as Carissa small fruits, have not been of suffi­ grandifiora. Carissa bispinosa (C. A1'­ cient merit to warrant much attention, dui111a) closely resembles C. grandifiora . except for the amateur who wishes to and is sometimes mistaken for it; how­ get together related forms or species ever, its flowers are much smaller, be- collections.

A Book or Two

The Natural Gardens of N 01,th C aro­ most of which suggest the habit of lina. By B. W. Wells. The Uni­ the plant rather than present an in­ versity of North Carolina Press, timate portrait. Chapel Hill, N. C. 485 pages. Illustrated. $3.50. The Fragra11t Path. By Louise Beebe Wilder. The Macmillan Company, Strictly speaking tJhis is not a gar­ New York, 1932. 407 pages. den book, but it is the sort of book Frontispiece. $3.00. that gardeners will read with the keenest interest and profit if they are The dis-cussions of fragrance, per­ wise in their time. fumes, and scents are so often brought The chapter headings show the plan to a sudden standstill by lack of a of the first part of the book: Sea­ vocabulary, that one turns to this side Plant Societies. Inland Marshes, encyclopedia with particular gratitude. Deserts in the Rain, Christmas Tree Like all other books by lVIrs. Wilder, Land, etc. The second part of the it is written in a pleasant style, rhat book is given over to a discussion of is as poetic and as sweetly spiced with the plants themselves and ways to tell allusion and quotation as her subject. them. If the first part of the book There is no point in recounting the gives one the clues to -cultivation, the table of contents. It is enough to say second part spreads before us a host that after a preliminary philosophical of plants to pique our garden de­ chapter, the writer takes perfumes sIres. There are many illustrations. through the calendar, fortifies herself Apr., 1933 T HE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 159 by ten special chapters in which par­ many interested persons, to whom ticular plants are treated and adds due acknowl edgments are made, a another hunderd pages of mi scel­ mass of data that should ,be of the laneous data that will not go else­ greatest value to gardeners within where. her area, an area which cannot be If one wanted to be cantankerou s, properly served by books and articles it would be only because M rs. Wilder written elsewhere. It is presumptu­ has not increased our vocabulary by ous for anyone living far from T exas coining a whole set of words that to cri ticise the contents. It is safe to should arbitrarily mean certain things remark that the contents cover most henceforth. of the su:bj ects that come within the range of the amateur's experience The Plant W orid in, Florida. By Henry and touch upon most of the current N ehrling. Collected and E dited by fancies . As an outsider, the reviewer Alfred and E li zabeth Kay. The could wish fo r fuller chapters on the lVl acmillan Company, New York, nati ve T exas fl ora and less of such 1933. 304 pages. Illustrated. $3.50. threadbare material as zinnias !

In all parts of the country there T he Lily Year Book. P ublished by are to be found individuals whose the R oyal H orticultural Society, lively curiosity toward the plants they London, E ngland, 1933 . 6s. can grow exceeds all their other horti­ cultural interests. They are not al­ A rticles and books on lilies have ways as industrious or as careful as been few in comparison to the reams Doctor N ehrling seems to have been written on the ir

Glaucothea (Erythea) ar11~ ata O. F . olive, which they resemble until they Cook. (See page 161.) ripen and turn a golden brown. The In the north central part of Lower thin flesh covering the large seed is California, just below the Thirtieth sweet and edible, yet not enjoyable P arallel, a few large canyons that cut unless it is a long time since the through the dry, white granite moun­ last meal. tains of the desert, carry several bo­ The Mexicans call this the "Ash tanical surpri ses. Among these is the Palm," probably on account of the noble Glaucothea (Erythea) ar111,ata, color of the leaves . They do not make a blue fan palm. much use of it as the Washingtonias In the canyon of Catavincita, this grow in the same district, providing species is found growing in the sandy leaves for thatch, tim,ber for build­ bottom, along the stream bed. Some ing, leaf stems for fencing, fib er for of the plants reach forty feet, which saddle pads and mattresses as well as is approximately the height of the fruit to vary their meager ration. green leaved Washingtonias found in In the warmer portions of Cali­ a few canyons of the upper California fornia and the south, the Glaucothea desert. a1'mata does well in the open garden. The lower portion of the trunk of In colder sections it can only be grown one of these patriarchs is bare as the as a greenhouse plant. While this oldest leaves drop off of their own palm is truly a desert deni zen, it will accord. The upper portion of the use much water when in well drained trunk is clothed with a thick skirt of soil as is indicated by its habit of only old leaves. Above all is the magnifi­ growing on the margins of the larger cent head of blue fan shaped leaves. stream beds, where there is always Each leaf is borne on a narrow, underground water. In rate of growth elongated petiole that is deeply chan­ it is much slower than the Washing­ neled and lined on each edge with a tonias. row of strong, hooked teeth. Each HOWARD E. GATES. petiole begins its existence in an up­ Anaheim, Calif. right position and gradually droops as new ones supersede it, until it Pentste11'wn Cm11dalli. A. Nels. ( See reaches old age and hangs down. The page 162.) outer edge of the leaves is lacerated and thei r margins bear fibrous fil a­ One of the Caespitosa Group; is ments. found in dry, sunny, open places be­ In July the plants present the glori­ tween the Ranpart R ange and the ous spectacle of flowers and ripe Continental Divide in Colorado. fruits at the same time. The in­ Leaves are linear and glabrous. numerable s111 all , creamy white fl ow­ Flowers clear intense turquoise on 3 ers are borne on padices fifteen or to 4 inch stems; good habit, profuse more feet long, which reach out and bloomer, happy anywhere except in droop down beyond the leaves. The rich, moist soil in shade. fruits take a yea·r to ripen. They The e low spreading pentstemons hang in long compact clusters, each deserve to be more generally known. fruit of the size and shape of an Their neatness of habit is unexpected [161] 162 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933

