Appendix C

Perth Groundwater Replenishment Scheme Black Cockatoo Habitat Assessment – 360 Environmental

94 GWRS Stage 2 – Section 38 Referral Document (February 2017) aquaDOC 16464716 watercorporation.com.au

95 GWRS Stage 2 – Section 38 Referral Document (February 2017) aquaDOC 16464716 watercorporation.com.au Our Ref: 1744AB

26/08/2016

Tung Nguyen Senior Project Manager Water Corporation 629 Newcastle Street Leederville, WA 6007 Via Email: mailto:[email protected]

Dear Tung,

Black Cockatoo Habitat Assessment – Perth Groundwater Replenishment Scheme Stage 2

1. Background

360 Environmental is pleased to provide the Water Corporation with this letter report to provide information in relation to the Black Cockatoo habitat assessment undertaken as part of the Perth Groundwater Replenishment Scheme (GWRS) Stage 2.

In May 2016, 360 Environmental undertook a preliminary flora and fauna assessment of the proposed pipeline route for the GWRS Stage 2 Project. As part of the fauna assessment a Black Cockatoo habitat assessment was undertaken. During this assessment foraging habitat and a number of potential breeding were identified, particularly in the northern section adjacent to Lake Joondalup where there is a relatively large area of native bushland (Survey Area) (Figure 1).

All three Black Cockatoo species are federally listed under the EPBC Act: Carnaby’s Black Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus latirostris) is listed as Endangered, the Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo (FRTBC [Calyptorhynchus banksii naso]) and Baudin’s Black Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus baudinii) are classified as Vulnerable. 1744 AB Black Cockatoo Habitat Assessment GWRS Water Corporation

As a result of the fauna assessment it was identified that a follow up Black Cockatoo habitat assessment should be undertaken in order to find alternative routes that minimise the quantity of foraging and potential breeding habitat removed as a result of the construction of the pipeline. The focus of this assessment was in areas with relatively intact native vegetation, namely the relatively large area of native bushland in the northern section adjacent to Lake Joondalup and to the north of this.

2. Methods

The objective of the Black Cockatoo habitat assessment was to identify and determine the type and extent of habitat (breeding and foraging) suitable for Black Cockatoos in the Survey Area with reference to the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) referral guidelines for three threatened Black Cockatoo species (DSEWPaC 2011).

The Survey Area consisted of the patch of native bushland in the northern section adjacent to Lake Joondalup and the small area of native bushland to the north of that. This section had been identified in the previous fauna assessment as foraging and potential breeding Black Cockatoo habitat (taken from Figures 8e & 8f in the 360 Environmental draft flora and fauna preliminary report). Further investigation of this area was required in order to define the best possible option for the final pipeline route alignment that minimised the loss of Black Cockatoo habitat.

This Black Cockatoo habitat assessment was undertaken on 28th July 2016. The assessment involved traversing the Survey Area on foot; any trees meeting each of the following criteria for potential breeding were recorded and electronically logged using a hand held Global Positioning System (GPS) unit:

Native trees (e.g. Jarrah, Tuart, Marri etc.);

Diameter at breast height (DBH) > 500 mm (>300 mm for Wandoo and Salmon Gum) regardless of the presence or absence of hollows;

Trees were placed in the following size class categories: o A = 500 – 1000 mm DBH o B = 1000 – 2000 mm DBH o C = >2000 mm DBH

The Black Cockatoo habitat assessment involved assessing the habitat for and shrub species known to be important dietary items e.g. Marri and Banksia sp. It also included looking for:

360 Environmental Pty Ltd 2 1744 AB Black Cockatoo Habitat Assessment GWRS Water Corporation

Evidence of feeding (chewed cones, seed and nut material); and

Opportunistic observations of Black Cockatoos in the Survey Area.

The removal of vegetation may be required along a corridor between 6 m and 20 m in total width. To allow for a degree of flexibility in the alignment of the pipeline, the alignment width during this assessment is represented by a total width of 40 m as per the preliminary flora and fauna assessment in May 2016.

3. Results

During the Black Cockatoo habitat assessment, FRTBCs were heard calling in the Survey Area, however, they were not directly seen feeding, or observed flying over during the assessment.

