Bhabha Atomic Research Centre

INIS-mf—12804

BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE

DECEMBER 1990 Horizontal beam holes in Dhruva Government of India BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE

ANNUAL REPORT 1989 Published by: M. R. Balakrishnan Head, Library & Information Services Division Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Bombay 400 085 Printed at: SUDARSHAN AET PWMTinQ PRESS BOMBAY400 031. PREFACE

The major thrust in the scientific pursuits at BARC is towards providing R&D support to the Country's nuclear power programme in all its aspects which includes the design of nuclear reactors, development of nuclear fuel and materials and management of nuclear waste, producing radioisotopes and promoting their peaceful applications, and providing R&D and service backup to ensure health and safety against radiation hazards in all our nuclear installations. Over the years BARC has generated a vast and dynamic multidisciplinary research facilities in nuclear sciences and technology and achieved indigenous knowhow in the full nuclear fuel cycle. BARC has also developed a strong base for fundamental and applied research in the frontier areas of science like plasma and fusion physics, accelerators and lasers, high temperature superconductivity, condensed matter physics, high pressure physics, high resolution spectroscopy, chemical reaction dynamics and laser induced chemistry, electronics and robotics, radiation biology and genetic engineering. These have resulted in technological spin-offs which are continually being transferred to industry.

The Annual Report gives a brief account of these activities. For detailed information, the reader may refer to the Annual Reports of the various Divisions of this Centre.

R. Chidambaram Director CONTENTS

1. PHYSICAL SCIENCES

1.1 Nuclear Physics 1 1.2 Accelerator Programme 3 1.3 Reactor Physics 3 1.4 Fusion (High Temperature) Research 5 1.5 Condensed Matter Physics 5 1.6 Theoretical Physics 6 1.7 Laser and Spectroscopy 7 1.8 Computer Software 9 1.9 Seismology 11 1.10 Nuclear Research Laboratory, Srinagar and High Altitude Research Laboratory, Gulmarg 11 1.11 Plasma Physics 12 1.12 Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre 12 1.13 Magnetohydrodynamics 13 1.14 Pulse Power and Particle Beam Technology 13 1.15 Electron Beam Technology 13 1.16 Industrial Design 14 1.17 Superconductors 14 1.18 Cold Fusion 15 Publications 16

2. CHEMICAL SCIENCES

2.1 Basic Chemistry 25 2.2 Applied Chemistiv 26 2.3 Fuel Chemistry 27 2.4 Radiochemistry 29 2.5 Analytical Chemistry 30 Publications 32

3. MATERIALS & MATERIALS SCIENCE

3.1 Heavy Water 46 3.2 Rare Earths and Other Materials 46 3.3 Metallurgy 47 3.4 Materials Science 49 3.5 Desalination and Hydrogen Production 50 3.6 Beryllium Technology 51 Publications 52 4. RADIOISOTOPES

4.1 Radioisotope production 56 4.2 Radiochemicals 56 4.3 Radiopharmaceuticals 56 4.4 Tracer Applications in Industry and Hydrology 57 4.5 Radiation Technology 58 Publications 60

5. REACTORS

5.1 Reactor Engineering 62 5.2 Reactor Analysis 65 5.3 Experimental Reactor Physics 65 5.4 Reactor Control 66 5.5 Reactor Operations, Services and Maintenance 68 Publications 71

6. FUEL CYCLE

6.1 Ore Dressing 76 6.2 Uranium Fuel Fabriation 76 6.3 Quality Assurance 77 6.4 Plutonium and 233UFuel Fabrication 77 6.5 Post Irradiation Examination 78 6.6 Fuel Reprocessing 78 6.7 Radioactive Waste Management 79 Publications 82

7. RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY AND PROTECTION

7.1 Health Physics 87 7.2 Radiological Protection 88 7.3 Monazite Survey Project 90 Publications 92

8. ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION

8.1 Instrumentation 100 8.2 Computer Based Instrumentation 100 8.3 Control Engineering 102 Publications 103 9. ENGINEERING SERVICES

9.1 Civil Engineering 105 9.2 Electrical and Mechanical Services 106 9.3 Central Workshops 107 9.4 Remote Handling and Robotics 107 Publications 110

10. LIFE SCIENCES

10.1 Molecular Biology Ill 10.2 Biochemistry 112 10.3 Bio-Organic Chemistry 115 10.4 Nuclear Agriculture 117 70.5 Bio-Technology 118 10.6 Food Technology 119 10.7 Radiation Medicine 120 10.8 Radiobiology 122 Publications 124

11. GENERAL

U.I Technical Information 133 11.2 Industrial Safety 134 11.3 Contributory Health Service Scheme (CHSS) 134 11.4 Radiation Medicine Sendee 135 11.5 Human Resources Development 135 11.6 Landscaping 140

*** *** *** 1.1 Nuclear Physics The fission fragment angular distributions have been measured for 9Be, 10B, 12C, 16O and 19F With the commissioning of the Medium ions on 232Th target, with a view to check the Energy Heavy Ion Accelerator (MEHIA) (14 predictions of the theoretical model proposed UD Pelletron Accelerator) facility in December earlier by Trombay scientists to explain the ana- 1988, heavy ion beams of sufficiently high energy molous fragment anisotropies observed in heavy suitable for advance research in nuclear physics ion induced fission. Results of the preliminary became available for the first time in the country. analysis of the data are found to be in agreement During this year, setting up of the four beam with the above theoretical prediction that there lines and associated experimental equipments should be a transition in anisotropy values across a around the Pelletron Accelerator Facility were critical mass asymmetry. completed. The experimental facilities included a general purpose scattering chamber, BGO Angular momentum distributions in O + Ag gamma-ray detector multiplicity set up, target and O + In reactions were deduced for various irradiation facility for radiochemical studies, and channels by measuring the gamma multiplicity dis- CAMAC-based multiparameter data acquisition tributions using the BGO gamma ray multiplicity system. While many basic nuclear physics set-up. research programmes utilised the Pelletron Accelerator Facility, several research programmes Energy spectra of prompt neutrons emitted in were also carried out with the charged particle thermal neutron induced fission of 235U was beams from Trombay Van de Graaff accelerator measured together with the energies and angles and the VEC at Calcutta. Neutron beams from of the coincident fission fragments at Cirus Cirus reactor at Trombay were also utilised for reactor. The data were analysed to obtain infor- fission studies. mation regarding temperatures of fission fragments emitting these neutrons. The field of study of resonances in heavy ion collisions with the beam of MEHIA accelerator Charge exchange reaction of the type (6Li, has been initiated with the study of the reaction 6He) and (7Li, 7Be) were taken up for study at 12C(16O,4He)24Mg. The excitation function of the pelletron accelerator and the initial runs this reaction leading to several excited states upto have indicated the feasibility of studying these 22 MeV in 24Mg were obtained and the data low cross section reactions. have given evidence of three intermediate structure resonances at excitation energies of 42 to 47 High energy gamma ray (5 to 40 MeV) meas- MeV in 2$Si. urements were made on various targets (Co to Au) bombarded with alpha beams from VEC, 7 Ir In order to investigate the importance of Calcutta, and heavy ion ( Li, 'O) beams from "threshold anomaly", the strong energy depend- MEHIA accelerator. Properties of hot giant ence of the real part of optical potential resonances in nuclei and ultradipole photon observed at near barrier energies for the system cross-sections were extracted. 16O, 209Bi and 4He + 209Bii detailed clastic scattering angular distributions for 16O and 4He on Direct reaction analyses of the reactions 209Bi target have been measured at several ener- nC(3Hc,4He)I2C leading to ground and first gies near the barrier. excited states of 12C studied with Trombay Van de Graaff accelerator have given significant decay experiment. quantitative evidences of the direct ^Be cluster transfer at sub-barrier energies. The multiplicity distribution of charged particles in hadron collisions at high energies, calcu- Alpha particle induced fission of 235U was lated on a parton branching model, fits data well. investigated in deep sub-barrier energy region (2- Predictions of the multiplicity distributions ex- 4 MeV) with the Van de Graaff accelerator. pected at superconducting supercollider ener- At these energies, fission cross sections were gies have also been made. found to be several orders of magnitude larger than that expected, and these suggest that the Parallel Plate Spectrometer for detection of process contributing is the fission of Coulomb electrons produced in the decay of atoms excited excited target state nucleus. in the beam foil interaction has been tested for performance and its calibration constant has Further theoretical work on nuclear level been determined. Similar studies for Cylindrical densities were carried out by analysing the experi- Mirror Analyser are in progress. mental dat-i on the particle yields and energy spectra in proton induced reactions on moly- Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) tech- bdenum isotopes. nique was utilised to study trace element concentrations in cancer tissues and lead levels in blood Progress in the understanding of the delta samples of children. The XRF method was production reaction depends upon the ability to applied for analysis of trace elements in tea, soil construct the t-matrix for the description of ihe and high Tc superconducting materials. pp -•• n + + reaction. This t-matrix has been constructed and found to fit all the available data 233U breeding optimisation from 232Th bom- from thres-hold to 4 GeV on this reaction. This barded with 14 MeV neutrons have been work also suggests that the size of the nucleon in studied in cylindrical geometry with Monte Carlo nuclei is less than 0.5 fm, which is against the cur- calculations. Fast neutron spectrometric studies rently held belief of the bloating of the nucleon. have been carried out in Fusion Blanket assembly irradiating CR-39 SSNTD detectors. For the analyses of knock-out reactions, a new symmetric 3-body Schroedinger equation has been Detailed design analysis of a spallation neu- set up which gives exact solution when one of the tron source for simulation of radiation damage distorting optical potentials vanishes. The solution at 400, 600 and 1200 MeV has been carried out of the new equation corresponds to angular mo- for materials like iron, chromium, manganese, mentum dependent distorting potentials in the nickel, stainless steel-316 and DIN-1.44914. Pre- conventional treatment. liminary studies of thorium breeding using a spallation source have been carried out. A Monte Carlo computer code to simulate nuclear collisions at ultrarelativistic energies Under a contract with IAEA, Vienna, neu- based on the coherent tube model has been deve- tron induced multipartite reaction cross- section loped which predicts the experimental results very data for 58Ni and 6° Ni have been generated for satisfactorily. The code is being modified to run energy range upto 30 MeV using different nuclear on a parallel processing computer to reduce com- models. 25 group photon interaction cross-sec- puting time. The code is now being adopted to tions have been generated to facilitate investi- simulate background events in the Kolar proton gative studies pertaining to mineral exploration. 1.2 Accelerator Programme ments of tank pressures, chain drive motor positions and testing beam profile monitor The Medium Energy Heavy Ion Accelerator calibration, etc. facility set up at the Tata Institute of Funda- mental Research jointly by Bhabha Atomic Work on fabrication of RF resonators for the Research Centre and Tata Institute of Funda- superconducting LINAC made further progress at mental Research became fully operational in the Central Workshops. Technique of lead plating October 1988 and was formally inaugurated on the RF resonators was also further improved 30th December, 1988. With the commissioning of and a prototype RF resonator tested for RF per- this facility, experimental nuclear physics pro- formance produced accelerating field of 2.4 MV/ grammes utilizing energetic heavy ion beams meter at a dissipation of about 6 watts. The design could be started for the first time in the country. of the cryostat module to accommodate four RF During this year, the accelerator was put into resonators was completed and the work of its round-the-clock operation for advanced re- fabrication was started. Electronic design of RF search in nuclear sciences utilising energetic controller card of each resonator was taken up heavy ion beams and about 50 research experi- along with the work of procurement of the ments were undertaken. For these, ion beam required RF electronics. species such as 6Li, 10B, 12C, 16O, 19F, 27A1, ^Si, 31P, 32S and 35C1 at ion energies ranging from The RF tank for the 150 keV deuteron RFQ 40 to 130 MeV were accelerated and delivered accelerator has been machined and tested for to the experimental stations. The ion beam cur- vacuum. The tank has been copper electro^ rents at the target varied from 2-300 nano- plated. The support structure for the tank is amperes depending on experimental require- fabricated. The RF coupling loop, RF test ments. The experimental programmes included assembly, tuning fixture and RF pick-up probe studies of sub-barrier fusion, heavy ion induced assemblies are in progress. All parts of the fission, high energy gamma ray emission, gamma Duplasmatron ion source for RFQ linac have ray multiplicity distributions, elastic scattering, been fabricated and vacuum tested. A vacuum of transfer reactions, heavy ion molecular reso- 5*10-6 jorr jjas been achieved in the assembly. nances and nuclear Jife times. Experiments were The 30 kV high voltage supplies o£ the ion also carried out in the area of ion-solid inter- source and the gas supply system have been actions, condensed matter physics and radio- tested. First stage of the 30 kW, 45 MHz power chemical studies. amplifier has been designed and tested.

The major problems relating to machine 1.3 Reactor Physics operations during the year were caused by acci- dental rupture of charging chains. On tracing that The neutronics design of the various types this problem was probably due to higher speeds of nuclear power reactors require the deve- of the drive motors, steps have been taken to lopment of complex and sophisticated computer replace the existing motors with those having codes and their testing by (i) comparing the appropriate speeds. Two additional beamlines numerical results with the available experimental were commissioned during this year, making a data and with international benchmarks, and total of four beam lines for different experiments. (ii) intercomparison of the various computer The remote control system for the experimental codes keeping in mind their fine differences. beamline was also integrated with the main CAMAC control system. A number of electronic Active participation in the first approach to circuits were incorporated for remote measure- criticality and low power physics experiments of NAPP-1 was made. A combination of the modified to treat all the heterogeneities of a computer codes PHANTOM and CEMESH was PWR fuel assembly like water rod, RCCA, BPR used to calculate the worth of the various or poisoned pins. The core combination control and safety devices. An accuracy of nearly SUPERB-COMETG, a design toll for fuel 10% in reactivity worth prediction was achieved. assembly and core calculation, was extensively This code combination was tested against validated against TAPS operation data, PIE data some RAPS-II low power physics experiments. and Monte Carlo codes. EXCEL-TRIHEX-ID is A snapshot power distribution of equilibrium a hexagonal lattice code prepared to analyse core of NAPP-1 was calculated and its hexagonal lattices of WER. EXCEL, a modified followup was done for 200 effective full power version of SUPERB was validated against WER days. The bundle power and channel power vari- type U-water lattice experiments done at ZR-6 ation, peaking factors and bundle power envelop facility of Hungary. The worth of uniform and were obtained. The computer code TRIVENI was regularly perturbed lattices could be predicted transferred to NAPP to be used on SUNRAY within 1% accuracy. Validation of EXCEL was computer for the followup operation and a done with the Monte Carlo code MONALI computer code ITIHAAS was developed for which was suitably modified to accommodate fuel accounting and history keeping. A hexagonal lattices with reflecting boundary computer code VIGIL was developed to conditions. Three IAEA benchmark problems of analyse measurements from instrumented chan- BWR, PWR and WER classes have also been nels and central thimble of the reactor. undertaken to be analysed with the code system. The regular work of providing reload patterns Refueling strategies for recycling plutonium and following up core exposure and TIP data in RAPS reactors were optimised. It was demon- was continued. strated that either a combination of two and four bundle refueling or a chequerboard refueling can The inadequacy of transport cross section of give substantial advantage in increase in burnup, hydrogen in fast energy range was observed in with power and control requirements remaining the well known WIMS library. Accounting for the same. anisotropy of scattering showed significant improvement in the prediction of multiplication Many problems related to the proposed 500 factors of high leakage, high enrichment small MW(e) PHWR were taken up. Lattice para- solution reactors. meters like K , Keff, etc. of 37 rod fuel clusters obtained by using various computer codes The fast reactor accident analysis code DUMLAC, CLIMAX and CLUB were inter- ANEXDI was modified by replacing its point compared. At low burnups, the results agree kinetics module by a space time kinetics module. within 2 mk. At higher burnups, the results It was observed that, for 500 MW(e) PFBR, show more departure. The effectiveness of the energy release predictions during disassembly control system was investigated and found suit- phase of an accident might change significantly able using the computer code FEMXEN. The due to spatial neutronics. The multigroup dif- dependence of core stability on reactivity fusion theory code TRIHEX-3D was validated devices and on two zone fueling was investi- with a LMFBR benchmark problem. gated using linear stability analysis methods. IAEA benchmark problem on PHWR has been An integral transform method was developed taken up for analysis. to compute time eigen values corresponding to spherically non symmetric eigen functions of As regards LWRs, the indigenously developed one group neutron transport equation for a BWR fuel assembly burnup code, SUPERB was homogeneous sphere. In the studies of neutral particle transport through the random medium, / .5 Condensed Matter Physics it was shown that the probability density of reflection coefficient (from.a semi-infinite array Neutron diffraction studies at Dhruva carried of random slabs) changes from a smooth cm ^e over a wide range of temperature in the dis- to a discrete distribution (whose support has a ordered spinel system ZnxCo1.xFeCrO4 revealed cantor set structure) as the parameters of random the existence of highly perturbed magnetically slabs are varied. ordered states with uniaxial random ferrimagnetic phase, the canted random ferrimagnetic 1.4 Fusion (High Temperature) Research phase and the spin glass phase occurring in different ranges of temperature. Small angle An analytical study on plasma expansion in neutron scattering (SANS) studies were pursued vacuum was made under various conditions in a variety of CTAB micellar solutions with a of laser-matter interaction. In particular, the view to understanding the mechanism responsible density steepening due to rarefaction shock in for large changes in viscosity in these solutions. a high intensity laser-produced plasma was Electrolytic loading of deuterium in Pd was ob- studied in detail. served on a real time basis using neutron diffraction techniques; under the loading conditions used In a multi-ion plasma system, an ion-ion in the experiment, loading proceeds only upto two streaming instability is generated due to pdD0 55. Critical scattering studies on solution of relative drift velocity of various ion species. This Triton X-100 in D2O revealed the nature of problem was formulated under linear perturbation forces responsible for phase separation of the model and growth rate was calculated. Its implica- solution at 62°C. Lattice dynamics calculations tion on the experimental ion spectra was also and computer simulation studies carried out in studied and many interesting features were pre- the high Tc superconductor YBa2Cu3O7_x were dicted. able to predict correctly the observed crystal structures, phonon density of stales, thermal A 2-D code CASTOR-2 was used to analyze expansion and the orthorhombic to tetragonal certain laser induced target ablation experi- phase transformation. A prototype spin echo ments done in BARC. Various scalings of spectrometer using supcrmirrors was designed, ablation pressure, mass ablation rate, etc. were fabricated and tested at the Cirus reactor and studied based on self-regulating model (high Z) several spin echo oscillations were clearly and deflagration mode] (low Z). Simulation with observed. CASTOR-2 for low Z plastic and high Z Al targets indicated a transition from self-regulating Position annihilation studies in the quasicrys- model to deflagration model as laser intensity talline systems Al-Mn-Si have been carried out increases. The intensity corresponding to transi- for the first time. Evidence has been found in tion is a characteristic of the target Z. This support of the 'glass model'. Mossbauer spectro- result is consistent with the physical phenomena scopy studies on Al-Fe system have shown that leading to non-collisional effect from collisions! the quasicrystal Al78Fe22 with a stoichiometric effect as laser intensity increases. composition very close to the crystalline phase Al13Fe4gets transformed to the crystalline phase CASTOR-2 was also used to study effects when subjected to thermal cycling down to liquid of lateral energy transport on various scaling nitrogen temperature. This is believed to be first parameters arising in a non-uniform laser pro- such observation. file. Resonance Raman scattering studies of for- Calorimetric, NMR and X-ray diffraction bidden LO phonon modes have been carried out studies have been carried out on the structure in InGaO53AsO47, a technologically important and proton mobility in model membranes and its material. The results indicate that the resonance interaction with antileprosy drugs. curve does not broaden with respect to GaAs on alloying. Quantum size effects in small semi- The protein structure has been determined for conductor particles are of importance for reali- the first time in India with 2.8°A resolution by sing microdevices; Raman study of phonon line protein crystallography. High activity carbonic shapes in CdS Se small particles (" 100A) have hydrase II from the erythrocytes of Indian water revealed features distinct from bulk samples. buffalo has been isolated, purified, crystallised and structure determined by molecular replace- Measureable hysteresis in magnetisation can ment method. Structures of multi enzyme be seen in only those superconductor samples complex, and inhibitor/drug complex have been that have a non-zero demagnetisation correction. studied. The problem of shielding in such superconductors has been solved for the first time, allowing the A gas gun to generate shock pressures on computation of complex susceptibility and ac samples has been built and tested. The shock losses. Magnetic hysteresis and transport anamoly present in zirconium at 27 GPa has been measurements have been used to study critical analysed by band theory and attributed to the current in a variety of high temperature super- omega phase change. conductors. 1.6 Theoretical Physics History-dependent effects in the magnetization of niobium have been established in collaborative Extensive theoretical studies of Quantum experiments at TTFR. Electrodynamics (QED) of a two-level atom undergoing one or two photon transition in Based on extensive Mossbauer spectroscopic coherent, thermal, superposition of coherent and studies on YBa2Cu3_xFeOx_7, it was concluded thermal, binomial and negative binomial fields that the principal reason for the oxide to be were performed. A binomial (negative bino- superconducting is not the change in the stru- mial) state of the field is intermediate between a cture (from tetragonal to orthorhombic) or the pure number state (thermal state) and a coherent oxygen configuration around the Cul site, but the state and it reduces to each of these two change from semiconducting to metallic nature of states in two different limits. Some research on the oxide. quantum effects in the propagation of light through a non-linear Kerr like medium was A number of highly disordered oxides have carried out. been studied; in Co0 5Zn0 5FeCrO4 and LiTi 3+ ferrites, the Mossbauer probe Fe exists in Fe Non-classical features of light, such as state, whereas in FeIn2S4, FeGa2O4, ion is in aniibunching, sub-poissonian statistics and 2+ Fe state. In all cases, characteristics of spin squeezing, have invoked much attention in recent glass phenomena are observed in macroscopic times. Squeezed states of light are defined as the AC susceptibility and magnetization measure- one in which the uncertainty in one quadrature of ments. It was shown that these are mainly due to the field is less than that for a field in a coherent superparamagnetic clustering when ion is in state. Interaction of broadband squeezed bath 3+ Fe state but true spin glass behaviour due to with coherently driven ensembles of atom is magnetic frustration occurs in spinels containing another area of interest. Generation of intelligent 2+ Fe ions. spin states and pairwise squeezed atomic states was predicted by studying cooperative beha- theory was outlined. Oscillations, characteristic viour of atoms in broadband squeezed cavity. of the de-Hass Van Alphen effect, were shown Time-dependent spectra of a strongly driven two- to be inherent in the energy density functionals. level atom in broadband squeezed vacuum were computed. A complete description of local and non-local observables in a pure Yang-Mills theory was Cooperative effects including dipole-dipole obtained. It was shown that the local observ- interaction on optical double resonance were ables are local generators of Wilson loops studied using a master equation approach. (non-local observables) if the field strength and Time-dependent physical spectra for a three level gauge potential are analytical in nature. atom interacting with two coherent fields were obtained. Theories were developed for inter- Assuming intermediate vacuum state domi- preting the experimentally observed quantum nance, it was shown that gluon condensation jumps in one and two trapped ions. Finally, linear and chiral symmetry breaking are related to each and non-linear optical properties of quantum-dots other in two dimensional QCD. were investigated. Small solids or small particles are nano- In the area of path integrals, efforts were meter-sized solid structures with novel optical directed mainly towards theoretical investigation and electronic properties, quite distinct from of polymer entanglements. It was shown that those of the bulk. These are being studied, the statistical mechanical properties of with particular reference to their linear and entangled polymeric systems can be expressed in nonlinear, optical properties. In particular, the terms of functional integrals over closed trajec- optical response of spherical anisotropic semi- tories enclosing a constant algebraic area. These conductor microcrystallites was studied. functional integrals were explicitly evaluated for some special cases to obtain the elastic pro- 1.7 Laser and Spectroscopy perties and to explain the typical rigidity acquired by long molecules. A new theoretical basis for Most analytical work, analysed spectrographi- Feynman path integrals involving white-noise cally hitherto, is being carried out on the newly calculations was developed. installed ICP spectrometer. Samples analysed include reactor water for boron and cadmium, rare In the field of quantum chaos, the spectral earths, steels, copper alloys, etc. About 1300 properties and nature of eigen functions in some samples involving over 7000 determinations were new pseudo integrable systems were studied. reported during the year.

