Botanical Description, Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Properties of Euphorbia Hirta Linn: a Review

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Botanical Description, Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Properties of Euphorbia Hirta Linn: a Review International Journal of Health Sciences and Research www.ijhsr.org ISSN: 2249-9571 Review Article Botanical Description, Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Properties of Euphorbia hirta Linn: A Review Pranabesh Ghosh1*, Chandreyi Ghosh1*, Shaktijit Das1*, Chandrima Das1*, 2** 2* Suprodip Mandal , Sirshendu Chatterjee 1Research Fellow, 2Assistant Professor, *Department of Biotechnology, Techno India University, West Bengal, EM-4, Salt Lake, Sector- V, Kolkata- 700091, West Bengal, India **School of Pharmacy, Techno India University, West Bengal, EM-4, Salt Lake, Sector- V, Kolkata- 700091, West Bengal, India Corresponding Author: Sirshendu Chatterjee ABSTRACT Ethnomedicines are now an important area of better treatment in many countries of the world. Euphorbia hirta Linn. (Family- Euphorbiaceae) an annual medicinal weed and it is commonly known as Asthma plant. It is not only a weed, but also it is a medicinal herb, too. These medicinal herbs are found in tropical and temperate parts of the world along with India, Bangladesh, Africa, and Australia. Extensive literature studies suggested that the various parts of the plant are reported to possess anti- microbial, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-tumor, anti-plasmodial, anti-fertility, wound healing, anti- inflammatory, sedative, and diuretic properties. The present review study deals with the botanical description, phytochemical, pharmacological, therapeutic, nutritional and other important biological aspects of Euphorbia hirta. The main phytochemicals found in this plant are polyphenols, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, and alkaloids. This review study may be utilized for the identification and preparation of a monograph of Euphorbia hirta. Keywords: Euphorbia hirta, Bioactive Compounds, Phytomedicine, Medicinal Weed INTRODUCTION development of healthcare. Human beings In present days‟ society, the most are using various parts of plants to produce accepted and recognized form of medicine medicine; these are working as a panacea is herbal medicine in the whole world. The for modern civilization [2,3,5] For the plant produces various secondary treatment and prevention of many diseases, metabolites which are bio-synthetically various medicinal plants would be the best derived from primary metabolites, and these source to obtain quality herbal drugs. compounds are the main source of herbal Therefore, such medicinal plants should be pharmaceutical products. [1-3] The medicinal investigated properly to a better and nutritional importance of plants lies in understanding of their botanical attribute different phytochemical components that such as morphology, anatomy or physiology have a particular physiological action on the and or to know the chemical properties, human body. [4] According to the World safety, and efficacy. [6] Health Organization, a huge number of populations presently use phytomedicine for International Journal of Health Sciences & Research (www.ijhsr.org) 273 Vol.9; Issue: 3; March 2019 Pranabesh Ghosh et.al. Botanical Description, Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Properties of Euphorbia Hirta Linn: A Review Euphorbia hirta has the characteristic In Africa, the decoctions of the plants are of allomorphic pistillate flowers and fruits. used in the treatment of lung disorders. It is [5] These are annual, bushy, soft-woody used for cold, fever, coughs, bronchitis and small herb with a thin brownish gray bark, lung disorders in Malagasy. Euphorbia hirta leaves palmately or serrated, lobed flowers is also used in Angola as anti-diarrheal and are in terminally arranged male flowers on amoebic anti-dysenteries diseases. The the upper half of the inflorescence and the extract of the plants are also used in ear pistillate at the basal half, fruits globose, infections and the treatment of boils, sore, dehiscent, it is green and covered with and it promotes the wound healing fleshy prickles, seed oblong with smooth, processes. [16] In India, the plant parts are hard, mottle crustaceous testa with a white traditionally used to treat against worm caruncle at the top enclosing oily infestations in babies and for dysentery, endosperm. [7] gonorrhea, jaundice, acne, pimples, Euphorbia hirta has a worldwide