3.1. Potential Breeding Trees

Five species of Eucalypts, Marri (Corymbia calophylla), Jarrah (), Powderbark Wandoo (Eucalyptus wandoo), Tuart () and Flooded Gum (Eucalyptus rudis) recorded in the Survey Area are considered Black Cockatoo potential breeding habitat. The current Survey Area contains 70 potential breeding trees with a DBH of more than 500 mm Jarrah (47) Flooded Gum (12), Tuart (7) and (Marri (4). The dimensions and the locations of these 70 potential breeding trees surveyed in the current Black Cockatoo habitat assessment as well as the 108 potential breeding trees in the entire GWRS pipeline alignment footprint (surveyed previously) are displayed in Appendix A and Figure 2.

A total of three hollows were observed from the ground in the current Survey Area. All three hollows were considered to be large enough at their entrances (>100 mm) to be considered as potential breeding hollows in the future. (Three hollows were also observed from the ground during the previous survey.) The locations three hollows from the current survey and the three hollows from the previous survey are shown in Figure 3.

The dimensions and the locations of the six observable hollows, as well as the previously observed 33 small hollows are displayed in Appendix A.

3.2. Foraging Habitat

During the assessment of the current Survey Area a total of:

28 ha of foraging and potential breeding habitat was identified; and

4.74 ha of foraging and potential breeding habitat were identified in the GRWS pipeline alignment (Figure 2).

360 Environmental Pty Ltd 3 1744 AB Black Cockatoo Habitat Assessment GWRS Water Corporation

This includes trees that are potential breeding trees and known foraging species, as well as trees with a DBH of >500 mm (>300mm for Wandoo) and other known Black Cockatoo dietary items.

Five species of Eucalypts recorded in the Survey Area; Marri, Jarrah, Tuart, Powderbark Wandoo and Flooded Gum are Black Cockatoo foraging species and as such habitat. Other known foraging species present in the Survey Area includes , Banksia menziesii, fraseriana and Xanthorrhoea preissii. These species are important foraging habitat for all three species of Black Cockatoo (Appendix B).

4. Discussion

4.1. Potential Breeding Habitat

Black Cockatoos breed in large hollow-bearing trees, generally within woodlands or forests. The size of the tree can be a useful indication of the hollow-bearing potential of the tree. Therefore maintaining the long-term supply of trees large enough to provide suitable hollows is particularly important in woodland stands that are known to support Black Cockatoo breeding (SEWPaC 2012).

During the preliminary flora and fauna survey 108 trees were recorded which met the criteria to be classed as a potential breeding trees. In this Black Cockatoo habitat assessment a further 70 trees were recorded which met the criteria to be classed as a potential breeding trees. These 178 trees have the potential to develop hollows and consequently be used for breeding in the future. In total 24 Marri, 93 Jarrah, 37 Tuart and 23 Flooded Gum trees with a DBH of more than 500 mm and one Powderbark with a DBH > 300 mm were recorded in the Survey Area.

Hollow formation in trees (in Eucalypt woodlands and forests) is a result of a number of processes including fungal attack, termites and fire and the propensity for hollow formation varies between the Eucalypt species (Whitford 2002). Just over 52% of all the potential breeding trees identified in the Survey Area were Jarrah. Hollows in Jarrah tend to be smaller than those found in Marri, consequently, Black Cockatoos, particularly FRTBCs breed predominantly in Marri in the Jarrah-Marri forest of the south west (Whitford 2002; Johnstone et al. 2013). On the Swan Coastal Plain most Black Cockatoo breeding records (nests), particularly for Carnaby’s Cockatoo are in Tuart (Johnstone & Kirkby 2011).

In order to be suitable for Black Cockatoos, hollow entrances need to be greater than approximately 100 mm to 120 mm in diameter. A total of 36 hollows were observed during the fauna survey and a further three hollows were observed during the Black Cockatoo habitat assessment. Of these 39 hollows, six were considered to be large enough at their entrances (when observed from the ground) to be considered as potential future breeding

360 Environmental Pty Ltd 4 1744 AB Black Cockatoo Habitat Assessment GWRS Water Corporation hollows. Given these hollows could not be inspected we could not determine if the hollows were deep enough for nesting to occur.