A system of electron gas in two and three A number of programs have been started util- dimensions subjected to uniform magnetic field izing the 400 mJ Excimer Laser pumped dye la- was considered. Explicit expressions of the ser. Stark effect measurements in Rydberg states eletron density and density matrix was derived as of potassium atoms have been made. Time functions of the Fermi energy and the field evolution and spectroscopy of laser ablated strength. The local density approximations for copper plasma have been studied utilizing emis- the kinetic and the exchange energy density sion from both auto-ionizing and normal states. functionals for an inhomogeneous many-eletron Rapid cooling of this plasma by an inert gas pro- system were thereby obtained using the density duces copper aerosols and clusters upto micron- quantities as basic variables. A practical scheme size. Emission from laser ablated plasma has been for the density functional calculation involving studied for the analytical investigation of pre- magnetic field in the light of Thomas Fermi Dirac sence of rare metals like gold and platinum in rocks and minerals. Further analytical investi- hardware and software to couple Jobin-Yvon gations included Laser Enhanced Ionization (LEI) sequential spectrometer with an IBM PC has of Na, K and In using air acetylene flame. Con- been accomplished. For signal detection, pro- centrations of 1 ng -10 ng/ml have been detected. cessing and control for the indigenously built A facility for laser induced site selection Fourier Transform Spectrometer, an amplifier, a spectroscopy for the study of rare earth ions in phase shifter and a band pass filter have been solids upio liquid helium temperatures is being set fabricated and tested. up. For this, aim Czerney-Turner monochro- mator has been fabricated in BARC. Decay rates A diverse variety of laser grade optics has been J 3+ for the D2 level of Pr in YPO4 have been designed and fabricated, including mirrors for measured. Barium metal in a heat-pipe has been Cu-vapour lasers with over 99% reflectivity, investigated for auto-ionization studies by obser- beam splitters for Nd-YAG laser and high ving both photons and Ba+ ions in a laser reflecting optics in 330-370 nm region to be used induced multiphoton ionization experiment. in formaldehyde environment. Utilizing the 571-606 nm region of the Rh 6G dye, laser induced photo-acoustic spectra have been A remote viewing hot cell macrograph for recorded for Nd:YAG crystal, cobalt-chloride and viewing post-irradiated metallographic specimens graphite. Laser Opto-Galvanic (LGO) studies of has been designed and fabricated. A vibrationless selected atoms and molecules is under progress. table for Fourier transform spectrometer, high Transient molecular species formed during temperature crossed heat pipes and a multiple photolysis by excimer laser light are being inves- reflection unit were designed and fabricated. tigated. An axial fast flow CW CO2 laser giving an out- Isotope studies have been carried out in a put power of 500 watts was developed. Devel- + + large number of spectral lines of Yb , Nd, Nd . opment of a CO2 laser chain capable of pro- Optical spectroscopic investigations involving ducing 75 J, 1.5 nS laser pulses was under- plasma diagnostics have been carried out using taken. A hybrid oscillator along with a pulse the 2kJ plasma focus device. slicer was assembled and tested. An electron beam preionized high pressure CO2 amplifier was Several new electronic bands have been dis- designed, and electron beam source for the same covered in PN, AsN and SiTe molecules and has been assembled and tested for vacuum. work is underway to analyse a number of unex- plained features in the spectra of InBr, Hg2 and In view of the growing importance of dye GaO. IR spectra of the constituents of high Tc lasers as finely tunable wavelength sources, superconducting materials like YBa2Cu3O7 have efforts were devoted to enhance output power been recorded. Laser optogalvanic studies in of the dye lasers developed indigenously. ammonia have been carried out using a CO2 laser. Theoretical work on forbidden transitions in A mass spectrometer for on-line analysis of diatomic molecules has been continued. Double nuclear fuel has been built, evaluated and com- transitions of the type U+S and W+S in the IR missioned at site. An argon extraction system for spectrum of solid para H2 are being studied. rock samples was made and supplied to National High resolution Fourier transform spectra of Atomic Agency, Indonesia. This system is meant methylene fluoride and acetylene and isotopic to be used with the mass spectrometer supplied methyl acetylene are being investigated. earlier for K-Ar dating of rocks. Two mass spectrometers for heavy water analysis were Interfacing of a Jarrel Ash microphotometer supplied to Heavy Water Project, Manuguru. with an IBM PC and development of inlerface Development of a high resolution mass spectrometer was continued and a resolution of cation library. These routines can be used in nearly 5000 has been obtained in preliminary FORTRAN programs and the modules of the par- tests. allel programs can be initiated simultaneously in the interconnected systems. Parallel computing Fabrication and testing of the fifth 600 kW techniques were developed for Monte Carlo tech- variable d.c. power supply was completed. The niques. installed capacity of the system is now 3MW and the system is being used for the testing of reactor Parallel processing environment has been components. The ultraviolet photo-electron developed for UNIX-based HORIZON systems spectrometer has been fully integrated with in C language. It offers the facility for parti- helium light source and is undergoing final tests. tioning programs into independent processes, Nd : YAG laser rods fabricated from grown crys- defining parallel execution of these processes tals showed efficient laser emission at 1.064 m. in interconnected systems, and establishing Clear non-linear optical crystals of MgO doped communication between two parallel processes and undoped LiNbO2 have been grown. Work belonging to the same job but running in different on the growth of crystals for nuclear particle systems. Two computer-intensive FORTRAN detectors and IR detectors was pursued, while programs have been parallelized using parallel the routine production of alkali halide and KDP data-communication library. A three dimensional crystals and different types of semiconducting sur- solid modelling package has been developed on face barrier detectors continued. Norsk Data computer systems for designing and displaying solid objects on advanced colour Work on the production of Xenon flash lamps graphics terminals. This package plays an for use in lasers and hollow cathode lamps for use important role in many scientific and engineering in atomic absorption spectrometers by various applications as a design tool for creating com- DAE units and outside organizations was con- plex objects and assemblies. This solid modeller tinued. High pressure glass to metal seals for allows generation of a complex solid from simpler use in Heavy Water Projects and seals for canned primitive solids such as block, cylinder, cone, motor were fabricated and supplied. sphere and torus. Any geometrically definable object can be modelled and its information can L8 Computer Software be stored for further analysis and production of prototype models. This package has user friendly menu facilities for variation operations A data communication library has been on primitives and visualization. Interactive mole- developed for FORTRAN users working on cular modelling is being increasingly used for Norsk Data and HORIZON systems. It is very research in frontier areas of molecular biology and useful in establishing communication between pharmaecology. Now this facility has been pro- two programs running in two different systems vided at the Computer Centre by a software pack- connected by local network. Execution time can age "ANIMOL". This program has been deve- be considerably saved for computationally inten- loped and implemented on Norsk Data Com- sive jobs provided they are partitioned in modules puter System using advanced Colour Graphics which may be executed in parallel in two intercon- Terminal. The interactive modelling program nected systems. Parallel data communication ANIMOL offers (i) Real-Time rotation, i.e., library allows transfer of data between two rotating the displayed molecular model about systems in any FORTRAN acceptable format such the cartesian axes by programmed keys, (ii) Bond- as real, integer and characters. colour, i.e., drawing of any desired bond in any one of the seven available colours, and A set of programs was developed for running (iii) Atomic-colour, i.e., controlling the colour of in parallel mode using parallel data communi- an atom in the space filling mode or the solid address of its interface circuit, cable route and mode of molecular drawing by either the atom location. This can produce statistical information name or the sequential position of the atom in required for the management of the network. the co-ordinate data set. This program can handle The user record gives information about the upto 10,000 atoms. personnel associated with each telephone and is useful for administration purpose and print- A software package has been developed ing and updating of telephone directory. The on Norsk Data computer to draw smooth telephone directory can be obtained with diff- 3-dimensional ribbon models of proteins on erent types of cross referencing such as listing advanced colour graphics terminal. under divisions, groups, locations, names and telephone numbers. An Expert System package which gives advice on the choice of analytical method to be Motion planning is the first step towards used for the separation of an impurity element the realisation of intelligent robots. A motion from a given pure material has been developed. planner generates a sequence of states through The system also suggests suitable measurement which a robot may move towards its goal without techniques to be used for the quantitative colliding with any obstacle in its environment. estimation of the impurity element. Conventional Typically, a motion planner operates in the con- rule-based approach has been taken for this sys- figuration space spanned by the degrees of free- tem. To start with, the knowledge base has been dom of the robot. The configuration space is built around the ion-exchange method which is formed by mapping the objects in the physical one of the most popular methods of separation. space into the configuration space. Thus, for a The system has been implemented on an IBM PC planar robot moving among polygonal obstacles using PROLOG language. one needs to determine the ranges of angles through which a link polygon may be oriented A screen editor called PC-PED having without intersecting with any obstacle polygon word process*'^ capability and equipped with in its environment. An efficient algorithm has powerful editing features, developed on IBM PC, been developed for the determination of these has been implemented on UNIX based Horizon ranges of angles. It is an improvement over an computer system where it makes use of termcap existing algorithm for the same purpose. The database library. It has been implemented on improvement comes from characterising an edge various kinds of printers that are currently avail- of a polygon depending on whether it is exposed able for IBM PC and exploits many of their useful to collisions during an anticlockwise or a clock- features. wise rotation of the polygon about the specification. The algorithm has been implemented A new integrated voice/data telephone and tested extensively on an IBM PC. A graphic exchange with a capacity of 1200 voice extensions, editor allows one to define the link and the 200 public telephone lines and 300 data chan- obstacle polygons. The program computes and nels has been installed in BARC. It has several displays graphically the configurations at which types of terminal instruments. A vast cabling net- the link touches one or the other obstacle work has been laid for implementing the network. polygons. To facilitate maintenance and management of this set-up a network management database has Isotope software package has been been developed on PC. The database is divided developed on IBM PC for isotope sales order into two record types, telephone record and user processing. At any point of time, it gives the record. The telephone record gives technical status of any order pending and gives the cause information such as type of instrument, physical of the delay. It automatically generates reminders

10 Structure of Human carbonic anhydrase

Sample of solid shaded object 15.0 CAS y -1 NOV. U.1987 V-Ray 17.173 hr(UT) 12.0

3610 3633 3655 3.678 3.701 PERIOD ( SEC.)

Gamma ray emission detected from X-ray Binary

HER X-1 X-Ray JUNE 12.1 21.083 hr(UT)

ON-SOURCE

1227 1.231 1.236 1.240 1.244 1.249 PERIOD (SEC)

Herculis X-1 and Cassopeia gamma - to customers after a given interval for the return instead of a neutron star, has confirmed the of isotope. It also helps scheduling the production steady emission of photons of energy greater than of isotope for optimum utilization of the facili- 2 TeV from the source displaying a morpho- ties and to keep the inventories at minimum. logical similarity with the phase dependence of Complete sale profiles and revenue generated can the circularly polarized light, underlying the be obtained at any given point of time. crucial role played by the magnetic field of the white dwarf in the generation of gamma rays. A software package for computerised control Analysis of Cos B satellite data has led to the of receipt and clearance of materials received by detection of two other similar objects, E1405-451 Central Stores Unit of BARC was developed for and W Puppins, at photon energies of greater IBM compatible personal computer system run- than 50 MeV. ning under MS-DOS. Several technical innovations have been incor- 1.9 Seismology porated in the gamma ray telescope such as novel method for stabilizing the threshold of the tele- Tne field installations for monitoring world- scope and a new majority nanosecond coincidence wide seismicity operated continuously to detect circuit which identifies the active input channels. and identify seismic signals due to underground nuclear explosions. The methods developed X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique has been for discrimination of earthquakes and explosions used to study the elemental composition of 2000 are extended to other fields, eg. medical diagno- year-old archeological coins discovered in Kashmir stics and picture processing. valley. A microprocessor-based thermoluminescence spectrometer has been developed which The AT-386 based system to monitor safety of stores temperature and glow curve data in the underground mines is in final stage of completion RAM and transfers it to PC over a serial link. for being installed at deeper levels (depth of 2 The system has been used for dating of the km) at Bharat Gold Mines Ltd. pottery samples from an archaelogical site in Kashmir. The estimated age of 2000 years B.C. of The 12-station radio-telemetered seismic net- this pottery agrees well with the accepted date of work established at Bhatsanagar operated con- the site. iinuously and the data is being analysed. It is seen that seismicity in Bhatsa region is very weak with PANBIT source continued to be used as a a few shallow seismic sources located in and regional facility for the sterilization of medical around the catchment area upstream of the dam. products from local hospitals and industrial units. Study of radiation effects on pharma- ceuticals like tetracycline and sulpha drugs was 1.10 Nuclear Research Laboratory, Srinagar continued using PANBIT gamma source of 80,000 curie. A differential pulse polarographic and High Altitude Research Laboratory, method was developed to determine sulpha drugs Gulmarg at extremely low concentrations which cannot be otherwise detected by spectrophotometry. A Gulmarg Gamma-ray Telescope has detected similar differential pulse polarographic method two episodic emissions of gamma rays of energy has been developed to detect low level toxic greater than 2 TeV, from the X-ray binaries, nitrate ions in lake or river water samples. Herculis x-1 and Cassopeia gamma-1. Further study of the cataclysmic variable binary system, A PC based multipurpose Front Office Posting AM Herculis, involving a magnetic white dwarf Machine has been developed for the Indian

11 Postal Department which can handle various types with superconductors have been earned out at of inland and overseas mail producing a detailed liquid nitrogen temperatures to study their frank label and a customer receipt. The Geld trials suitablity for various applications. of the machine were successfully conducted at Srinagar GPO and the Department of Posts is 1.12 Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre presently evaluating it for introduction in a large number of post offices in the country. The design parameters of the various subsystems of ISOI, such as ion-source, dipoleand A microprocessor based digital meter has been quadrupole magnets, vacuum system, tape trans- developed for the measurement of speed and port device, etc., have been finalised. Fabri- speed variations in low speed drive systems. The cation and installation of these subsystems are meter is expected to have industrial application. nearing completion. The LCW and compressed air lines have been connected to the respective sub- The operation of two seismometers at Srinagar systems. A prototype ion-source has been tested and Gulmarg has been continued to augment successfully. The various power supplies the data at other installations in the country. needed for dipole and quadrupole magnets are being tested. The facility is expected to be oper- 1.11 Plasma Physics ational by June 1990.

Studies related to the applications of thermal Fabrication of all magnet coils and the vacuum plasmas (in the temperature range 2000-20000 chambers for ECR ion-source is complete. degrees) in engineering technology were conti- Vacuum chambers have been tested and nued. Theoretical studies connected with plasma installed inside the magnet yoke along with the properties and flows, and experimental investi- high vacuum pumps. A pressure of 1 x 10"7 Torr gations on plasma cutting and spraying have been was achieved. The complex job of making sextu- carried out. pole magnets has been planned for fabrication. Microwave generators have been purchased. Based on the experiments carried out on a 100 ECR source is expected to be tested by the end of kW transferred arc plasma cutting torch, a 1 MW 1990. underwater plasma cutting torch has been designed and is under assembly. The dc power A Superconducting Switching Magnet has supply has been installed and the torch head been designed to bend the beam in experi- fabricated. The current experimental pro- mental areas of VEC Cyclotron by 15°. The de- gramme includes development of diagnostic in- sign includes the cryostat and other cryo- struments. Fluctuation measurements in plasmas genics transfer lines. Fabrication of various parts in kHz region have also been carried out. A is underway at VECC Workshops. The magnet micro torch for welding thin foils which has has a pill-box design and the coil will be fabricated been developed is undergoing trials. out of Nb-Ti wire made at Trombay.

