Guidelines, 5 Fads Were Constructed and Deployed in the Kenyan Seascape in April 2014

FAD design and deployment

Following the South Pacific Commission (SPC) guidelines, 5 FADs were constructed and deployed in the Kenyan seascape in April 2014. FADs were deployed at the interval of two days between zone A and zone B. Because all FADs were deployed in a high energy environment, subject to stress from currents and waves, high-specification materials were used to boost longevity of FADs. Each FAD consisted of 20 plastic pressure floats of 30 kg buoyancy, with 40 mm center hole rated to 800 m depth, separated by purse seine spacers, along 30 m PVC-coated steel wire (18 mm, PCV coated (2mm)). The wired mixed rope was necessary in areas where theft was a problem. To the lower portion of the wire section 20

PVC packaging strips of synthetic sacking and nets ropes were attached, forming an

‘aggregator’ that increased the surface area for growth of marine life (e.g. algae, barnacles, soft corals, etc.). These growths would then attract small fish for shelter and thereby increasing the profile of the FAD in the water column. More ‘aggregators’ were fixed to the float section. We used (30%) of the sinking nylon rope (19 mm, 12-strand) on the upper section and the lower portion utilized the (70%) of the buoyant polypropylene rope (20 mm,

12-strand). Splicing 12-strand required considerable skills from the local fishers. Lengths of ropes were dependent on the depth, although we opted to follow the current experiences of using a genuine scope of 1.3-1.6 x water depth. Rope links were comprised of Samson Nylite rope connectors (size 3, 22 mm), safety shackles (with SS cotter pin, sizes 20, 22 and 25 mm) and forged swivel (eye and eye), 22 mm. All FADs were linked to the anchors by a long-link chain (19 mm) and 10 (20 litres) concrete filled anchors weighing about 7,000 kg (using marine sands and aggregate, steel-reinforced and vibrated). Although simple in design, these

FADs were very bulky and deployment in deep-water was potentially dangerous. However, with a good vessel and expert advice, deployment was a success. As such, the rope and surface component were usually placed in the ocean first and the anchor last, after all ropes were safely off the boat.

Species taxonomy indices

Four taxonomic indices were computed 4 each having specific properties (Warwick and

Clarke 1995). As described by Gaerner et al. (2008), taxonomic diversity (Δ) is the average distance traced through the taxonomic tree between every pair of individuals in a sample.

This average path length include individuals which belong to the same species. Taxonomic distinctness (Δ*) on the other hand considers individuals which only belong to different species (Warwick and Clarke 1995). In comparison to taxonomic diversity, is expected that taxonomic distinctness would closely represent a function of pure taxonomic relatedness of individuals (Clarke and Warwick 1998; Gaertner et al. 2008). Average taxonomic distinctness (Δ+) was also investigated in order to study the possible loss of information with respect to the previous taxonomic indices requiring abundance data. Computing average taxonomic distinctness was relatively straight forward because presence-absence data was easily obtained. As proposed by Clarke and Warwick (1998), average taxonomic distinctness can be considered as the average distance traced through a taxonomic tree between each pair of species in a presence-absence dataset. Finally, the index of variation in taxonomic distinctness (Λ+) was applied, which is based on the evenness of the taxonomic level distribution in a taxonomic tree and is calculated as the variance of the average taxonomic distinctness (Table 2). Because (ωij) can be defined in two forms (Clarke and Warwick 1999;

Rogers et al. 1999; Gaertner et al. 2008), the simplest form of ωij was adopted with equal step-lengths between each successive taxonomic level. The ωij was set at 100 for 2 species connected at the highest possible level (Clarke and Warwick 1999; Gaertner et al. 2008). Table S1. Occurrence of the species beneath each FAD (depth in meters) observed through underwater visual census. Number of species (n) and relative abundance (%) is presented for each FAD. Relative abundance for two major developmental stages of species observed is also presented.