H. L. Standley [See page 161] Pentste11!J,on C1'andalli since we are so accustomed to the twice ternate leaves make attractive gangling inclination to untidiness of tufts and remain good all summer. some of the tall species. vVithout cutting back it retains its MRS. G. R. MARRIAGE. fresh greenness-better behaviour than Colorado Springs, Colo. any of the taller varieties here. The ultimate height is not more than 6 Aq'll£ilegia saxi1ll1ontana Rydb. (See inches-the average 4 inches. page 164.) In our rock garden at 6,000 feet it bloomed profusely in April. Then From timberline to about 13,500 from mid-May to date (Sept. 19) it feet high on Pike's Peak, Aquilegia has not been without a few stray saxi111,ontana (syn. brevistyla) is to be blooms. found tucked in the lee of huge gran­ It seems to be adaptable to various ite boulders. For some reason-pos­ climates if given a diet of grit and sibly because chipmunks gobble up the leaf mold. seed the minute it ripens-it is un­ MRS. G. R. MARRIAGE. evenly and sparsely distritbuted. Colorado Springs, Colo. It is a gem for the rock garden. Liliu11lJ" Backhouse Hybrids. (See The miniature flowers on 4 to 5 inch stems, blue perianth, while corolla, dis­ page 165.) tinct yellow stamens and rather stubby Mrs. R. O. Backhouse who con­ spurs are fascinating. The small tributed in her time to the beauty of Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 163 I 1 I I

I

Howard E. Gates [See page 161] Blue Fan Palm 164 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933

H. L. Standle'y [See: page 162] Aq,u,ilegia saxim.o'lltana several garden plants, perhaps es­ whi ch have been selected and propa­ pecially narcissus in which she created gated under horticultural names such marlY varieties of startlingly brilliant as, Mrs. R. O. Backhouse, Golden coloring, had a hand also in the pro­ Orb, Sceptre, Sutton Court, Brocade. duction of lily hybrids and developed As a group they form plants that a group of hybrids between the Asiatic grow from three to eight feet high orange lily, L7:lium H ansoni ( seed) with handsome whorls of leaves along and the E uropean Liliu11I1, 1na1'tagon. the lower parts of their stems, the From the mating of these two mem­ usual individual leaves of the upper bers of the Martagon Section, with parts and terminal heads of nodding their s0111ewhat similar habits of flow ers that increase in number as the growth and general aspect, but with bulbs develop size and vigor. The il­ fl owers of clear orange yell ow in the lustration shows the style and shape one case and deep possibly dull crim­ of the fl owers perfectly but .it cannot son purple in the other, has come a suggest the colorings which are vari­ strain of vlgorous hybrids many of ous, essentially yellow in several hues Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 165

Van Aliena [See page 1621 Bacleho 1J£se H ybrid Lilies 166 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933 overlaid with tints of peach, apricot pIe and the flow ers horne in the axils and pale lilac, intensified by dottings of the leaves resemble those of an and specklings of deep ~ r color. As old-fashioned petunia in form and are might be expected some of these usually of that violet color that is colorations carry better in the garden amusingly called "sky-blue" though color scheme than others, but what­ there are a few of deeper color and ever the distant effect may be, the an occasional albino. It is not an elegant carriage of the plant, and the early fl ower, the downy shoots seldom beauty of the color nearby are quite making their appearance until settled enough to assure the long use of these warm weather comes, but once started hardy lilies. it gets down to business in a very HELEN M . FOX. short time and keeps it up. Peekskill, N . Y. NOTE. The illustration is from the garden of Mr. F airman Furness, Me­ Ruellia ciliosa Pursh. (See page 167.) dia, Penna. w . A. BRIDWELL. With most people who know it long Forestburg, T exas. enough, this is a wild fl ower that dis­ credits the old saw about first impres­ R u.ellia fOY11'losa Andr. sions. The small plant with rusty­ hairy leaves of nondescript appearance This is an exceedingly pretty late is far from impressive and the flow­ winter or very early spring flowering ers, though pretty, are fleeting and greenhouse perennial with light scarlet borne few at a time. As a rule it is fl owers about one and one-half inches discarded after the first season, but long. It has pale green opposite ovate also as a rule, the discarder is in the leaves that are quite hairy and form market for more the next season. a fine foil for the very brilliant blos­ In calcareous soil , clay gravel or soms. In N icholson's Dictionary of sand, with enough water, it may reach Gardening it i said to have been a foot in height, usually less and al­ introduced from Brazil in 1808. though its sky-blue to medium violet My plants came from about half­ trumpets are borne by ones and twos, way up Blue Mountain, Jarnaica, sometimes skipping a day or two and where I found it in 1929. It was though they wither within twelve hours growing in a large, many-stemmed after opening, they may be seen near­ clump, about two feet across, on a ly every morning from mid-spring un­ sunny bank in dry soil and formed a til mid-fall, not infrequently lingering strikingly handsome object. It was the until hard freezes, blooming on mild only plant that I saw of this species days even after the leaves have fallen. and I spent a whole day going up the Though fibrous rooted and showing mountain and another coming down. a preference for moist spots, it is It has made itself quite rapidly at really an arid land plant and can en­ home in my little greenhouse and dure alm ost any amount of dry wea­ shown me its lovely and conspicuous ther if there is rain at some time fl owers in 1930, again in 193 1 and during the year. Naturally being de­ 1932. Ruellia fan-nasa roots very void of fleshy roots, it does not bloom easily from cuttings taken at almost during prolonged droughts. any time and nice plants are rapidly There may 'be one or two or up to raised from seed. In fact, each spring five stems from the crown, each sim- I have found numerous little self- Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 167