Plasma sprayed superconductors of yttrium The CAMAC based data acquisition system on based YjBa2Cu3O7 compounds have been ND-560 that is being used since 1985 has been prepared with superconducting transition tem- augmented with many new features. Now it pro- peratures around 90 K. These coatings have vides zero-suppression at hardware level for multi- been tested for electromagnetic shielding appli- parameter data. It is also equipped with the cations over a range of frequency and field inten- facility of acquiring multiple singles event very sities. Bend tests on stainless steel coated efficiently mixed with the existing multipara-

12 meter facility. A new hardware development in the density range 1011 - 1014 cm"3 was allows the use of CANBERRA high resolution assembled on KALI-200 system. ADCs in CAMAC. Pulsed high magnetic fields upto 30 Tesla have A proposal to study nuclei far from beta- been generated in laboratory by sudden release stability using projectile fragmentation technique of energy stored in capacitor bank into an air- at RIKEN, Japan, was approved by the Pro- cored electromagnetic coil. The resultant dis- gramme Advisory Committee of RIKEN. The charge current to the coil is in the form of experiment will be the first collaborative effort damped sine waves lasting tens of cycles. between VECC and RIKEN. The detector systems fabricated and tested at VECC were sent to The stored energy in the capacitor bank used RIKENs and two of our scientists have gone earlier for garter spring repositioning in NAPP-1 there for the experiment, scheduled in February has been successfully enhanced from 40 kJ to 85 1990. kJ to handle the stuck garter springs. It incor- porates the original ideas of double triggered 1.13 Magnetohydrodynamics trigatron gaps and a multiple pulse generator which generates 16 simultaneous pulses of 15 kV/ Experiments have been carried out on mer- 150 ns, the maximum jitter being 20 ns. However, cury-air two phase liquid metal magnetohydro- the axial and radial mechanical stresses on the dynamic (l^MMHD) system to investigate the electromagnetic coil have increased enormously. interaction of liquid metal flow in magnetic field. Design modifications on the coil based on the use The fabrication and inspection of the components of copper-beryllium in place of copper, and addi- of the 500W prototype LMMHD system is com- tional mechanical reinforcement by axial and plete. Currently the assembly of the 6.5 meter radial pre-compression, are being implemented to high system is in progress. enable its use in future PHWRs.

1.14 Pulse Power and Particle Beam Technology L15 Electron Beam Technology

The interaction of Relativistic Electron The small chamber high vacuum E.B. welding Beam (REB) with neutral gas and plasma is an machine developed last year is undergoing ini- important area of research and has significant tial trials. This machine has a work chamber of applications in the fields of fusion research about 30 litre volume and has a short pump down and generation of intense sources of particles time. It is a low cost machine and is ideal for E.B. and electromagnetic radiation. An experiment to welding of small cylindrical components such as study the interaction of an electron beam with gear and assemblies, transducers, etc. It can neutral gas at low pressure (400m Torr to 2.5 accommodate components upto 100 mm diameter, Torr) has been carried out using KALI-200 100 mm length and 1 kg in weight. This low cost system. A specially designed diagnostics device has machine will popularise the advanced welding been used for the measurement of the radial dis- technique in Indian industry. tribution of the plasma current in REB gas interaction studies. During the last few years, a variety of special components were welded using indi- In order to inject preformed plasma into the genously developed EB welding machine. This axial mirror magnetic field for REB-plasma has helped in creating awareness about the pro- interaction and plasma confinement studies, a cess as well as indigenous technology. Because coaxial plasma gun which can generate a plasma of the rise in the international prices of E.B.

13 welding machines (average price being Rs. 100 Studies on high temperature ceramic super- lakhs or more), many potential users have shown conductors were continued. The batch size of interest in acquiring these machines from BARC. production of 123 compounds has been scaled up At present negotiations are going on for building and high density sintered discs upto 40 mm of 6 machines with the cooperative effort of local diameter have been fabricated by cold compac- industry, ensuring the saving of valuable foreign tion - sintering scheme. An alternate fabrication exchange. process involving hot pressing technique is under investigation. The influence of several sub- 1.16 Industrial Design stitutions in Bi-Ca-Sr-Cu-O and 123 systems has been studied and the beneficial effect of Pb The set up for the aircraft experiment on gravi- substitution upto 20% for Bi in stabilising the tation is in the final stages of assembly. 2223 phase has been clearly established. Work on oxide-metal composites and explosive bonding The R.F. oscillator supplied by VEC has deli- was continued to improve fabricability and den- vered power upto 1.2 kW. The power supply and sity, and an increase in current density uplo RF oscillator system are being modified to achieve 94% TD has been obtained in 123 system. power levels upto 3 kW. A new inductance is being made to bring down frequency from 15.8 Good quality superconducting (Tc 84K) MHz to 13.6 MHz. material of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O (2212) as single crystal and thick polycrystalline film has been produced. In situ superconductivity in rf sput- 1.17 Superconductors tered films of yttrium, barium and copper oxide compound has been achieved. The single-phase superconducting compound of bismuth, lead, calcium, strontium and copper Silver sheathed tapes of 4 mm width x 0.2 - 0.5 oxide with a critical superconducting temperature mm thickness and in lengths of few meters have of 120 K was successfully synthesised, and it was been fabricated using 'powder in tube' technique. found to show some unique features. The super- The highest current density of 170 A/cm2 at 77 K conducting compounds, Bi2Caj xYxSr2Cu2O-; has been obtained for 0.5 mm thick tape (x = 0 to 1), showed a correlation between Tc and sample made from 1-2-3 powder with 50 wt% Ag some of their structural features. Enhancement addition. of Tc from 80 K to 100 K was achieved by suitable substitution in (Tl/Pb) CaSr2Cu2O8. A pro- GMd hydrostatic extrusion process is being in- cess has been developed for the synthesis of vestigated for the fabrication of Nb-Ti supercon- Tl-2223 single phase compound which showed a ducting wires. This process is expected to pre- record high Tc of 129 K. An interpretation of vent the formation of inlermetallic phase at the the temperature dependence of resistivity of the Cu/NbTi interface usually observed in the Nb- superconducting compound YBa2Cu307x above Ti superconductors fabricated by conventional hot its Tc has been proposed. extrusion process. 0.5 mm diameter Nb-Ti wire comprising 6 filaments has been fabricated. The A point-defect model for structural phase highest current density value obtained on short transitions in the high temperature superconduc- sample is of the order of 1100 A/mm2 at 5 T field tor Y-Ba-Cu-O has been proposed. This model and 4 K temperature. Further trials arc planned explains the ferro-electric response of the male- at NPL, New Delhi, for improving the current rial, which is of practical importance in increasing density by optimising fabrication parameters. the critical current density. 34.6 kg of 45 filament Nb-Ti superconductor

14 wire was drawn ranging from 0.7 to 0.5 mm in vanadium based oxides and molybdenum based diameter. oxyfluoride complexes for possible use as superconductors was initiated. Thermophysical studies It has been shown that the strong signal near were carried out on BiCaSrCu2Os, LaBa2Cu3Ox zero field in EPR spectrometric measurements and mixed oxides of the type CuCrl-x of high Tc superconductors is made up of pre- AxOy(A=Mg,Ca,Sr,Ba and x=0.25). dominant non-resonant "reflection" of micro- waves below Tc under the balanced bridge condi- 1.18 Cold Fusion tions and a resonant absorption at X-band. The non-resonant reflection is associated with the Several research groups in BARC have transformation of the compound from Messner devised and set up experiments to verify the phase to mixed phase. The possible role of hole cold fusion phenomena and all these groups trapped oxygen centres in the resonant part of working independently of each other have now the lone field signal was examined by studying confirmed the occurrence of cold fusion reactions. the EPR of (CuO + KO2) system. A clear The first neutron burst indicative of such reactions evidence was obtained for a low field resonance were detected at Trombay on 21st April 1989 in absorption arising due to exchange interaction of 2+ two separate electrolytic cells. A consolidated Cu and O" in (CuO + KO2) heated to 473 K. report summarising the BARC studies in cold fusion upto end of September 1989 has recently The alpha irradiation effects on the super- been published (BARC Report No. 1500 dated conducting behaviour of YBa2Cu3O7x were 1st December 1989). studied by monitoring the microwave absorption signal at zero field at 77 K in YBa2Cu3O7x mixed 239 The most important result to emerge out with alpha active PuO2. The superconducting ot the Trombay measurements is that the pri- fraction was found to continuously go down up to mary product of d-d reactions is tri-tium rather a cumulative dose of "490 MR beyond which it than neutrons. The yield of tritium is found to be levelled off. It was observed that the EPR over a million times higher than that of neutrons. signals due to O2~ ions build up with increasing al- The BARC experiments have also shown that cold pha dose suggesting that the destruction of super- fusion reactions occur in metallic samples of Pd conducting region is associated with the and titanium in which deuterium is absorbed in corresponding increase in the density of localized the gaseous phase. Further studies are continu- "hole" centres in YBa2Cu3O7_x. ing to understand the physical basis of this new discovery. It may be noted that in view of its EPR experiments were initiated to Study the tremendous potentiality to the future of nuclear effect of hydrogen gas on the superconducting technology, studies in cold fusion are being pur- properties of YBa2Cu3O7x. sued in many countries of the world. Experiments on electrochemical ly induced Cold Fusion of The feasibility of incorporation of fluorine deuterium were carried out with heavy water in compounds such as Nd2CuO4,Tl2Ca2BaCu2O8, electrolyte and palladium as cathode and platinum YBa2Cu3O65+5 and oxides of uranium and tho- as anode. Data on heat measurements, neutron rium through the solid state route employing emission and tritium production were collected. NH4F was investigated. Preparation of new

15 — Publications «

Puri, R.R. and Joshi, A "Effects of Finite Temperature on Gupta, N.K, and Lawande, S.V, "Rayleigh-Taylor Instability Two-Photon Transitions in a Rydberg Atom in a High-Q in Multi-Structures Inertial Confinement Fusion Targets", Cavity", Opt. Comm., 69,367 (1989) Laser and Particle Beams, 7,27 (1989).

Joshi, A. and Puri, R.R., "Quantum Electrodynamics of a Khandekar, D.C. and Wiegel, F.W, "Continuous Area Pre- Rydberg Atom Making Two-Photon Transitions in the Bino- serving Models of Interacting Polymers", J. de Phys, 50, 263 mial State of the Field in a Lossless Cavity", J. Mod. Opt., 36, (1989). 215 (1989). Bhagwat, K.V. and Lawande, S.V, "Path Integral Treatment Joshi, A. and Puri, R.R., "Effects of Atomic Coherences on of Coulomb Potential by Exact Summation of a Perturbation Collapses and Revivals in the Binomial State of the Field", J. Series", Phys. Letter, A135,417 (1989). Mod. Opt, 36,557 (1989). Bhagwat, K.V. and Lawande, S.V, "A New Derivation of Josh:, A. and Lawande, S.V., "Effects of Negative Bino- Feynman Propagator for Inverse Square Potential", Phys. mial Field Distribution on the Rabi Oscillations in a Two- Lett, A141, 3221 (1989). Level Atom", Opt. Comm. 70,21 (1989). Ghosh, S.K. and Dhara, A.K., "Density Functional Theory Agarwal, G.S. and Puri, R.R. "Collapse and Revival Phe- of Two-Dimensional Electron Gas in a Magnetic Field", Phys. nomenon in the Evolution of a Resonant Field in a Kerr-like Rev. A40,6103 (1989). Medium", Phys. Rev. A39,2969 (1989). Azam, M, "Local Gauge Invariant Generators for Wilson Agarwal, G.S. and Puri, R.R, "Non-Equilibrium Phase Tran- Loops", ibid. D40,3541 (1989) sitions in a Squeezed Cavity and Generation of Spin State Satisfying Heisenberg Equality", Opt. Comm., 69,267 (1989). Paranjape, S.D. and Sahni, D.C, "A Semiclassical Method to Solve the Linear Fokker-Plank Equation Characterizing Puri, R.R. and Hassan, S.S., "On the Detection of Agreez- Charged Particle Transport in Spherical Plasmas", Nucl. Sci. ing in a Radiated Cooperative System", J. Phys., B22, L289 and Engg, 101,153 (1989). (1989). Das, S, "The Concept of a Sub-Prompt-Critical Nuclear Re- Lawande, S.V. and Jagatap, B.N., "Cooperative Effects in a actor and its Application to the Solution of Safety-Related System of Strongly Driven Three-Level Atom", Phys. Rev., Neutronic Problems in Reactor Kinetics", J.J.A.P, 28, 1241 A39,683 (1989). (1989).

Jayarao, A.S., Lawande, S.V. and D'Souza, R, "Time Lawande, S.V. and Bhagwat, K.V., "Derivation of Exact Dependent Spectra of a Strongly Driven Three-Level Atom", Propagation by Summation of a Perturbation Series", Third Phys. Rev. A39,3464 (1989). International Conference on Path Integrals from MeV to meV, Bangkok, 1989. (Invited Paper) Lawande, S.V., Lawande, Q.V, and Jagatap, B.N., "Inhi- bition of Fluorescence in a System of Two-Interesting Two- Khandekar, D.C. and Weigel, F.W, "Path Integral Treat- Level Atoms : A Quantum Jump-like Behaviour", Opt. ment of Polymer Entanglements", ibid. Comm, 73,126 (1989). Khandekar, D.C, "Functional Integrals in Polymer Physics", Lawande, S.V., Lawande, Q.A. and Jagatap, B.N., "Role of IPA/DST Seminar on Path Integrals and Their Applica- Dipole-Dipole Interaction in the Interpretation of Quantum tions, Bombay, 1989. (Invited Paper) Jumps in Two Three-Level Atoms", Phys. Rev. A40, 3434 (1989). Lawande, S.V, "Introduction to Feynman Path Integrals", National Seminar on Sixty Years of Dirac Equation, Lavanya, M.R, Nair, S.V. and Rustogi, K.C, "Linear and Shantineketan, 1989. (Invited Paper) Non-Linear Optical Response of Spherical Anisotropic Semiconductor Microcrystallites", Phys. Rev. B50, 12423 Khandekar, D.C, "Path Integrals for Two-Time Actions and (1989). the Polaron Problem", ibid.

16 Lawande, Q.V., "Inhibition of Fluorescence in a System Shirsat, T.S., Parab, H.D. and Pant, H.C., "Hydrodynamic of Two Interacting Two-Level Atoms. A Quantum Jump Studies of Laser Irradiated Thin Foil Targets", ibid. Behaviour", IPA/DST Workshop on Quantum Optics, Goa, 1989. Srivastava, M.K. and Lawande, S.V., "Diagnostics of Laser Produced Two-Temperature Plasma", ibid. Joshi, A., "Cavity Q.E.D. of a Two Level Atom in Binomial State of the Field", ibid. Parab, H.D., Subhash Chandra, "Numerical Solution of Hollow Shell Implosions", 10th National Heat and Mass Jagatap, B.N., "Violation of Cauchy-Schwars Inequality in Transfer Conference, Srinagar, 1989. Cooperative Optical Double Resonance", ibid. Srivastava, M.K., "Plasma Expansion in Vacuum and D'Souza, R., "Quantum Jumps . in Three-Level Systems, Associated Diagnostics", International Workshop on Laser Some General Features", ibid. Plasma Interaction, Indore, 1989.

Puri, R.R., "Quantum Collapses and Revivals Phenomena Khandekar, D.C., "Stochastic Area and Polymer Entan- in Two-Level Atoms and Anharmonic Oscillators", ibid. glements", Conference on Stochastic Processes, Physics and Geometry, Ascona (Switzerland), 1988. (Invited Paper) Agarwal, G.S. and Puri, R.R., "Quantum Effects in Light Propagation through a Non-Linear Medium", Vlth Roch- Jain, R.P., Jagannathan, V., Krishnani, P.D., Jain, V.K., ester Conference on Coherence and Quantum Optics, Roch- "Supercell Model for PWR Fuel Assembly Burnup and ester, 1989. Analysis of IAEA PWR Benchmark", TCM Workshop on LWRs, Vienna, 1989. Agarwal, G.S. and Puri, R.R., "Quantum Theory of Inter- action of a Resonant Field with a Non-Linear Medium Mod- Rastogi, B.P., Dwivedi, S.R. and Jagannathan, V., "Reactor elled as an Anharmonic Oscillator", ibid. Physics Methods Developed in India for Light Water Re- actors", ibid. Puri, R.R., and Joshi, A., "On the Characteristics of Rabi Oscillations in a Coherently Prepared Two-Level Atom Jagannathan, V., Jain, R.P. and Thimmaiah, D.H., in the Binomial State of the Field", ibid. "Validation of Hexagonal Lattice Code System with WER- Type Uranium Water Lattice Experiments", ibid. Puri, R.R., Bullough, R.K. and Nayak, N., "Collective Dynamical, Statistical and Equilibrium Properties of N Jain, R.P., Jagannathan, V. and Jain, V.K, "Supercell Model Rydberg Atoms Making Two-Photon Transitions", ibid. for PWR Fuel Assembly Burnup and Analysis of IAEA PWR Benchmark", Research Coordination Meetings, Vienna, Garaway, B.M., Bullough, R.K., Hassan, S.S. and Puri, 1989. R.R., "Atomic Coherent States, Phase Transitions and Squeezing from Rydberg Atoms", ibid. Gupta, H.C., Jagannathan, V. and Dwivedi, S.R., "Analyses of IAEA BWR Benchmark by Superb Code", ibid. Lawande, S.V., D'Souza, R. and Jayarao, A.S., "Transient Squeezing and Time Dependent Spectra of a Strongly Jagannathan, V., Jain, R.P., Gupta, H.C. and Thimmaiah, Driven Three-Level Atom Undergoing Quantum Jumps", D.H., "CRP on Safe Core Management with Burnable ibid. Absorbers in WERs", ibid.

Khandekar, D.C., "White Noise Analysis as a Tool in Com- Purandare, H.D., "A Comparison of Experimental and puting Feynman Integrals", Conference on White Noise Theoretical Plutonium Isotopic Values for Fuel Discharged Analysis, Mathematics and Applications, Bielefield, 1989. from RAPS-1", Symposium on Post Irradiation Examination (Invited Paper) in Nuclear Power Programm, Bombay, 1989.

Parab, H.D., Shirsat, T.S. and Pant, H.C., "Effects of Purandare, H.D., Srivenkatesan, R. and Srinivasan, K.R., Latem.il Transport on Laser Induced Ablation Para- "Physics of Defuelled Channels", Illrd National Symposium meters", International Conference on Plasma Physics, New on Operating Experience of Nuclear Reactors and Power Delhi, 1989. Plants, Bombay 1989.

17 Dhanvij, R.F. and Purandare, H.D., "A Program for Fuel Padmanabhan, S., Krishnamurthy, G., Rao, Meenakshi Scheduling of PHWRs", ibid. Raja P., Rout, R.K., Auluck, S.K.H. and Shyam, A., "Spec- troscopy Investigations on a Low Energy Plasma Focus Gupta, H.P. and Srinivasan, K.R., "Filling of Calandria with Source", BARC-148 (1989) Borated Heavy Water and First Approach to Criticality for NAPP-1 Reactor", ThPD/note No. 323 (1989). Rao, Pushpa M., Ahmad, S.A. and Saksena, G.D., "Isotope Shifts for Probing Electronic Charge Densities and Nuclear Srivenkatesan, R., Yadav, R.D.S., Balaraman, V., Degwekar, Charge Distributions", 7th Colloquium for the Young Physi- S.B, Gupta, H.P. and Srinivasan, K.R., "Evaluation of cists, Calcutta (1989) Phase-B Low Power Physics Experiments in NAPP-1 Pre- Experimental Studies", R/,SD/PHY/17 (1989). Razvi, M.A.N., Sharma, A. andBhale, G.L., "Multiphoton Resonant Ionization in Atomic Potassium Stark Mixing of Jagannathan, V., Jain, R.P., Krishnani, P.D., Srivenketesan, Rydberg States", ibid. R. and Baltaej Singh, "A Post-Analysis of the NAPS-1 Subcritical and Low Power Physics Experiments with Chandola, L.C., Dcshpande, S.S., Dixit, R.M., Khanna, P.P., PHANTOM - CEMESH Code System" "ASD/PHY/23 Kapoor, S.K. and Machado, I.J., "Determination of Trace (1989). Rare-Earth Impurities in High Purity Rare-Earth Oxides by X-Ray Fluoroscence Spectroscopy", 3rd National Seminar on Jain, V.K. and Yadav, R.D.S., "Point Kinetics Code MRIF X-ray Spectroscopy and Allied Areas, Srinagar, 1989 - FUEL", BARC/I-969 Ghodgaonkar, G.S., Singh, M. and Saksena, M.D., "A New Burte, D.P., Raghav, H.P. and Vaidya, S.G., "Tarapur Unit - Spectrum of Indium Bromide Around 5200 A", 2nd IP A/ 1 Cycle -12 Fuel Management Report", TFMS/1/12 (1989). DST Symposium on Lasers and Applications, Varanasi, 1989

Saksena, M.D., Ghodgaonkar, G.S. and Singh, M., "The B2+ Patel, N.D. and Kartha, V.B., "Pulsed Laser Photoacoustic - x2+ System of A10", J. Phys. B. Atomic, Molecular and Studies of Some Rare Earths and Transition Metal Optical Physics, 22, 1993 (1989) Compounds", ibid.