digestive disorders, cancer, diabetes and for distribution, and its common names include different tumors. [17] The extracts of the root asthma weed and milk weed. Its local name are used against vomiting, diarrheas and in West Bengal and Bangladesh is “Boro also for snake bite as anti-venom. [18] In Keruie”. It is distributed throughout the Africa and Australia, the leaf extracts are temperate or tropical parts of India, Asia, used to treat hypertension and Australia, and Africa, often found in inflammations. The chemical compositions lowland, paddy fields, gardens, waste of Euphorbia hirta along with its places, and in the roadsides. They prefer dry pharmacological properties have been and humid condition, from sea-level up to investigated by many researchers. 2200 m altitude. It is native to Central Flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, coumarins, America. [2, 3, 8-11] It is a weed considered as tannins, and polyphenols were isolated, beneficial for its diverse application in characterized and identified as the main traditional medicine system. compounds of the plant. [10,14-18] In the Phytopharmacological investigations current review, comprehensive knowledge showed that its bioactive components and information about Euphorbia hirta are possessed various pharmacological represented for the study of its properties like anti-inflammatory, anti- morphological, ethnopharmacological, microbial, anti-diarrheal, sedative, phytochemical and toxicological areas. analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-oxidant, anti- asthmatic, anti-tumor, larvicidal, diuretic, TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION etc. [12] It is extensively used traditionally to Kingdom: Plantae cure and prevent gastro-intestinal disorders, Division: Tracheophyta afflictions of mucous membranes, and Class: Magnoliopsida respiratory system disorders. [13] Euphorbia Order: Malpighiales hirta has huge economical importance in Family: Euphorbiaceae Nigeria. The cold extract of the leaves is Genus: Euphorbia used to bath small babies with skin Species: Euphorbia hirta infections. It is used ethnomedicinally for Botanical Name: Euphorbia hirta Linn. female disorders. According to many Common Name: Asthma Plant (English), ethnomedicinal kinds of literature the plant Borokeruie (Bengali) (Fig. 1) has known for increasing milk flow in Synonym: Euphorbia capitata Lam., women, and because of it milky latex, it is Euphorbia pilulifera Jacq., Chamaesyce also used for different female disorders. [1, 9, hirta (L.) Millsp. [1, 9] 10, 14] It also reported that the plant is used as anti-spasmodic, anti-diabetic, anti- Euphorbia hirta has many local names in inflammatory, anti-cancer curative agent. [15] different countries such as in China: International Journal of Health Sciences & Research (www.ijhsr.org) 274 Vol.9; Issue: 3; March 2019 Pranabesh Ghosh et.al. Botanical Description, Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Properties of Euphorbia Hirta Linn: A Review Feiyangcao, Arab: Labeinah, Malaysia: blotch near the midrib (Fig.2, Fig.3, and Ambin jantan, English: Asthma plant, Fig.4). Indonesia: Daun biji kacang, Malay: Moluccas, Sundan: Nanangkaan, Papua New Guinea: Sip, New Britain: Gunantuna, Philippines: Botobotonis, Laos: Mouk may, Thailand: Nam nom raatchasee, Vietnam: Corsuwxra, French: Euphorbea fleusentete, India: Dudhi, West Bengal and Bangladesh: Boro Keruie, Japan: Gelang Susu, Norway: Demba sindji, Australia: Asthma herb, Liberia: Tuagbono. [1, 9, 10] Fig.4: Inflorescence and Flowers Flowers: The inflorescence of Euphorbia hirta has a monocecious, terminal or axillary cluster of flowers, called as „cyathium‟, and with several cyathia finely arranged into a cyme (Fig.4). The male and female flowers are condensed in one involucres and both apetalate. The flowers are unisexual; the male flowers are sessile, the bracteoles are linear, fringed, the perianth is absent, and possesses 1-stamen, the female flowers have small pedicel, the perianth is rimmed, the Fig1. The Plant of Euphorbia hirta Linn. ovary is superior, covered with minute hairs, BOTANICAL DETAILING 3-celled, possesses 3-styles, small, and the Euphorbia hirta is a small annual, branched apex is 2-fold. Flowering duration is usually prostrate herb (Fig.1) with branches throughout the year. reaching 60 cm in height, reddish or purple, Stem: The stems (Fig.5) are small, with abundant latex and is hairy. glabrous, hairy and long with monopodial branching pattern. Internodes are 2.5 to 3 cm in length, stipules present, covered with