4.2. Foraging Habitat

The total area of foraging habitat present in the current Survey Area is 28 ha (Figure 2). In the canopy, foraging habitat consisted primarily of Jarrah, and to a much lesser extent Marri, Tuart and Flooded Gum. Some of these tree species are of various sizes, but all are considered mature i.e. they had fruit or were large enough to produce fruit. In the mid- storey or shrub layer, foraging species consisted of chewed B. attenuata and B. menziesii cones, A. fraseriana nuts and Marri nuts, as well as chewed pine cones ( from the adjacent pine plantation). All of these species are known dietary items of all three Black Cockatoo species (Johnstone & Kirkby 2011). Records of the type of foraging evidence in the current Survey Area can be seen in Appendix B.

5. Potential Pipeline Alignment

Collectively, the fauna survey and Black Cockatoo habitat assessment have provided a comprehensive overview of Black Cockatoo habitat present in the Survey Area, including the GWRS pipeline alignment and the relatively large area of native bushland evaluated as part of this Black Cockatoo habitat assessment.

The initial objective of this Black Cockatoo habitat assessment was to find a suitable alignment through the aforementioned intact patch of native bushland to minimise clearing of Black Cockatoo habitat. In the interim period between draft and final version of this report, the route was altered and so no longer passes through this area of native bushland.

6. References

Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Populations and Communities (DSEWPaC) (2012). EPBC Act referral guidelines for three threatened black cockatoo species.

Johnstone, R. E, & Kirkby, T. (2011). Carnaby’s Black Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus latirostris), Baudin’s Black Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus baudinii) and the Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksii naso) on the Swan Coastal Plain (Lancelin– Dunsborough), . Studies on distribution, status, breeding, food, movements and historical changes. Perth: Department of Planning.

Johnstone, R. E., Kirkby, T., & Sarti, K. (2013). The breeding biology of the Forest Red- tailed Black Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus banksii naso Gould in south-western Australia. I. Characteristics of nest trees and nest hollows. Pacific Conservation Biology 19, 121-142.

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Whitford, K.R. (2002. Hollows in Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) and Marri (Corymbia calophylla) trees I. Hollow sizes, tree attributes and ages. Forest Ecology and management 160, 201-214.

7. Acknowledgements

360 Environmental would like to thank Tony Kirkby for participating in the fieldwork and for passing on his Black Cockatoo knowledge and experience.

360 Environmental Pty Ltd 6

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!( 1744 AB Black Cockatoo Habitat Assessment GWRS Water Corporation