Venkatasubramanian, R. and Karanjikar, N.P., "Spectro- Kshirsagar, RJ., Singh, K., D'Cunha, R., Job, V.A. and chemical Determination of Metallic Pollutants at Sub ppm Kartha, V.B., "Precise Intensity Measurements of Vibration- Levels in Fresh Water Samples", Analytical Letters, 22, 981- Rotation Lines Using Semiconductor Diode Lasers", ibid. 87(1989) Ravindranath, S.V.G., Patil, M.N. and Rao, P.K.S.P., "Inter- Sunanda, K., Gopal, Sheila, Shetty, BJ. and Lakshmi- facing of an IBM Compatible Personal Computer with an narayana, G., "Franck-Condon Factors and R-Centroids for Automatic Comparator for Data Acquisitior and Processing", E1+ - X1+ Bands of SiS and SiSe", J. Quant. Spectro. and National Seminar on Instrumentation, Cochin, 1989. Radiative Transfer, 42,631 (1989) Sethumadhavan, A., Dixit, V.S. and Murty, P.S., "Spec- Agarwal, R.M. and Kapoor, S.K., "Heterogeneity Effect'; and trographic Determination of B, Cd and Ni in MgF2", Na- Reliability of X-ray Fluorescence Analytical Results: Study of tional Symposium on Uranium Technology, Bombay, 1989. A12O3 Matrix with Calcium, Yttrium, Gadolinium and Thorium as Probe Elements", X-Ray Spectrometry, 18, 15 Biswas, S.S., Murty, P.S., Marathe, S.M., Sethumadhavan, (1989) A., Dixit, V.S., Kaimal, R. and Sankaran, A.V., "Standardi- zation of a D.C. Arc Carrier-Distillation Procedure on a Di- Balasubramanian, T.K., D'Souza, R., D'Cunha, R. and Rao, rect Reading Spectrometer for the Determination B, Cd, Narahari K., "Integrated Absorption Co-efficients of W (J = etc.", ibid. 6) Transitions in Solid Hydrogen and Sixty Fourth Multipole Moment of H2", Can. J. Phys., 67,79 (1989) Deshpande, B.S. and Unni, P.K.K., "Fabrication of an All Quartz Plasma Torch for Inductively Coupled Plasma Spec- Rao, Meenakshi Raja P., Saraswathy, P., Krishnamurthy, G., troscopy", Sixth National Seminar of Indian Society of Scien- Rout, R.K., Auluck, S.K.H., Shyam Anurag, Kulkarni, I.V. tific Glassblowers, Indore, 1989 and Oza, Dipak H., "Line Broading Studies in a Low Energy Plasma Focus Source", Pramana -J. Phys., 32,627,1989 Narvekar, V.H., Shinde, L.S., Misra, Sushma, Raman, S.

18 and Apparao, K.V.S.R., "Multipass Absorption Cell Fabri- Bhale, G.L., "Molecular Spectra", M. Tech. Course in cation for Photochemical Reaction Studies with High Power Institute of Armament Technology, Pune 1989. (Invited Talk) Lasers", National Symposium on Heavy Water Technology, Bombay, 1989 Karthikeyan, J., Sreekumar, K.P., Venkatramani, N., Kurup, M.B., Patil, D.S. andRohatgi, V.K., "Effect of Pro- Krishnamurty, G., "Review of the Existing High Resolution cess Parameters on the Properties of Plasma Sprayed Super- VUV Facilities at Electron Storage Rings", Indo-USSR conducting Y1Ba2Cu3C>7..x Coatings", Appl.Phys. A: Solids Seminar on SRS, Indore, (1989) (Invited Talk) and Surfaces 48,489(1989).

Murty, P.S., "A Beamline for Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Patil, D.S., Karthikeyan, J., Venkatramani, N. and Rohatgi, Solids and Gases in Indus 1", ibid. (Invited Talk) V.K., "Electrical Resistivity of Y1Ba2Cu3O7_x at Elevated Temperature", J.Mat.Sci. Lett., 8,1199 (1989). Kartha, V.B., "VUV - Photophysics", ibid. (Invited Talk) Karthikeyan, J., Patil, D.S., Sreekumar, K.P., Venkat- Apparao, K.V.S.R., "Optical Components in Beam Lines of ramani, N and Rohatgi, V.K., "Oxidation Reduction Reaction SRS", ibid. (Invited Talk) Kinetics in Y1Ba2Cu3O7.xSolid State Comm., 70, 297, (1989). Ahmad, S.A., "Nuclear Physics and Atomic Physics via the Nuclear Effects in Atoms", Lamp Conference, ICTP, Joshi, N.K., "Absorption Cross-Section Data for Potassium Trieste, (1989) (Invited Talk) Doublet Under MHD Conditions", J. Propulsion and Power, 5,526 (1989). Kartha, V.B., "Raman Spectroscopy - Recently Trends", In- dian Chemical Society, Bombay Branch, 1989. (Invited Talk) Joshi, NX, Thiagarajan, T.K., Rohatgi, V.K. and Astha- moorthy, T.S., "Exciation Temperature Measurement of Ar + Kartha, V.B., "Vibrational Spectroscopy - Introduction N2 Plasma by Spectroscopic Method", Contrib. Plasma Phys- and Application in Catalysis", Fifth National Workshop on ics, 29,67 (1989). Spectroscopic Methods in Heterogeneous Catalysis, Bombay 1989. (Invited Talk) Paithankar, A.S., Sreekumar, K.P., Karthikeyan, J. and Rohatgi, V.K., "Preparation and Characterization of Plasma Patel, N.D., "Introduction to Photoacoustic Spoctroscopy Sprayed High-Tc Superconducting EMC Shields", Int. Conf. and Applications to Catalysis", ibid. (Invited Talk) and Workshop on Electromagnetic Interference and Compa- tibility, Bangalore, (1989). Murty, P.S., "Introduction to Electron Spectroscopy", ibid. (Invited Talk) Chakravarthy, D.P., Barve, D.N. and Rohatgi, V.K., "An Isolated Interfacing Circuit for High Power Plasma Torches", D'Cunha, R., "Molecules", Workshop on the Atom, Bombay ibid. Association for Science Education, Bombay 1989. (Invited Talk) Ron, P.H., Kalghatgi, R.S., Nagesh, K.V, Iyengar, S.T., Jujaray, V.T., Rajawat, R.K., Desai, S.V., Nanu, K., D'Cunha, R., "Infrared, FTIR and Raman S'jectroscopy Sharma Archana and Rohatgi, V.K., "Gigawatt Pulsers for - General Perspectives", Workshop for Postgraduate Teachers Intense Electric, Magnetic and Electromagnetic Transients", ibid. in Chemistry.University of Bombay 1989. (Invited Talk)

Chandola, L.C., "X-Ray Florescence Spectrometry for Venkatramani, N., Chakravarthy, D.P., Barve, D.N. and Determination to Trace Rare-Earth Elements in Rare Earth Rohatgi, V.K., "Study of Fluctuations in a Plasma Jet", Int. Materials", Lecture Course in Rare Earths for Personnel Conf. on Plasma Physics, New Delhi, (1989). Working in Laboratories and Quality Control Depts., Indian Rare Earths Ltd., Alwaye, 1989. (Invited Talk) Bapat, A.V. and Suryanarayan, S., "The Flexibility Function Approach to Vibration Analysis of Rectangular Plates with Biswas, S.S., "Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Arbitrary Multiple Point Supports on the Edges", Journal of Spectrometry (ICP-AES) in Rare Earth Analysis", ibid. Sound Vibration, 128, (2), 291 (1989). (Invited Talk) Bapat, A.V. and Suryanarayan, S., "Free Vibration of

19 Periodically Point Supported Rectangular Plates", ibid. 132, Oxide for MHD Generators", ibid, II, VIII. 19 (3), 491 (1989). Satyamurthy, P., Thiagrajan. T.K., Venkatramani, N. and Bapat, A.V. and Suryanarayan, S., "Free Vibration Rohatgi, V.K., "Design of 500 Watt Electrical Steam- Analysis of Rectangular Plates with Interior Point Supports", Mercury Liquid Metal MHD Experimental System", ibid, I, ibid, 134, (2), 291 (1989). V.I

Pai, J.R., Venkatramani, N. and Rohatgi, V.K, "Induction- Thiagarajan, T.K., Dixit, N.S., Satyamurthy, P., Barve, Coupled Ion Beam Source", Intl. Conf. on Ion Sources D.N. and Rohatgi, V.K., "Void Fraction Measurement in Berkeley, 1989. LMMHD Flows by Gamma Ray Attenuation Method", ibid, LV.8 Thiagarajan, T.K., Satyamurthy, P. and Rohatgi, V.K., "Effect of Non-Uniform Velocity and Electrical Conductivity Dixit, N.S., Thiagarajan, T.K., Satyamurthy, P., Venka- on End Effects in LMMHD Generator with Insulating tramani, N. and Rohatgi, V.K., "Experimental Results of End Vane", Int. Forum on Mathematical Modelling and Simula- Effects in the presence of Vane in a Mercury LMMHD Gen- tion of Process in Energy Systems, Sarajevo, 1989. erator", ibid, I, V.15

Karthikeyan, J., "Plasma Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coatings Ananthapadmanabhan, P.V., Venkatramani, N., Rohatgi, for IC Engine Components", Nat. Symp. Automotive Mate- V.K., Mathews, M.D., Momin, A.C. and Venkateswaralu, rials and Manufacturing Tech., 1989. K.S., "Graded Electrode for MHD Generators", ibid, II, X.91

Karthikeyan, J., "Thick Film Superconducting Coatings", Sreekumar, K.P., Karthikeyan, J., Venkatramani, N., High Temperature Superconductors. Discussion Meeting on Kurup, M.B., Patil, D.S. and Rohatgi, V.K., "Plasma Sprayed Critical Currents and Developments for Devices, Kalpakkam, High-Tc Superconducting YjBa2Cu3O7.x Strips for MHD 1989. Magnet Applications", Proc. 10th Intl. Conf. MHD Elec. Pow. Gen., Trichy, II VIII.l 13 (1989). Karthikeyan, J., Paithankar, A.S., Sreekumar, K.P., Venka- tramani, N. and Rohatgi, V.K., "Plasma Sprayed High - Tc Joshi, N.K., Thiagarajan, T.K., Venkatramani, N. and Superconducting Magnetic Shields", Cryogenics, 29, 915, Rohatgi, V.K., "Correction for Cold Boundary Layers in (1989). Line Reversal Temperature Measurement in Combustion Gas Flows", ibid.II, VIII.113 Karthikeyan, J., Sreekumar, K.P., Venkatramani, N. and Rohatgi, V.K., "Preparation and Characterization of Plasma Chakravarthy, D.P., Barve, D.N. and Rohatgi, V.K., "A Sprayed Thick Ceramic Coatings Reinforced with Metal Transient Digitizer for Recording and Processing the MHD Pins", High Temperatures High Pressures, 20,653 (1989). Plasma Electrical Conductivity Signal from Radio Frequency Probes", ibid, n, VIII.113 Paithankar, A.S., Karthikeyan, J., Sreekumar, K.P. and Rohatgi, V.K., "Electromagnetic Shielding Studies on Plasma Bapat, A.V., Suryanarayan, S., Rohatgi, V.K., "Free Sprayed Super Conducting High-Tc Coatings", Phase Transi- Vibration Analysis of Faraday Generator Casing Plates tions, 19,119(1989). using Flexibility Function Approach", ibid, III, XI.42

Das, A.K., Venkatramani, N. and Rohatgi, V.K, "Theoretical Patil, D.S., Venkatramani, N. and Rohatgi, V.K., "Investi- Appraisal of the Various Fuels for and MHD Generator gation on Doped Chromite Ceramics for MHD Electrode Operating on the Pulsed Mode", Proc. 10th Intl. Conf. Application", ibid, II, VIII.14 MHD Elec. Pow. Gen., I, VH.65, Trichy, (1989). Gupta, G.P., Rohatgi, V.K. and James, M.I., "Effect of Inter- Rohatgi, V.K., Newton Nathaniel, T., Ramachandran, K., electrode Current Leakage on the Electrical Characteristics Venkatramani, N. and Rohatgi, V.K., "Fabrication of Strain- of a Faraday MHD Generator", ILX.95 Isolation-Interfaces for the Walls of MHD Generators", ibid, Ramachandran, K., Srivastava, P.B., Venkatramani, N. and Rohatgi, V.K., "High Temperature Thermal Conductivity Newton Nathaniel, T., Patil, D.S., Venkatramani, N. and Measurements for MHD Materials", ibid, III, XI.57Trichy, Rohatgi, V.K., "New Electrode Material Based on Terbium (1989).

20 Joshi, N.K, Thiagrajan, T.K and Rohatgi, V.K, "Effect of Relativistic Mirror-Confined Plasmas", ibid, p 317. Thermal Boundary Layer on Radiative Heat Transfer from Combustion Plasma", Int. Comm. Heat and Mass Transfer, Acharya, S., Roychowshury, P., Saxena, AC, Cbakra- 16,875 (1989). varthy, D.P., Iyyengar, S.K. and Rohatgi, V.K, "Characteri- sation of Marshall Gun-Produced Plasma for REB-plasma Ron,, R.H., Nanu, K, Iyengar, S.T. and Rohatgi, V.K, Interaction", ibid, p. 1165. "Single-and Double-Mode Gas Trigatron: Main-Gap and Trigger-Gap Interactions". J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys. 21, 1738 Iyyengar, S.K. and Rohatgi, V.K, "Transport and Inter- (1988). action of a Relativistic Electron Beam in Low Pressure Neu- tral Gases", J. Appl. Phys. 66,1901 (1989). Thakur, A.V., "Electron Beam Welding Technology in BARC", Workshop on Applications of EB, Laser, Friction Iyyengar, S.K. and Rohatgi, V.K, "Effect of Rise Tune and and Resistance Welding in Indian Industries, Tiruchirapalli, Pulse Width on the Transport and Interaction of a 1 MeV, 1988. 15kA Relativistic Electron Beam in Low Pressure Argon and Hydrogen", Phys. Fluids B, Plasma Phys., 1,1860 (1989). Ray, A.K., Rohatgi, V.K and Jawalekar, S.R.S. "Control of Process Parameters During Deposition of DC Magnetron Vijayan, T., lyyegar, S.K. and Rohatgi, V.K, "Collec- sputtered TiN Films", IVS National Symp. 19-21 Dec, 1988, tive Acceleration of Heavy Ions Using Accumulated REB", Bombay. Indian JL Phys. 63 A (1), 61 (1989).

Venugopala Rao, G., Paithankar, AS., Iyyengar, S.K and "Technical Issues in Fusion Reactors - A Review", Fusion Rohatgi, V.K, "Propagation of REB in Hydrogen Gas and Technical, 16,287(1989). Plasma", XIX Intl. Conf. on Phenomena in Ionised Gases, Belgrade, 1989, p 924 Saxena, AC, G.P. Gupta and V.K Rohatgi, "Model Elec- tron Velocity Distributions for Mirror-Confined Plasmas", Saxena, AC. and Rohatgi, V.K, "Ordinary-Wave Propaga- Phys. letter 141, 157(1989). tion in Weakly Relativistic Mirror-Confined Plasmas", ibid, V.4, p. 822 Saxena, AC, Iyyengar, S.K and Rohatgi, V.K, "Decay of a Marshall Gun Plasma in Mirror Magnetic Field", Thirty-first Venugopala Rao G., Mittal, K.C., Paithankar, AS., Iyyengar, Annual Meeting of Division of Plasma Phys., American Phys. S.K. and Rohatgi, V.K, "Propagation of REB Generated Soc., 1989. from Foilless Diode in Performed Mirror Confined Plasma", V.III, p 1009, New Delhi, 1989. Ghosh, S.K, Sadhukhan, H.K and Dhara, A.K., "A Theory of Cold Nuclear Fusion in Deuterium Loaded Palla- Iyyengar, S.K, "Plasma Current Distribution in REB Pro- dium", Pramana-J, Phys., 33, L338 (1989) duced Plasma in Low Pressure Hydrogen Gas", ibid, V.III, p. 985 Krishan, M.S., Malhotra, S.K, Gaonkar, D.G., Srinivasan, M., Sikka, S.K, Shyam, A, Chitra, V., Iyengar, T.S. and Paiibankar, AS., Gupta, G.P., and Rohatgi, V.K, "Ex- Iyengar, P.K, "BARC Studies in Cold Fusion", BARC-1500 perimental Observation of Resistive Instability During REB- (1989), Paper No. Al Propagation in sub-torr Hydrogen Gas", ibid, V.III, p. 997 Mittal, K.C. and Rohatgi, V.K, "Gas Ionisation effects in 2.5 Nayar, M.G., Mitra, S.K, Raghunathan, P., Krishnan, M.S., Gwatt Pulsed REB Diode at Low Pressures", ibid, V.ni, p. 1 Malhotra, S.K, Gaonkar, D.G., Sikka, S.K, Shyam, A and Chitra, V., "Preliminary Results of Cold Fusion Studies Vijayan, T. and Rohatgi, V.K., "A Critical Analysis of Fusion Using a Five Module High Current Electrolytic Cell", ibid., Power-Reactor Designs", ibid, p. 85 Paper No. A2

Saxena, AC. and Rohatgi, V.K, "Model Electron Velocity Krishnan, M.S., Malhotra, S.K, Gaonkar, D.G., Nayar, M.G., Distributions for Relativistic Mirror-Confmet* Plasmas", ibid, Shyam, A, Sikka, S.K, "Observation of Cold Fusion in a p. 321. Ti-SS Electrolytic Cell", ibid., Paper No. A3

Saxena, AC. and Rohatgi, V.K, "Ordinary-Wave Pro- Venkateswaran, G., Moorthy, P.N., Venkateswarlu, KN., pagation Near Electron Cyclotron Frequency in Weakly Guha, S.N., Yuvaraju, B., Tarun Datta, Iyengar, T.S.,