Shewell Ellis [See page 166J Ruellia ciliosa 168 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933 sown seedlings sometimes in pots of and fertility of the soil, and fill a other plants and also in the bare peb­ place that has been a trial for all other ble-covered bench. perennials. In such a location it may It comes into ·bloom before the be allowed to spread to its heart's usual spring flowering plants and it is content in as much as it will not easy to grow and not at all particular compete with deciduous shrubs or as to soil. The extremely pretty and evergreens. If it needs other claims quite unusual looking flowers continue for your attention, and if you are their display for a long time and make interested in utilitarian details, it is the plant even more worth growing. said that this plant may be eaten and MRS. J. NORMAN HENRY. that in Europe its roots and shoots are used in salads. Gladwyne, Penna. 1. N. ANDERSON. Ballston, Va. C a111,panula 1'apunc~~loides L. ( See page 167.) H Y111,en0 caUis occidentalis Kunth. This bluebell, a European species, is (See page 170.) often listed as a native of the United Of the seven species of "Spider States because it has escaped from Lily" in the United States, there is so many of the old gardens and has only one that is hardy in the north­ become so thoroughly established in H Y1nenocallis occidentalis. This lily the wild areas of the eastern states belongs to the Amaryllis Family and that it seems a common plant to find has a large coated bulb, basal strap­ when rambling through the woods. like leaves and scapes one and a half This campanula can become a most feet tall bearing umbels of flowers. persistent weed if used in good soil or The plants are very local, like open exposure in the perennial border, by woodland on exposed ridges, are not the spread of the stolon-like suckers choicy as to soil and when left un­ that are forever forming about the distul1bed throw several spikes to each parsnip-like roots which no amount of bulb. They propagate sparingly by digging or weeding will discourage. I bulblets and seed. have been trying for five years to The seed are large green fleshy ,eliminate some from one section of balls. They should be planted as soon my perennial rborder that has been re­ as mature and require about a year to made twice since I planted about half germinate. Just how long it takes a dozen plants, but every spring I find them to produce blooming--sized bulbs hundreds of small 'Plants that would I cannot say as the bulbs I have from soon choke out some of my more de­ seed are only one year old and very sirable perennials. small. I have been unable to get this In spite of this, I have found a information fron1 the several sources pl.ace to use C a111,pam~la 1'apunc~~loides I have tried, but one man who has to real advantage, that is, in extreme had quite a bit of experience with shade where almost no sun penetrates them thinks it will require about seven on account of buildings or evergreen years and I feel that he is not far trees. Here the bluish-purple flowers wrong. The beauty of these unusual appear late in May and continue until spidery blossoms of waxy white with the first of July on stalks one to three deep yellow anthers is accentuated by feet tall depending on the moisture a glorious fragrance which is most Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 169

L. A. Guernsey [See page 168] C ampal'l ula 1'apunculo'ides 170 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933

Ge01'ge M asa H Y111,enocallis unusual and far-reaching but not more than 18 feet high, its slender heavy or too sickly sweet. aspect, of course, makes it appear ANNIE LEE R. CLEMENT. taller than a spreading tree of the Asheville, N. C. same height. The bark is dark gray and smooth, and the brownish red Pnm%s serr%lata Lindl. V a r i e t y young foliage appears about the time Amanogawa. Oriental Cherry. (See the flowers are fully opened. The page 171.) slender ovoid buds are deep pink, opening into semi-double flowers up The only truly fastigiate Japanese to 1 ~ inches across, light pink with cherry of which we have record is deeper pink margins. These are in the subject of this note, which may uprioght clusters of two to four, com­ be said without exaoggeration to be monly three, with relatively long as stiffly upright in habit as the Lom­ pedicels that stand upright in spite bardy poplar. In this respect it is of their length. unique, and is easily distinguished at The characteristically fastigiate any time of the year from all other habit of Amanogawa makes it par­ varieties of the oriental cherries. ticularly suitable for more formal Although the tree generally is not landscapes, and it is not unattractive Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 171