pubescent. Fig.2: Plant Fig.3: Leaves Leaves: Leaves are opposite, distichously, and simple; stipules are linear. The leaf Fig.5: Stem blades are lanceolate-oblong, serrated, long elliptic, or obovate or ovate-lanceolate; its Fruit: Euphorbia hirta has allomorphic pistillate fruits. The fruit is exerted, 3-lobed, base is very dissimilar or unequal; one side is cuneate, the other side is obliquely base truncate, covered with short hairs. The seeds are oblong, 4-sided prismatic, rounded; the apex is acute, length is 3-4 cm wrinkled and brownish pink, 3-seeded and width is 1-1.4 cm. and its margins are capsule; it is green and covered with fleshy smooth toothed, sometimes with a purple prickles, seed smooth, hard, mottle International Journal of Health Sciences & Research (www.ijhsr.org) 275 Vol.9; Issue: 3; March 2019 Pranabesh
Recommended publications
  • Studies of the Medicinal Plant Euphorbia Hirta Methanol Leaf Extract Phytocomponents by GCMS Analysis
    International journal of scientific and technical research in engineering (IJSTRE) www.ijstre.com Volume 1 Issue 4 ǁ July 2016. Studies of the medicinal plant Euphorbia hirta methanol leaf extract phytocomponents by GCMS analysis. 1 1 1 2 3 Igwe K. K. , Madubuike A.J. , Akomas S.C. , Otuokere I. E. Ukwueze C. S. 1Departmemt of Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria. 2Department of Chemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria. 3Departmemt of Veterinary Medicine, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria. Corresponding Author: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Phytocomponents in methanolic extract of Euphorbia hirta, leaf was studied using GC MS analysis. Ten compounds were identified from the extract. The major chemical constituents were Niacin or Nicotinic acid [Peak area: 31.70% ; RT: 22.718;Mol formula:C6H5NO2],S-methyl-L-cysteine [Peak area: 18.88%; RT: 21.794; Mol formula:C4H9NO2S], Methyl 1,4-methylpentadecanoate [Peak area :11.22% ; RT: 19.326; Mol formula:C17H34O2], 2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid [Peak area: 5.16%; RT: 21.682; Mol formula:C3H7NO2S], 4-amino-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid [Peak area: 4.02%; RT: 23.118; Mol formula:C4H5NO3]. The bioactive compounds in the methanol leaf extract of Euphorbia hirta, exhibited phytopharmacological significance and hence could be beneficial for therapeutic use against some health challenges. Keywords: GCMS, Euphorbia hirta, Asthma plant, Hallucination; Nicotinic acid. I. INTRODUCTION Euphorbia hirta is an annual hairy plant with many stems and branches from the base to top that is reddish or purplish in colour [1]. It belongs to the plant family Euphorbiaceae.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Diets Containing Dry Extracts of Achillea Millefolium, Mentha
    Iranian Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 5(1) 1-16 2019 Effects of diets containing dry extracts of Achillea millefolium, Mentha piperita and Echinacea purpurea on growth, hematological and immunological indices in juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) S Alinezhad* Institute of Agricultural Education and Extension, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran Received: March 2019 Accepted: April 2019 Abstract In this study, the effects of three herbal dry Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean extracts (Achillea millefolium, Mentha corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) in all groups piperita and Echinacea purpurea) were except 0.1% M. piperita group and 0.5% E. investigated on growth, hematological and purpurea were increased compare with control immunological indices in juvenile common group (P≤0.05). MCHC in 0.5% E. purpurea carp (Cyprinus carpio). 400 juvenile fish with and 0.1 and 1% M. piperita groups showed the initial weight of 14.30 ± 0.77g were studied in highest values. Levels of 0.5% M. piperita and 10 treatment groups (9 treatment groups & a 1% E. purpurea and A. millefolium make control) with four replicates for 60 days. Three significantly increases in total leukocytes and levels (0.1, 0.5 and 1%) of dry extracts of each neutrophils (P≤0.05). Significantly increases of herb were prepared according to standard lymphocytes and decrease of monocytes were method and added to the commercial common observed in levels of 0.5% E. purpurea and 1% carp feed. At the end of period twelve fish level of all herbs groups (P≤0.05). Increased collected out of each group and the parameters levels of immunoglobulin compared to control were measured.
