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A Review on Pharmacological and Chemical Documentation of Euphorbia Hirta Linn

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A Review on Pharmacological and Chemical Documentation of Euphorbia Hirta Linn A Review on Pharmacological and REVIEW Chemical Documentation of Euphorbia Hirta Linn (Asthama Herb) Ansari Akhtar Alam1, Khatun Tarannum2, Ahmad Md. Parwez1, Gupta Ravi Shankar3, Ansari Mukhtar1, Madhikarmi Nirjala Laxmi4 1 Department of Pharmacology, National Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Birgunj, Nepal 2 Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, National Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Birgunj, Nepal 3 Department of Microbiology, National Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Birgunj, Nepal 4 Department of Bio-chemistry, MB Kedia Dental College, Birgunj, Nepal ABSTRACT modern medicines, plants occupy a very Ayurveda, an orthodox as well as main stream important place as the raw material for some system of medicine has been with a source important drugs. Synthetic drugs are effective of new concepts and products for healthcare. in controlling different diseases but these Euphorbia hirta Linn. (EH) is an advantageously synthetic drugs are out of reach of millions authenticated medicinal plant as observable of people and have various side effects. It is from the literature. Rural and tribal people of estimated that around 70,000 plant species have India use different parts of this plant to surmount been used for medicinal purposes. The herbs various diseases. Its use in traditional medicine provide the starting material for the synthesis has been assured on scientific basis by studying of conventional drugs. India recognizes more pharmacology of the plant in vitro and in vivo than 2500 plant species having medicinal value, Information was collected from different data Sri Lanka around 1400 and Nepal around 700.2 base resources. This review intends to provide an overview of the chemical constituents and pharmacological Key words: Asthma herb, Dudhia, Euphorbia hirta actions of Euphorbia hirta. Corresponding Author: Dr. Akhtar A. Ansari, Department METHODS of Pharmacology, National Medical College, Birgunj; For literature survey we used various search E-mail: [email protected] engine like Google scholar, Science direct and Pubmed. The present review gives complete information on the pharmacological activities INTRODUCTION and chemical constituents of this plant In India, used of the different parts of several mentioned from the year as back as 1963 to medicinal plants to cure specific diseases the latest December 2014 and it includes 37 has been in practice from ancient times. references. The indigenous system of medicine namely Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani, has been in Distribution and habitat existence for several centuries. Some drugs Euphorbia hirta is distributed throughout the from Ayurveda approaches modern diseases, hotter parts of India and Australia, frequently had already reached the market place.1 In found in waste places along the roadsides. 3 MED PHOENIX : An Official Journal of NMC, Birgunj, Nepal, Volume (1), Issue (1) July 2016, ISSN: 2392 – 425X (Print) 31 Ansari Akhtar Alam et al. Plant Description to 40 cm in height, reddish or purplish in color. E. hirta Linn. Syn- E. pilulifera Linn. Leaves are opposite, elliptic-oblong to oblong- Chamaesyce pilulifera Linn [4]. lanceolate, acute or sub-acute, dark green above; Family: Euphorbiaceae pale beneath, 1- 2.5 cm long, blotched with purple Vernacular Names in the middle, and toothed at the edge. The fruits Bengal- Barokhervi are yellow, three-celled, hairy, keeled capsules, English -bearing spurge, asthma herb, 1-2 mm in diameter, containing three brown, snakeweed four-sided, angular, wrinkled seeds. 1, 2 Gujarat- Dudeli Therapeutic applications Hindi- Dudhi Nepali-Dudhia E. hirta is used in the treatment of gastrointestinal Indonesia- Daun biji kacang disorders (e.g. diarrhea, dysentery, intestinal Malayalam- Nelapalai parasitosis), bronchial and respiratory diseases Malaysia -Ambin janyan (e.g. asthma, bronchitis, hay fever), and in Marathi- Dudnali, govardhan conjunctivitis. Hypotensive and tonic properties Orissa- JhotikhuntiaSanskrit are also reported in E. hirta. The aqueous extract Tamil- Amumpatchaiyarissi exhibits anxiolytic, analgesic, antipyretic, and Telagu- Reddinanabrolu anti-inflammatory activities. The stem sap is used in the treatment of eyelid styes and a leaf poultice Morphology is used on swelling and boils.5 Extracts of E. hirta have been found to show anticancer activity. The aqueous extract of the herb strongly reduced the release of prostaglandins I2, 5 E2, and D2. The aqueous extract also inhibits aflatoxin contamination in rice, wheat, maize, and mustard crops.6 Methanolic extract of leaves have antifungal and antibacterial activities. The leaves pounded with turmeric and coconut oil are warmed and rubbed on itchy soles. The latex