E. L. CroJ/dall [See page 170] 01'iental Chen),) A11Ia/loga~CJa 172 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933 as a specimen tree for the lawn. It begun to interest gardeners who are has also been suggested that it could on the lookout for the new and un­ well be planted in a wide perennial usual in rock garden material. It border, say at intervals of twenty comes from a limited area in the feet, to serve as a repeat aocent as Coast• Rane-e'-' in Southern Oreaonb , a standard roses sometimes do. If such regIOn peculiarly rich in botanical planting were used for double bor­ treasure. ders with a wiele green path between Related to Rhododendron and Kal- and high evergreen hedges at their 11Iia and resembling each in some re­ backs, the spring effect would be ex­ spects, it was at first described by Dr. quisite. VI/hen seen in full bloom L. F. Henderson, of the University of ;rgainst such a dark background the Oregon, as Rhododendron Leachia­ appropriateness of the Japanese mml-, but on account of certain botani­ name, which means "milky way," is cal differences between this plant and readily appreciated. There is also a Rhododendron, was later re-classified white-flowered form, known as Tana­ by Dr. Alfred Rehder, who gives it bata, reported from Japan, but it has the generic name of Kalmiopsis. The not yet appeared in the United States. specific name is in honor of its dis­ In the spring of 1906, Doctor Da­ coverer, Mrs. John R. Leach, of Port­ vid Fairchild introduced trees of this land, Oregon, whose botanizing trips variety from Japan, and some of in the Oregon wilderness have result­ these are still living in North Chevy ed in a number of interesting discov­ Chase, Maryland. These are prob­ eries, including two new genera and a ably the oldest trees in the United dozen or more species and varieties, States. A few nurseries in the East some of which still await classification. and one or two on the Pacific Coast Kalmiopsis Leachiana is a dwarf offer Amanogawa, but it is still evergreen. shrub five to eight inches rarely planted. high, with rose-colored flowers which In common with the greater part in the natural situation, bloom in May, of the oriental cherries, this variety though it may prove to be an earlier is most satisfactorily propagated bloomer in lowland gardens. The asexually, but it is interesting to note flowers resemble those of Ka1m.i,(1., that Miyoshi, in Die J apanischen rather than Rhododendron, but are Bergkirschen, Tokyo, 1916, on p. 150, more campanulate than Kalmia flow­ states that seedlings of Amanoo'awa ers. Kalmia polilolia, a dwarf west­ differ very little from the parenttree. ern shrub which has been tried in inheriting the fastigiate habit per­ rock gardens with only moderat~ suc­ fectly. Seedlings of this variety at cess, so far as I have been able to the United States Plant Field Sta­ observe, does best in soil containing a good deal of peat, and abundantly tion at Glenn Dale, Maryland, all watered below. It must have plenty show the fastigiate habit to a cer­ of light, but not a dry situation; if tain extent, some very strong-ly. placed in shade, it goes leggy and re­ PAUL RUSSELL. fuses to bloom. This is to be expect­ ed from observing its natural situa­ Kal111,iopsis Leachiana Rehd. (See tion, swampy places at high altitudes, page 173.) where it is found in the company of A new plant from the Pacific sedges, gentians, louseworts and other Northwest, Ka.l7lliopsis Leachiana, has wet-meadow alpines. Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 173

[See page 172] Kalmiopsis Leachial1a 174 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933

M ol'gal'et DeNI. Brown [See page 176] Borage

\iVhile cultural information about 5,000 feet, the little shrub is found in this newer plant, Ka1111iopsis, is lack­ a somewhat dwarfer form, as a sa..'Ca­ ing as yet, it seems reasonable to ex­ tile plant. It flourishes in narrow pect that it will be fairly adaptable to crevices in the ledges of serpentine, rock garden conditions, possibly more in a soil which is largely broken rock, so than the Kalmia, since Mrs. Leach with some leaf mold. The plant is reports finding it in two quite differ­ equally floriferous in both situations, ent situations. The first of these is but is reported to be taller and more in the open pine and fir woods, in woody when growing in shade. half shade or sun, where it grows in Seeds collected by IVIrs. Leach have rich vegetable soil, with grasses and been given to the Arnold Arboretum herbaceous plants of the region, such and to several botanical gardens in as Lupinus col~t1nbianus and V e1'Gt1 ' u11~ the United States and Europe, and a vi1'ide, the latter usually found in supply of plants may be expected moist spots. Trees of the region in­ from these after a time. I know of clude several pines and oaks, and the no one who is propagating the plant plant may be expected to thrive in as yet, from cuttings or divisions. acid soil. The only collected specimens I have At an altitude of approximately seen were not yet fully enough estab- Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 175