21 Panajkar, M.S., Rao. K.A. and Kishore Kamal, "Burst Neu- Heated Plasma", Physical Rev. A, 40,3265 (1989) tron Emission and Tritium Generation from Palladium Cath- ode Electrolytically Loaded with Deuterium", eds. P.K.Iyengar Gupta, P.D., Naiic, P.A. and Kumbhare, S.R., "Luminosity and M.Srinivasan, ibid., Paper No. A 7. Tune of Flight Spectrometer for Laser Produced Plasmas", BARC/I-975 (1989) Malhotra, S.K., Krishnan, M.S. and Sadhukhan, H.K., "Mate- rial Balance of Tritium in Electrolysis of Heavy Water", ibid., Gupta, P.D., Naik, P.A. and Kumbhare, S.R., "Experi- Paper No. A10 mental Determination of the Separation Between the Abla- tion Surface and the Absorption Region from X-ray Spec- Krishnan, M.S., Malhotra, S.K., Gaonkar, D.G., Nagvenkar, troscopic Measurements in Laser Produced Plasmas", Proc. V.B. and Sadhukhan, H.K., "Evidence for Production of Internat. Conf. Plasma Physics, New Delhi, Vol. II, p. 525 Tritium via Cold Fusion Reactions in Deuterium Gas Loaded (1989) 'alladium", ibid., Paper No. B4 Kumbhare, S.R., Naik, P.A. and Gupta, P.D., "X-ray Ghosh, S.K., Sadhukhan, H.K. and Dhara, A.K., "A Spectroscopic Study of M-Shell Emissions of Laser Produced Theory of Cold Nuclear Fusion in Deuterium Loaded Palla- Gold Plasma", ibid, p. 537 (1989) dium", ibid., Paper No. C4 Naik, P.A., Gupta, P.D. and Kumbhare, S.R., "Space Lawande, S.V., Jagtap, B.N. and Lawande, Q.V., "Inhibition Resolved X-ray Spectroscopic Studies of Laser Produced of Fluorescence in a System of Two Interacting Two Level Plasma Expanding with Enhanced Recombination", ibid, p. Atoms: A Quantum Jump Like Behaviour", Optics Commu- 541(1989) nication, 73,126 (1989) Dhareshwar, LJ., Naik, P.A. and Pant, H.C., "Studies on Lawande, S.V., Jagtap, B.N. and Lawande, Q.V., "Role of Laser Produced Plasma Jets from Solid Targets", Proc. ICPP Dipole-Dipole Interaction in the Interrelations of Quantum New Delhi, V. II, 509 (1989) Jumps in Two Three Level Atoms", Phys. Rev. A, 40, 3424 (1989) Dhareshwsr, LJ., Naik, P.A. and Pant, H.C., "Laser Driven Shock Pressure Scaling in Plexiglass Targets", ibid., Lawande, S.V., Jagtap, B.N. and Lawande, Q.V., "Inhibition V.II, 513 (1989) of Fluoresence in a System of Two Interacting Two Level At- oms and its Consequences in Two Three Level Atoms", Work- Shirsat, T.S., Parab, H.D. and Pant, H.C., "Hydrodynamic shop on Quantum Optics, Panaji (Goa), 1989. Studies of Laser Irradiated Thin Foil Targets", ibid., V. II, 557 (1989) Lawande, S.V., Jagtap, B.N. and Lawande, Q.V., "Time Dependent Dynamics of Two Level Atoms", Second IPA/DST Shirsat, T.S. and Pant, H.C., "Characteristics of Specularly Symposium on Lasers and Applications, Varanasi, 1989 Reflected Light from Copper Plasma", ibid., V. II, 553 (1989) Sinha, B.K., Kumbhare, S.R. and Gupta, G.P., "Effect of Parab, H.D., Shirsat, T.S. aad Pant, H.C., "Effect of Lateral Collisional and Landau Damping on the Saturation of (3/2) Energy Transport on Laser Induced Ablation Parameters", Emissions from Laser Produced Plasmas", Optics Comm., ibid., 545 (1989) 70,202 (1989) Godwal, B.K., Shirsat, T.S. and Pant, H.C., "Laser Induced Sinha, B.K., "Polarizatioi.-Dependent Saturation of Par- Ablation Pressure in Thin Gold Foils", J. Appl. Phys., 65(12), ametric-decay Instability in Laser-Plasma Experiments", (1989) Physics Rev. A, 39,5308-5310(1989) Shirsat, T.S., Parab, H.D. and Pant, H.C., "Effect of Target Sinha, B.K., "Evidence of Polarization-Dependent Gain in a Atomic Number on Ablation Pressure Scaling", Laser and Nd:Glass Laser Amplifier", Optics Communications, 73, 51 Particle Beams (1989) (1989) Monga, C. Jagdish, "Anti-Reflection Coatings for Grazing Naik, P.A., Gupta, P.D. and Kumbhare, S.R., "Measurement Incidence Angles", Journal of Modern Optics, 36,381 (1989) of Separation between Ablation Surface and the Absorp- tion Region from X-ray Spectroscopic Observations in Laser Monga, C. Jagdish, "Electric Field Distribution in Multilayer

22 Thin-Film Polarizers", ibid., 36,389 (1989) Srinivas, K., Mahajan, S.M., Mannan, Dipika, Rastogi, Mandakini, Lalitha, K. and Mishra, Om Prakash, "Parallel Monga, C. Jagdish, "Multilayer Thin-Film Polarizers with Numerical Algorithms for Message Passing Architectures", Reduced Electric-Field Intensity", ibid., 36,769 (1989) XXIV Annual Convention of the Computer Society of India, Transaction Processing, Bangalore, 1989 Verma, R.L., Bapna, R.C. and Joshi, D.N., "A Simple Source of Uniform Sized Droplets", J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. 22,189 Rastogi, Rashmi and Mathur, Ravi, "Neutral Network Based (1989) Expert System Shell", ibid.

Bapna, R.C, Verma, R.L. and Joshi, D.N., "Production of Mathur, Ravi and Jain, P.K., "A PC-Based Patient Data Monodispersed Liquid Aerosols", Annual Conf. IASTA on System for an Intensive Care Unit", ibid. Aerosol Science (1989) Rastogi, Rashmi and Kaura, H.K., "An Expert System for Satyanarayana, D.V., Deb, Paramita, Shikarkhane, N.S. and Safety and Availability Analysis", Artificial Intelligence in Nady, U., "Setting up of a 3 Nano-sec. Pulse Slicer System Industry and Government, Proceedings of the International for a CO2 Laser Chain", Proc. IPA/DST Symp. on Laser & Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Industry and Govern- Applications, 108(1989) ment, Hyderabad, 1989

Gupta, P.D., "X-ray Speetroscopic Studies Related to XUV Mathur, Ravi and Kaura, H.K., "Expert System for Lasers and Laser Induced Fusion", Internal. Conf. Plasma Selection of Analytical Techniques for Analysis of Pure Mate- Physics, New Delhi (1989) (Invited Talk) rials", ibid.

Gupta, P.D., "X-ray Spectroscopic Studies at BARC", Mathur, Ravi and Kaura, H.K., "Entropy Approach to International Workshop on Laser Plasma Interaction, Indore Inferencing in Expert Systems - An Application", ibid. (1989) (Invited Talk) Jayarajan, K. and Pal, P.K., "Kinematics and Dynamics of a Pant, H.C., "Density Profile Modification in Intense Laser Five-Axis Servo Robot: Implementation and Experiments", Plasma Interaction", Physics Sprint College, Trieste (1989) Fourth International Conference on CAD, CAM, Robotics (Invited Talk) and Factories of the Future", New Delhi (1989)

Dhareshwar, LJ., "Ablation Pressure Profile Smoothening Rastogi, Rashmi and Kaura, H.K., "Educational Packages in Laser Irradiated Targets", Int. Workshop on Laser Plasma Development using Computer Animation", Asian Regional Interaction, Indore (1989) (Invited Talk) Conference on Educational Technology, Trivandrum (1989)

Verma, R.L., "Fabrication of Glass Microballoons for Laser Gupta, J.D., Jain, S.K., Naik, K.V., Suman Kumari, B. and Plasma", VI Natl. Seminar on Advanced in Glasses and Phatak, R.V., "PC-Based 8-Parameter Data Acquisition Ceramics, Indore (1989) (Invited Talk) System", National Symposium on Nuclear Electronics and Instrumentation, BARC (1989) Kukreja, L.M., "Laser Tissue Interaction", IEEE Nat. Sym- posium on Lasers in Engg. and Medicine, Trivandrum (1989) Gupta, J.D., Jain, S.K. and Suman Kumari, B., "PC-Based (Invited Talk) Data Station for DSC", Convention of Computer Society of India, Bangalore (1989) Kukreja, L.M., "Lasers in Medicine & Surgery", IIIPA/ DST Symp. on Laser Applications, Varanasi (1989) (Invited Mishra, V.M., Singhal, R.L., Nandane, A.A., Geetha, V. Talk) and Mahajan, M.D., "Our Experiences in the Design of Wilk- inson Type ADCs", National Symposium on Nuclear Elec- Mahajan, S.M. and Shouche, S.P., "Efficient Utilization of a tronics and Instrumentation, Bombay (1989) Flexible Parallel Architecture for Complex Scientific Problems", Workshop/Conference on Issues in Parallel Proc- Mishra, V.M., "Computer Vision-Proposed System, Emerg- essing, Bangalore, 1989 ing Techniques and Problems", ibid.

Srinivas, K., Mahajan, S.M. and Kaura, H.K.," Design of a Mishra, V.M., Nandane, A.A. and Singhal, R.L., "On the Vectorizing FORTRAN Compiler", ibid. Design of Nano Second Delay Systems", ibid.

23 Mishra, V.M., "Interfacing an ADC to PDP 11/23 Com- for the Interpretation of Electroencphalograms", BARC- pouter", ibid. 1475,1989

Mishra, V.M., Rajput, L.S., Nandane, AA., Geetha, V. and Falguni Roy, "Autoregressive Feature Extraction for Seis- Singhal, R.L., "Personal Computer Analyser (PCA) - A mic Source Identification", BARC-1475,1989 Designer's Point of View", ibid. Nair, GJ., "PDP 11/34 Based Microseismic Monitoring Sys- Mishra, V.M., Rajput, L.S., Singhal, R.L., "PC Based Data tem for Kolar Gold Fields", World Meeting on Acoustic Acquisition and Control System for Study of Materials under Emission, Char Lohe, North Carolina (1989) High Pressure", ibid. Nair, GJ., "Use of Lattice Filters for Signal and Image Proc- Mishra, V.M., Rajput, L.S., Veerbahu, N. and Khandwe, essing", National Symposium on Image Processing in Materi- A.L.", Design of a Vision System for Material Handling", als Science and Other Disciplines, BARC (1989) National Symposium on Image Processing in Materials Sci- ence and other Discpilines, Bombay (1989) Nair, GJ., "Isolation of Signals", Symposium on Geomag- netics and Aeronomy in Nineties", Bombay (1989) Mishra, V.M., "Spinoff Technologies and their Transfer from Bhabha Atomic Research Centre", ICICHTCOT Murthy, G.S. and Kumar Vijai, "Wave Propogation with Seminar on Role of Technology Financing and Information Kinetic Discontinuity along Non-Ideal Interface of Two in the Development of Small and Medium Industries, Homogenous Elastic Half-Spaces", BARC-1491,1989 Madras (1989) Sharma, R.D., "Magnitude and Frequency of Earthquakes Banghar, A.R., "Mechanism Solution for Nepal-Bihar in Relation to Seismic Risk", BARC-1485,1989 Earthquake of August 20,1988", BARC-1459,1989 Arora, S.K., Chandrasekhar, K. and Verma, U.S.P., Gangrade, B.K., Prasad, A.G.V., Unnikrishnan, E., Chan- "Indigenous Development of a Radio Telemetered Seismic drasekhar, B., Subbarabu, K.R. and Sharma, R.D., "Earth- System for Microearthquake Investigations", ISET Silver Ju- quakes for Peninsular India : Data from Gauribidanur Seis- bilee National Symp., Roorkee (1989) mic Array for the Period January 1987 - December 1988", BARC-1454,1989 Arora, S.K., "Why is it Difficult to Predict an Earthquake?", 2001 incorporating Science Today, 22(3), 94 (1989) Unnikrishnan, E. and Subbaramu, K.R., "Chinese Earth- quake of November 1988", BARC/I-983, 1989 Arora, S.K., Gangrade, B.K., Krishnan, C.A. and Kolvankar, V.G., "Seismic Investigations in the Bhatsa Falguni Roy, "Depth Phase Identification by Prediction Error Dam Region of Western Maharashtra", Seminar on Earth- Filtering I - Analysis of Synthetic Explosion Signals", Phys. quakes, Processes and their Consequences - Seismological In- Earth and Planet Inter., 54,210 (1989) vestigations, Kurukshetra 1989

Falguni Roy, "Depth Phase Identification by Prediction Error Kolvankar, V.G., Nadre, V.N. and Rao, D.S., "Instrumen- Filtering II - Analysis of Some Presumed Explosion Signals", tation for Wireless Telemetered Seismic Network at Bhatan- ibid. 54,231-240(1989) agar", National Seminar on Exploration Geophysics, Madras University, 1989 Falguni Roy, "A Parametric Model as a Potential Tool

24 2.1 Basic Chemistry The first direct evidence for the formation of uranium(v) in the photoreduction of Basic research in front-line areas of materi- uranium(IV) in aqueous solution was obtained, als science, chemical dynamics, radiation and and the optical and electrochemical properties of photochemistry, molecular beam chemilumi- the uranium(V) carbonate complex formed were nescence, isotope effects, interfacial phe- determined. nomena, organometallic and metal organic chemistry, etc. was carried out. However, consider- Sorption of uranyl ions on hydrous oxides able attention was also devoted to applied re- in presence of sulphate and other anions has search such as development of high Tc supercon- been explained in terms of surface hydrolysis ducting materials, catalyst development, devel- model on the basis of the existence of a opment of other high technology materials, cold hitherto unknown hydroxosulphate complex fusion studies, nuclear reactor-related problems, (UO2)2(OH)2(SO4) in solution. etc. Based on studies of ion-solvent and sol-

The single phase compound, Bi17Pb03- vent-solvent interactions in ion exchange resins Ca2Sr2Cu3Ox, with a critical superconducting using hydrogen isotope effects in the dehydra- temperature (T^ of 120 K was successfully tion of resins at different temperatures, a mo- synthesised. Neutron profile refinement on this lecular level theory which could explain ion ex- compound revealed some unique features. changer selectivity for alkali metal cations has been formulated. These results give a better in- The superconducting compounds in the sight into the properties of electrolyte solutions series Bi2Ca,.xYxSr2Cu2O7 (x = 0 to 1) showed and, in particular, vapour pressure-isotope an inverse correlation between Tc and the extent effects in aqueous electrolyte solutions at of oxygen pairing in the Bi-O layers. different temperatures.

Replacement of strontium (Sr) by latha- Analysis of thermodynamic data on num tto the extent of 10% enhanced the Tc from iron(II) compounds, Fe(bt)2 (NCS)2 and 80 K to 100 K in (Tl/Pb)CaSr2Cu2O8. Fe(bt)2(NCSe)2 (bt = 2,2'bithiazoline) which show discontinuous type of spin state transitions, A tetragonal superconducting compound and Fe(bts)2(NCS)2 (bts = 2,2'bi (5-methyl CaBaLaCu3O7 (Tc = 80 K) has been synthesised thiazoline) which show continuous type of spin and its structural aspects have been studied. state transition, suggests for the first time, that continuous type of spin state transition results A process has been developed for the syn- when cooperative interaction between molecules thesis of Tl-2223 single phase compound which is weak. showed a record high Tc of 129 K. Noble metal based catalysts capable of The temperature dependence of resistivity retaining their activity in the presence of water of the superconducting compound YBa2Cu3O7.x have been developed to facilitate rapid reaction of above its Tc has been explained as being a hydrogen with oxygen under ambient temperature consequence of the reduction of copper 3d-holes and pressure, for the quick removal of hydrogen by electrons generated due to the loss of lattice likely to be released in nuclear power plants oxygen atoms, and it can be expressed by modi- under accident conditions involving loss of fied Bloch equation. coolant.

25 Infrared laser chemistry was extended to pounds were prepared and characterised, and sensitised reactions of strained molecules like supplied to various users for the research and ethylene oxide, and surface-catalysed decom- development activities. The thermoluminescent position of molecules like 1,2-dichloroethane on phosphor CaSO4:Dy (6 kg) used for radiation barium sulphate. It was observed, for the first dosimetry was prepared. The import of this time, that absorption of CO2 laser radiation by material would have cost about Rs. 15 lakhs in the catalyst surface induced decomposition of foreign exchange. the adsorbed gas. Investigations on the photochemistry of substituted quinones, and molecular During the year, work has been initiated beam chemiluminescence studies of reactions of on (1) adiolytically generated metal atoms clus- samarium and brominated hydrocarbons have ters, (2) radiation damage studies on candidate yielded interesting results. materials for the first wall in fusion reactors, and (3) studies on cold fusion. Some encour-aging The reactions of a number of laser dyes results have been obtained on cold fusion. such as coumarins, biological molecules such as bilirubin, radiation sensitising drugs like phe- Structural elucidation of alkali metal nothiazine, and vinyl monomers with radiolytically monouranates with the incorporation of small produced primary species and other radicals amounts of alkaline earth elements has been car- were investigated on nano and microsecond time ried out with a view to understanding the scales by pulse radiolysis technique. Basic re- chemical state of irradiated fuels. search on heterogenous catalysis in CO oxidation and hydrogenation reactions, studies on catalysts The characteristics of molecular ions developed for the recombination of CO and O2 in formed in a spark ion source have been investi- CO2 lasers, radiation damage studies on metals gated using several matrices including nuclear and alloys, development of coatings for various fuel materials. applications such as candidate materials for fusion reactors, superconducting materials, insu- 2.2 Applied Chemistry lating laysers for semiconductor devices, etc. are being carried out. The most important contribution was successful demonstration of electrolytic cold fusion. A multistream hydrogen monitor to detect In a Pd;PtA).l N LiOD (in D2O) cell charged for the hydrogen level in excess of 4% in the air has about 15 days, neutron emission in several bursts, been successfully designed and fabricated for initially at " 2 hr gaps and, subsequently at shorter Heavy Water Plants. intervals, was seen/The signal to background ratio was as high as 2000 and a correlation between the A gas chromatograph capable of separat- cathode potential and burst neutron emission was ing hydrogen and tritium isotopes has been fabri- observed. cated for use in the production of tritium with high specific activity. Complexes of Al with several monocar- boxylic acids, viz., glycine, picolinic acid, trieth- A scanning Electron Microscope has been ylene tetramine hexaacetic acid, etc., were inves- procured and commissioned, which should go a tigated by NMR technique to understand the long way in providing a vital probe for various stereochemical aspects. Investigations on com- surface studies in material science programme, plexes of Al, Co, Ni, Zn and Fe with 1:1 including radiation damage studies. diphosphonic acid were carried out in order to understand mechanism of corrosion inhibition by Several special and high purity com- phosphonates. One of them, viz.,l-hydroxy

26 ethylidene 1:1 diphosphonic acid was evaluated Diffusion of activated corrosion and for its potential use as a practical corrosion in- erosion products in steam generator tube mate- l33 hibitor. rials and release of Xe from sintered UO2 pellets of varying particle sizes were carried out. Thermodynamic studies on both two and pH of aqueous solutions of different acid base three centered systems were continued.Vapour mixtures such as boric acid.lithium pressure measurements on liquid palladium, palla- hydroxide,potassiuin hydroxide, etc at reactor dium-platinum, etc., were made using Knudsen operating temperatures were calculated from cell.Phase diagram of the quasibinary system Ag- thermodynamic data available in the literature. TeO2 was studied. Some of these formed part of Computation on activity transport 'Phase Diagrams Assessment Programme' spon- measurements,and experiments on pH potential sored by the International Commission on Alloy response of oxide membranes were continued. Phase Diagrams. Studies on surface charge characterisation of nickel turbidity,electrochemistry of Cu(II) species Crystal structure of metallo-organic com- in presence of 1-dimethyl amino-2-propanol, etc pounds, such as methyl (diphenyl 2-pyridyl were also pursued. phosphine ) (rj2 -2- pyridyl diphenyl phosphine ) Platinum (II) tetra phenyl borate and u- chloro u A dilute chemical formulation was devel- ethyl mercapto dichloro bis (dimethyl phenyl oped for removal of radioactive corrosion and phosphine)di Palladium(II) were elucidated. fission product deposits from surfaces imposed Computer codes for easier identification of com- in the PHT system of nuclear reactors. The pounds from JCPDS powder diffraction data efficency of this was demonstrated using contami- were tested. nated metal test coupons withdrawn from the MAPS-II PHT system. Various aspects of macrofouling, marine biofouling, biofilm formation and microbiologi- Investigations were carried out on the cally induced corrosion were pursued. Investi- stability of lithium pentaborate decahydrate gations on biofouling pertained to settlement from the point of view of its use in NAPP secon- of barnacle cyproids on different metal dary shut down system. The possibility of radi- surfaces,response of various organisms to chlori- olytic generation of deuterium beyond the safe nation and heat treatment, and microfouling in limit due to air ingress arising because of changes coastal waters. Investigations were continued to in operating conditions in MAPS was evalu- be done on water quality of cooling water at ated. The chemistry control parameters in both both FBTR cooling tower & MAPP jetty to en- the primary and secondary side of the proposed sure smooth operation of the system.Effects of 500 Mw(e) unit were scrutinized. chlorination on sea water at Bombay harbour and at MAPS were studied to determine kinetics of 2.3 Fuel Chemistry chlorine uptake. Laboratory scale studies on the preparation The sol-gel process used in the preparation of advanced fuels have resulted in the successful of fuel microspheres is being exploited to suit the development of internal gelation process for the conventional ceramic technology, and high purity preparation of thorium oxide based fuel materials alpha alumina powder has been prepared. High in the form of microspheres. This process can temperature yttrium-barium-copper oxide based also be used for the preparation of mixed thorium, superconducting ceramic powders were also pre- uranium oxide microspheres. The work on carbon pared using sol-gel process. dioxide gel particles has been extended to mixed