    [Show full text]
  • Genotoxicity of Euphorbia Hirta on Allium Cepa Assay
    2012 International Conference on Nutrition and Food Sciences IPCBEE vol. 39 (2012) © (2012) IACSIT Press, Singapore Genotoxicity of Euphorbia Hirta on Allium Cepa Assay Kwan Yuet Ping1, Ibrahim Darah2, Umi Kalsom Yusuf3, Sreenivasan Sasidharan1+ 1Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia 2School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia 3Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Abstract. The genotoxic effects of crude extract of Euphorbia hirta on was investigated using Allium cepa assay. Different concentrations of extract were tested on root meristems of A. cepa. Ethylmethanesulfonate was used as positive control and distilled water as negative control. The result showed that mitotic index decreased as the concentrations of crude extracts increased. The increase of the genotoxic effect corresponds to a decrease of mitotic activity. A dose-dependent increase of chromosome aberrations was observed. Abnormalities scored were stickiness, c-mitosis, bridges and vagrant chromosomes. Result of this study suggested that the methanol crude extracts of E. hirta exerted significant genotoxic and mitodepressive effects at 1000µg/ml. Keywords: Genotoxicity; Allium cepa; Mitotic index; Chromosome aberrations 1. Introduction The use of medicinal plants in remedial pursuits is gaining attention worldwide. Despite the profound therapeutic advantages possessed by the medicinal plants, some constituents of medicinal plants have been found to be potentially toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic. However, the potential toxicity of herbs has not been recognized by the general public or by professional groups of traditional medicine [1]. Hence, evaluating the toxicological effects of any herbal extract intended to be used in humans is of utmost importance.
    [Show full text]
  • Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Screening of the Methanol Extracts of Euphorbia Hirta L
    Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine (2011)386-390 386 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine journal homepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/apjtm Document heading doi: Antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of the methanol extracts of Euphorbia hirta L Abu Arra Basma1, Zuraini Zakaria1, Lacimanan Yoga Latha2, Sreenivasan Sasidharan2* 1Biology Division, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia 2Institutes for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Objective: Euphorbia hirta (E. hirta) To assess antioxidant activities of different parts of , and to Received 25 February 2011 Methods: search for new sources of safe and inexpensive antioxidants. Samples of leaves, stems, Received in revised form 27 March 2011 E. hirta flowers and roots from were tested for total phenolic content, and flavonoids content and Accepted 2 April 2011 in vitro Available online 20 May 2011 antioxidant activity by diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylResults: (DPPH) assay and reducing power was measured using cyanoferrate method. The leaves extract exhibited a maximum DPPH Keywords: scavenging activity of (72.96依0.78)% followed by the flowers, roots and stems whose scavenging activities were (52.45依0.66)%, (48.59依0.97)%, and (44.42依0.94)%, respectively. The standard Antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was (75.13依0.75)%. The IC50 for leaves, flowers, roots, stems Euphorbia hirta L and BHT were 0.803, 0.972, 0.989, 1.358 and 0.794 mg/mL, respectively. The reducing power of DPPH scavenging the leaves extract was comparable with that of ascorbic acid and found to be dose dependent.