APPENDIX A Black Cockatoo Potential Breeding Trees

360 Environmental Pty Ltd 11

No. of ID Species DBH Hollows Hollow Size Easting Northing Comments

June 2016 Fauna Survey Black Cockatoo Potential Breeding Trees 1 Corymbia calophylla A 0 385167 6488592 2 Eucalyptus marginata A 0 385168 6488604 3 Eucalyptus marginata (dead) A 4 385159 6488608 Hollows don't go anywhere 4 Eucalyptus marginata A 2 385137 6488634 Hollows don't go anywhere 5 Eucalyptus marginata A 0 385151 6488645 6 Eucalyptus marginata A 1 <100 385141 6488642 7 Eucalyptus marginata (dead) A 0 385125 6488649 Bees 8 Eucalyptus marginata A 0 385113 6488662 9 Eucalyptus marginata A 0 385109 6488674 10 Eucalyptus marginata A 1 <100 385119 6488711 11 Eucalyptus marginata B 4 <100 385072 6488674 12 Eucalyptus marginata A 0 385075 6488695 13 Eucalyptus marginata A 0 385095 6488721 14 Eucalyptus marginata A 0 385092 6488735 15 Eucalyptus marginata A 0 385090 6488748 16 Eucalyptus marginata A 1 <100 385068 6488735 17 Eucalyptus marginata A 0 385048 6488738 18 Eucalyptus marginata A 0 385020 6488758 19 Eucalyptus marginata (dead) A 0 385018 6488766 20 Eucalyptus marginata A 0 385007 6488775 Splits into two at 2m 21 Eucalyptus marginata (dead) A 0 384968 6488802 22 Eucalyptus marginata (dead) A 5 <100 384992 6488827 23 Eucalyptus marginata A 0 385000 6488829 24 Eucalyptus marginata (dead) A 0 385003 6488822 25 Eucalyptus marginata (dead) A 0 384996 6488841 Bees 26 Eucalyptus marginata (dead) A 0 384979 6488834 27 Eucalyptus marginata (dead) A 3 1x100, 2x <100 384945 6488866 Bees 28 Eucalyptus marginata (dead) A 0 384934 6488852 Patch of Marri <500mm 29 Eucalyptus marginata (dead) B 4 1x100, 3x<100 384959 6488900 Bees 30 Eucalyptus marginata A 2 <100 384952 6488935 Bees 31 Eucalyptus marginata A 3 <100 384885 6488947 Bees 32 Eucalyptus marginata A 0 384886 6488932 33 Corymbia calophylla A 0 384877 6488950 34 Eucalyptus marginata A 0 384869 6489010 35 Corymbia calophylla A 0 384876 6489025 36 Corymbia calophylla A 0 384876 6489025 37 Eucalyptus marginata A 3 1X150, 2x<100 384864 6489055 38 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 0 384851 6489218 39 Eucalyptus marginata A 0 384753 6489635 40 Eucalyptus rudis A 0 384763 6489631 41 Corymbia calophylla A 0 384769 6489627 42 Corymbia calophylla A 0 384766 6489620 43 Eucalyptus rudis A 0 384789 6489604 44 Corymbia calophylla A 0 384774 6489595 45 Eucalyptus rudis A 0 384840 6489530 Bees 46 Eucalyptus rudis A 0 384838 6489518 47 Corymbia calophylla A 0 384831 6489520 48 Eucalyptus marginata A 0 384029 6491022 49 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 0 385305.368 6488138.412 50 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 0 385266 6488158 51 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 0 385267.222 6488218.237 52 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 0 385630 6487553 53 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 0 385373.031 6488014.412 54 Eucalyptus rudis A 0 385779 6487447 55 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 0 385807 6486637 56 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 0 386007.121 6486063.26 57 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 0 386013.533 6486048.879 58 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 0 386029.3 6486007.969 59 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 0 386035.74 6485993.381 60 Corymbia calophylla A 0 386062.202 6485971.556 61 Corymbia calophylla A 0 386066 6485924.35 62 Eucalyptus ascedens A 0 386084.327 6485884.638 63 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 0 386096 6485855 64 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 0 386105.44 6485833.031 65 Eucalyptus rudis A 0 386143.206 6485737.44 66 Eucalyptus rudis A 0 386172.677 6485695.677 67 Eucalyptus rudis A 0 386385 6485168 68 Corymbia calophylla A 0 386549 6484797 69 Eucalyptus marginata A 0 386755.605 6484445.598 70 Corymbia calophylla A 0 386774.86 6484432.788 71 Corymbia calophylla A 0 386784.08 6484430.577 72 Eucalyptus rudis A 0 386631.573 6484190.75 Carnaby's Black Cockatoo flying nearby 73 Eucalyptus rudis A 0 386631 6484160 74 Eucalyptus rudis A 0 385015 6488697 75 Eucalyptus gomphocephala C 0 All <100 386519 6483962 76 Eucalyptus gomphocephala B 1 <100 386103.456 6482970.352 77 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 0 386143 6483014 78 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 0 386167 6483059 79 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 0 386211 6483069 80 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 0 386092 6482896 81 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 0 386092 6482896 82 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 0 386092 6482896 83 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 