of E. hirta is applied on lower eyelids, like surma to cure eye sores. The root exudates exhibit nematicidal activity against juveniles of meloidogyne incognita.7 Decoction of dry herbs is used for skin diseases. Scientific classification Decoction of fresh herbs is used as gargle for the Kingdom - Plantae treatment of thrush. Root decoction is also beneficial Angiosperms for nursing mothers deficient in milk. Roots are also Eudicots used for snake bites.1 The polyphenolic extract of E. Rosids hirta has antiamoebic and antispasmodic activities.8 Order - Malpighiales Quercitrin, a flavanoid glycoside, isolated from Family - Euphorbiaceae the herb showed an antidiarrheal activity.9 It is Genus - Euphorbia reported to have a relaxation effect on respiration. Species - E. hirta The alcoholic extract of whole plant shows Binomial name - Euphorbia hirta L. hypoglycemic activity in rats.5 It has a sedative Synonyms - Chamaescye hirta (L.) effect on the genito-urinary tract. 3 Millsp PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES Herbal medicines have become an integral part It is a slender- stemmed, annual hairy plant with of standard healthcare, based on a combination many branches from the base to top, spreading up of time honored usage and outgoing scientific 32 MED PHOENIX : An Official Journal of NMC, Birgunj, Nepal, Volume (1), Issue (1) July 2016, ISSN: 2392 – 425X (Print) Pharmacological and Chemical Documentation of Euphorbia research. Burgeoning interest in medicinal herbs performed in the kidney tissue samples. The has increased scientific scrutiny of their therapeutic results indicate that the ethanol extract of E. hirta potential and safety. Number of researchers has ameliorates renal dysfunction and could be used made attempts to provide scientific backing to as an effective protector against nitrobenzene- the traditional claims of the plants. EH has been induced nephrotoxicity, primarily through its found to have tremendous pharmacological antioxidant capacity.12 potential. Researchers have tested this plant Enzymes inhibition activity for antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, Methanolic extracts were used for their Glutathione- anti-pyretic, antihistaminic, anti-diabetic, anti- s-transferase (GST), Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), anemic, immuno-bioactivities and antioxidant Carboxylesterase (CES) and Xanthine Oxidase activities etc. (XO) inhibitory activities at concentration of 100 Antibacterial activity µg/ mL.13 E. hirta extracted using the chloroform, methanol, Antioxidant activity acetone, and ethanol are used in saponification The leaves extract exhibited a maximum procedure. The efficacy of the extracts on the DPPH scavenging activity of (72.96±0.78) % uropathogens were tested by agar disc diffusion followed by the flowers, roots and stems whose method in order to analyse the inhibitory scavenging activities were (52.45±0.66)%, activity of plant extract on the microorganisms. (48.59±0.97)%, and (44.42±0.94)% respectively. Euphorbia hirta Linn. exhibited high inhibitory The standard butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) activity against most of the 11 tested pathogens. was (75.13±0.75) %. The IC (50) for leaves, Among the tested organisms, Pseudomonsas flowers, roots, stems and BHT were 0.803, 0.972, aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis 0.989, 1.358 and 0.794 mg/mL respectively.14 were the most susceptible, and Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter cloaceae, Citrobacter Immunomodulatory Activity koseri, and Citrobacter freundii were the least Methanolic extract of E. hirta shows inhibited by most of the extracts of E. hirta. It immunomodulatory activity, which has been is concluded that revised antibiotic policies and proved using simple techniques like the more importantly the development of herbal macrophage activity testing, carbon clearance medicines as an alternative may be incorporated test and mast cell de granulation assay.15 10 in urological practice. Molluscicides activity Anti diabetic activity Euphorbia hirta Linn latex powder were evaluated Oral administration of E. hirta leaves extract against the freshwater snails Lymnaea (Radix) (300 mg/kg b.w./rat/day) for a period of 30 days acuminata and Indoplanorbis exustus in pond. indicated the antidiabetic nature of the leaves These combinations showed significant time and extract. On the basis of determination of the lipid dose dependent effect against both the snails.16 peroxides, hydroperoxides, and both enzymatic Anti cytotoxicity activity and non-enzymatic antioxidants evidenced the The alcoholic extract of E. hirta shows antioxidant potential of the leaves extract.11 protective effect of against antitubercular Nephroprotective activity drug-induced cytotoxicity in freshly isolated The nephroprotective activity of the ethanol hepatocytes. It normalized the levels of a extract of E. hirta (400 mg/kg body weight) spartate aminotransferase
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