American Robin, EC 1568

parks, andbackyards. They canbefound along forestborders,inorchards,gardens, can beseenthroughouttheUnitedStates and eveningduringspringsummer. and forthesongtheysinginmorning habit offeedingonearthwormsinlawns strong bodies.Robinsareknownfortheir Thrushes havelarge eyes,longlegs,and the largest memberofthethrushfamily. T $1.00 EC 1568•October2004 and winter. robins like fruit, especiallyBesides in fall insects and worms, Where they live and why by M.Grunberg andS.Sells Turdus migratorius American Robin American robinsareverycommonand birdsinNorth America. Robinsare torius he American robin, , isoneofthebestknown Turdus migra-

Photo: Joyce Gross make excellentrobinhabitat. ture oflawns,flowerbeds, gardens,shrubs,andtrees snags, andnestingboxes. Suburbanareaswithamix use denseevergreen treesandshrubs,deador young, andfindprotectionfromtheweather. They need aplacetohidefrompredators,rest,raisetheir amounts offreshwaterfordrinkingandbathing. tially openareasforfeeding.Robinsrequiregenerous lawns andnestingardensparks. They preferpar habitat, whererobinsfeedoninsectsandworms in or large shrubs.Manyneighborhoodsprovidegood University. in Fisheriesand Wildlife, Oregon State Mindy Grunberg andSarahSells, students

Most robinsfindshelterinbushesandtrees. They The American robinliveswherevertherearetrees

They canfly upto3036milesperhour (Mexico), theGulfCoast,andFlorida. weather iswarm—BajaCalifornia the winter. They flytoplaceswherethe Mexico, allthewaytoGuatemala. in southernCanadaandsouththrough are mild. They arecalledresidentbirds. to findfoodandshelter. do thisforprotectionfrompredatorsand 50 to100birdstravelingtogether. They when migrating. The flocksmayinclude and mayfly100to200milesperday. Some robinsmigrateorfly south,for Some robinsdonotmigrateifwinters Robins flyinflocksorlarge groups

- - Species description

Adult males are gray-brown, with and lines the nest a darker head and tail. The bill is with fine grass. bright yellow, and the chin is lightly Nests usually striped with white. Robins have a are located 10 white rim around their eyes. The to 20 feet breast is brick red, with a small white high in a patch on the lower belly. Females are tree or occasionally may be found in somewhat duller in color than males. bushes or on the ground. The female Juvenile (young) robins have a also may use a level human-made speckled breast and back, rather than structure such as a window ledge or the bright red breast and dark back platform as her nest site. of adults. Robins are 8 to 11 inches Robins are one of the first birds to long. They weigh 2 to 3 ounces and begin laying eggs in the spring. The have a wingspan of 14 to 16 inches. first clutch or group of eggs usually Robins eat a variety of foods. is laid in late April or early May. The They run across the ground searching female generally lays four light blue for earthworms, beetles, grasshop- eggs, which she incubates (sits on) pers, ants, termites, caterpillars, flies, until they are ready to hatch after spiders, and snails. They also eat a about 12 to 14 days. lot of fruit in the fall and winter. The young are born without feath- The breeding season for robins is ers and with their eyes closed. Their from April through July. When the parents feed them insects until they female finds a partner, she begins are ready to fledge or leave the nest to build a nest with the maleʼs help. when they are 14 to 16 days old. The nest is cup-shaped and made Baby robins cannot fly for the from grasses or small twigs mixed first few days after they leave the with small amounts of mud. She nest. Their parents lead them to low works the mud shrubs and trees where they first into place learn to climb and jump. Within a with day or two, their wings grow stron- her feet ger and they begin to take short and bill, flights. Their parents continue to feed molds it them, and within a week or two, they with her are ready to be on their own. When body, the young are strong enough, the robins may roost in big groups. Robins may nest up to three times each year, so while the male is watching the fledging young, the female will incubate the next clutch

Illustration: Cindie Brunner of eggs.

2 Creating habitat The best way to attract robins is to plant some of their favorite food sources. Trees and shrubs that provide fruits such as Indian plum, thimbleberry, bitter cherry, huckleberry, and Oregon grape are good choices. You also can make robin feeders. Robins donʼt eat bird seed. They like chopped apples, berries, and mealworms. Robins like to feed in lawns and open areas, so having some areas with short grass is benefi cial. Providing water is important for rob- ins because they like to drink and bathe regularly. A shallow pond with a muddy area is ideal since robins use mud for nest Photo: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Lee Karney building. Other attractive features include You can attract robins to your yard by planting trees and shrubs that produce birdbaths with misters and drippers. These berries. devices help prevent mosquitoes and keep the water fresher. Pesticides, or chemicals put on the Planting trees and shrubs that provide land, can kill or harm robins. Pesticides cover is important. Some good choices also may kill worms and insects, a major are vine maple, currant, oceanspray, and food source for robins. The robins are California wax myrtle. affected when they eat the poisoned You also can make structures to provide worms or berries. We can help keep shelter for robins. Nest platforms offer robins safe by keeping cats indoors, set- robins a place to build a nest. Plans for ting out nest platforms, and by not using platforms can be found in books or on the chemicals on our lawns and plants. Internet. A good example can be found Robins help control insect populations. at http://www.learner.org/jnorth/images/ They also are very important for spread- graphics/n-r/robin_nestbox.gif. ing seeds and for the growth of new trees Robins have many predators. Domestic and bushes in new areas. The fruit they and feral (wild) cats kill many robins each eat contains seeds, which robins may drop year. Young robins are especially vulner- in other places. Robins play an important able when they are learning to fl y because role in nature and are fun birds to watch. they are on the ground. Crows, jays, owls, and hawks prey on baby robins.

3 Fun facts Robins usually lay three or four light blue eggs. When a baby robin is born, its skin is transparent enough that you can see through it. Robins fly 30 to 36 miles per hour.

Photo: Lang Elliott The robin is the state bird of Con- Robins are known for their cheerful song. necticut, Michigan, and Wisconsin.

Learn more! Csuti, Blair, et al. 1997. Atlas of http://www.birdsforever.com/robin.html Oregon Wildlife. Oregon State Univer- http://birds.cornell.edu/BOW/AMEROB/ sity Press, Corvallis. http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/ Ehrlich, Paul R., et al. 1988. The Birders i7610id.html Handbook. Simon & Schuster, Inc., http://www.nhptv.org/natureworks/robin. New York, NY. htm http://www.learner.org/jnorth/search/ On the Web Robin.html http://www.naturesound.com/birds/pages/ robin.html http://www.wbu.com/chipperwoods/ photos/robin.htm Additional wildlife publications in this series are available on the http://www.enature.com/fieldguide/show- OSU Extension Service website at Rguide.asp?rguideID=712&speciesID http://extension.oregonstate.edu =2194 (choose “Publications”). http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/bbs/ ramaps.html

© 2004 Oregon State University.

Track illustrations are used courtesy of Kim A. Cabrera.

This publication was produced and distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8 and June 30, 1914. Extension work is a cooperative program of Oregon State University, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Oregon counties. Oregon State University Extension Service offers educational pro- grams, activities, and materials—without discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, national origin, age, marital status, disability, or disabled veteran or Vietnam- Oregon era veteran status. Oregon State University Extension Service 4-H is an Equal Opportunity Employer. Wildlife Stewards Published October 2004.