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Maxillary Molar Distalization with Aligners in Adult Patients

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Maxillary Molar Distalization with Aligners in Adult Patients Ravera et al. Progress in Orthodontics (2016) 17:12 DOI 10.1186/s40510-016-0126-0 RESEARCH Open Access Maxillary molar distalization with aligners in adult patients: a multicenter retrospective study Serena Ravera1*, Tommaso Castroflorio1, Francesco Garino2, Sam Daher3, Giovanni Cugliari4 and Andrea Deregibus1 Abstract Background: The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that bodily maxillary molar distalization was not achievable in aligner orthodontics. Methods: Forty lateral cephalograms obtained from 20 non-growing subjects (9 male, 11 female; average age 29.73 years) (group S), who underwent bilateral distalization of their maxillary dentition with Invisalign aligners (Align Technology, Inc., San José, CA, USA), were considered for the study. Skeletal class I or class II malocclusion and a bilateral end-to-end class II molar relationship were the main inclusion criteria. Cephalograms were taken at two time points: (T0) pretreatment and (T2) post-treatment. Treatment changes were evaluated between the time points using 39 variables by means of paired t test. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Reproducibility of measurements was assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: The mean treatment time was 24.3 ± 4.2 months. At the post-treatment point, the first molar moved distally 2.25 mm without significant tipping (P = 0.27) and vertical movements (P = 0.43). The second molar distalization was 2.52 mm without significant tipping (P = 0.056) and vertical movements (P = 0.25). No significant movements were detected on the lower arch. SN^GoGn and SPP^GoGn angles showed no significant differences between pre- and post-treatment cephalograms (P = 0.22 and P = 0.85, respectively). Conclusions: Aligner therapy in association with composite attachments and class II elastics can distalize maxillary first molars by 2.25 mm without significant tipping and vertical movements of the crown. No changes to the facial height were revealed. Keywords: Class II, Aligners, Molar distalization, Adult patients Background without skeletal anchorage. However, even these devices The distalization of maxillary molars is frequently re- can produce undesirable tipping of the maxillary molars quired in class II non-extraction patients. Resolving class and/or loss of anterior anchorage during distalization II molar relationships by distalizing maxillary molars [3–9]. In the last decades, increasing numbers of adult may be indicated for patients with minor skeletal dis- patients have sought orthodontic treatment and crepancies [1]. expressed a desire for esthetic and comfortable alterna- The upper molars can be distalized by means of extra tives to conventional fixed appliances [10, 11]. Invisalign or intraoral forces [2]. In recent years, several techniques (Align Technology, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) is an have been developed to reduce the dependence on pa- orthodontic system that has been introduced to answer tient compliance, such as intraoral appliances with and this request. Several case reports [12–14] have shown the possibility of obtaining class II correction with a se- quential maxillary molar distalization in non-growing * Correspondence: [email protected] 1Post-Graduate School of Orthodontics, Lingotto – Dental School, subjects. However, a sound clinical judgment should al- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy ways be made on the basis of a higher level of evidence. Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © 2016 Ravera et al. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Ravera et al. Progress in Orthodontics (2016) 17:12 Page 2 of 9 Simon et al. [15] reported a high accuracy (88 %) of adult patients (9 males, 11 females; mean age and SD the bodily movement of upper molars with aligners 29.73 ± 6.89) when a mean distalization movement of 2.7 mm was Forty lateral cephalograms in habitual occlusion were prescribed. The authors reported the best accuracy when thus considered for the study. Cephalometric headfilms the movement was supported by the presence of an at- were collected at the beginning (T0) and at the end of tachment on the tooth surface. Furthermore, they under- the Invisalign orthodontic treatment (T1). The mean lined the importance of staging in the treatment time period between the initial T0 radiograph and the predictability. post-treatment T1 radiograph was 24.3 ± 4.2 months. However, a detailed analysis of the underlying skeletal Gender differences were not considered since only non- and dental changes induced by aligners during class II growing subjects were considered for the study. treatment in adult patients is still lacking. All the patients were treated with the Invisalign appli- On the basis of these considerations, a retrospective ance by two board-certified orthodontists