FAD_1(100m) FAD_2(135m) FAD_3(165m) FAD_4(160m) FAD_5(140m) Adults Juveniles Species name n(%RA) n(%RA) n(%RA) n(%RA) n(%RA) n(%RA) n(%RA) Acanthocybium solandri 1(100) 1(100) Acanthurus dussumieri 1(7.7) 3(23.1) 3(23.1) 4(30.8) 2(15.4) 10(77) 3(23.1) Acanthurus triostegus 17(40.5) 10(23.9) 5(12) 3(7.2) 7(16.7) 38(90.5) 4(9.6) Amblygaster leiogaster 2(3.6) 5(8.8) 21(36.9) 19(33.4) 10(17.6) 52(91.3) 5(8.8) Aphareus rutilans 6(75) 2(25) 8(100) Caesio caerulaurea 20(64.6) 11(35.5) 22(71) 9(29.1) Carangoides armatus 2(7.5) 15(55.6) 10(37.1) 25(92.6) 2(7.5) Carangoides coeruleopinnatus 3(25) 8(66.7) 1(8.4) 9(75) 3(25) Cephalopholis argus 11(57.9) 5(26.4) 3(15.8) 10(52.7) 9(50) Chaetodon auriga 20(40) 16(32) 14(28) 44(88) 6(12) Cociella crocodilus 6(75) 1(12.5) 1(12.5) 8(100) Coryphaena hippurus 8(47.1) 6(35.3) 3(17.7) 17(100) Decapterus macarellus 6(19.4) 6(19.4) 6(19.4) 7(22.6) 6(19.4) 31(100) Diodon hystrix 1(100) 1(100) Epinephelus chabaudi 6(46.2) 4(30.8) 3(23.1) 13(100) Etelis carbunculus 8(80) 2(20) 10(100) Gerres oyena 12(37.5) 2(6.3) 1(3.2) 15(46.9) 2(6.3) 22(68.8) 10(31.3) Leptoscarus vaigiensis 18(40) 14(31.2) 13(28.9) 5(11.2) 40(88.9) Lethrinus harak 1(100) 1(100) Lethrinus lentjan 8(22.3) 9(25) 5(13.9) 5(13.9) 9(25) 11(30.6) 25(69.5) Lethrinus mahsena 1(100) 1(100) Lutjanus argentimaculatus 7(38.9) 5(27.8) 6(33.4) 18(100) Lutjanus fulviflamma 4(36.4) 1(9.1) 3(27.3) 2(18.2) 1(9.1) 11(100) Makaira indica 1(100) 1(100) Naso brachycentron 11(35.5) 6(19.4) 3(9.7) 2(6.5) 9(29.1) 31(100) Parupeneus macronemus 16(41.1) 9(23.1) 2(5.2) 1(2.6) 11(28.3) 7(18) 32(82.1) Plectorhinchus flavomaculatus 3(60) 1(20) 1(20) 5(100) Rachycentron canadum 1(33.4) 1(33.4) 1(33.4) 3(100) Rastrelliger kanagurta 29(48.4) 25(41.7) 6(10) 60(100) Sarda orientalis 12(52.2) 11(47.9) 23(100) Sardinella longiceps 1(100) 1(100) Scarus ghobban 4(44.5) 4(44.5) 1(11.2) 9(100) Scomberomorus plurilineatus 11(55) 9(45) 4(20) 16(80) Seriola lalandi 8(32) 6(24) 1(4) 4(16) 6(24) 25(100) Siganus sutor 45(54.9) 23(28.1) 14(17.1) 15(18.3) 67(81.8) Sphyraena barracuda 5(83.4) 1(16.7) 6(100) Euthynnus affinis 2(6.3) 17(53.2) 12(37.5) 1(3.2) 32(100) Thunnus albacares 13(100) 13(100)

Table S2. Species observed through underwater visual census at FADs and EFSs at FADs (extended table for experimental fishing surveys). Number of FADs 5. Total number of fish observed at FADs 842. Mean number of species per FAD is expressed as the number of fish/number of FADs. Concurrency is expressed as the percentage of count of species/Total number of fish observed at FADs. Maximum number of fish per FAD is the product of concurrency and Mean number of species per FAD. Fish type classified after Fréon and Dagorn (2000) i.e. * - intranatant species, ** - extranatant species, *** - circumnatant species.

Species captured through EFSs as opposed to UVCs were classified based on previous empirical studies on FADs where similar species were observed. Common name Family name Species name N. of fish % BI Mean n./FAD % concurrency Max n./FAD Trophic classification Ecological classification

Wahoo Scombridae Acanthocybium solandri** 10 1.54 2 1.19 2.38 Piscivore Coastal & offshore pelagic

Eyestripe surgeonfish Acanthuridae Acanthurus dussumieri* 13 4.3 2.6 1.55 4.02 Herbivore-Planktonivore Reef

Convict surgeonfish Acanthuridae Acanthurus triostegus* 42 2.49 8.4 4.99 41.91 Herbivore-Planktonivore Reef

Smoothbelly sardinella Clupeidae Amblygaster leiogaster** 57 0.17 11.4 6.77 77.18 Piscivore Coastal & Offshore pelagic

Rusty jobfish Lutjanidae Aphareus rutilans** 8 2.95 1.6 0.96 1.53 Omnivore Offshore demersal

Blue and gold fusilier Caesionidae Caesio caerulaurea** 31 2.05 6.2 3.69 22.83 Piscivore Coastal & Offshore pelagic

Longfin trevally Carangidae Carangoides armatus** 27 1.77 5.4 3.21 17.32 Piscivore Coastal & Offshore pelagic