0 386098 6482846 84 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 0 386098 6482846 85 Corymbia calophylla A 0 386092 6482790 86 Corymbia calophylla A 0 386096 6482763 87 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 0 386120 6482720 88 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 0 385938 6482658 89 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 0 385732 6482602 90 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 0 385732 6482602 91 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 0 385732 6482602 92 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 0 384679 6482683 93 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 0 384679 6482683 94 Eucalyptus marginata A 0 385015 6488647 95 Eucalyptus marginata A 0 385043 6488693 96 Eucalyptus marginata (dead) A 0 385053 6488706 97 Eucalyptus marginata A 0 385073 6488694 98 Eucalyptus marginata A 0 385072 6488674 99 Eucalyptus marginata (dead) A 0 385015 6488769 100 Eucalyptus marginata (dead) A 0 385038 6488707 101 Eucalyptus marginata A 2 <100 385048 6488736 102 Eucalyptus marginata A 0 385024 6488758 103 Corymbia calophylla A 0 384920 6488823 104 Corymbia calophylla A 0 384921 6488832 105 Corymbia calophylla A 0 384911 6488847 106 Eucalyptus marginata A 0 384890 6488858 107 Corymbia calophylla C 0 385229 6482717 108 Corymbia calophylla A 0 385156 6482730 July 2016 Black Cockatoo Habitat Assessment Potential Breeding Trees 1 Eucalyptus marginata A 385211 6488646 2 Eucalyptus marginata A 385211 6488646 3 Eucalyptus marginata A 385199 6488677 Dead 4 Eucalyptus marginata A 385202 6488688 Dead 5 Eucalyptus marginata A 385191 6488703 Dead 6 Eucalyptus marginata A 385166 6488770 7 Eucalyptus marginata A 385187 6488776 8 Eucalyptus marginata A 385184 6488830 9 Eucalyptus marginata A 385155 6488853 10 Eucalyptus marginata A 385116 6488855 Bees 11 Eucalyptus marginata A 385129 6488871 12 Eucalyptus marginata A 385135 6488900 13 Eucalyptus marginata A 389153 6488898 Dead 14 Eucalyptus marginata A 385156 6488923 Dead 15 Eucalyptus marginata A 385174 6488915 Dead 16 Eucalyptus marginata A 385205 6488916 17 Eucalyptus marginata A 385209 6488903 18 Eucalyptus marginata A 385214 6488901 Bees 19 Eucalyptus marginata A 385230 6488872 Dead 20 Eucalyptus marginata A 385222 6488866 21 Eucalyptus marginata A 385222 6488866 22 Eucalyptus marginata A 385250 6488859 23 Eucalyptus marginata A 385261 6488850 24 Eucalyptus marginata A 385271 6488799 Bees 25 Eucalyptus marginata A 385239 6488761 Bees 26 Eucalyptus marginata A 385263 6488682 Dead 27 Eucalyptus marginata A 385263 6488682 Dead 28 Eucalyptus marginata A 385254 6488668 29 Eucalyptus marginata A 385292 6488634 30 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 385324 6488570 Splits in two at 2m and then splits again 31 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 385346 6488597 Chewed marri nuts 32 Eucalyptus marginata A 385369 6488593 33 Eucalyptus marginata A 385399 6488611 34 Eucalyptus marginata A 385380 6488655 35 Eucalyptus marginata A 1 > 100 385377 6488658 Possible Cockatoo hollow 36 Eucalyptus marginata A 385383 6488662 37 Eucalyptus marginata A 385404 6488717 38 Eucalyptus marginata A 385357 6488709 39 Eucalyptus marginata A 385357 6488709 40 Eucalyptus marginata A 385349 6488728 41 Eucalyptus marginata A 385330 6488642 42 Eucalyptus marginata A 385318 6488749 43 Eucalyptus marginata A 385309 6488750 44 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 384856 6488764 45 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 384848 6488787 46 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 384848 6488787 47 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 1 > 100 384847 6488789 Possible Cockatoo hollow 48 Eucalyptus rudis A 384840 6488829 Forks low down 49 Eucalyptus marginata A 384849 6488845 50 Eucalyptus marginata A 384861 6488847 51 Eucalyptus marginata A 1 > 100 384884 6488881 Possible Cockatoo hollow 52 Eucalyptus marginata A 384901 6488894 53 Corymbia calophylla A 384897 6488918 54 Corymbia calophylla A 384878 6488915 Chewed Marri nuts (Carnaby’s) 55 Eucalyptus marginata A 384870 6488924 56 Eucalyptus marginata A 384860 6488980 57 Eucalyptus gomphocephala A 384821 6489225 58 Eucalyptus rudis A 384826 6489235 59 Corymbia calophylla A 384860 6489333 60 Eucalyptus rudis A 384830 6489344 61 Eucalyptus rudis A 384827 6489388 62 Eucalyptus rudis A 384827 6489388 63 Eucalyptus rudis A 384814 6489419 64 Eucalyptus rudis A 384821 6489452 65 Eucalyptus rudis A 384819 6489574 66 Eucalyptus rudis A 384768 6489566 67 Eucalyptus rudis A 384768 6489566 68 Eucalyptus rudis A 384780 6489561 69 Eucalyptus rudis A 384761 6489592 70 Corymbia calophylla A 384751 6489627 1744 AB Black Cockatoo Habitat Assessment GWRS Water Corporation