    [Show full text]
  • Weed Management and Dynamics of Weed Seedbank in Rabi Fennel ( Foeniculum Vulgare ) B.S
    Weed Management and Dynamics of Weed Seedbank in rabi fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare ) B.S. Gohil 1, R.K. Mathukia 2 and P.R. Mathukia 3 1,2,3 Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh-362001 (Gujarat, India) ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2011-12 at Junagadh to find out most effective and economical method of weed control in rabi fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). The dominant weed species observed were Cyperus rotundus L., Chenopodium album L., Digera arvensis Forsk and Asphodelus tenuifolius L. Cav. Results revealed that besides weed free treatment, significantly higher plant height, number of branches/plant, number of umbels/plant, number of seeds/umbellate, test weight, seed weight per plant, and seed and stover yields of fennel were recorded with pre-emergence (PRE) application of pendimethalin @ 0.90 kg/ha + post-emergence (POE) application of fenoxaprop @ 75 g/ha at 45 DAS, which was at par with pendimethalin @ 0.90 kg/ha PRE + hand weeding (HW) at 45 DAS and HW twice at 15 and 45 DAS. These treatments also recorded lower weed density and dry weight of weeds along with higher net returns and B: C ratio owing to lower weed index and higher weed control efficiency. The highest depletion of weed seedbank was observed with pendimethalin @ 0.90 kg/ha PRE + HW at 45 DAS. Keywords: Pendimethalin, Fenoxaprop, Quizalofop, oxadiargyl, glyphosate, propaquizafop. 1. INTRODUCTION India occupies prime position in seed spices and plays very important role in earning foreign exchange through export of seed spices. India is the world’s largest producer, consumer and exporter of the spices.
    [Show full text]
  • Biochemical Assessment of the Effect of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Euphorbia Heterophylla Linn on Hepatocytes of Rats
    IOSR Journal Of Environmental Science, Toxicology And Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) e-ISSN: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399. Volume 3, Issue 5 (Mar. - Apr. 2013), PP 37-41 www.Iosrjournals.Org Biochemical Assessment of the Effect of Aqueous Leaf Extract Of Euphorbia Heterophylla Linn on Hepatocytes of Rats Apiamu Augustine1, Evuen Uduenevwo Francis 2, Ajaja Uche Ivy3 1, 2 & 3( Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Western Delta University, Nigeria) Abstract: In recent years, the search for biologically active compounds from Euphorbia heterophylla in the treatment of different diseases has always been of great interest to researchers. In this present study, we investigated the effect of the aqueous leaf extract of the plant on hepatocytes using animal models. A total of twenty (20) wistar albino rats (150-240g) were used for the study. The rats were randomly divided into four experimental groups (A, B, C & D) comprising five rats per group. The control group was administered deionised water while the treatment groups were orally administered doses of the aqueous leaf extract of the plant( 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 300mg/kg body weights) by means of a gavage for two weeks. Total protein, albumin, urea nitrogen, alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) were the biochemical parameters assessed in this study. The results showed no significant difference(p>0.05 in the levels of the aforementioned parameters. The aqueous leaf extract of the plant indicated the presence of carbohydrates, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids and steroids, but anthracene derivatives were absent. The results obtained in this study, therefore, justify the traditional use of the plant for food and medicinal purposes respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Euphorbia Hirta) in Ornamental Crop Production1 Thomas Smith, Chris Marble, Shawn Steed, and Nathan Boyd2
    ENH1322 Biology and Management of Garden Spurge (Euphorbia hirta) in Ornamental Crop Production1 Thomas Smith, Chris Marble, Shawn Steed, and Nathan Boyd2 Introduction Habitat Garden spurge (Euphorbia hirta) is a prostrate (low- Garden spurge (Figure 1) is a common weed in agriculture growing), herbaceous, short-lived, warm-season annual fields, container-grown ornamentals, landscape plant- weed commonly found in Florida landscapes, container ing beds, lawns, gardens, and other disturbed areas. nurseries, and other agricultural production areas. This In container nurseries, garden spurge can be found in article is written to aid green industry professionals and containers, in pot drain holes, growing through weed mats, others in the identification and management of garden and in non-crop areas around the nursery. In landscapes, spurge in and around ornamental plants. it is frequently found growing in turfgrass or in mulched planting beds, but it is also commonly found growing in Species Description sidewalk cracks and between patio pavers. Garden spurge prefers warm and sunny locations but can also grow in Class dense shade. Dicotyledon Distribution Family Garden spurge is native to tropical and subtropical regions Euphorbiaceae—Spurge family of North America but has naturalized throughout tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world (USDA-NRCS Other Common Names 2020). In the United States, garden spurge is commonly Pillpod sandmat, asthma spurge, asthma weed, hairy spurge found in the southeastern states, as far north as North Carolina and west to California (USDA-NRCS 2020). Life Span Current distribution outside the US includes South and Warm-season annual 1. This document is ENH1322, one of a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, UF/IFAS Extension.
