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The Security Sector and Health Crises Edited by Albrecht Schnabel and Ilona Kickbusch The Security Sector and Health Crises With an Epilogue on: Lessons from Ebola in the Time of COVID-19: An Urgent Wake-up Call for the Security Sector The front cover depicts a Sierra Leonean doctor during training by British troops on 7 November 2014, at the height of the Ebola crisis in the region. The picture is taken in the Wilberforce Barracks in the area around Freetown, by British photographer Carl Osmond. © UK Ministry of Defence/Crown Copyright (2014), license issued in 2021 under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Edited by Albrecht Schnabel and Ilona Kickbusch The Security Sector and Health Crises © 2021 DCAF - Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance Maison de la Paix Chemin Eugène-Rigot 2E CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 730 94 00 [email protected] www.dcaf.ch Twitter @DCAF_Geneva The Security Sector and Health Crises, edited by Albrecht Schnabel and Ilona Kickbusch First edition: March 2021 The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect the position of the institutions referred to or represented within this publication. ISBN: 9292225472 All rights reserved. Contents Contributors 8 Acknowledgements 13 Abbreviations 16 PART I: Introduction 19 1. The Security Sector and Global Health Crises: Lessons from the Ebola Epidemic 20 Albrecht Schnabel and Ilona Kickbusch PART II: The Ebola Crisis and the Role of the Security Sector in West Africa 134 2. Sierra Leone’s Experience during the Ebola Outbreak 135 Haja Safiyatu Sovula 3. The Ebola Outbreak in Guinea 150 Samuel Kargbo 4. The Nigeria Ebola Outbreak and Lessons Learned 160 Faisal Shuaib PART III: The Roles Played by Security Institutions in Countries Affected by the Ebola Crisis 167 5. Assessing the Role of the Security Sector in Health Crises: The Perspective of the Sierra Leone Police 168 J.P. Chris Charley 6. Lessons from Border Policing in Response to the Ebola Outbreak in Sierra Leone 179 Jonathan Sandy 7. Borders and Ebola: Health Crisis and Security Response in West Africa 192 Abdoulaye Diagana 6 8. The Ebola Crisis and Border Management: Lessons Learned 201 Andrus Öövel and Goran Krstetski 9. Epidemics and Pandemics: The Role of Swiss Research Centres 213 Cédric Invernizzi 10. The Role of the Security Sector in the Management of the Ebola Crisis in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone 219 Komba Mondeh PART IV: International Military Support Missions 233 11. The UK Military Contribution to Controlling Ebola in Sierra Leone 234 Louis Lillywhite 12. France’s Reaction to the Ebola Crisis – Lessons Learned 253 Christine Fages 13. Epidemics, Pandemics and Other Disasters: A Possible Role for the Swiss Armed Forces’ Medical Services 268 Sergei Bankoul PART V: Responses by Regional and Global Organizations 273 14. The European Union’s Reaction to the Ebola Crisis 274 Cristina Barrios 15. The African Union’s Contribution to Eradicating Ebola in the Mano River Union Subregion 285 Prosper Nii Nortey Addo 16. Deployment of Security Forces in Health Emergencies in the ECOWAS Region 300 Olatunde Olayemi Contents 7 17. Assessing the Role of the Mano River Union in Response to Global Health Crises: Lessons from the Ebola Epidemic in West Africa 313 Jonathan Sandy 18. Perspectives from the International Organization for Migration 327 Davide Mosca and Kolitha Wickramage PART VI: Opportunities for Constructive Cooperation between Health and Security Sectors 345 19. Global Health Crises and the Security Sector: Cooperation in Training, Simulation and Early Warning 346 Lea Ellmanns and Albrecht Schnabel 20. Precision Public Health and Digital Data: Sources Are an Issue 366 Patrick Zylberman, Danny Sheath, Nefti-Eboni Bempong and Antoine Flahault 21. Health Emergencies and Crisis Training Modules for Health and Security Agencies 377 Christian Haggenmiller, Margaret Bourdeaux and Anja Opitz PART VII: Conclusion 394 22. Preparing for the Next Crisis: Future Health Crisis Challenges and Recommendations for the Security Sector 395 Albrecht Schnabel, Lea Ellmanns and Ilona Kickbusch Epilogue 423 23. Lessons from Ebola in the Time of COVID-19: An Urgent Wake-up Call for the Security Sector 424 Floris de Klerk Wolters, Albrecht Schnabel and Sabeena Bali Bibliography 463 Contributors Prosper Nii Nortey Addo is senior political officer at the African Union Liaison Office in Khartoum, Sudan. He previously was a senior political and humanitarian affairs officer at the African Union Liaison Office in Monrovia, Liberia, and a research fellow at the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre in Accra, Ghana. Sabeena Bali is a project assistant in the Asia-Pacific Unit at DCAF – Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance in Geneva, Switzerland. She is also a PhD candidate at the University of Geneva Faculty of Law. Sergei Bankoul is a senior medical adviser to the Surgeon General of the Swiss Armed Forces, stationed in Bern, Switzerland. He has been active in the medical services of the Swiss Armed Forces for nearly two decades. Cristina Barrios is a policy