Coastal trevally Carangidae Carangoides coeruleopinnatus** 12 0.54 2.4 1.43 3.43 Piscivore Coastal & Offshore pelagic

Peacock hind Serranidae Cephalopholis argus* 18 2.73 3.6 2.14 7.7 Omnivore Reef

Threadfin butterflyfish Chaetodontidae Chaetodon auriga* 50 0.04 10 5.94 59.39 Herbivore-Planktonivore Reef

Crocodile flathead Platycephalidae Cociella crocodilus** 8 0.4 1.6 0.96 1.53 Omnivore Offshore demersal

Common dolphinfish Coryphaenidae Coryphaena hippurus** 17 0.35 3.4 2.02 6.87 Piscivore Coastal & Offshore pelagic Carangidae Decapterus macarellus** Mackerel scad 31 0.2 6.2 3.69 22.83 Planktonivore Coastal & offshore pelagic Diodontidae Diodon hystrix* Black-spotted Porcupinefish 1 0.01 0.2 0.12 0.03 Omnivore Reef Serranidae Epinephelus chabaudi** Moustache grouper 13 5.12 2.6 1.55 4.02 Omnivore Offshore demersal

Deep-water red snapper Lutjanidae Etelis carbunculus** 10 2.05 2 1.19 2.38 Omnivore Offshore demersal

Common silver-biddy Gerreidae Gerres oyena** 32 0.76 6.4 3.81 24.33 Piscivore Coastal & Offshore pelagic

Marbled parrotfish Scaridae Leptoscarus vaigiensis** 45 6.12 9 5.35 48.1 Herbivore-Planktonivore Demersal & Reef

Thumbprint emperor Lethrinidae Lethrinus harak** 1 0.14 0.2 0.12 0.03 Omnivore Demersal & Reef

Pink ear emperor Lethrinidae Lethrinus lentjan** 36 8.23 7.2 4.28 30.79 Omnivore Demersal & Reef

Sky emperor Lethrinidae Lethrinus mahsena** 1 0.04 0.2 0.12 0.03 Omnivore Demersal & Reef

Mangrove red snapper Lutjanidae Lutjanus argentimaculatus** 18 2.57 3.6 2.14 7.7 Omnivore Demersal & Reef

Dory snapper Lutjanidae Lutjanus fulviflamma** 11 0.78 2.2 1.31 2.88 Omnivore Demersal & Reef

Black marlin Istiophoiridae Makaira indica*** 1 2.27 0.2 0.12 0.03 Piscivore Offshore pelagic

Humpback unicornfish Acanthuridae Naso brachycentron** 31 0.66 6.2 3.69 22.83 Omnivore Demersal & Reef

Long-barbel goatfish Mullidae Parupeneus macronemus** 39 4.12 7.8 4.64 36.13 Herbivore-Planktonivore Demersal & Reef

Lemonfish Haemulidae Plectorhinchus flavomaculatus** 5 2.06 1 0.6 0.6 Herbivore-Planktonivore Demersal & Reef Cobia Rachycentridae Rachycentron canadum** 3 0.8 0.6 0.36 0.22 Herbivore-Planktonivore Demersal & Reef

Indian mackerel Scombridae Rastrelliger kanagurta** 60 0.39 12 7.13 85.52 Piscivore Coastal & Offshore pelagic

Striped bonito Scombridae Sarda orientalis** 23 0.19 4.6 2.74 12.57 Piscivore Coastal & Offshore pelagic

Indian oil sardine Scaridae Sardinella longiceps** 1 0.06 0.2 0.12 0.03 Piscivore Coastal & Offshore pelagic

Blue-barred parrotfish Scaridae Scarus ghobban** 9 0.15 1.8 1.07 1.93 Herbivore-Planktonivore Demersal & Reef

Kanadi kingfish Scombridae Scomberomorus plurilineatus** 20 1 4 2.38 9.51 Piscivore Coastal & Offshore pelagic

Yellowtail amberjack Carangidae Seriola lalandi*** 25 32.49 5 2.97 14.85 Various Coastal demersal

Shoemaker spinefoot Siganidae Siganus sutor** 82 7.83 16.4 9.74 159.72 Herbivore-Planktonivore Demersal & Reef

Great barracuda Sphyraenidae Sphyraena barracuda** 6 1.41 1.2 0.72 0.86 Piscivore Coastal & Offshore pelagic

Kawakawa Scombridae Euthynnus affinis** 32 0.1 6.4 3.81 24.33 Piscivore Coastal pelagic

Yellowfin tuna Scombridae Thunnus albacares*** 13 1.26 2.6 1.55 4.02 Piscivore Offshore pelagic