Michael Carran [See paO"e 176J his histrioides lllajo1' 176 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933 lished after transplanting, to show spinach and form a variation from conclusively what may be expected of that other familiar herb. The flower t11is new rock shrub. corollas slipped from their calyces DREW SHERRARD. may be floated singly or in little fleets Oswego, Ore. in finger bowls to add variety to the flowers so used. E01'ago officinalis L. (See page 174.) HELEN M. FOX. Peekskill, N. Y. Among the many herbs, borago is an annual that was much used for Iris hist1'ioides 11f/,O.jor H 01,t. (See flavoring. As one might easily guess page 175.) from the illustration it belongs to the same family as anchusa and cynog­ This bulbous iris from Asia Minor lossum, for the curling inflorescence is one of the flowers always li sted and the soft prickly hairs of the among 1:he earliest bloom in British stems and leaves are well known. gardens. Transplanted to this coun­ Although it is a rather coarse plant try, it maintains its earliest flowering it is not without its special beauties, and comes up to a more uncertain cli­ especially those of the fl owers which mate with mild F ebruary sunlight, are like fi ve-pointed stars with petals often immediately followed by bitter of forget-me-not blue and in their winds and chilling rain. N everthe­ center white stamens forlTung a pretty less, the sight of its deep blue laven­ pattern. There is a white variety that der fl owers, mottled with white and is not so showy and a perennial spe­ touched with yellow on the fall, is so cies with trailing stems and paler blue gay and brave a one that they de­ flowers (E01'ago laxifi01'a). The an­ serve a temporary shelter to keep nual borago grows about twelve inches them from harm. high and if it is wanted all summer My bulbs are planted in a well should be given at least three sow­ drained loam in w h i c h gene;rous logs with intervals of about two weeks amounts of sand and leaf compost between. have been added and show every in­ In olden times, the young leaves and dication of liking it, even to slight flowers, which have a cllcllmber flavor, increase. They fl ower regularly in were used to flavor ales, beers and February, about ten days before Can­ other old time drinks. Now they are tab and three weeks before the typi­ used, especially the leaves which lose cal blue purple 1'eticulata. their bristles in cooking, in place of Washington, D . C. Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE v SlE:E.DS of Ornamental and Commercial Gral ed N~t ;r;ees Azaleas Rhododendrons Thin she lled black lnuts d shell barks. H ardy p ecan s, Engli:;h walnu the new species hicans. Heavy bearing filbert d hazel hybrids. Nut Rare Shrubs New Perennials crops are the fut e sa ation of Agriculture. Price S heet Literalure lOc - Forestry Seeds - l HERSHEY, Nuticulturist Downingtown, Pa.

F. w. ~ SCHUMACHER An Iris Lovers' Catalog P. O. Box 131, Jamaica Plain The world's most complete, inter­ esting and informing treatise on the BOSTON, MASS. modern Iris. A copy to .,."ery Iris lover for the asking SCHREINER'S IRIS GARDENS Box 108, Rive:view Station St. Paul, Minn. Garden Supply Company Ivan N. Anderson RARE ALPINES GLEBE ROAD BALLSTON, VA. We offer an extensive list of new and Rare and Standard Varieties of Rock rare hardy varietJi es for your Rock Garden, Plants and Perennials a:lso hardy plants for the border. F ield including grown stock

Then, by all means, you should read the Gardeners' Clzro1>icle, America' s fo remost garden monthly. Each issue contains a wealth of practical, timely informati on on gardening in all its branches, from cutting beds to rock ga rdens. It costs only 25c per copy-if you are thrifty, you'll appreciate our special offer of 13 months for $2.00.

522-L FIFTH AVE. GARDENERS' CHRONICLE NEW YORK CITY

Delphiniums English Garden Bred

OU know full well that the fin est of the hy­ brid Delphiniums come f.-om the old English Y garde ns. You also know that many of them, when brought over h ere don't bear out their promise. That's why we have a lways first nlade s uch careful g rowing t ests, before off ering them. Admittedly there is no thing new in s uch test -mak­ ing s. But s uspect you won't fin~ anyone ~aki n g a ny more tho rou g h tests. Wouldn t you say I t can best be s ized up by saying : You can a lw ays de­ pend on W ayside? In spite of our sustained high quality, '~ ayside's C h o i c e vVrexham H ybrid prices you will find are agreeahly m 1ll1e wIth pre - Delphiniums, 3 for $1. 12 en t cond i t ions. for $3. 25 for $5. 100 fo r The new cata log you will find contains many out­ $20. Just ha lf the price and-out new things. All of them reliable. they used to be.