27 uranium-plutonium-carbon gel particles which spark source mass spectrometer has been used could be used in the preparation of MOX pellets. for the determination of trace amounts of boron in special steel samples used as reactor materials. Additional quantities of 233U metal Trace constituents, particularly boron in ^U required for Kamini reactor have been prepared. fuel materials, have also been determined using this instrument. Kinetics studies on the oxidation of UN microspheres have been carried out under non- 240pu/239pu atom ratjo js reqUired for isothermal heating conditions. The formation of the determination of plutonium concentration uranium nitride as an intermediate was identified by isotope dilution alpha spectrometry (IDAS) by X-ray diffraction studies. Reaction models were and is generally determined by thermal ionisation suggested to explain the mechanism. mass spectrometry (TIMS). With an objective to obviate the need of TIMS for 24OPu/23^Pu atom With a view to widening the scope of the ratio, experiments have been carried out using existing methods for chemical quality control of the recently introduced passivatcd ion im- nuclear fuel materials, a new method for the planted detectors (IPE) for high resolution determination of uranium employing biamper- alpha spectrometry for resolving the close lying ometry has been developed. Different experi- alpha energies of 239Pu (5.155 MeV) and 2*°?u mental parameters have been investigated for the (5.168 MeV). The preliminary results obtained sequential determination of thorium and pluto- are encouraging and these IPE detectors ap- nium from the same solution. Chemical analy- pear promising for resolving other close lying par- sis of non-metallic impurities like carbon, hydro- ticle energies of 233U, 234U, ^Pu and 241Am. gen, oxygen and nitrogen and total gas content has been carried out routinely on fuel materials. Investigations on the uptake of plutonium from alkaline carbonate/bicarbonate media Preliminary investigations confirmed the by organic/inorganic ion exchangers have shown feasibility of using rubidium uranium sulphate as encouraging results indicating the feasi-bility of a chemical assay standard in nuclear materials removal of plutonium from aqueous carbonate accounting and chemical quality control pro- streams of reprocessing plants. gramme. A statistical evaluation of the standard for assigning a value of the uranium content is Plutonium recovered and purified from fuel underway. fabrication scrap has been converted to fuel grade oxide through oxalate route for recycling. The recently upgraded facility of thermal ionisation mass spectrometer coupled with vari- Information on inventory and distribution able multicolleclor system has been used for the of nuclear materials like plutonium, uranium determination of isotopic composition and con- and nuclear pure thorium is collected from vari- centration of a number of elements including B, ous DAE facilities and stored in a dedicated com- Zr, U and Pu. Methods have been developed puter, and monthly Inventory Status Reports from for the precise and accurate determination of the database are prepared. trace amounts of uranium in pure plutonium oxide and also of zirconium in U-Al-Zr alloy fuel A quality control study of the data per- samples. Quantitative determination of 233U in taining to 0.2% yield strength and percentage the slag obtained after the fabrication of 233U total elongation for zircaloy cladding tubes for fuels has been carried out for material accounting. BWR fuels were carried out using control chart techniques and some recommendations were The mukielemental analysis facility of suggested.

28 2.4 Radiochemistry fission of ^^f in different stopping media, were studied using radiochemical separation Investigations were carried out in basic nu- methods. Fission products formed directly in fis- clear chemistry with charged particle beams from sion were found to be more in reduced form. the Variable fenergy Cyclotron at Calcutta and the Pelletron at Bombay. Experiments were carried out to determine fission barrier heights and angular distribution Isomeric yield ratio of iodine-132 (meta- of fission fragments in the fission of lighter slable and ground state) has been determined elements in the rare earths region (which are radiochemically in the helium ion induced fission deformed nuclei in the ground states). Reliable of uranium-238 at various energies and the frag- and accurate measurements of fission barrier ment angular momentum has been found to in- heights in the lighter elements help in the under- crease with increasing input excitation energy and standing of the systematics of the fission process angular momentum. In alpha-particle induced fis- within the framework of the liquid drop model. sion of uranium-233, measurement on angular distribution of fission products with respect to Preliminary experiments were carried out alpha particle beam direction has helped in under- on the measurement of fission cross section and standing the stage at which the mass division of angular distribution of the fragments formed in the fissioning nucleus is decided. the interaction of 175Lu and I6O ions of energies 81, 85 and 91 MeV. The angular distribution Fast radiochemical separation methods was measured over the range of laboratory developed for Xe, Ba and Ce fission products angles from 17° to 90°. were utilized to obtain the fractional cumulative yields of 137"139Xe, 139'142Ba and 146>147Ce in A systematic study of the detector CR-39 the spontaneous fission of 252Cf providing data was carried out to determine the dependence of on different parameters of charge distribution. bulk etch rate (Vb), track etch \ ate (V,) and the 2 2 The time of descent from saddle to scission was alpha/fission branching ratio of ^ Cf on the found to increase with increase in the fissility gamma dose in the range of 0-53 M Rads. Vari- parameter. ation of track densities of fission fragment tracks and alpha particle tracks in the detector with etch- The ratio of the level density parameter for ing time was also studied for both gamma fission to neutron evaporation channels was irradiated detectors and unirradiated detectors. obtained by the study of mass distribution of 232Th The results indicated that etching time for the as a function of alpha particle energy. development of the fission fragment tracks in gamma irradiated detector is considerably Fission cross sections of 197Au with 40 reduced as compared to the unirradialed detector. Gamma irradiation of CR-39 tends to increase MeV, 50 MeV and 55 MeV helium ions were 252 measured by the 'Fission Track' technique as a the alpha to fission branching ratio of Cf from part of experiments to measure fission barriers the expected value of 32. This is most probably and fragment angular distribution over a wide due to the reduction of fission track density as a range of angles (18° to 90°). The values for the result of enhanced bulk-etch rate of the gamma fission cross sections obtained by this method were irradiated detectors. 187, 2190 and 3195 microbarns respectively, which agreed well with the earlier results. A fast slow coincidence setup was developed employing two 1.5"xl.5" Nal(Tl) detectors, The oxidation states of fission products of fast photomultiplier tubes and associated electron- I, Te, Tc, etc., formed in the spontaneous ics having a resolving time of 0.84 nanosecond for

29 22 the 511 keV annihilation gamma lines of Na. mixed compound of RbH2PO4 and NH4H2PO4 The time differential pertubed angular con-s- with We NH4H2AsO4. On gamma irradiation, 4 lation (TDPAC) of Hf-EDTA complex was stu- paramagnetic AsO4 ' was produced and it was died at room temperature as well as after heat- used as a probe to investigate the dielectric glass ing the complex to 160°C to reveal the nature of phase of the (Rb-NH4)H2PO4. The EPR studies chemical change that takes place during the eva- have clearly demonstrated the presence of a fluc- por-ation of 3.6 moles of water per mole. The tuation in the glass phase washing out the proton electric field gradients in both the cases were super hyperfine structure that was observed in the found to be sar.^, showing that the immediate respective 'pure' compounds. EPR studies were surrounding of the Hf nucleus remained un- also conducted on the phase transitions in KO2 by changed. monitoring the EPR of O2".

Doppler broadened annihilation radiation An ETA-AAS technique has been deve- (DBAR) spectra have been measured as a func- oped for determination of trace amounts of tion of temperature from 77K to 300K for uranium in plutonium solutions without prior several high Tc superconductors, namely, single chemical separation of the major matrix. Deter- phase YBCO, single and mixed phase Tl-Ca-Ba- mination of plutonium at trace concentration Cu-O and Bi-Ca-Sr-Cu-O compounds. The tem- levels has been carried out by ICP-AES technique. perature dependent parameters extracted from Chemical separation procedure using solvent the DBAR spectra respond to a change at the extration methods for the quantitative separation onset of superconducting transition. The obser- of rare earths from ThO2 have been standar- vations point to the involvement of oxygen dised. The systems used for extraction of valence electron in superconductivity. The solvent thorium are 0.1M HDEHP/Xylene/4M HC1 and extraction of uranium (VI) and plutonium (IV) 0.5M TOPO/Xylene/6M HC1. The quantitative with long chain dialkylamides and a branched extraction of thorium into organic phase was es- chain sulphoxide have been studied with a view to tablished by optical emission system. Aqueous using it for reprocessing irradiated fuels. The phase containing rare earth impurities was analy- actinide species extracted by Bis (2-ethyl hexyl) sed by both D.Carc-AES and ICP-AES sulphoxide were found to be disolvates and the methods. The methods developed are found to reactions to be enthalpy stabilised. be suitable for determining rare earths, viz., La, Ce, Dy, Er, Eu, Gd, Ho, Lu, Sm, Tb, Yb, Sc and The formation of two complexes, also Y in thoria samples by AES methods. + UO2(H2PO4 ) and UO2(H2PO4)2 has been established, the latter for the first time, in the 2.5 Analytical Chemistry study of the complexing of uranyl ion by phosphate in aqueous solutions. The electrochemically catalysed fusion of deuteron in metal lattices was intensively inves- EPR and TSL studies were conducted tigated using different materials for the cathode. on a variety of gamma irradiated solids con- Three aspects of the phenomenon were examined: taining uranium, like K^UO^SO/^.21^0, (i) generation of excess enthalpy, (ii) production 4 4 Rb2UO2(SO4)2.2H2O, U +:LiF, U *:LiYF4, of tritium and (iii) production of neutrons. Con- 5 2+ U +:LiNbO3 and UO2 :CaSO4. These studies trolled calorimetric measurements indicated a 70- lead to the identification of electron/hole traps 80% excess heat generation in the Palladium- and their role in thermally stimulated lumine- Platinum cell as opposed to the Platinum- scence processes. Platinum cell, using 0.1M LiOD as the electrolyte. Extended electrolysis with current pulsing EPR studies have been initiated on the showed significant tritium generation in some

30 cells with Pd cathodes,but no tritium was found ment of moisture in steam entering the turbine in cells with titanium or titanium-nickel memory from the point of efficiency and corrosion, (iii) alloys.Measurement of neutron emission from analysis of structural materials for Heavy Water the cells was monitored through 6Li scintillation Project, Hazira, to help establish the cause of as well as 3He detectors and through capture failure, (iv) gas chromatographic estimation of dis- gamma rays of gadolinium, with the HPGe and solved gases i' transformer oils, of carbide car- Nal(Tl) detectors. The neutron emission rates bon in A1N, h«- content in poison rods and hydro- were very low, with occasional 'bursts'. The carbons, helium, carbon dioxide and carbon results indicate that the tritium channel is monoxide in natural gas. favoured over the neutron channel, with the tritium to neutron branching ratio of the order of 108. Developments in analytical methodoli^es Tritium production was established in the same include : Preconcentration and determination of electrode on three successive occasions after Cr(VI) at ppb levels by ion exchange adsorption the electrodes were cleaned and recondi- and reflectance spectroscopy; determination of tioned and the tritium enhancement varied from hydrogen peroxide at 1-100 ppm by electro- 104 to 10. chemical method; determination of ppb levels of zinc, aluminium, vanadium in high purity gallium Characterisation of precursors of super- by spectrochemical methods and separation conducting oxides by Thermogravimetry and methods for magnesium from high purity Differential Thermal Analysis established the aluminium and fluoride from natural waters. presence of carbonates and basic carbonates in calcium-barium-copper-oxygen compound and The work on the construction of the yttrium-barium-copper-oxygen compounds at major facilities at the National Centre for levels not detected by X-ray diffraction, through Compositional Characterisation of Materials, quadrupole mass spectrometric mea-surements of Hyderabad, has been initiated following the the evolved gases. demarcation and isolation of the area and ground breaking in early September 1989. The Problems that have been referred for inves- experience gained from the clean laboratory mod- tigation and dealt with include (i) determination ule set up at Trombay has been incorporated of boron in heavy water for NAPP, (ii) measure- into the facilities of the ultra-clean laboratory.

31 — Publications «

Nayak, A.K., Karve, R.S., Sarkar, S.K., Rama Rao, K.V.S. Mukherjee, T., Beaumont, P.C. and Parsons, B, "Aspects and Mittal, J.F., "T/D Isotope Selectivity in CO2 Laser of the Oxidation of Naphthazarin as Studied by Pulse Radi- Induced Multiple Frequency Multiphoton Dissociation of olysis", J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1,84,3423 (1988) Trifluoromethane-T", Appl. Phys. B 49,139 (1989) Mukhfjee, T, Land, EJ., Swallow, AJ. and Bruce, J.M., Nayak, A.K., Sarkar, S.K., Karve, R.S., Parthasarathy, V., "One-Electron Reduction of Adriamycin and Daunomycin: Rama Rao, K.V.S., Mittal J.P., Chari, S.L.N.G.K. and Short Term Stability of the Semiquinones", Arch. Biochem. Venkitachalam, T., "Infrared Laser Multiple Photon Disso- Biophys., 272,450 (1989) ciation of Thiophene in the Gas Phase", ibid., B 48, 437 (1989) Gopinathan, C, "Radiation Processed Polymers as Bio- materials", Bull. Mater. Sci., 12,49 (1989) Nailc P.D., Pavanaja U.B., Sapre, A.V., Rama Rao, K.V.S., Mittal, J.P. and Iyer, R.M., "Chemiluminescent Reactions of Kapoor, S., Gopinathan, C. and Iyer, R.M, "Trapping and Some Bromine Containing Hydrocarbons with Samarium Reactivity of Electrons in Methanol-Isopropano! Glasses under Beam-Gas Conditions", J. Photochem. Photobiol A: Irradiated at 77K," J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 125, 91 Chemistry, 49,41 (1989) (1988)

Mukherjee, T., Mittal, LJ. and Mittal, J.P., "Evidence Kapoor, S., Gopinathan, C. and Iyer, R.M, "Reactions of for Intramolecular Energy Transfer in the Photodecom- Trapped Electrons in Methanol Isopropanol Glasses Irradi- position of Phenyialanine at Different pH", Indian J. Chem., ated at 77K", ibid, 130,409 (1989) 28 A, 932 (1989) Kumar, M, Rao, M.H, Moorthy, P.N. and Rao, K.N, Dhanya, S. and Bhattacharyya, P.K., "Photoionization of "Pulse Radiolysis Study of Initiation and Propagation in 2,2' Bipyridine in Aqueous Solution", J. Photediem. Photo- Radiation Induced Polymerisation of Cyclohexyl Meth- biol AiCbem., 47,313 (1989) acrylate", Radiat. Phys. Chem, 33,219 (1989)

Saini R.D., Bhattacharyya, P..K. and Iyer, R.M., "For- Kishore, K, Guha, S.N, Mahadevan, J, Moorthy, P.N. and mation and Isolation of Uranium (V) in the Photochemical Mittal, J.P, "Redox Reactions of Methylene Blue", ibid, 34, Reduction of Uranyl Ion in Aqueous Carbonate Medium", J. 721(1989) Photochem. Photobiol., 47,181 (1989) Mahadevan, J, Guha, S.N, Kishore, K. and Moorthy, Saini, R.D., Bhattacharyya, P.K. and Iyer, R.M., "Photo- P.N, "One Electron Reduction of Toluidine Blue: A Pulse luminescence Studies In the Uranyl-Carbonate System", ibid., Radiolysis Study", Proc. Indian Academy of Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 65 (1989) 12,49(1989)

Saini, R.D., Dhanya, S. and Bhattacharyya, P.K., "Laser Priyadarsini, K.I, Naik, D.B. and Moorthy, P.N, "Triplet Flash Photolysis of 2,2' Bipyridine Solution in Cyclohexane", State of Coumarin-153 Studied by Nanosecond Pulse Radi- ibid, 43,91 (1989) olysis", J. Photochem. Photobiol. A (Chem.) 46,239 (1989)

Hari Mohan, Moorthy, P.N. and Iyer, R.M., "Optical Priyadarsini, K.I, Naik, D.B. and Moorthy, P.N, "Studies Absorption and Emission Studies on Laser Dyes Incorpo- of the Triplet State if Coumarin Laser Dye by Pulse Radio- rated in NaHon Membrane", ibid., 49,395 (1989) lysis", Chem. Phys. Lett, 157,525 (1989)

Kapoor, S., Gopinathan, C, Mahal, H.S. and Iyer, R.M, Priyadarsini, K.I., Naik, D.B. and Moorthy, P.N, "Pulse "The Fluorescence of Tryptophan in N,N Dimethyl For- Radiolysis Studies on the Formation of Singlet Excited States mamide-Water Mixtures", Chem. Phys. Lett., 163,135 (1989) of Coumarin-153 in Cyclohexano Solutions", Radial. Phys. Chem. 33,381 (1989) Neta, P., Huie, R.E., Mosseri, S., Shastri, L.V., Mittal, J.P., Maruthamuthu, P. and Steenken, S., "Rate Conslants Thomas, V.G., Srivastava, S.B. and Moorthy, P.N., "Pulse for Reactions of Substituted Methylperoxy Radicals with Radiolysis Study of the Reactivity of Metal Complexes of Ascorbic Acid", J. Phys. Chem., 93,4099 (1989) DTP A with OH Radicals in Aqueous Solution", J. Radioanal.