Extended Table S2 for species caught through experimental fishing surveys (EFSs)

Common name Family name Species name N. of fish % BI Mean n./FAD % concurrency Max n./FAD Trophic classification Ecological classification

Eyestripe surgeonfish Acanthuridae Acanthurus dussumieri* 16 1.76 3.2 1.25 4 Herbivore-Planktonivore Reef

Yellowfin surgeonfish Acanthuridae Acanthurus sexfasciatus* 1 0.01 0.2 0.08 0.02 Herbivore-Planktonivore Reef

Convict surgeonfish Acanthuridae Acanthurus triostegus* 12 1.38 2.4 0.94 2.25 Herbivore-Planktonivore Reef

Humpback unicornfish Acanthuridae Naso brachycentron* 5 0.51 1 0.4 0.4 Herbivore-Planktonivore Reef

Spotted unicornfish Acanthuridae Naso brevirostris* 1 0.01 0.2 0.08 0.02 Herbivore-Planktonivore Reef

Bluespine Unicornfish Acanthuridae Naso unicornis* 2 0.1 0.4 0.16 0.07 Herbivore-Planktonivore Reef

Brown surgeonfish Acanthuridae Acanthurus nigrofuscus* 25 1.61 5 1.96 9.76 Herbivore-Planktonivore Reef

African longfin eel Anguillidae Anguilla mossambica* 1 0.01 0.2 0.08 0.02 Predator Coastal & Offshore demersal

Orange-lined triggerfish Balistidae Balistapus undulatus* 14 0.23 2.8 1.1 3.07 Piscivore Reef

Flat needlefish Belonidae Ablennes hians* 8 0.07 1.6 0.63 1 Predator Reef

Slender fusilier Caesionidae Gymnocaesio gymnoptera** 1 0.16 0.2 0.08 0.02 Planktonivore Coastal & Offshore demersal

Blue and gold fusilier Caesionidae Caesio caerulaurea** 31 3.17 6.2 2.42 15.01 Piscivore Coastal & Offshore pelagic

Lunar fusilier Caesionidae Caesio lunaris** 1 0.05 0.2 0.08 0.02 Piscivore Coastal & Offshore pelagic

Sand dragonet Callionymidae Callionymus marleyi* 1 0.01 0.2 0.08 0.02 Piscivore Reef Whitetongue jack Carangidae Uraspis helvola** 3 0.45 0.6 0.24 0.15 Predator Offshore demersal

Yellowspotted trevally Carangidae Carangoides fulvoguttatus** 7 0.36 1.4 0.55 0.77 Piscivore Reef & offshore demersal

Longfin trevally Carangidae Carangoides armatus** 32 3.21 6.4 2.5 15.99 Piscivore Coastal & Offshore pelagic

Coastal trevally Carangidae Carangoides coeruleopinnatus** 17 0.62 3.4 1.33 4.52 Piscivore Coastal & Offshore pelagic

Giant trevally Carangidae Caranx ignobilis** 1 0.05 0.2 0.08 0.02 Piscivore Coastal & Offshore pelagic

Mackerel scad Carangidae Decapterus macarellus** 31 2.59 6.2 2.42 15.01 Planktonivore Coastal & offshore pelagic

Pilotfish Carangidae Naucrates ductor** 7 0.63 1.4 0.55 0.77 Piscivore Coastal & Offshore demersal

Yellowtail amberjack Carangidae Seriola lalandi*** 21 0.27 4.2 1.64 6.89 Piscivore Coastal & Offshore demersal

Giant Queenfish Carangidae Scomberoides commersonnianus* 7 0.4 1.4 0.55 0.77 Piscivore Reef

Needlescaled queenfish Carangidae Scomberoides tol* 7 0.49 1.4 0.55 0.77 Piscivore Reef

Greater amberjack Carangidae Seriola dumerili*** 14 0.34 2.8 1.1 3.07 Piscivore Coastal & Offshore demersal

African pompano Carangindae Alectis ciliaris** 1 0.08 0.2 0.08 0.02 Predator Coastal & Offshore demersal

Bull shark Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus leucas** 8 0.46 1.6 0.63 1 Predator Coastal & Offshore pelagic

Blacktip reef shark Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus melanopterus** 10 0.11 2 0.79 1.57 Predator Coastal & Offshore pelagic

Oceanic whitetip shark Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus longimanus** 8 0.01 1.6 0.63 1 Predator Coastal & Offshore pelagic

Threadfin butterflyfish Chaetodontidae Chaetodon auriga* 3 0.03 0.6 0.24 0.15 Herbivore-Planktonivore Reef

Smoothbelly sardinella Clupeidae Amblygaster leiogaster** 48 2.37 9.6 3.75 35.98 Piscivore Coastal & Offshore pelagic

