DOCSLIB.ORG

An Examination of Key Stakeholderâ•Žs Challenges

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Examination of Key Stakeholderâ•Žs Challenges World Maritime University The Maritime Commons: Digital Repository of the World Maritime University World Maritime University Dissertations Dissertations 11-3-2020 [An examination of key stakeholder’s challenges for the implementation of the blue economy strategic policy (2018-2030), in Seychelles] Chrissan Chrissan Barbe Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.wmu.se/all_dissertations Part of the Natural Resource Economics Commons Recommended Citation Barbe, Chrissan Chrissan, "[An examination of key stakeholder’s challenges for the implementation of the blue economy strategic policy (2018-2030), in Seychelles]" (2020). World Maritime University Dissertations. 1441. https://commons.wmu.se/all_dissertations/1441 This Dissertation is brought to you courtesy of Maritime Commons. Open Access items may be downloaded for non-commercial, fair use academic purposes. No items may be hosted on another server or web site without express written permission from the World Maritime University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Completed dissertation not received. C. BARBE OSGM ii Abstract Title of Dissertation: An Examination of Key Stakeholder’s Challenges for the Implementation of the Blue Economy Strategic Policy (2018- 2030), in Seychelles. Degree: Master of Science This study concerns the implementation of the Blue Economy Strategic Policy of Seychelles. In particular, it examines the causes of and potential solutions for the challenges that key stakeholders have been experiencing in the implementation of this policy. A contextual introduction to the study is provided which focuses on the relationship between human’s ocean activities and marine resources. This provides information on the Blue Economic development of Seychelles, which has been substantially influenced by the large ocean spaces under its jurisdiction. Further, the study outlines how key stakeholders in Seychelles face a range of challenges that are hindering the effective implementation of its Blue Economy Strategic Policy (2018- 2030). This establishes the need to examine and identify potential solutions. The study then addresses the research methodology adopted. This involved a literature review, which discussed the evolution and components Blue Economy development. Further, the review compared stakeholders’ challenges in implementing the Blue Economy strategy between, Grenada and the Solomon Islands, to gain comparative perspectives to help realise Blue Economy implementation for Seychelles. The study further used open-ended questions to examine the types of challenges and obtain a proposed solution from the key stakeholders. The research findings observed several institutional and operational issues the key stakeholders face. This informed a discussion that aims to examine the challenges and the proposed solutions. The study then provides recommendations relating to the iii establishment of a strong institutional and operational integration amongst key stakeholders within the government. To conclude, the study found that though the Blue Economy is an ocean-related development, good institutional and operational integration among the stakeholders is essential to its effective realisation. The study provides a series of potential policy response options and action-oriented recommendations designed to assist Seychelles in addressing its unique issues for implementing the Blue Economy Strategic Policy. KEY WORDS: Blue Economy, Key stakeholders’ challenges, Strategic policy implementation, Small Island Developing States, Sustainable development. Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................ ii Lists of Table .............................................................................................................. vi List of Figures ............................................................................................................. vi Chapter 1 ...................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 1.0 Introduction: .................................................................................................. 1 1.2 About Seychelles, Ocean Governance and Management .................................. 3 1.2.2 Establishing Baselines ..................................................................................... 4 1.2.3 Delineating the Extent and Outer Limits of Maritime Claims ........................ 7 1.2.4 Delimiting Maritime Boundaries .................................................................... 8 1.3 Seychelles Blue Economy Strategic Development ............................................ 9 1.5 Problem Statement ........................................................................................... 12 1.6 Objectives ......................................................................................................... 14 1.7 Justification for the study ................................................................................. 15 Chapter 2 .................................................................................................................... 18 Methodology .............................................................................................................. 18 2.0 Introduction ................................................................................................. 18 2.1 Research Design ............................................................................................... 