APPENDIX B Black Cockatoo Foraging Evidence

360 Environmental Pty Ltd 12

Point Coordinates GDA 94 Notes Carnaby's Cockatoo - old evidence of feeding on seeds from Banksia attenuata. Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo - 2 1 385198 6488568 calling 2 385214 6488619 Carnaby's Cockatoo - old evidence of feeding on grubs from Banksia attenuata 3 385207 6488656 Carnaby's Cockatoo - old evidence of feeding on grubs from Banksia menziesii 4 385206 6488665 Carnaby's Cockatoo - old evidence of feeding on grubs from Banksia menziesii 5 385203 6488667 Carnaby's Cockatoo - old evidence of feeding on grubs from Banksia menziesii 6 385194 6488702 Carnaby's Cockatoo - old evidence of feeding on grubs from Banksia menziesii 7 385193 6488703 Carnaby's Cockatoo - old evidence of feeding on grubs from Banksia menziesii 8 385173 6488756 Carnaby's Cockatoo - recent evidence of feeding on grubs from Banksia menziesii 9 385161 6488787 Carnaby's Cockatoo - recent evidence of feeding on grubs from Banksia attenuata 10 385150 6488839 Carnaby's Cockatoo - recent evidence of feeding on grubs from Banksia attenuata 11 385156 6488862 Carnaby's Cockatoo - recent evidence of feeding on grubs from Banksia attenuata 12 385152 6488864 Carnaby's Cockatoo - recent evidence of feeding on grubs from Banksia attenuata 13 385133 6488875 Carnaby's Cockatoo - recent evidence of feeding on grubs from Banksia attenuata 14 385141 6488900 Carnaby's Cockatoo - recent evidence of feeding on grubs from Banksia attenuata 15 385150 6488901 Carnaby's Cockatoo - recent evidence of feeding on grubs from Banksia attenuata 16 385168 6488913 Carnaby's Cockatoo - recent evidence of feeding on grubs from Banksia attenuata 17 385219 6488911 Carnaby's Cockatoo - old evidence of feeding on grubs from Banksia menziesii 18 385225 6488884 Carnaby's Cockatoo - old evidence of feeding on grubs from Banksia menziesii 19 385232 6488865 Carnaby's Cockatoo - old evidence of feeding on grubs from Banksia menziesii 20 385241 6488867 Carnaby's Cockatoo - recent evidence of feeding on seeds from Banksia attenuata 21 385251 6488855 Carnaby's Cockatoo - old evidence of feeding on seeds from Banksia attenuata 22 385271 6488830 Carnaby's Cockatoo - recent evidence of feeding on seeds from Banksia menziesii 23 385273 6488792 Carnaby's Cockatoo - recent evidence of feeding on grubs from Banksia menziesii 24 385269 6488766 Carnaby's Cockatoo - recent evidence of feeding on grubs from Banksia menziesii 25 385262 6488750 Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo - old evidence of feeding on seeds from Allocasuarina fraseriana 27 385259 6488664 Carnaby's Cockatoo - recent evidence of feeding on grubs from Banksia menziesii 28 385281 6488635 Carnaby's Cockatoo - recent evidence of feeding on grubs from Banksia menziesii 29 385295 6488617 Carnaby's Cockatoo - recent evidence of feeding on nectar from Banksia menziesii 30 385339 6488601 Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo - old and recent evidence of feeding on seeds from Corymbia calophylla 31 385385 6488643 Carnaby's Cockatoo - recent evidence of feeding on nectar from Banksia menziesii 32 385396 6488696 Carnaby's Cockatoo - recent evidence of feeding on nectar from Banksia menziesii 33 385396 6488702 Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo - recent evidence of feeding on seeds from Allocasuarina fraseriana 34 385374 6488714 Carnaby's Cockatoo - recent evidence of feeding on grubs from Banksia attenuata 35 385308 6488713 Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo - recent evidence of feeding on seeds from Allocasuarina fraseriana 36 385072 6488562 Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo - recent evidence of feeding on seeds from Allocasuarina fraseriana 37 384844 6488834 Carnaby's Cockatoo - old and recent evidence of feeding on grubs from Banksia attenuata 39 384866 6489005 Carnaby's Cockatoo - old evidence of feeding on grubs from Banksia attenuata