Common dolphinfish Coryphaenidae Coryphaena hippurus** 9 0.99 1.8 0.71 1.27 Piscivore Coastal & Offshore pelagic

Sharpnose stingray Dasyatidae Himantura gerrardi* 5 0.37 1 0.4 0.4 Piscivore Reef

Black-spotted Porcupinefish Diodontidae Diodon hystrix* 1 0.09 0.2 0.08 0.02 Omnivore Reef

Commerson's anchovy Engraulidae Stolephorus commersonnii* 10 0.03 2 0.79 1.57 Piscivore Reef

Longfin batfish Ephippidae Platax teira* 1 0.03 0.2 0.08 0.02 Piscivore Reef

Common silver-biddy Gerreidae Gerres oyena** 21 0.92 4.2 1.64 6.89 Piscivore Coastal & Offshore pelagic

Lemonfish Haemulidae Plectorhinchus flavomaculatus** 18 1.35 3.6 1.41 5.06 Herbivore-Planktonivore Demersal & Reef

Blackspotted rubberlip Haemulidae Plectorhinchus gaterinus** 1 0.04 0.2 0.08 0.02 Herbivore-Planktonivore Demersal & Reef

Painted sweetlip Haemulidae Plectorhinchus picus** 1 0.04 0.2 0.08 0.02 Herbivore-Planktonivore Demersal & Reef

Sordid rubberlip Haemulidae Plectorhinchus sordidus** 3 0.29 0.6 0.24 0.15 Herbivore-Planktonivore Demersal & Reef

Javelin grunter Haemulidae Pomadasys kaakan* 1 0.04 0.2 0.08 0.02 Piscivore Reef

Saddle grunt Haemulidae Pomadasys maculatus* 8 0.01 1.6 0.63 1 Piscivore Reef

Tropical halfbeak Hemiramphidae Hyporhamphus affinis* 2 0.21 0.4 0.16 0.07 Piscivore Reef Blotcheye soldierfish Holocentridae Myripristis berndti** 5 0.13 1 0.4 0.4 Planktonivore Coastal & Offshore pelagic

Crown squirrelfish Holocentridae Sargocentron diadema* 6 0.13 1.2 0.47 0.57 Piscivore Reef

Bigscale squirrelfish Holocentridae Sargocentron macrosquamis* 3 0.07 0.6 0.24 0.15 Piscivore Reef

Indo-Pacific sailfish Istiophoridae Istiophorus platypterus*** 2 0.69 0.4 0.16 0.07 Piscivore Offshore pelagic

Bluespotted wrasse Labridae Anampses caeruleopunctatus* 4 0.1 0.8 0.32 0.25 Predator Reef

Tripletail wrasse Labridae Cheilinus trilobatus* 1 0.02 0.2 0.08 0.02 Piscivore Reef

Cigar wrasse Labridae Cheilio inermis* 8 0.39 1.6 0.63 1 Piscivore Reef

Goldbar wrasse Labridae Thalassoma hebraicum* 1 0.06 0.2 0.08 0.02 Piscivore Reef

Thumbprint emperor Lethrinidae Lethrinus harak** 7 0.2 1.4 0.55 0.77 Omnivore Demersal & Reef

Pink ear emperor Lethrinidae Lethrinus lentjan** 65 6.13 13 5.08 65.97 Omnivore Demersal & Reef

Sky emperor Lethrinidae Lethrinus mahsena** 12 0.77 2.4 0.94 2.25 Omnivore Demersal & Reef

Trumpet emperor Lethrinidae Lethrinus miniatus** 1 0.01 0.2 0.08 0.02 Omnivore Demersal & Reef

Spangled emperor Lethrinidae Lethrinus nebulosus** 6 0.27 1.2 0.47 0.57 Omnivore Demersal & Reef

Cutthroat emperor Lethrinidae Lethrinus sanguineus** 1 0.19 0.2 0.08 0.02 Omnivore Demersal & Reef

Small toothed jobfish Lutjanidae Aphareus furca** 1 0.02 0.2 0.08 0.02 Omnivore Offshore demersal

Rusty jobfish Lutjanidae Aphareus rutilans** 10 1.19 2 0.79 1.57 Omnivore Offshore demersal

Deep-water red snapper Lutjanidae Etelis carbunculus** 34 4.9 6.8 2.66 18.05 Omnivore Offshore demersal

Deepwater longtail red snapper Lutjanidae Etelis coruscans** 2 0.1 0.4 0.16 0.07 Omnivore Offshore demersal

Mangrove red snapper Lutjanidae Lutjanus argentimaculatus** 24 1.93 4.8 1.88 9 Omnivore Demersal & Reef