A)[ERICA'S F[:-;EST PLAXT A:-;O BL· LBS 36 Mentor Ave. Owners: Elmer IT. chultz and J. J. Grullemall Mentor, Ohio V I THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933

THE W. B. SHAW RARE ENGLISH AQUATIC GARDENS FLOWER SEEDS KENILWORTH WASHINGTON, D. C. Waterlilies for Your Garden -add a new note of interest­ a nd are easy to grow. 1933 illustrated catalogue, the most 75 Varieties comprehensive ever published, 4,305

Hardy lilies may be different kinds of flower seeds de­ planted from early Spring thru August-tender lilies scribed. in May and June. FLOWERS the first summer Other AQUATICS Also Free on Application to THOMPSON & MORGAN Ipswich, England

CRONAMERE ALPINE NURSERIES

Found in Colonia l SHORE ROAD, days. lost fOT ISO years, this exquisite GREENS FARMS, CONN. native shqllbby tree survives because a neighbor of Franklin sent plants t~hiladelPhia gatde ns. Starred with owy 3-inch, g61den.hearted Large collection of Primulas and fl owers from Au ¥,st to late;fall. when they contrast with bn~'ant foJlage, Franklinia Saxifragas. is one of the mos unus.!a l plants offered today. Our exhibit at the I932 Atlant ic Ci ty Flower Show cr ~ted a great sensation Rosa Rouletti, the smallest Al­ and won a Gold Med.r!\, Hardy to Boston, Franklinia thrives ",·th ~ododend ron s and pine rose. Continuous bloomer. azaleas. Perfectly hardy. Splendid plantsl r8-24 i high, $5 each Famous Wh ~ esbog Blueberries, Holly, Magnolia glauca, Pine Barren Gentian, Potentilla T onguei, rare and very Climbing Fefo, a nd other native treasures are availabYe. You may have descriptive fine. folders if you will send your name and address. Many varieties of Androsaces and Lewisias. JOSEPH J. WHITE, Inc. p, O. Box 32 Whitesbog, N. J. .. ~l Plants acclimatized ...... Jl Eastern gardens. for I~ .. Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE vii

Are You Looking For "QUALITY" SEEDS, Bulbs and Plants Rare Novelties that will stamp you as a Real Flower Lover and Gardener at your Local Flower Show Trade Mark Looking f or D eiphinif4ms Such as Y ou Neyer Dreamed o f B efore? H ave you tried the Tigridias ( the m a rvelous M exican Shell Flower ) ? The new hybrid Montbretias? Mig non-Charm D ahlias as easily to grow from seeds as A sters? Our 90-p a~ e handsomely illustrated C atalog and G ard e n -Guide lists over 200 Flower seed s, bulbs, plants. Dahlias and Iris; authorities­ R osa Rouletti people who KNOW-say that it is one of the most inte resting catalog s publish ed ; our cus­ tomers say they can't do without it from Tinies\. Rose in ..d re World year to y ear. B looms f ~ J ?to November, y et PUDOR'S, INC. w h en fully g it is on ly 6 inch es D ept- N _ G _ Puyallup, W ash _ high. The tin uds a r e p erfectly for m ed a nd open to eli tely fragrant full flow­ er s of R~ pin k. It is a n everblooming RO C~-G 'den p la n par excellen ce. \ Ve laVe bushy , w -grown plants a t $ 2 eac a nd sm a ller pIa s a t $ 1 each de- The Glen Road Iris Gardens liver y prep a id . ' OFFER NEW INTRODUCTION S and a c ritical selection o f STANDARD VARIETIES The Conard-Pyle Co. Star Rose Growers Y o ur want list will receive pr ompt a ttention ROBT. PYLE, Pre._ West Grove 533, Pa_ GRACE STURTEYANT WELLESLEY FARMS, MASS. c. G. V AN TUBERGEN LTD. HAARLEM (HOLLAND)

Choice Bulbs direct from Holland

APPL Y FOR CATALOGUE (quoting cost in Haarlem, Holland)

to E. J. KRUG, Sole Agent 114 Broad Street NEW YORK CITY VIII THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933 GLADIOLUS 144 of the finest in existence at less than 2c each. 12 young, heavy, healthy bulbs each of 12 champion varieties, cor ~ ectly labeled, in colors from oI~ purest white to deepest maroon, $2.75. Guaran­ teed not only to bloom but to bloom unusually well. There are no thrips in my mile-high gar­ FORMALDEHYDE DUST dens. Why worry about thrips anyway? Buy A seed and soil t reating compound which controls seed­ thrips-free bulbs. Order from this ad or ask for borne d i sea~es . root rots and damping-oil' of seedlings names and details of this famous collection, and and cuttings. for my list of Flower Aristocrats. 70 varieties glads. and other distinctive dowers, pleasingly Safe, Economical and Easily Applied priced. FRANK M. RICHARD, JR. " GROWER OF CHAMPIONS" P. O. Box 363 oI~ Fort Collins, Colo. COLLOIDAL SULPHUR Seeds of Rare Plants An eff ective sulphur fungicide for Flowers. Vegetables, Fruits. Ornamental Shru bs and Trees. Here are the kinds that are May safely be used through the entire growi ng season "hard to find." Remains in suspension without agitating. Does not burn, and does not clOg nozzle. Pleasant Lo use. Control red spider and scale insects. Unusual Iris and Lilium species, Rare Send for circular. testimonials and price list. Wild Flowers, American Alpines, Azalea, Rhododendron, and Rose ~eeds. Write for interesting and very different descriptive list. No other catalog like it. Apply to Dep t. B-2 CHEMICAL COMPANY Mar!neHe, Wisconsin Modesto, California REX. D. PEARCE MERCHANTVILLE, NEW JERSEY