    [Show full text]
  • Arabian Medicinal Plants with Dermatological Effects- Plant Based Review (Part 1)
    IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy www.iosrphr.org (e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219 Volume 8, Issue 10 Version. I (October 2018), PP. 44-73 Arabian medicinal plants with dermatological effects- plant based review (part 1) Ali Esmail Al-Snafi Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Thi qar, Iraq. Corresponding author: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi Abstract: Several medicinal plants possessed a wide range of dermatological effects included antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic, anticancer, hair growth-promoting activity, wound healing effects, for the treatment of burns, eczema, acne, vitiligo, and psoriasis, as skin lightening, as skin protection therapy and to slow down skin ageing. The current review will discuss the medicinal plants which showed dermatological effects and applications. Keywords: medicinal plants, skin, dermatology, alternative medicine, complementary medicine ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- Date of Submission: 12-11-2018 Date of acceptance: 25-11-2018 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- I. INTRODUCTION: Human skin, the outer covering of the body, is the largest organ in the body. It also constitutes the first line of defense. Skin disease is a common ailment and it affects all ages from the neonate to the elderly and cause harm in number of ways. The skin diseases can be categorized into nine
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Sourcing : Markets for Certified Chinese
    SUSTAINABLE SOURCING: MARKETS FOR CERTIFIED CHINESE MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS In collaboration with SUSTAINABLE SOURCING: MARKETS FOR CERTIFIED CHINESE MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS SUSTAINABLE SOURCING: MARKETS FOR CERTIFIED CHINESE MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS Abstract for trade information services ID=43163 2016 SITC-292.4 SUS International Trade Centre (ITC) Sustainable Sourcing: Markets for Certified Chinese Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Geneva: ITC, 2016. xvi, 141 pages (Technical paper) Doc. No. SC-2016-5.E This study on the market potential of sustainably wild-collected botanical ingredients originating from the People’s Republic of China with fair and organic certifications provides an overview of current export trade in both wild-collected and cultivated botanical, algal and fungal ingredients from China, market segments such as the fair trade and organic sectors, and the market trends for certified ingredients. It also investigates which international standards would be the most appropriate and applicable to the special case of China in consideration of its biodiversity conservation efforts in traditional wild collection communities and regions, and includes bibliographical references (pp. 139–140). Descriptors: Medicinal Plants, Spices, Certification, Organic Products, Fair Trade, China, Market Research English For further information on this technical paper, contact Mr. Alexander Kasterine ([email protected]) The International Trade Centre (ITC) is the joint agency of the World Trade Organization and the United Nations. ITC, Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland (www.intracen.org) Suggested citation: International Trade Centre (2016). Sustainable Sourcing: Markets for Certified Chinese Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, International Trade Centre, Geneva, Switzerland. This publication has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union.
    [Show full text]
  • Review Article Plant-Based Medicines for Anxiety
    CNS Drugs 2013; 27 (3) Review Article Running header: Plant-Based Anxiolytic Psychopharmacology Plant-Based Medicines for Anxiety Disorders, Part 1 A Review of Preclinical Studies Jerome Sarris1,2, Erica McIntyre3 and David A. Camfield2 1 Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, VIC, Australia 2 Swinburne University of Technology, Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia 3 Department of Psychology, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia Correspondence: Jerome Sarris, Department of Psychiatry & The Melbourne Clinic, The University of Melbourne, 2 Salisbury Street, Richmond, VIC 3121, Australia. Email: [email protected], 1 Abstract Research in the area of herbal psychopharmacology has revealed a variety of promising medicines that may provide benefit in the treatment of general anxiety and specific anxiety disorders. However, a comprehensive review of plant-based