Dory snapper Lutjanidae Lutjanus fulviflamma** 28 1.76 5.6 2.19 12.25 Omnivore Demersal & Reef

Emperor red snapper Lutjanidae Lutjanus sebae** 1 0.04 0.2 0.08 0.02 Omnivore Demersal & Reef

Black and white snapper Lutjanidae Macolor niger* 1 0.05 0.2 0.08 0.02 Piscivore Reef

Crimson jobfish Lutjanidae Pristipomoides filamentosus** 40 3.85 8 3.13 24.99 Piscivore Coastal & Offshore demersal

Unicorn leatherjacket filefish Monacanthidae Aluterus monoceros* 14 0.54 2.8 1.1 3.07 Piscivore Reef

Yellowfin goatfish Mullidae Mulloidichthys vanicolensis** 2 0.02 0.4 0.16 0.07 Piscivore Coastal & Offshore pelagic

Long-barbel goatfish Mullidae Parupeneus macronemus** 45 0.06 9 3.52 31.62 Herbivore-Planktonivore Demersal & Reef

Dash-and-dot goatfish Mullidae Parupeneus barberinus** 6 0.21 1.2 0.47 0.57 Herbivore-Planktonivore Demersal & Reef

Indian goatfish Mullidae Parupeneus indicus** 10 0.18 2 0.79 1.57 Herbivore-Planktonivore Demersal & Reef

Noble lampfish Myctophidae Lampanyctus nobilis** 8 0.24 1.6 0.63 1 Planktonivore Coastal & Offshore pelagic

Shortfin devil ray Myliobatidae Mobula kuhlii*** 4 0.01 0.8 0.32 0.25 Planktonivore Offshore pelagic Arabian monocle bream Nemipteridae Scolopsis ghanam * 2 0.08 0.4 0.16 0.07 Piscivore Reef

Thumbprint monocle bream Nemipteridae Scolopsis bimaculatus* 2 0.16 0.4 0.16 0.07 Piscivore Reef

Bigeye cigarfish Nomeidae Cubiceps pauciradiatus** 10 1.68 2 0.79 1.57 Herbivore-Planktonivore Coastal & offshore pelagic

Freckled driftfish Nomeidae Psenes cyanophrys** 14 0.38 2.8 1.1 3.07 Herbivore-Planktonivore Coastal & Offshore demersal

Crocodile flathead Platycephalidae Cociella crocodilus** 9 1.01 1.8 0.71 1.27 Omnivore Offshore demersal

Wreckfish Polyprionidae Polyprion americanus** 7 0.31 1.4 0.55 0.77 Piscivore Offshore demersal

Indo-Pacific sergeant Pomacentridae Abudefduf vaigiensis* 7 0.46 1.4 0.55 0.77 Herbivore-Planktonivore Reef

Damselfish Pomacentridae Chromis chromis* 7 0.54 1.4 0.55 0.77 Piscivore Reef

Indian halibut Psettodidae Psettodes erumei* 9 0.02 1.8 0.71 1.27 Piscivore Reef & offshore demersal

Cobia Rachycentridae Rachycentron canadum** 3 0.34 0.6 0.24 0.15 Herbivore-Planktonivore Demersal & Reef

Carolines parrotfish Scaridae Calotomus carolinus** 2 0.07 0.4 0.16 0.07 Herbivore-Planktonivore Demersal & Reef

Marbled parrotfish Scaridae Leptoscarus vaigiensis** 57 3.81 11.4 4.45 50.73 Herbivore-Planktonivore Demersal & Reef

Round sardinella Scaridae Sardinella aurita** 7 0.43 1.4 0.55 0.77 Piscivore Coastal & Offshore pelagic

Indian oil sardine Scaridae Sardinella longiceps** 1 0.03 0.2 0.08 0.02 Piscivore Coastal & Offshore pelagic

Blue-barred parrotfish Scaridae Scarus ghobban** 14 0.39 2.8 1.1 3.07 Herbivore-Planktonivore Demersal & Reef

Common parrotfish Scaridae Scarus psittacus** 1 0.04 0.2 0.08 0.02 Herbivore-Planktonivore Demersal & Reef

Ember parrotfish Scaridae Scarus rubroviolaceus** 1 0.01 0.2 0.08 0.02 Herbivore-Planktonivore Demersal & Reef

Daisy parrotfish Scaridae Scarus sordidus** 1 0.02 0.2 0.08 0.02 Herbivore-Planktonivore Demersal & Reef

Wahoo Scombridae Acanthocybium solandri** 11 0.69 2.2 0.86 1.89 Piscivore Coastal & offshore pelagic

Bullet tuna Scombridae Auxis rochei** 7 0.25 1.4 0.55 0.77 Piscivore Coastal & offshore pelagic