Native and foreign alpines, fer n s and shrubs for the rock garden. Nursery grown with well· IRISES developed root systems. Asiatic dwarf Rhododendron, $-50-$2-50; Rhodo­ dendron neriiflof\. m, 2 yr / $1.50; Rhododendron ESPECIALLY chryseum, 2 yr., $1.0P, the smallest brooms, $-50-$.75; 45 of e Vest Saxifrages, $.25-$1.25; American Introductions 12 encrusted Saxifra ,sizable plants, our choice, $3.00 ; 9 of the lov st Gentians, $.50-$ 1.00; 15 Campanulas, $.20-$ .0 . 23 Primulas, $.25-$1.00 ; MAY BE FOUND 7 native P entstem ns, 25: Houstonia, Millard's variety, $ .50, is are aria, $.75; }effersonia diphylla. $-50; osa raul. i, $ .50. "Over-the-Garden- Wall" M01JY other chlce species. Plant list upon request Mrs. L. W . Kellogg, Owner J t6LIUS ANTHON 2215 East 46th Street, 60 N. Main St. W. Hartford, Conn. SEATTLE, WASH., U . S. A. Unusual Summer­ JAPANESE FLOWERING CHERRIES Flo erini Bulbs FLOWERING APPLE AND $2-50 CHINESE MAGNOLIA OWELL America's Finest Collection in all varieties and MARYLAND sizes.

Send for Book For Advertising Rates Wohlert of Apply to Narberth, Pa. J. STEALEY ELMS 939 Montgomery Ave. Box 27, Kensington, Md. Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE IX GARDEN LOVERS visiting Ireland NOVELTIES FOR YOUR should make a point of seeing LISSA DELL GARDENS ROCK GARDEN ALPINES-FROM PIKE'S PEAK where a very large collection of Alpine Salix aximontana, Dryas, Boykinia, Eritrich. and other Hardy Plants can be seen ium, quilegia sa~imontana . SUB·ALPIN S-L cocrinum montanum, Oenoth. growing in Rock Gardens, Moraines, era. caes it 3 , Pentstemons: caespitosa, cran. dalh, am gua, etc. Retaining Walls, etc. PLAINS- eti, many varieties. Rocky untain ·P,Iants and Seeds collected to Seeds a Specialty-Lists Free order, ~ une to September. A} k for lists MANAGER, LISSADELL UPTON GARDENS (MRS. G. R. MARRIAGE) Sligo Irish Free State COLORADO SPRINGS, COLORADO

BELVOIR MANOR FLOWER FARM Specimens for Landscaping WM. COLEMAN ROGERS Cedars of Lebanon . 5 to 25 feet tall Waterbury, Md. Incense cedars 2 to 15 feet taU Many other evergreens all sizes Landscape Designers and Nurserymen Flowering shrubs. Iris and hardy azaleas- specialties (Difficult or shady situations a specialty) New, Rare and Standard Varieties a nd Kinds of FISHER FLOWERS Alpines, Perennials, Shrubs and Evergreens 640 Anderson Place Memphis, Tenn.

PAEONIA ARBOREA (Tree Peony) BANKSII Large, double flesh-pink flowers ; strong shrubs on their own roots, each $4.00; doz. $44.00. Very large specimen plants, 8 years old, bloomed profusely during 1932, a~ $10.00 each. Also Herbaceous Peonies P. O. Box 11 OBERLIN PEONY GARDENS Sinking Spring, Pa.

NEW ENGLAND GLADIOLUS SOCIETY 1932 YEAR BOOK 1933 YEAR BOOK THE FISCHER COLOR CHART ALL FREE

Free to new members sending one dollar ($1.00) for membership and dues which pays until Dec. 31, 1933. These two books of about 400 pages in all have most complete articles on all phases of growing gladiolus and the best varieties. A positive method of growing thrip free blooms. Articles from Australian, English, Holland, German, Cuban, etc., growers as well as descriptions of many American growers' farms, gardens and vanetIes. Culture, Exhibition, Storage, planting dates and many other topics are taken up. The Color Chart shows 108 colors, tints and shades and uses a simple system of co lor names that is easily remembered. This chart is used extensively at the Boston shows. Send one dollar for membership and receive the 1932 book and color chart. Address, C. W. BROWN, Secretary Box 245-H Ashland, Mass. x THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933

Quarterly Journal for the ad­ A vanced gardener with inter­ The New est in rare and unusual plants, in exploration and plant introduction, in historical data re­ FLORA lated to horticulture and horticul­ turists. and Annual Subscription £1-0-0.