32 Nucl. Chem. (Lett.), 136,443 (1989) Goyal, P.S., Chakravarthy, R., Dasannacharya, B.A., Desa, J.A.F., Kelkar, V.K., Manohar, C, Narasimha, S.L., Rao, Shoute, L.C.T. and Mittal, J.P., "A New Versatile Matrix K.R. and Valaulikar, B.S., "SANS from Micellar Solutions of for Spectroscopic Studies of Cations: Perfluoro-2-Mclhyl CTAB and Sodium Salicylate", Physica B., 156 and 157, 471 Tetrahydrofuran", Spectrochimica Acta. A: Mol. Spcctr., 45A, (1989) 863(1989) Gupta, N.M., Kamble, V.S., Kulshreshlha, S.K. and Iyer, Kunjappu, Joy T, Somasundaram, P. and Turro, NJ., R.M., "Hydrogen Adstates in Substituted Fe-Ti Intermetallics: "Enhancement and Shifts in Excited State Resonance A TDS Study", Catalysis Letters, 2,295, (1989) 2+ Raman Spectrum of Ru (bpy)3 in Anionic Micelles", Chcm. Phys. Lett., 162, 233 (1989) Mathur, B.S., Das, T.K. and Singh, A.J., "Direct Conversion of Uranium Tetrafluoride to Uranium Dioxide", J. Nucl. Mat. Munshi, H.B., Rama Rao, K.V.S. and Iyer, R.M., "Rate Con- 161, 89 (1989) stants for the Reactions of Ozone with Nitriles, Acrylates and Terpenes in Gas Phase", Atmospheric Environment, 23, Gill, M.S., Sagoria, V.S. and Rao, G.S., "Volatile Com- 1945(1989) pounds of Diketone of U(IV) with Tetrahydrofuran Di- methoxyethane", Indian J. Chem., 28A, 977 (1989) Munshi, H.B., Rama Rao, K.V.S. and Iyer, R.M., "Char- acterisation of Products of Ozonolysis of Acrylonitrile in Visalakshi, R., Jain, V.K., Kulshreshtha, S.K. and Rao, Liquid Phase", Atmospheric Environment, 23,1971 (1989) G.S., "Preparation and Spectral Studies of Diorganotin (IV) Compounds Containing Neutral Bidentate Nitrogen Somasundaran, P., Kunjappu Joy T., Kumar, C.V., Turro, Donor Ligands", Indian J. Chem., 28A, 51 (1989) N.J. and Barton, J.K., "Excited State Resonance Raman Spectroscopy to Probe Alumina-Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Visalakshi, R., Jain, V.K., Kulshreshtha, S.K. and Rao, Hemimicclles", Langmuir, 5, 215 (1989) G.S., "Synthesis and Spectral Studies on Some Diorgano (Chloro) Tin(IV) Complexes Containing 2-Pyridyl Alcohols", Kunjappu, Joy T., and Somasundaran, P., "Tris (2,2'- ibid., 28A, 767 (1989) bipyridyl) Ruthenium (II) Chloride as a Probe of Adsorption Characteristic of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate on Alumina", Col- Jain, V.K., Sagoria, V.S. and Gill, M.S., "Molybdenum loids and Surfaces, 38, 305(1989) Carbonyl Complexes Containing 2-Thionyl Ph'^phine", ibid., 28A, 164 (1989) Somasundaran, P. and Kunjappu, Joy T., "Advances in Characterization of Adsorbed Layers and Surface Compounds Jain, V.K., "Synthesis, Reactivity and Redistribution Re- by Spectroscopic Techniques", Minerals and Metallurgical action of Homo-and Iletero- Binuclear Pd (II) and Pt (II) Processing, 5,66 (1988) Complexes", Proc. Indian Nat. Sc. Acad., 55,295 (1989)

Somasundaran, P. and Kunjappu, Joy T., "In-situ Investi- Jain, V.K., Karweer, S.B. and Iyer, R.K., "Complex of Al gation of Adsorbed Surfactants and Polymers on Solids in With Polyamino Carboxylic Acid, Al-27 NMR and Poten- Solution", Colloids and Surfaces, 37,245 (1989) tiometric Studies", Magnet. Reson. Chem., 27,328 (1989)

Kunjappu, Joy T. and Somasundaran, P., "Comments on the Jain, V.K., Patel, R.P., Muralidharan, K. and Bohra, R., Structure of Aggregates of Adsorbed Surfactants: the Surface "Dinuclear Palladium (II) Complexes With Bridging Mer- Charge Density at the Hemimicelle/Admicelle Transition", J. captogroups: X-ray Crystal Structure of Chioromarcapto Phys. Chem. 93,7744 (1989) Bridged Dimer", Polyhedron, 8,2151 (1989)

Mishra, B.K., Annaji Rao, K., Manohar, C. and Iyer, R.M., Parulckar, C.S., Jain, V.K., Das, T.K., Gupta, A.R., Hoskins, "Growth of Colloidal Particles in an Electrokinetic Separ- B.F. and Tienkink, E.R.I., "Structural Chemistry of ation Technique", Separation Science and Technology 24 247 Organotin Carboxylates II. The Crystal Structure (1989) of Dicarboxylato Tetraorgano Di-Stannoxane: n {[ Bu2Sn(O2CC5H4N)]2O}2", J. Organomet Chem., 372, Mishra, B.K., Valaulikar, B.S., Kunjappu, J.T. and 193(1989) Manohar, C, "Influence of Microemulsion Structure on Re- action Rates", J. Colloid Interface Sci., 127,373 (1989) Sastry, M.S. and Kulshreshtha, S.K., "Synthesis and Char-

33 acierisation of Binuclear Dicwo Mo(V) Hypophosphite", krishnan, I.K., Sastry, P.V.P.S.S., Yakhmi, J.V. and Iyer, Transition Metal Chem., 14,248 (1989) R.M., "Fluctuation Induced Excess Conductivity in 8", PhysicaC, 159, 797(1989) Sastry, M.S. and Kulshreshtha, S.K., "Thermal Decom- position of Mo(V) Thioglycolate -2 Hydrate", Thermochimica Sastry, P.V.P.S.S., Yakbmi, J.V. and Iyer, R.M., "Super- Acta, 146,95(1989) conducting Behaviour of O2 Solid State Commun., 71,935 (1989) Gupta, S.S., Gokhale, Y.W. and Singh, AJ., "Extraction of Li from Lepidolite", Indian J. Tech., 27,47 (1989) Gopalaftrishnan, I.K., Sastry, P.V.P.S.S., Rajagopal, H., Sequeira, A., Yakhmi, J.V. and Iyer, R.M., "Effect of Argon Phatak, G.M., Gangadharan, K. and Rao. G.S., "Electro- Annealing and Subsequent Oxygen Annealing on the chemical Extraction of Ga from Alkaline Gallate Solution", Superconductivity and Structure of Tl2CaBa2Cu2Og", Transaction ofSAEST, 23(4), 287(1988) Physica C, 159,811 (1989)

Mathur, B.S., Suryanarayana, P., Bhatt, K.B., Shelar, K.L. Iyer, R.M., Phatak, G.M., Gangadharan, K., Sastry, M.D., and Singh, AJ., "Synthesis of Bulk Polycrystalline InP", Bull. Kadam, R.M., Sastry, P.V.P.S.S. and Yakhmi, J.V., "Super- Electrochemistry, 5(5), 379 (1989) conducting Transition Temperature of Single-Phase Tl- 2223: RoleofCa-Vacancies and Tl-Contcni", ibid., 160, 155 Gupta, S.S. and Singh, AJ., "Large Scale Preparation of (1989) CaSO4: Dy Phosphor", Bull. Electrochemistry, 5(7), 545 (1989) Raj, P., Sathyamoorthy, A., Krishnan, R. and Laridjani, M., . "Amorphous Sputtered ZrjoFegg Foil: Surface Degrad- Mathur, B.S. and Singh, A.J., "Preparation of Quadruple ation", J. Mag. and Magn. Mat., 81,147 (1989) Zone Refined Cadmium", Indian J. Tech. 27,47 (1989) Anand, M.S., Pande, B.M. and Agarwala, R.P., "Recovery of Plastically Deformed A-203 Steel", Phys. Stat. Solidi (A), 114 Govindrajan, K., Chandrashekar, N.V. F G.V.N., Singh, (1989) A.J. and Iyer, R.M., "Synthesis and Singl ryslal Growth of GaP by Liquid Encapsulation Vertical Bri ,.nan Technique", Kutty, A.P.G., Pillai, C.G.S., Karunakaran, C. and Vaidya, Bull. Mat. Sc, 11,269(1988) S.N., "Low Temperature Electrical Resistivity Studies and Search for Superconductivity in Ti-B System", Solid Suryanarayana, P., Bhatt, K.B. and Singh, A.J., "Rare State Commun. 70, 1123 (1989) Earth Intermetallics for Hydrogen Storage", Mat. Sc. Forum., 30,269 (1989) Srinivasan, M.P. and Vaidya, S.N., "Electrical Resistivity of Some La-Sr-Nb Oxides to 77K", Phase Transitions, 19, 107 Suryanarayana, P., Raj. P. and Sathyamoorthy, A., "Al- pha-hydride (FeQ gNiQ 2) TiHx Distribution and Manifes- (1989) tation of Dissolved Hydrogen", Mat. Res. Bull., 24,717 (1989) Srinivasan, M.P. and Vaidya, S.N., "Effect of Pressure on the Electrical Resistivity and Thermoelectric Power of the Com- Kulshreshtha, S.K., Pushpa, K.K., Rao, K.A. and Iyer, pounds Ba(Pbj_ Bi )O3 and KyBaj.y PDQ 5Q10 5O3 ", R.M., "On Activation of FeTi: Surface Effects", ibid., 24, 545 x x X ibid., 19,113 (1989) (1989) Srinivasan, M.P., Vaidya, S.N., Dhar, S.K., Malik, S.K., Sastry, P.V.P.S.S., Gopalakrishnan, I.K., Yakhmi, J.V. and "Effect of Pressure on the Electrical Resistivity and Seebeck Iyer, R.M., "Zero resistance at 120 K in Bi(Pb)-Ca-Sr-Cu- Coefficient of CePd B Alloys", High Temperature-High Oxide", PhysicaC, 157,491(1988) 3 x Pressures, 20,525 (1988) Pujari, P.K., Datta, T., Satyaprakash, Manohar, S.B., Gopala- Kutty, A.P.G. and Vaidya, S.N., "Effect of Pressure on krishnan, I.K., Phatak, G.M., Yakhmi, J.V., Sastry, P.V.P.S.S. the Thermoelectric Power and Resistivity of Some High-Tc and Iyer, R.M., "Nature of Superconducting Transition in Oxides", ibid., 20,525 (1988) High Tc Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O Compounds", Physica C, 159, 75 (1989) Dua, A.K., Pande, B.M. and Agarwala, R.P., "Deuterium Ion Bombardment of D.C. Sputtered Carbon Coatings", Srinivasan, R., Krishnan, H., Sankaranarayanan, V., Gopala-

34 Surface and Coalings Technology, 37,217 (1989) Sinha, B.K. and Kutty, A.PJ., "A New Technique for Chakroborty, R., Madhavrao, L., Paranjpe, S.K., Estimation of Density Scale Length of Laser Ftoduced Kulshreshtha, S.K., Sopor, A. and Howells, W.S.,"Magnetic Plasma", Nuclear Fusion, 28,922(1988) Structure of Fe08Mn02Sn (M=Mn/Co)", J. de-Physique, 49 C8,1113(1989)" Senoussi, S., Ouessena, M., Sastry, P.V.P.S.S., Yakhmi, J.V. and Campbell, I.A., "Magnetic Hysterisis of Supercon- Chakroborty, R., Mtdhavrao, L., Paranjpe, S.K., ducting GdBa2Cu3O7 to 1.8K", J. de Physique Colloque, C8, Kulshreshtha, S.K., Sopor, A. and Howells, W.S., "Magnetic 2163 (1988) Studies of Co0 5Zn0 5FeCrO4", ibid., 49, C8,1111 (1989) Yakhmi, J.V., Walia, Bhatia.S.N., Iyer, R.M. and Vajdya, M.A. and Jain, S.C., "Coordination Compounds of Campbell, I.A., "Thermopower Measurements on Cr-Al Rare Earth Cyanoacetates", Indian J. Chem., 28A, 135 (1989) Single Crystals in the Magnetic Triple Point Region", ibid., C8,217 (1988) Deshpande, S.G., Vaidya, M.A. and Jain, S.C., "Syn- thesis and Characterization of Thorium and Uranium Vaidya, S.N. andMayya, Y.S., The Role of Combined Elec- Cyanoacetates and Their Coordination Compounds", Proc tron-Deutron Screening in d-d Fusion in Metals", Pramana Indian Acad. Sci., 101,211 (1989) J. Physics, 33, L343 (1989)

Somasundaran, P. and Kunjappu, Joy T., "Multi- Iyer, R.M. and Yakhmi, J.V., Review Article in "Studies of Pronged In-situ Characterization of Adsorbed Surfactant and High Temperature Superconductors", Ed. A.V. Narlikar, Polymer Molecular Films at Solid-Liquid Interface Inno- Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York, 1989, p.320 vations in Materials Processing Using Aqueous, Colloid and Surface Chemistry", TMS publication, Las Vegas, 1989 Gopalakrishnan, I.K., Sastry, P.V.P.S.S., Phatak, G.M., Yakhmi, J.V., Iyer, R.M., Sequeira, A. and Rajagopal, H.,"On Sapre, A.V., "Chemical Oxygen Iodine Laser", ISRAPS Bul- the Synthesis of Single Phase 2122-Superconductors in the Bi- letin, 1(2), 6 (1989) and Tl- Systems and the Effect of Substituents on Their Superconducting Behaviour", High Temperature Supercon- Pal, H., "Can We Tell if Our Food is Irradiated?", ibid., 1 ducting Oxides TMS Volume, (Ed. S.H. Wang and A. Das (2), 2(1989) Gupta), Las Vegas, 1989, p. 175

Mohan Hari and Moorthy, P.N., "Pulse Radiolysis Investi- Shastri, L.V., "Pulse Radiolysis of Nitric Acid Solutions: Re- gations on the Oxidation of lodobenzene in Aqueous Solu- activity of NO3 Radicals with Alcohols", Proc. Symp. tions", Radiat. Phys. Chem., 33,211 (1989) Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry, Kalpakkam, 1989, RC 30-1 Hari Mohan and Iyer, R.M., "G-radiation Induced Poly- merisation of Methyl Methacryla^s in Aliphatic Hydro- Chowdhury, P.K. and Wolfrum, J., "Zeit Aufgeloste carbons: Kinetics and Evidence for Incorporation of Beobachtung Von OH-Und Benzul-Radikalen Aus Der In- Hydrocarbon in the Polymer", Radiat. Phys. Chem., 34, 829 fraroi Multiphotonen Dissociation Von Benzyl Alkohol", (1989) Proc. of Bunsentagung-1989, Siegen, 1989

Luthra, J.M. and Gupta, N.M., "Thermally Stimulated Chowdhury, P.K. and Wolfrum, J., "IR Muhiphoton Dissocia- Luminescence", Vaigyanik,20(l), 15 (1989) tion Kinetics of Benzyl Alcohol: Realtime LIF Detection of Nascent Oil Rovibrational Distribution and Benzyl Radicals", Karve, R.S., Nayak, A.K., Sarkar, S.K., Rama Rao, K.V.S. Proc. Second Int. Conf. on Chemical Kinetics, Washington, and Mittal, J.P., "Selectivity Enhancement in Tritium 1989 Isotope Separation by Multiple Frequency Multiphoton Dissociation of CTF3/CHF3 System', Appl. Phys. B, Laser Nandan, Deoki, Vaze, P.K. and Iyengar, P.K., "Tritium Chemistry, 49B, 571 (1989) Fractionation Accompanying Water Sorption by Ion Exchange Resins", Proc. Natl. Symp. on Heavy Water Technology, Agarwala, R.P., Anand, M.S. and Pa.nde, B.M., "Fast Neutron Bombay, 1989, CA-14 Irradiation of A-203 Steel: Recovery Studies", J. Nucl. Mat., 163,242(1988) Gupta, N.M., Belapurkar, A.D., Mishra, Krishna and

35 Iyer, R.M., "Development of Hydrophobic Catalysts for Deu- Alfred Gunasekaran, R., Gopalakrishnan, IK. and Yakhmi, terium Exchange Between Hydrogen and Water", ibid., C1-4 J.V., "The Effect of Partial Substitution Cations in Yttrium Sites in Y8M2Ba2Cu3O7 (M=Ca,Cd,Tb and Tl): Pillai, C.G.S. and George, A.M., "Phase Separation During Superconducting Behaviour and Phase Stability", ibid. Incorporation of Niobium in YBa2Cu3O7.", Proc. VIINatl. Symp. Thermal Analysis, Srinagar, (1989), 400 Bhatia, S.N., Walia, R., Gopalakrishnan, I.K., Sastry, P.V.P.S.S., Yakhmi, J.V. and Iyer, R.M., "Paraconductivity Mishra, N.C. and George, A.M., "Thermo Analytical Charac- and Thermopower of TI2CaBa2Cu2Og", ibid. terization of the Synthesis of YAG by Chemical Method", ibid., 162 Kadam, R.M., Sastry, M.D., Phatak, G.M. and Iyer, R.M., "EPR Studies of (CUO)Q 5^0^05 System", ibid. Mishra, N.C. and George, A.M., "Investigation on the ZrO2- La2O3 Phase Diagram in the ZrO2-rich Region", ibid., 163 Sathyamoorthy, A., Suryanarayana, P. and Raj, P., "Acid Hydriding of Ternary Oxides FeTii+xOy: Mossbauer Stud- Pujari, P.K., Manohar, S.B., Datta, T. Satyaprakash, ies", ibid., 32C, p 322 Gopalkrishnan, I.K., Sastry, P.V.P.S.S., Pbatak, G.M. and Iyer, R.M., "Doppler Broadened Positron Annihilation Stud- Rao, K.S., Goya!, P.S., Dasannacharya, B.A., Kelkar, V.K. and ies in YBa2Cu3O7.x", Proc. Solid State Symp., Bhopal, 1988, Manohar, C, "Critical Scattering from Triton X-100", ibid. 31C,223 Agarwala, R.P., Dua A.K. and Pande, B.M., "Surface Ion Chakraborty, R., Madhavrao, L., Paranjpe, S.K. and Damage of Refractory Coatings", Proc. Indo-German Kulshreshtha, S.K., "Semi Spin Glass Behaviour of Seminar on 'Trends and Techniques in Modern Materials Co0 5Zn0 5FeCrO4", Proc. Vth International Conf. on Research, Kalpakkam, 1987, IGCAR, Report No. 99C Ferrile, Bombay, (1989) (1988), p. 152

Bhatt, R., Keer, H.V., Raj, P., and Sathyamoorthy, A., "For- Kumar, Manmohan and Rao, M.H., "Radiation Copoly- mation of Spinels from Cerium and Europium Ferro- mcrisation of Methyl Methacrylate with Methacrylic Acid and cyunides", ibid. Acrylic Acid. An Easy Method for Reactivity Ratio Deter- mination", 7th International Meeting on Radiation Process- Mukhopadhyay, R., Dasannacharya, B.A., Nandan, D. and ing, Netherlands, (1989), S16 Singh, AJ., "Real Time Deuteron Loading Investigation in Pd Using Neutron Diffraction", Solid State Symp., Madras, Palit, D.K., Pal, II., Mukherjee, T. and Mittal, JJ>., "Fluo- 1989,32C, 45 rescence Quenching of 1,4 Disubstituted Anthraquinones by Benzene", XlVth International Photochemistry Confer- Chaplot, S.L., Dasannacharya, B.A., Mukhopadhyay, R., ence, Beijing, 1989 Rao, K.R., Vijayaraghavan, Iyer, R.M., Phatak, G.M. and Yakhmi, J.V.,"IneIastic Neutron Scattering from Saini, R.D., Bhattacharyya, P.K. and Iyer, R.M., "Flash Tl2CaBa2Cu2O8+", ibid., 32C, 178. Photolysis of Uranyl Tricarbonate Complex in Aqueous Bicar- bonate/Carbonate Medium", ibid. Ajaykumar, K.S., Sastry, M.D., Phatak, G.M. and Iyer, R.M., "Chemical Effect of Hydrogen on the Superconductivity by Mohan Hari and Moorthy, P.N., "Pbotosensitised Poly- EPR Investigation", ibid., 32C, 179 merisation ofAcrylamide in Aqueous Solutions", ibid.