18 2.2 Study Population .............................................................................................. 19 iv 2.3 Data collection ................................................................................................. 20 2.4 Ethics Clearance. .............................................................................................. 21 Chapter 3 .................................................................................................................... 22 Literature review ........................................................................................................ 22 3.0 Introduction ................................................................................................. 22 3.1 Genesis of the Blue Economy .......................................................................... 22 3.2 The Concept: Competing Definitions .............................................................. 25 3.3 Challenges being faced by Small Island Development States in the development of the Blue Economy. ....................................................................... 27 3.4 Strategic Policy Implementation of the Blue Economy. .................................. 28 3.5 Comparative case study of Solomon Island and Grenada ................................ 29 3.6 Solomon Islands ............................................................................................... 29 3.6.2 Stakeholders’ challenges in the implementation of IOG strategy. ................ 32 3.7 Grenada Island ................................................................................................. 32 3.7.1 Blue economy Strategic development ........................................................... 34 3.7.2 Stakeholders challenges in the implementation in the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Policy. ............................................................................................... 35 3.8 Findings from the case study of Solomon Island and Grenada. ....................... 35 3.8.1 Blue Economy Strategic development of the two states: .............................. 36 3.8.2 Stakeholders’ challenges in the implementation of the Blue Economy strategy by the two states ....................................................................................... 37 3.9 Lesson learnt for the effective implementation of Blue Economy the strategic policy of Seychelles: .............................................................................................. 38 Chapter 4 .................................................................................................................... 40 Analysis and Discussions. .......................................................................................... 40 4.0 Analysis and Discussion of the findings and results. ....................................... 40 4.1 Discussion on Key Stakeholders’ challenges identified for the implementation of the Road Map. .................................................................................................... 40 4.2 Impact of these challenges on key stakeholders and impacts on the implementation of the Blue Economy.................................................................... 43 4.3 Causes of these challenges. .............................................................................. 44 v 4.4 Solutions to stakeholders’ challenges for the effective implementation of the Blue Economy Road Map. ..................................................................................... 46 Chapter 5 .................................................................................................................... 48 Recommendations and Conclusion ............................................................................ 48 5.1 Recommendations for further actions .............................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Strategy 2017: Creating Our Nation’S Wealth Together
    James Alix Michel President of the Republic of Seychelles Foreword Strategy 2017: Creating our nation’s wealth together Our nation has come a long way in a short time thanks to our commitment to placing people at the centre of development. This has given us the right platform for our future socio-economic development. We have also achieved a lot in the last two years in terms of re-dynamising our economy. In many ways, we are witnessing a great transformation in our economy - a transformation which reconciles our increasing growth over the last two years with our commitment to equality and social justice. All transformations of this scale and of this nature require a dynamic strategy to guide us and provide direction. Seychelles’ strategy for 2017 provides a template for sustained growth through a strategic positioning of Government as facilitator. Wealth creation which will benefit the whole population is at the heart of this approach. Full Government support is available where necessary, with the emphasis remaining on the empowerment of economic actors in the productive sectors of our economy. Tourism and fisheries will continue to be the main drivers of growth and creators of wealth. Through strategic re-investment, the expansion of revenue in these two sectors will also enable the generation of growth throughout the economy and allow new entrepreneurial initiatives to emerge in previously untapped areas. The policies developed here also take into account the shifting nature of global economic patterns and endeavour to further establish competitive niches for Seychelles. To do this, we will require increased flexibility within the Seychellois workforce and our Human Resource Development initiatives will reflect this.