SILVA Published by DULAU & CO. LTD. 32 Old Bond Street, E dited by E. H. M. Cox London, WI, England

THE AMERICAN IRIS SOCIETY

The American Iris Society, since its organization in 1920, has published 45 Bulle­ tins which cover every phase of iris growing and should be useful to all gardeners. The Society has copies of all but three of these Bulletins for sale. A circular giving list of contents of each Bulletin, price, etc., may be secured from the Secretary, J. B. Wallace, 129 Church Street, New Haven, Conn. In order to dispose of surplus stocks of some numbers we offer 6 Bulletins (our selection) for $1.00. Through an endowment given as a memorial to the late Bertrand H. Farr the American Iris Society is able to offer free to all Garden Clubs or Horticultural Societies the use of our traveling library. This library contains all books ever published on Iris and a complete file of the bulletins of this society and The English Iris Society, and miscellaneous pamphlets. The library may be borrowed for one month without charge except the actual ex­ press charges. Organizations desiring it should communicate with the nearest of the following offices:

Horticultural Society of New York, 598 Madison Avenue, New York City Mrs. Katherine H. Leigh, Missouri Botanic Garden, St. Louis, Mo. Sydney B. Mitchell, School of Librarianship, Berkeley, Calif. Apr., 1933 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE XI

Good News for Peony Lovers

In order to get the peony manual in the hands of every peony admirer, the Directors have made a drastic reduction. This splendid manual, the finest book of its kind published, can now be obtained for $3.00 postpaid. Supply limited. Act at once if yon desire a copy. The manual is a splendid encyclopedia of peony knowledge, and at this bargain price, which is actually below cost of production, it should be in every flower lover's library. A membership in the American Peony Society, which includes four splendid bulletins per year, together with the new peony manual for $6.00. Send all remittances and communications to, w. F. Christman, Secretary

AMERICAN PEONY SOCIETY Northbrook, Ill.

LILY CONFERENCE AND EXHIBITION To Be Held At The r Royal Horticultural Society's Hall J 1 Greycoat Street, Westminster On TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY AND THURSDAY JULY 11th, 12th & 13th, 1933

The Society has 'been fortunate enough to secure lectures from many of the fore­ most authorities on Lilies, both in this country and abroad, and the prcgramme of the Conference has been arranged so as to allow time for discussion after each lecture. All who are interested in Lilies or N omocharis are cordially invited to attend and the Council hopes that the Conference and Exhibition will do much to ex tend the culti­ vation of these plants by increasing the common stock of knowledge regarding them. Those who intend to be present are requested to notify the Secretary by July 1st so that adequate arrangements may be made. The Secretary, Royal Horticultural Society, Vincent Square, London, S. W. 1. X II THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr., 1933

YOUR PATRONAGE BE OF OUR ADVERTISERS SELFISH MEANS PROSPERITY With your Magazine • • • TO THE MAGAZINE THE VERY NEXT TIME your friend or neighbor wishes to bor­ row your magazine, make that time the starting point of an argu­ The advertisers herein are ment to bring him into the mem­ dealers with a high reputa­ bership of the Society and end it tion for quality material by forwarding his application and dues to Mr. C. C. Thomas, Secre­ and square dealing. Give tary, 211 Spruce Street, Takoma them your orders and do Park, Maryland. not fail to mention the • • • With your Magazine Magazine. ] . S. ELMS, Arivt. Mgr. BE KENSINGTON, MARYLAND SELFISH

APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP

I desire to be admitted to ...... melTllbership in THE AMERI- CAN HORTICU LTURAL SOCIETY. Remittance of $3 .00 is enclosed (of which the sum of $2.00 is for a year's subscription to the Nati onal H orticultural Magazine) . N alne ...... , ......

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Checks should be made payable to The American H 0'rticultu1'al So ~ie ty and sent to C. C. Th011w,s, Secretary, 211 Spn£ce St., T ak01na Park, Md . . ' The American Horticultural Society

I NVITES to membership all persons who are interested in the devel­ opment of a great national society that shall serve as an ever growing center for the dissemination of the common knowledge of the members. There is no requirement for membership other than this and no reward beyond a share in the development of the organization. For its members the society publishes THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE, at the present time a quarterly of increasing importance among the horticultural publications of the day and destined to fill an even larger role as the society grows. It is published during the months of January, April, July and October and is written by and for members. Under the present organization of the society with special committees ap­ pointed for the furthering of special plant projects the members will receive advance material on narcissus, tulips, lilies, rock garden plants, conifers, nuts, and rhododendrons. Membership in the society, there­ fore, brings one the advantages of memberships in many societies. In addition to these special projects, the usual garden subjects, ilre covered and particular attention is paid to new or little known plants that are not commonly described elsewhere. The American Horticultural Society invites not only personal mem­ berships but affiliations with horticultural societies and clubs. To such it offers some special inducements in memberships. Memberships are by the calendar year. The Annual Meeting of the Society is held in Washington, D . c., the second Tuesday in February and members are invited to attend the special lectures that are given at that time. These are announced to the membership at the time of balloting. The annual dues are three dollars the year, payable in advance; life membership is one hundred dollars; inquiry as to affiliation should be addressed to the Secretary, Mr. C. C. Thomas, 211 Spruce Street, Takoma Park, D. C.