Indian mackerel Scombridae Rastrelliger kanagurta** 56 4.69 11.2 4.38 48.97 Piscivore Coastal & Offshore pelagic

Striped bonito Scombridae Sarda orientalis** 18 2.37 3.6 1.41 5.06 Piscivore Coastal & Offshore pelagic

Kanadi kingfish Scombridae Scomberomorus plurilineatus** 26 1.77 5.2 2.03 10.56 Piscivore Coastal & Offshore pelagic

Kawakawa Scombridae Euthynnus affinis** 7 0.22 1.4 0.55 0.77 Piscivore Coastal pelagic

Albacore Scombridae Thunnus alalunga*** 7 0.17 1.4 0.55 0.77 Piscivore Offshore pelagic

Yellowfin tuna Scombridae Thunnus albacares*** 19 2.73 3.8 1.49 5.64 Piscivore Offshore pelagic

Peacock hind Serranidae Cephalopholis argus* 37 3.67 7.4 2.89 21.38 Omnivore Reef

Coral hind Serranidae Cephalopholis miniata* 1 0.39 0.2 0.08 0.02 Omnivore Reef

Moustache grouper Serranidae Epinephelus chabaudi** 13 1 2.6 1.02 2.64 Omnivore Offshore demersal

Honeycomb grouper Serranidae Epinephelus merra** 5 0.12 1 0.4 0.4 Omnivore Offshore demersal Brown-spotted spinefoot Siganidae Siganus stellatus** 1 0.02 0.2 0.08 0.02 Herbivore-Planktonivore Demersal & Reef

Shoemaker spinefoot Siganidae Siganus sutor** 90 7.98 18 7.03 126.47 Herbivore-Planktonivore Demersal & Reef

Great barracuda Sphyraenidae Sphyraena barracuda** 24 0.65 4.8 1.88 9 Piscivore Coastal & Offshore pelagic

Various Unidentified fish** 28 2.8 5.6 2.19 12.25 Various Coastal demersal

Table S3. Summary of length, mass, value and CPUE of fish captured before deployment of FADs, after deployment of FADs, and specifically at FADs through EFs from Zone A and Zone B. Presented are means, standard errors of the mean (SE), number of species (n), percent difference from control and outcomes of ANOVA statistical test for differences in the means or relative abundance.

Zones n Mean±SE F-ratio q P-value Difference (%) Mean length (cm) Zone A at FADs 641 37.9±0.7 61.7 1.73 <0.0001 55.97 Zone A after FADs 902 35.7±0.6 51.3 2.1 <0.0001 46.92 Zone A before FADs 501 24.3±0.4 Zone B at FADs 641 39.4±0.6 49.7 1.5 <0.0001 50.39 Zone B after FADs 1225 36.1±0.8 72.2 1.9 <0.0001 37.79 Zone B before FADs 668 26.2±0.5 Mean weight (kg) Zone A at FADs 641 0.42±0.04 81.7 2.2 <0.0001 68 Zone A after FADs 902 0.32±0.05 77.3 2.8 <0.0001 28 Zone A before FADs 501 0.25±0.07 Zone B at FADs 641 0.46±0.06 49.7 1.9 <0.0001 70.38 Zone B after FADs 1225 0.39±0.02 72.2 1.7 <0.0001 44.45 Zone B before FADs 668 0.27±0.03 Mean value ($) Zone A at FADs 641 16.8±1.6 109.7 1.3 <0.0001 55.6 Zone A after FADs 902 12.8±2 117.3 2 <0.0001 18.5 Zone A before FADs 501 10.8±2.8 Zone B at FADs 641 18.4±2.4 143.8 2.1 <0.0001 64.3 Zone B after FADs 1225 15.6±0.8 125.2 1.9 <0.0001 39.3 Zone B before FADs 668 11.2±1.2 Mean CPUE (kg/fisher/day) Zone A at FADs 641 8.2±0.7 10.9 3.1 <0.0001 115.79 Zone A after FADs 902 4.8±0.3 11.7 2.2 <0.0001 26.32 Zone A before FADs 501 3.8±0.4 Zone B at FADs 641 12.6±0.5 14.3 1.2 <0.0001 186.37 Zone B after FADs 1225 6.5±0.3 12.5 0.7 <0.0001 47.73 Zone B before FADs 668 4.4±0.4 Mean value ($, Pelagic only) Zone A after FADs 33 19.3±1.2 25.8 2.3 <0.0001 31.3 Zone A before FADs 26 14.7±1.9 Zone B after FADs 39 25.5±1.6 22.3 3.8 <0.0001 43.26 Zone B before FADs 24 17.8±1.3 Mean value ($, demersal only) Zone A after FADs 101 19±2.5 4.7 2.9 0.11 5.56 Zone A before FADs 74 18±2.1 Zone B after FADs 108 21±2.6 3.6 2.5 0.29 5 Zone B before FADs 99 20±1.3 Relative abundance (%, pelagic only) Zone A after FADs 33 24.7 31.3 2.3 0.08 -5 Zone A before FADs 26 26 Zone B after FADs 39 26.6 25.2 1.8 <0.05 35.72 Zone B before FADs 24 19.6 Relative abundance (%, demersal only) Zone A after FADs 101 75.4 1.1 1.6 0.12 1.9 Zone A before FADs 74 74 Zone B after FADs 108 73.5 2.3 1.9 0.35 -8.7 Zone B before FADs 99 80.5