    [Show full text]
  • The World Bank Seychelles COVID-19 Crisis Response Emergency Development Policy Financing (P174198)
    The World Bank Seychelles COVID-19 Crisis Response Emergency Development Policy Financing (P174198) Document of The World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Report No: PGD212 INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM DOCUMENT FOR A PROPOSED LOAN IN THE AMOUNT OF US$15 MILLION Public Disclosure Authorized TO THE REPUBLIC OF SEYCHELLES FOR A COVID-19 CRISIS RESPONSE EMERGENCY DEVELOPMENT POLICY FINANCING JUNE 11, 2020 Macroeconomics, Trade And Investment Global Practice Public Disclosure Authorized Africa Region This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bank Seychelles COVID-19 Crisis Response Emergency Development Policy Financing (P174198) Republic of Seychelles GOVERNMENT FISCAL YEAR January 1 – December 31 CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (Exchange Rate Effective as May 31, 2020) Currency Unit =Seychellois Rupee (SCR) US$1.00 = SCR 17.59 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AML Anti-money Laundering NDS National Development Strategy ASA Analytical and Advisory Services NGO Non-governmental Organizations AfDB African Development Bank PA Prior Actions ASP Agency for Social Protection PA Prior Action BO Beneficial Ownership PCI Policy Coordination Instrument Cat DDO Catastrophe-Deferred Drawdown PEFA Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability CBS Central Bank of Seychelles PforR Program for Results CFT Combatting the
    [Show full text]
  • Doing Business in Africa Focus on Mauritius and Seychelles
    www.pwc.com Doing business in Africa Focus on Mauritius and Seychelles November 2015 Agenda Why this seminar? PwC Africa Desk Doing business in Mauritius DoingDoing Business in Africa • Mauritius business and Seychelles in Seychelles 2 PwC November 2015 Why this seminar? PwC 3 Interest in investing in Africa continues to grow rapidly. Need for general as well as specific hands-on information and ability to discuss new developments. Doing Business in Africa • Mauritius and Seychelles 4 PwC November 2015 Seminars so far Angola Botswana Ethiopia Kenya Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Rwanda South Africa Tanzania Zambia Doing Business in Africa • Mauritius and Seychelles 5 PwC November 2015 PwC Africa Desk PwC 6 The PwC Africa Desk The PwC Africa Desk is part of the International Tax Services team in Johannesburg Created to enhance coordinated tax service delivery across PwC in Africa The Desk is staffed by secondments from various PwC offices across Africa who provide home country contexts Countries represented include Nigeria, Uganda and Zambia Doing Business in Africa • Mauritius and Seychelles 7 PwC November 2015 Ways the Africa Desk can support you Tunisia Morocco Algeria Libya Egypt Proactively One-stop MauritaniaMali Niger Sudan informs relevant service Cape Verde Chad Eritrea parties on new Senegal Djibouti Gambia developments Guinea Bissau Burkina Benin Guinea Nigeria South Ethiopia Faso Sudan Sierra Leone Côte Central d’Ivoire African Republic Liberia Togo Somalia Ghana Cameroon Kenya Uganda São Tomé and Príncipe Democratic Gabon Rwanda Because of helicopter Republic Equatorial Guinea of Congo Burundi Congo Seychelles view, identification of Tanzania other cross-country Malawi Comoros Angola Mayotte alternatives Zambia Zimbabwe PwC offices Namibia Reunion For services in these territories Botswana Thought leadership Quick responsesplease contact a neighbouring on territory Mauritius Swaziland through AfriTax general and specific South Lesotho newsletter, One page tax questions Africa summaries per African country, country seminars, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Assistance to the Republic of Seychelles for the GCCA Seychelles Global Climate Change Alliance+ (Component A)
    Technical Assistance to the Republic of Seychelles for the GCCA Seychelles Global Climate Change Alliance+ (Component A) EuropeAid/137458/IH/SERP/SC “Mapping of international climate finance options relevant to Seychelles and access guidance for stakeholder entities” October 2018 1 The content of this report is the sole responsibility of the Consortium (STANTEC / Climate Analytics GmbH) led by STANTEC and can in no ways be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. This report is prepared solely for the use and benefit of the Contracting Authority. It is the result of an independent review, and neither the Consortium, nor the authors accept or assume any responsibility or duty of care to any third party. TA team: • Hervé Barois (NKE10) • Jules Siedenburg (KE2) Backstopping : • Anaëlle Martini (Project Manager) Document history: Revision Prepared by Date Reviewed by Date Comments First version Herve Barois 17/05/2018 Jules Siedenburg 29/05/2018 Some good content, but (part 1 of included problems of report) content and presentation First version Herve Barois 22/07/2018 Jules Siedenburg 13/08/2018 Good content, but (whole report) included significant gaps and issues to be resolved Second version Herve Barois 18/09/2018 Jules Siedenburg 25/09/2018 Many of the identified (whole report) gaps addressed, though a few remain. Better, but still required a huge amount of input to address problems. Given KE edits, the report is now nearly complete. Third version Herve Barois 29/09/2018 Jules Siedenburg 1/10/2018 Better, but still some outstanding issues that have not as yet been addressed.