officer in the Central Africa Division of the European External Action Service in Brussels, Belgium. Previously she served as a policy officer in the Conflict, Security and Resilience Programme of the European Centre for Development Policy Management. Nefti-Eboni Bempong is a scientific assistant at the Institute of Global Health at the University of Geneva, Switzerland. Previously she was a research assistant at Centre Virchow-Villerme in Paris, France. Margaret Bourdeaux is a global health policy analyst and physician at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, MA, USA. She leads the Threatened Health Systems Project at Harvard Medical School, also in Boston, MA. J. P. Chris Charley is director of Community Affairs at the Sierra Leone Police, and was active in this role during the Ebola outbreak. He previously served as a selection and recruitment officer in the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations. Contributors 9 Abdoulaye Diagana is head of partnerships and communication, and thematic leader for pollution, at the United Nations Environment Programme’s Abidjan Convention, as well as an associate researcher at the University of Arizona. Lea Ellmanns was, at the time of writing, a research assistant in the Asia- Pacific Unit at the DCAF – Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance in Geneva, Switzerland. Christine Fages is French ambassador to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and served as coordinator of the Inter-ministerial Ebola Task Force in France. Antoine Flahault is director of the Institute of Global Health at the University of Geneva in Switzerland. He also serves as co-director of the European Academic Global Health Alliance. Christian Haggenmiller is a lecturer at the Bundeswehr Command and Staff College, and health security researcher at the German Institute for Defence and Strategic Studies, in Hamburg, Germany. He initiated and leads the “Comprehensive Medical Support in Complex Emergencies” course at the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre in Accra, Ghana. Cédric Invernizzi is the head of Arms Control Biology and deputy head of the Biology Division at Spiez Laboratory, Federal Department of Defence Civil Protection and Sports, Switzerland. Samuel Kargbo is director of Health Systems, Policy, Planning and Information at the Ministry of Health and Sanitation in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Previously he oversaw the Reproductive and Child Health Directorate. 10 Ilona Kickbusch is founder and chair of the Advisory Board of the Global Health Centre at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva. She serves as a member of the Global Preparedness Monitoring Board. She was head of the Global Health Programme at Yale University, New Haven, USA, following a distinguished career with the World Health Organization. Floris de Klerk Wolters is a project assistant working in the Asia-Pacific Unit at DCAF – Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance in Geneva, Switzerland. In this capacity he has researched the role of the security sector during the COVID-19 pandemic. Goran Krstetski is a senior expert on strategic planning and border management and a former project manager in the Border Security Programme at DCAF – Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance, Switzerland. Louis Lillywhite is a senior consulting fellow at the Centre on Global Health Security, Chatham House, London. He held various medical posts during his career in the UK armed forces, including Surgeon General. Komba Mondeh is a retired brigadier general and former high-ranking officer in the Sierra Leonean Army. He was the first Sierra Leonean military officer to serve in the African Union/United Nations Mission in Darfur (UNAMID). Davide Mosca is director of Migration Health at the International Organization for Migration in Geneva, Switzerland. He was previously the regional medical officer for Africa and the Middle East, working out of Nairobi, Kenya. Contributors 11 Olatunde Olayemi is a lawyer and a fellow of management consulting and strategic management. As a programme officer in the ECOWAS Commission Directorate of Humanitarian and Social Affairs in Abuja, Nigeria, he is responsible for policy and programming. He formerly was a consultant with ECOWAS, responsible for the Counter Trafficking in Persons and Humanitarian Affairs programmes, and a regional legal adviser on policy and law enforcement at the UN Office on Drugs and Crime Regional Office for West and Central Africa. Andrus Öövel is an Estonian politician. He was previously a programme manager of the Border Security Programme at DCAF – Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance, Switzerland. From 1995 to 1999 he was Estonia’s minister of defence. Anja Opitz is head of section for international relations and security policy at the Akademie für Politische Bildung in Germany. She is president and a founding member of the Global Health Security Alliance. Jonathan Sandy is the executive director of the JS & Associates Centre for Governance and Security Policy Initiative in Freetown, Sierra Leone.
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