Table S4. Sampling effort from the two zones for each sampling period and gear. S.D = standard deviation. 2014_Apri, 2014_Jul,

2014_Nov, 2015_Feb

Total number of Number of fishers per Number of hours per outing Gear fishers outing per boat per boat (number=152) (mean=2.5±0.7 S.D) (mean=7.0±1.8 S.D) ZONE A Before FADs 69 3.2±1.5 9.8±1.2 Period_1 66 2.9±1.7 7.0±1.1 Period_2 72 3.1±0.5 7.9±0.8 Sampling season Period_3 65 2.8±0.3 5.8±2.3 Period_4 75 3.5±0.5 4.9±0.8 FADs 28 1.9±1.1 3.8±2.3 Basket trap 11 2.4±0.4 4.6±2.2 Hook and line 19 2.3±0.3 4.5±1.9 Speargun 21 1.0±0.0 7.1±0.8 Fishing gears Gillnet 12 2.7±0.3 12.7±2.9 Others 12 2.9±0.5 9.0±3.0 ZONE B Before FADs 77 3.9±1.4 8.9±2.0 Period_1 61 3.2±1.3 8.1±1.9 Period_2 72 3.9±1.1 6.6±1.5 Sampling season Period_3 59 2.5±1.3 6.8±2.1 Period_4 75 2.7±1.5 4.9±1.1 FADs 33 1.6±0.4 3.3±1.7 Basket trap 10 2.1±0.5 4.1±1.5 Hook and line 22 2.3±1.0 6.9±2.3 Speargun 12 1.0±0.0 6.2±1.2 Fishing gears Gillnet 24 2.2±0.3 11.6±2.2 Others 9 1.9±0.5 8.9±2.7

Table S5. Summary of statistical indices for the fish species sampled before and after deployment of FADs. (ZAB – Zone A Before FADs; ZAA - Zone A After FADs; ZAF - Zone A At FADs; ZBB – Zone B Before FADs; ZBA - Zone B After FADs; ZBF - Zone B At FADs).

Descriptor ZAB ZAA ZBB ZBA ZAF ZBF Number of individuals 501 902 668 1225 641 641 Species diversity 100 134 123 147 65 71 Margalef -0.16 -0.15 -0.15 -0.14 -0.15 -0.15 Heip 0.43 0.42 0.38 0.31 0.6 0.41 Berger parker 9.83 13.88 10.61 10.66 11.45 7.13 Shannon-Weiner 3.77 4.04 3.84 3.82 3.37 3.68 Simpson diversity 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.06 Taxonomic diversity 0.25 0.26 0.21 0.17 0.43 0.25 Taxonomic distinctness 0.44 0.43 0.38 0.31 0.61 0.41 Average taxonomic distinctness 0.82 0.83 0.8 0.77 0.88 0.8 Variation in taxonomic distinctness 0.41 0.3 0.4 0.41 0.37 0.58

Table S6. Factor loadings for the 10 diversity indices based on a PCA

Components Diversity indices 1 2 Taxonomic distinctness 0.981 0.176 Heip 0.979 0.189 Taxonomic diversity 0.971 0.165 Average taxonomic distinctness 0.917 0.393 Species diversity -0.852 0.506 Shannon-Weiner -0.806 0.357 Margalef -0.648 0.131 Berger parker 0.992 Variation in taxonomic distinctness -0.991 Simpson diversity -0.991

Appendix 7

PCA results

Table S5. PCA results showing the two components and total variance explained

Initial Extraction Sums of Squared Component Eigenvalues Loadings % of Cumulative % of Total Variance % Total Variance 1 5.52 55.196 55.196 5.52 55.196 2 3.58 35.801 90.997 3.58 35.801 3 0.711 7.112 98.109 4 0.188 1.882 99.991 5 0.001 0.009 100 6 6.85E-16 6.85E-15 100 7 5.23E-16 5.23E-15 100 8 4.03E-16 4.03E-15 100 9 7.12E-17 7.12E-16 100 10 -4.14E-16 -4.14E-15 100