    [Show full text]
  • The Economic Significance of the Tourism Sector in Seychelles in the Wake of Global Economic Crisis
    #0# EPT 3/2018 (43) | ISSN: 1644-0501 | www.wnus.edu.pl/ept | DOI: 10.18276/ept.2018.3.43-03 | 29–40 THE ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TOURISM SECTOR IN SEYCHELLES IN THE WAKE OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS K atarzyna Podhorodeck a University of Warsaw Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies Department of Regional and Political Geography e-mail: [email protected] JEL codes L83, R1, Z3 Keywords Seychelles, tourism economy, tropical islands, tourism crisis Abstract Since the 1970s, authorities of Seychelles have been focusing on the intensive development of tourism on the archipelago. Many sizable investments have recently been made in the development of the tourism sector. However, the global economic crisis may have contributed to slowing down the development of this sector. The aim of this article is to answer the questions: to what extent is economy of Seychelles dependent on the tourism sector, and is there a relationship between changes in GDP and changes in tourism? The article also aims to assess how the tourism economy of Seychelles reacted to the crisis in tourism prompted by the global economic crisis. The final goal was to investigate how the tourism economy of Seychelles was managed during the global economic crisis. The research methods used in the article were statistical data analysis, the Kendall’s tau and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients, analysis of the literature, and an expert interview. Introduction Seychelles is an independent island state located in the Indian Ocean, about 1,200 km from the shores of Madagascar. The islands have been self-governing for more than forty years, having gained independence in 1976.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Report \ () -)I 'l) Energy Issues and Options in Thirty Developing Countries Public Disclosure Authorized August 1984 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Report of the joint UNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Assessment Program JOINT UNDP/WORLD BANK _N:RGY SECTOR ASSESSMENT PROGRAN REPORTS ALREADY ISSUED The First Thirtv Reports Countr-y Date No. -.ndonesia November 1981 3543-IND Naurltius December 1981 3510-.MAS Ken-ya May 1982 3800-KE Sri Lanka May 1982 3792-CE Zi; June -bae 1982 3765-ZIM HaIti lune 1982 3672-HA ?aoua New- Guinea June 1982 3882-?NG Pr_.d june 1982 3778-BU Rwanc-a June 1982 3779-RW -2 a-~i August 1982 3903-YA.L Ba-giadesh- October 1982 3873-BD Zan3ia January 1983 4110-ZA f (.=ree Fe'Dr-ar i1983 3877-TU 2ADr'l983 4213-80 June 1983 4462-FTJ SoLomon. slan ds June 1983 4404-SOL Senegat. _uiy 1983 4182-SE Sudan July 1983 4511-SU Uganda Ju1 y 1983 4453-UG N:iger:a August 1983 4440-UNI NeoaL August 1983 4474-NEP Gambia Novenber 1983 4743-GM Peru January 1984 4677-PE Costa R ca Jan4uary 194 4655-CR .ess::n jan_ary -984 6676-LSO Seyche',es January 1984 4693-SEY MOr-sooc984 March 4157-MOR Po r tua .ur-iL 1984 4824-PO '. i ge r M.ay 1984 46S342-'i.R Ethionzaa xA., 8, 7 1--T FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Report No. 5230 ENERGYISSUES AND OPTIONS IN THIRTY DEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES August 1984 MIERGY ISSUES AND OPTIONS IN THIRTY DEVEWPINGCOUNTRIES Preface In November 1980, the United National Development Programme (UNDP) and the World Bank launched the Energy Sector Assessment Programme to assist governments in evaluating the main energy issues and options in 60 countries and to serve as a framework for multilateral and bilateral technical assistance in the sector.