anxiolytics has been absent to date. This article (part 1) reviews herbal medicines for which only preclinical investigations for anxiolytic activity have been performed. In part 2, we review herbal medicines for which there have been clinical investigations for anxiolytic activity. An open-ended, language-restricted (English) search of MEDLINE (PubMed), CINAHL, Scopus and the Cochrane Library databases was conducted (up to 28 October 2012) using specific search criteria to identify herbal medicines that have been investigated for anxiolytic activity. This search of the literature revealed 1,525 papers, from which 54 herbal medicines were included in the full review (having at least one study using the whole plant extract). Of these plants 21 had human clinical trial evidence (reviewed in part 2), with another 33 having solely preclinical studies (reviewed here in part 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases List of Plants for Allelopathic
    Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases List of Plants for Allelopathic Plants with Activity Synergy Chemical Count Total PPM Abies alba 1 1476.0 Abies balsamea 1 1900.0 Abies sachalinensis 1 9360.0 Abies spectabilis 1 Acacia farnesiana 1 Achillea millefolium 7 9105.0 Acinos alpinus 4 Acinos suaveolens 5 Acorus calamus 6 5120.0 Actaea cimicifuga 1 Actaea dahurica 1 Actinidia chinensis 1 Aframomum melegueta 1 Agastache foeniculum 1 Agastache nepetoides 1 Agastache pallidiflora 1 Agastache urticifolia 1 1092.0 Agathosma betulina 2 Ageratum conyzoides 1 Agrimonia eupatoria 3 Ajuga iva 1 Allium ampeloprasum 2 Allium cepa 3 516.0 Allium sativum var. sativum 3 170.0 Allium schoenoprasum 2 42.0 Aloe vera 1 Aloysia citrodora 3 882.0 Plants with Activity Synergy Chemical Count Total PPM Alpinia galanga 5 Alpinia officinarum 4 Althaea officinalis 4 Ambrosia artemisiifolia 1 Amomum compactum 4 Amomum xanthioides 1 Ananas comosus 3 2980.0 Anethum graveolens 6 154.0 Angelica archangelica 3 260.0 Angelica sinensis 1 Annona muricata 1 Annona squamosa 1 Apium graveolens 5 3221.0 Arachis hypogaea 5 338.0 Aralia cordata 3 18.0 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 4 Armoracia rusticana 1 90.0 Artemisia absinthium 4 Artemisia annua 5 28380.0 Artemisia cina 1 48000.0 Artemisia dracunculus 8 1528.0 Artemisia herba-alba 2 1546.0 Artemisia pallens 1 Artemisia salsoloides 5 Artemisia vulgaris 2 Arundo donax 1 Asarum canadense 1 2 Plants with Activity Synergy Chemical Count Total PPM Aspalathus linearis 4 Asparagus officinalis 1 Astragalus membranaceus 1 Avena sativa 4 Averrhoa carambola 1 Ballota nigra 1 Barosma betulina 1 Basella alba 2 Beta vulgaris 4 Brassica nigra 3 Brassica oleracea var.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental and Applied Bioresearch Key Based Reviews
    Journal of Environmental and Applied Bioresearch Published online 28 December, 2015 (http://www.scienceresearchlibrary.com) ISSN: 2319 8745 Vol. 03, No. 04, pp. 247-252 Review Article Open Access Key based reviews may prove phenomenal for contemporary research on medicinal plants especially with regard to Euphorbia helioscopia L. and Achillea millefolium L. Tabinda Showkat1, Ubaid yaqoob2* and Neetu Singh1 1Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Mewar University, Chittorgarh Rajasthan, India. 2Plant Reproductive Biology, Genetic Diversity and Phytochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, J&K, India Received: 04 December 2015 / Accepted : 12 December, 2015 ⓒ Science Research Library Abstract or herbal drugs has gained impetus and the demand for herbal raw Medicinal plants are essential natural resources which constitutes one of drugs and other products is increasing many folds. The basis for the potential sources of new products and bioactive compounds for drug use of plants in medicine is the presence of active ingredients or development. The two plants from Kashmir Himalaya have been selected biologically active principles or secondary metabolites that affect for study on ethno-botanical importance. Achillea millefolium L. is physiological or metabolic processes of living organisms, recommended for the treatment of many different ailments because of its astringent effects. The herb is purported to be a diaphoretic, astringent, including human beings. In recent years, secondary plant tonic. Euphorbia helioscopia L. has been widely used for centuries to treat metabolites (phytochemicals) previously with unknown different disease conditions such as ascites, edema, tuberculosis, dysentery, pharmacological activities have been extensively investigated as a scabies, lung cancer, cervical carcinoma and esophageal cancer.
    [Show full text]