in orthodontic multicenter study has been conducted to analyze den- private practices located in Torino (Italy) and Vancouver toalveolar and skeletal changes following maxillary molar (Canada). The standardized orthodontic intervention distalization therapy with the Invisalign protocol in adult was represented by the maxillary molar distalization patients. The study was conducted in order to test the protocol proposed by Align Technology: the ClinCheck® hypothesis that maxillary molar bodily distalization is (software developed by Align Technology in order to not achievable with aligners. provide the doctor a virtual 3-D simulation of the planned orthodontic treatment based on the patient’s be- ginning situation and the doctor’s predescribed treat- Methods ment plan) of each treated case was planned in order to Subjects obtain a sequential distalization on the upper arch, and A sample of 32 Caucasian subjects treated with distaliz- the staging was set at 0.25 mm per aligner. Sequential ing Invisalign aligners was recruited by two board- distalization simply means that the aligners are set up to certified orthodontists. All patients met the following in- distalize one tooth at a time (as opposed to en masse clusion criteria: (1) age more than 18 years old, (2) skel- movements) The distalization starts with the upper sec- etal class I or class II malocclusion and a bilateral end- ond molars, and once the second molars are two thirds to-end class II molar relationship, (3) normodivergence of the way, then the upper first molars move back, then on the vertical plane (SN^GoGn angle less than 37°), (4) premolars, and so on until the en masse retraction of mild crowding in the upper arch (≤4 mm), (5) absence the four incisors will complete the treatment plan [18]. of mesial rotation of the upper first molar according to The protocol comprises the use of attachments and class Ricketts [16], (6) standardized treatment protocol, (7) II elastics. Intermaxillary elastics were used during the good compliance during the treatment (wearing aligner retraction of premolars, canines, and incisors. The at- time, ≥20 h per day), (8) absence or previous extraction tachments were engineered by Align Technology to of the upper third molars, and (9) good quality radio- achieve predictable tooth movements and placed accord- graphs, with adequate landmark visualization and head ing to the Align Technology attachment protocol [19]. rotation control. In order to control the distalization movement, rect- The exclusion criteria were (1) transversal dental or skel- angular and vertical attachments were placed on the dis- etal discrepancies, (2) vertical dental or skeletal discrepan- talizing teeth of all patients (from canine to second cies, (3) extraction treatment (except for third molars), (4) molar) [12]. In a sequential distalization setup, distaliza- unilateral distalization, (5) signs and/or symptoms of tem- tion is built into the aligners and it is the aligners that poromandibular disorders (TMDs) accordingly to Diagnos- move the teeth back, not the elastics [18]. As the molars tic Criteria for TMDs [17], (6) periodontal disease, (7) are distalized with the aligners, the molars are pitted endodontic treatments of the maxillary molars, (8) prostho- against the rest of the arch for anchorage. To prevent dontics rehabilitations of the maxillary molars. loss of anchorage and thus possible flaring of the anter- To avoid selection bias, all subjects who met the inclu- ior teeth, class II elastics (1/4 in., 4.5 oz Ormco Corp., sion criteria were included in the study regardless the Glendora, CA, USA) are used to reinforce the anchorage treatment results. Patients selected for the study satisfied the compliance From the initial sample, 12 subjects were excluded ac- criteria of wearing aligners and class II elastics at least cording to defined criteria: poor film quality or incom- 22 h per day as recommended by Align Technology with plete records (2 patients), divergence measured at regular 6-week monitoring for encouragement. SN^GoGn angle more than 37° (6 patients), unilateral Thus, all the selected patients were treated with this distalization (3 patients), and prosthesis on first molars standardized procedure without any other auxiliaries. In- (1 patient). The final sample consisted of 20 Caucasian terproximal reduction was not applied. Ravera et al. Progress in Orthodontics (2016) 17:12 Page 3 of 9 The average number of required aligners was 42.6 ± teeth and the number of analyzed crown and root 4.4 on the upper arch and 21.4 ± 3.2 on the lower arch. landmarks. Each couple of aligner was worn for 14 days, as recom- All the cephalograms were traced again after 3 weeks mended by the manufacturer. A refinement phase, cor- and then after 6 months. If there was a discrepancy be- responding to the finishing phase, with a mean number tween the three cephalograms, a new tracing was ob- of 9.1 ± 2.2 aligners on the upper arch and 6.7 ± 3.1 on tained by mutual agreement (SR, AD, TC).
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