    [Show full text]
  • Budget 2021 Government of Seychelles
    BUDGET 2021 GOVERNMENT OF SEYCHELLES Delivered by: NAADIR HASSAN MINISTER FOR FINANCE, ECONOMIC PLANNING AND TRADE At the Seychelles National Assembly Ile Du Port, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles Tuesday 16th February, 2020 9.00 a.m. 1 Mr. Speaker, Honourable Leader of the Opposition, Honourable Leader of Government Business, Honourable Members, My fellow brothers and sisters, people of Seychelles. Good morning. 1. Introduction Mr. Speaker, today I am delivering the first budget address under the new administration. In fact, this is also my first budget speech as Minister for Finance, Economic Planning and Trade. It is important to note that this new Government has taken over this country during one of the most difficult moments of its history. However, I am sure that we are determined to take our country through this difficult period and come out victorious. We are determined to not merely survive, but to also position ourselves in the best possible way, to allow us to once again, prosper. It is with this in view that the 2021 Budget will present the Government’s first plans for this year, and for the coming years. It will, in the first place, provide details of the measures it has taken, and will take, to ensure that our financial situation is stabilized and to ensure our debt sustainability. These measures will also help towards the better management of our country’s resources through good governance. Secondly, this budget will bring to the fore, the new policies that this new government has put in place in order to boost our economy, which has been brought to its knees by the Covid-19 pandemic.
    [Show full text]
  • Island Studies No.3.Indb
    UHI Research Database pdf download summary Blue Knowledge - Developing knowledge to support transition to a Blue Economy: A strategic approach Greenhill, Lucy; Hughes, Adam; Day, John; Stanley, Michele Published in: Island Studies Publication date: 2015 The re-use license for this item is: CC BY The Document Version you have downloaded here is: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to author version on UHI Research Database Citation for published version (APA): Greenhill, L., Hughes, A., Day, J., & Stanley, M. (2015). Blue Knowledge - Developing knowledge to support transition to a Blue Economy: A strategic approach. Island Studies , 3, 6-10. http://www.unisey.ac.sc/index.php/component/jdownloads/send/10003-issue-3/3-island-studies-issue-3 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the UHI Research Database are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights: 1) Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the UHI Research Database for the purpose of private study or research. 2) You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain 3) You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the UHI Research Database Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us at [email protected] providing details; we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 05.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mineral Industry of Seychelles in 2014
    2014 Minerals Yearbook SEYCHELLES [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. Department of the Interior November 2016 U.S. Geological Survey THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF SEYCHELLES By John R. Matzko The mineral industry was not a significant contributor to the African Exploration (Seychelles) Ltd. (EAX) (75% working economy of Seychelles in 2014. The country’s economy was interest) and Avana Petroleum Ltd. (25% working interest), primarily based on the services sector, which accounted for which was a wholly owned subsidiary of Vanoil Energy Ltd. 72% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in 2014. The tourism of Canada. Evaluation of a three-dimensional (3–D) seismic industry accounted for 28% of the GDP, making it the largest program conducted in 2013 in deep water had been completed, single contributor. The manufacture of concrete, glass, rock and an economic study of the prospective potential of the license products, and other construction materials contributed 0.5% to area had begun. Further 3–D seismic acquisition in shallow the GDP in 2014, and the rate of growth in the sector was 2% water areas of the license area was planned for 2015 (Afren plc, at constant prices. In 2014, mineral fuel imports accounted for 2014; PetroSeychelles Ltd., 2015b). 25% of all imports and were valued at $288 million, which was WHL Energy Ltd. of Australia was active in three offshore an increase of 5% compared with the value in 2013 (National exploration blocks, which are located to the south of the islands. Bureau of Statistics, 2014, p. 12; Central Bank of Seychelles, In March 2014, Ophir Energy plc of the United Kingdom 2015, p.
    [Show full text]
  • The$Biodiversity$Finance$Initiative$ $ Biofin$ Seychelles$ " "
    THE$BIODIVERSITY$FINANCE$INITIATIVE$ $ BIOFIN$ SEYCHELLES$ " " " " Photo"courtesy"of"Dr"Elvina"Henriette" " POLICY$AND$INSTITUTIONAL$REVIEW$ $ NOVEMBER$2015$ $ 1" " TABLE$OF$CONTENTS$ $ $ $ 1$Introduction$............................................................................................................................$3$ 2$Biodiversity$Status$and$Trends$in$Seychelles$...................................................................$3$ 3.$Institutional$Framework$Analysis$........................................................................$6" 4.$$lEgal$and$Policy$Frameworks$Analysis$...............................................................$25" 5.$Finance$Mechanisms$for$BiodivErsity$Conservation$$...................................................$39" 6$$Sectoral$analysis$$.................................................................................................................$44" 6.1$Land$use$and$housing,$building$and$construction$.............................................................$44$ 6.1.1$Land$use$and$housing$$..........................................................................................................$44$ 6.1.2$Building$and$Construction$....................................................................................................$46$ 6.1.3$MainstrEaming$land$usE,$housing,$building$and$construction$into$planning$processes".........."46" 6.2$Utilities$and$WastE$ManagemEnt$.................................................................................$49" 6.3$Transport,$Trade$and$Communication$.........................................................................$52"
    [Show full text]
  • Seychelles Country Report
    SEYCHELLES COUNTRY REPORT For use in Radiology Outreach Initiatives Author Mohammad Ziaul Haque, MBBS, M.phil -: 1 :- Table of Contents General Country Profile A. Geography and Population 3 B. History and Culture 7 C. Government and Legal System 9 D. Economy and Employment 10 E. Physical and Technological Infrastructure 14 National Health Care Sector Review A. National Health Care Profile 16 B. National Health Care Structure 24 National Radiology Profile A. Overview of Imaging in Seychelles 27 B. Workforce, Training and Professional Representation 30 C. Radiology Regulation and Policy 32 Conclusion 33 References 36 Appendix A 38 -: 2 :- SEYCHELLES “The Paradise” General Country Profile Figure 1: Seychelles Flag (CIA, 2018) [1] Figure 2: Seychelles Map (CIA, 2018) [1] ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ A. Geography and Population The Republic of Seychelles is an island nation that lies more than 1,500 km from the east coast of Africa and north of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. Its 155 scattered islands have a combined land area of 455 sqkm with an exclusive economic zone of 200 nm. The islands fall into two main physical types. The islands of the central group, including the main island ‘Mahé’, are formed from granite and consist of a mountainous heart surrounded by a flat coastal strip. The “Outer Islands” are made up of coral accretions at various stages of formation, from reefs to atolls. These are generally smaller and almost entirely flat, lying only a few meters above sea level. The majority of these islands have no water, and only a few are inhabited. The three main islands, housing nearly the entire population, are deemed the “Inner Islands” and include: Mahé, Praslin, and La Digue.
    [Show full text]
  • Seychelles Blue Economy: Strategic Policy Framework and Roadmap Charting the Future (2018-2030)
    Seychelles Blue Economy: Strategic Policy Framework and Roadmap Charting the future (2018-2030) Republic of Seychelles This document has been prepared for the Republic of Seychelles with the support of the Commonwealth Secretariat. i Table of Contents Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................... ii List of Acronyms ...................................................................................................................... iv Foreword ................................................................................................................................. vi Executive Summary ................................................................................................................ vii 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Blue Economy genesis .................................................................................................... 1 1.2 International and regional legal and policy context....................................................... 3 1.3 Seychelles Blue Economy at a Glance ............................................................................ 4 1.4 Marine Spatial Planning.................................................................................................. 7 1.5 Seychelles Blue Bond .....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]