Kulshreshiha.S.K. and Jayakumar, O.D., "Hydriding Charac- Priyadarsini, Id., Naik, P.D. and Moorthy, P.N. "Triplet teristic of Pd Doped Fe0 9Mn0^Ti", ibid., 32C, 323 State of 7-Amino Coumarin Laser Dyes Studied by Nano- second Pulse Radiolysis", ibid. Chakraborty, R., Madhavrao, L., Paranjpe, S.K., Kulshreshtha, S.K. and Roy, S.B., "Pertubed Megnetic Dhanya, S and Bhattacharyya, P.K., "Laser Photochemistry Ordering in Disordered ZnjjCoj.jjFeCrC^", iOid., 32C, 221 of 2,2' Bipyridine Solution", Int. Conf. Laser induced Chan., Bechyne, 1989 Kulshreshtha, S.K., "On Mossbauer Spectral Analysis for Spin Orientation in Fe2As", ibid, 32C, 241 Lai, M., "Pulse Radiolysis Studies of the Repair of T-Butanol

36 Radical by Hydrogen Transfer from Thiols", Annual Con- Kulshreshtha, S.K.., "Applications of Mossaauer Spectro- vention of Chemists, Indore, 1989 scopy in Heterogeneous Catalysis", ibid., (Invited Talk)

Naik, P.D., Rama Rao, K.V.S. and Mittal, J.P., "Dehydro- Gupta, N.M., "Analytical Applications of Electron Spectros- chlorination by CO2 Laser Induced Catalytic Reaction", copies to the Study of Catalytic Systems", (Invited Talk) Second Laser Symposium on Lasers and Applications, Var- anasi, 1989 Gopinathan, C, "Recent Advances in Technology of Bio- gels", XII All India Convention of Biomedical Engineering Vatsa, R.K., Kumar, A., Chowdhury, P.K., Rao, Annaji, K. Soc. of India, 1988 (Invited Talk) and Rao, K.V.S. Rama, "IR Laser Induced Chemistry: Sensi- tised Decomposition of Ethylene Oxide", ibid. Singh, AJ., "Ultrahigh Purification of Semiconductor Ma- terials", Natl. Crystal Growth Conference IV, Mysore Univ., Shastri, L.V., "Radiation Chemistry (Lectures)", Work- 1989 (Invited Talk) shop on Radiochemistry and Applications of Radioisotopes, Bombay, 1989 Chowdhury, P.K., "Selective Unimolecular and Bimolecular Reactions Induced by Multiphoton Vibrational Excita- Vaidya, S.N., Kutty, A.P.G., Karunakaran, C. and Srini- tion", Katholieke Universiteit, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, vasan, M.P., "Effect of Pressure on the Electrical Resistivity of 1989 (Invited Talk) High Tc and Other Oxides", 12 AIR APT High Pressure Conference (27th EHPRG), Paderborn, 1989 Chowdhury, P.K., "Role of Vibrational Excitation in the En- hancement of Chemical Reactions", Laboratoire Aime COt- Kutty, A.P.G., Piilai, C.G.S., Karunakaran, C. and Vaidya, ton, Univ. Paris, France, 1989 (Invited Talk) S.N., "Low Temperature and High Pressure Resistivity Studies on TiBx Alloy", ibid. Chowdhury, P.K., "Rovibronic Spectroscopy of Transients Produced in Laser Induced Chemical Reactions", Labora- Venkataramani, B. and Iyer, R.M., "Novel Surface Chemical toire de Spectroscopie Hertzienne de FENS, Paris, 1989 Treatment to Improve the Quality of Sintered UO2 Pellets", (Invited Talk) Natl. Symp. on Uranium Technology, Bombay, 1989 Chowdhury, P.K., "Excited State Chemistry", Valaulikar, B.S., Mishra, B.K., Kelkar, V.K., Bhagwat, S.S. Nehru Centenary Celebrations, BARC, Bombay, 1989 and Manohar, C, "Effect of Adsorbates on the Intermicellar (Invited Talk) Interactions", 4th Natl. Conf. on Surfactants, Emulsions and Biocolloids Bombay, 1989 Panajkar, M.S., Moorthy, P.N. and Shirke, N.D., "Pro- gramming a Computer for on Line Data Acquisition and Mishra, B.K., Mukherjee, T., and Manohar, C, "Micro- Processing in Pulse Radiolysis Experiments. Spectrum Ac- emulsion Structure and Excimer Formation", ibid. quisition and Processing", BAR/I-1470 (1989)

Manohar, C, "Emerging Areas in Surfactant Science", ibid. Venkateswaran, G., Moorlhy.P.N., Venkateswarlu, K.S., Manohar, C, "Surfactants: Techniques, Systems and Appli- Guha, S.N., Yuvaraju, B., Datta, T, Iyengar, T.S., Panajkar, cations", ibid. (Invited Talk) M.S., Rao, K.R. and Kamal Kishore, "Burst Neutron Emis- sion and Tritium Generation from Palladium Cathode Dasannacharya, B.A., Goyal, P.S., Kelkar, V.K., Ma- Electrolylically leaded with Deuterium", BARC/I-1500 nohar, C, Rajagopalan, V., Rao, K.S. and Valaulikar, B.S., (1989) "SANS from Micellar Solutions", XXI-Natl. Seminar on Crys- tallography, BARC, 1989 Iyer, R.K., Karweer, S.B. and Jain, V.K., "Complexes of Alu- minium with Amino Polycarboxylic Acids: 27 Al NMR and Vaidya, M.A. and Jain, S.C., "Lanthanide Carboxylates of Potentiometric Studies", Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry, Potentially Tridentate Carboxylic Acids", Symposium on 27,328(1989). Modern Trends in Inorganic Chemistry', Bombay, 1989 Venkateswaran, G. and Venkateswarlu, K.S., " Theoretical Raj, P. "Mossbauer Spectroscopy: An Introduction to Basic Assessment of Channel Fission Gas Monitoring Vis-a-Vis Aspects Relevant to Catalysis", Fifth National Workshop cum Channel DN Monitoring for PHWR", Annals.of Nuclear Seminar, Bombay, 1989 (Invited Talk) F.nergyV, 16(3),139 (1989).

37 Wani, B.N., Patwc, SJ., Rao, U.R.K. and Venkates- During DTA Studies with Reactive Materials", ibid., p 44 warlu, K.S., "Fluorination of Oxides of Uranium and Thorium by Ammonium Hydrogen Fluoride", J.Fluorine Mathews, M.D., Mirza, E.B. and Momfn, A.C., "Dialato- Chemistry, 44,177 (1989). metric Studies of LaBa2Cu3_yMyOx", ibid., p 385.

Bharadwaj, S.R. and Chattopadhyay, G., "Characterization Mirza, E.B., Mathews, M.D. and Momin, A.C., "Thermo- of Silver Tellurtde", J.Solid State Chemistry, 80, 250 dynamic Studies of Cuo,Nio and LaBa2Cu3Ox in 8% H2- (1989). Air", ioid., pp 383.

Ramshesh, V., "Effect of Doping with Inactive Coball on Wani, B.N., Rao, U.R.K. and Venkateswarlu, K.S.,"Mode Solid State Exchange in Trisphenanthroline Co(III) Per- of Thermal Decomposition of (NH4)3NbOF6.1.5 H2O", chlorate Dihydrate", Nat.Acad.Sc.Lettcrs 8,351 (1989). ibid., p 159.

Ramshesh, V., "In the World of Basic-I", Science Reporter, Tyagi, A.K., Rao, U.R.K. and Venkateswarlu, K.S., "TG/

26,408(1989). DTA Study of Solid Solutions of KHF2 and NH4HF2", ibid., p 156. Ramshesh, V., "In the World of Basic-II", ibid., 26, 453 (1989). Tyagi, A.K., Rao, U.R.K. and Iyer, R.M., "Thermogravi-

metric Study of YBa2Cu3C>3F7 Decomposition", ibid., p 380. Ramshesh, V., "In the World of Basic-Ill", ibid., 26, 526 (1989). Nair, K.V.K., "Operational and Ecological Problems Asso- ciated with the Use of Coastal Waters as a Heat Sink of Ramshesh, V., "In the World of Basic-IV", ibid., 26, 550 Electric Power Plants", Nat.Seminar on Environment (1989). Impact Assessment of Coastal Tower Plants, Madras (1989).

Sriraman, A.K., "Use of Bromine as Biocide in Cooling Rajagopal, S., N^ir, K.V.F and Azariah Jaypaul, "Bivalve Waters", Nat. Symp. on Heavy Water Technology, Bombay Fouling Probrms in Sea Water Cooling Systems of Power (1989). Stations", ibid.

Sriraman, A.K., "Some Aspects of Sea Water Chlorination as Sasikumar, N., Azariah, Jaypaul and Nair, K.V.K., "Impact of Relevant to Coastal Waters of India", Specialists Meeting a Coastal Power Station on the Colonization of a Fouling on Marine Biodeterioration with Reference to the Power Community", ibid. Plant Cooling System, Kalpakkam, (1989). Nair, K.V.K., "Marine Biofouling and Allied Problems in the Satpathy, K.K. and Nair, K.V.K., "Hydrography and Chemical Condcnsor Cooling Systems of MAPS", Specialists Features of Kalpakkam Coastal Waters", Nat. Seminar on Meeting on Marine Biodeterioration with Reference to Environmental Impact Assessment of Coastal Power Plant, Power Plant Cooling Systems, Kalpakkam (1989). Madras, (1989). Satpathy, K.K., "Biofouling Control Measures in Power Kaimal, K.N.G., Naik, M.G., Paul, A.R. and Venkateswarlu, Plant Cooling Systems-A Brief Overview", ibid. K.S., "Post Irradiation Release Measurement of Gaseous Fission Products at Low Temperature and Estimation of Sasikumar, N., Azariah, Jay Paul and Nair, K.V.K., "Coloni- Surface Area of Nuclear Fuel Materials", Symp. on Post Irra- zation of Macrofoulants on Various Timbers", Workshop diation Examination in Nuclear Programme, Bombay, on Marine Wood Biodeterioration, Vishakapatnam (1989). (1989). Rajagopal, S., Nair, K.V.K. and Azariah Jaypaui, "Commu- Dharwardkar, S.R., Venugopal, V., Hilpert, K. and Koberlz, nity Pattern and Colonization of Fouling Organisms on D., "Phase Transitions in Mn for Temperature Calibration in Wooden Ponds at Edaiyar Backwaters", ibid. DTA", VII1*1 Nat. Symp. for Thermal Analysis, Srinagar, 1989, p 47 Momin, A.C., Mirza, E.B. and Mathews, M.D., "Bulk Ther-

mal Expansion Studies of BiCaSr2Ox and 222x Venugopal, V., Dharwardkar, S.R., Kobertz, D. and Xtn International Thermal Expansion Symposium, Hilbert, K., "Importance of High Purity Gas Environment U.S.A.(19S9).

38 Daud, M.B., Venkateswaran, G. and Venkateswarlu K.S., Momin. ., Mathews, M.D., Mirza, E.B. and Gopala- "Some Electrochemical Corrosion Characteristics of Ni-Re- krishnan, I.K., "Bulk Thermal Expansion Studies of the sistant Alloys in Sea Water with Different Prctreatmcnts", Superconducting Compound YBa2Cu3Oy", High Temper- Third Nat.Symp.on Operating Experiences of Nuclear ature Superconductivity: the First Two years", Ed: Robert Reactors and Power Plants, Bombay 1989, p. 259-261. M.Metzger; Gordon & Breach, New York (1988).

Venkateswaran, G., Venkateswariu, K.S. and Joshi, P.S., Prasad, R., Agarwal, Renu, Iyer, V.S., Roy, K.N., "Chemistry Behind the Decomposition P>v.>lems in a Waste Venugopal, V. and Sood, D.D., "Thermal Properties of Stripper Tower of Water-I^S F\ ,ange Process Based ^s2*--r2^7 Cs>') bv ^'8h Temperature Calvct Calorimetry", J. Heavy Water Plant", Nat.Symp.on Heavy Water Technology, Nucl. Mater., 167,261 (1989). Bombay 1989, p MI-5/1 Sampath, S., Kulkarni, N.K. and Jayadevan, N.C., "X-ray Das, P.C., "Zeta Potentials of Aqueous Dispersions of and Thermal Studies on Uranyl Acetates of Zinc, Magnesium st Composite Oxides/Ferrites and Effects of edl", I Nat. and Nickel", J. Thermal Anal., 35,1089 (1989). Conf. of Electrochemists, Karaikudi, (1989) Krishnan, K., Singh, K.D. Mudner and Jayadevan, N.C. Nair, K.V.K., "Status of Studies on Heavy Metals in Indian "Thermal and X-ray Studies on Double Sulphates of Coastal Waters and 'Mussel Watch Concept", Int. Uranium(IV) with Magnesium, Nickel, Copper and Zinc", J. Conf. on Marine Pollution, Parangipettai, (1989). Thermal Anal., 35,1083 (1989).

Satpathy, K.K., "Chlorination of Cooling Water and Resi- Rastogi, R.K., Mahajan, M.A., Chaudhuri, N.K. and dual Chlorine in Condensor Effluents", Nat. Conf. on Coastal Patil, S.K. "Determination of Fluoride by Radiometric Zone Management, Cochin 1989. Assay of 181Hf Back Extracted from HTTA in Benzene", J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Articles, 133,203 (1989). Rajagopal, S., Azariah, J. and Nair, K.V.K., "The Problem of Jelly Fish Fouling at a Power Station Intake", ibid. Subbanna, C.S., Ramakumar, K.L., Kavimandan, V.D., Raman, V.A., Sant, V.L. and Jain, H.C., "Degradation of Sasikumar, N., Nair, K.V.K. and Azariah, J., "Species Mass Spectrum due to Reflected Ions in Spark Source Mass Structures, Community Development and Zonation of Macro- Spcctrometry Employing an Electrical Detection System", foulants at Kalpakkam Power Plant Cooling System", ibid. Int. J. Mass Spcctrom. Ion P-. >c, 89,73 (1989).

Sasikumar, S., Nair, K.V.K. and Azariah, J., "Clam Ramakumar, K.L., Raman, V.A., Sant, V.L., Kavimandan, Resources of the Sadras Estuary with Special Reference to V.D. and Jain, H.C., "Determination of Trace Impurities in Meretrix Casts (Chemnitz)", Nat. Symp. on Natural Zircaloy-2 and Tellurium by Spark Source Mass Spectro- Resources and Their Conservation", Myladurai, (1989) metry", J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Articles, 125,467 (1988).

Rangarajan, S., Narasimhan, S.V. and Jayaraman, T.R., "An Datta, B.P., Sant, V.L., Raman, V.A., Subbanna, C.S. and Overview of High Temperature -High Pressure pH and Jain, H.C., "R.C. Spark Source Mass Spectrometric Studies of Potential Calculations-A Critical Evaluation", VIth Int. Molecular Ions", Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proa, 91, 241 Conf on Water Chemistry of Nuclear Reactor Systems, (1989). London (1989) Datta, B.P. andH.C. Jain, "Yield Distribution of Mn+Ions Chattopadhyay, G. and Bharadwaj, S.R., "Evaluated Phase due to a given Multi Isotopic Element (M) and given in the Diagrams of Binary Metal Tellurides", BARC-1449 (1989). Beam Produced from an R.F. Spark Ion Sources", Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proa, 91,229 (1989). Abubacker, K.M., Drona, B., Kalantre, A., Krishnan, N.S., Mehta, C.T., Pillai. B.P. and Pruthi, D.D., "Studies on the Dharwadkar, S.R., Hilpcrt, K., Kobcrtz, D., Venugopal, V., Preparation of High Purity Materials for Electronics Indu- Nickel, V. "Differential Thermal Analysis and Knudsen Effu- stry", B ARC-1439 (1989). sion Mass Spectrometry in the Determination of Phase Equilibrium Diagrams in Nickel Based Super Alloys", 6th Ramshesh,, V., Shanker, R. and Venkateswarlu, K.S., "Some International Conference on High Temperature Chemistry Aspects of Boron Chemistry", BARC/I-967 (1989). of Inorganic Materials Maryland, 1989

39 Iyer, V.S., Venugopal, V., Sood, S.S., "Thermodynamic Potassium Plutonium Sulphate : A Primary Chemical Studies on Rb2U4O12-Rb2U4O13 System", Actinides-89 Standard for Plutonium, ibid., (1989). Symposium, Tashkent 1989. Hasilkar, S.P., Manolkar, R.B., Keshav Chander and Patil, S.K., Chaudhuri, N.K. and Sawant, R.M., "Potentio- Marathe, S.G., "Dissolution of Pu-Al-Z.- Alloy for the Poten- metric Studies on the Aqueous Fluoride Complexes of tiometric Determination of Plutonium", ibid., (1989). Aciinides", ibid. Keshav Chander, Hasilkar, S.P. and Marathe, S.G., "Sepa- Kulkarni, S.G., Subbanna, C.S., Venkiteswaran, S., ration of Platinum from Plutonium-Platinum Solution", ibid., Venugopal, V. and Sood, D.D., "Vapour Pressure of Pd(g) (1989). Measured Over Pd(s) by Knudsen Effusion Mass Spec- trometry", International Symposium on Thermoche- Rastogi, R.K., Mahajan, M.A. and Chaudhuri, N.K., "Back mistry and Chemical Processes, Kalpakkam, 1989 Extraction of ^lfjf from its TTA-Complex in Benzene as a Sensitive Method for the Determination of Fluoride", ibid., Iyer, V.S., Venugopal, V., Misra, N.L., Chawla, K.L. and (1989). Sood, D.D., "Oxygen Potential Measurements Over A2U4°12(S>A2U4°J3(S) (A=Rb and Cs)", ibid. Sawant, R.M. and Chaudhuri, N.K., "Determination of Stability Constants of the Fluoride Complexes of Tetrava- Das, Smruti, Singh, Ziley, Prasad, R. and Sood, D.D., lent Uranium and Plutonium Using Fluoride Ion Selective "Gibbs Molar Free Energy of Formation of Lithium Chro- Electrode", ibid., (1989). mite", ibid. Nair, P.R., Lohitakshan, K.V., Mary Xaiver, Marathe, S.G. Charyulu, M.M., Ghadse. D.D., Joshi, A.R., Kadam, A.V., and Jain, H.C., "Determination of Uranium by Ti(III) Kasar, U.M., Pawar, S.M., Pius, I.C., Ray, M., Sagar, V.B. Reduction in Plutonium Based Fuels, ibid., (1989). and Sivaramakrishnan, C.K., "Recovery, Purification and Conversion of Plutonium from Fuel Fabrication Scrap Using Chaurasiya, G., Rao, Radhika, Gnanyyan, L. and Jain, Macroporous Anion Exchange Process", ibid. I I.C., "Simultaneous Analysis of Uranium and Plutonium by Thermal Ionisation Mass Spectrometry", ibid., (1989). Phal, D.G., Kannan, S. and Ramakrishna, V.V., "The Nature of Pu(IV) Complex Extracted by D2EHPA - A Struc- Chourasiya, G. and Jain, H.C., "Isotope Abundances of ture Evaluation", DAE Symp. On Radiochem. and Radi- Plutonium in Dissolver Solution of Irradiated Fuel by Alpha ation Cbem., Kalpakkam, 1989 Spectrometry", ibid., (1989).

Sagar, V.B., Oak, M.S., Pawar, S.M. and Sivaramakrishnan, Milhapara, P.D., Shivarudrappa, V., Marathe, S.G. and C.K., "Studies on the Recovery of 233TJ from phosphate Jain, H.C., "Studies on the Synergistic Effects on the Extra- Containing Analytical Waste using DBDECMP as Extrac- ction of Plutonium(IV) by Mono-Octylphenyl Phosporic Acid tant", ibid. (1989). (MOPPA)", ibid., (1989).

Chadha, A.K. and Jayadevan, N.C., "X-ray Studies on Na-Ba- Raghuraman, K., Lohithakshan, K.V., Nair, P.S., Jadhav, U-O System", ibid., (1989). A.V. and Jain, H.C., "The Extraction of Curium(III) from Nitric Acid by a Mixture of Di-2-Ethylhexyl Orthophosphoric Chawla, K.L., Misra, NX. and Jayadevan, N.C.; "Reactions Acid (HDEHP) and Phosphorus Pentoxide (P2O5)", ibid, of Sodium and Potassium Carbonates with Urania-Thoria (1989). Solid Solution", ibid., (1989). Vaidya, V.N., Mukerjee, S.K. and Sood, D.D., "Sol Gel Singh, K.D. Mudher, Khandekar, R.R., Krishnan, K. and Routes for Fuel Fabrication", National Conference on Jayadevan, N.C., "Solid State Reaction studies of Ammonium Nuclear Science and Technology in India - Past, Present and Sulphate with Tetrafluorides of Uranium and Thorium", ibid., Future, 7, (V.II), Bombay (1989) (1989). Marathe, S.G., Ramakumar, K.L. and Jain, H.C., "Chemical Singh, K.D. Mudher, Khandekar, R.R., Krishnan, K., Aspects of Quality Control of the Plutonium Based Fuel Misra, N.L., Jayadevan, N.C. and Sood, D.D., "Anhydrous Development Programme", ibid., (1989).

40 Ramakumar, K.L. and Jain, H.C., "Elemental Trace Analysis Chawla, K.L., Dahale, N.D. and Jayadevan, N.C., "X-ray, by Mass Spectrometry in Biosciences", Workshop on Thermal and Infrared Studies on Lithium and Sodium Uranyl Application of Mass Spectrometry to Organic Chemistry and Oxalate Hydrates", ibid, (1989). Biosciences, Gwalior, 1989, Paper 5, p. 20. Sinha, S.K., Muthe, K.P., Gadkari, S.C., Singh, K.D., Ramakumar, K.L., Chitambar, S.A., Khodade, P.S., Sabharwal, S.C. and Gupta, M.K., "Transformation among Parab, AR. and Jain, H.C., "Determination of 10B content Phases in Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O System", Solid State Physics in Nuetron Poison Boron in Heavy Water Moderator", Pre- Symposium, Madras (1989). prints Volume, National Symposium on Heavy Water Tech- nology, Bombay, 1989, Paper No. CA-3. Jayadevan, N.C. and Singh, K.D. Mudher, "Crystal Structure of Potassium Cerium(IV) Tetrasulphate, Venugopal, V., Dharwadkar, S.R., Kobertz, D. and K4Ce(SO4)4.2H2O", XXI National Seminar on Crystallo- Hilpert, K., "Importance of High Purity Environment graphy, Bombay (1989). During DTA Studies with Reactive Metals", 4th National Symposium on Thermal Analysis, Srinagar, 1989. Singh, K.D. Mudher, and Jayadevan, N.C., "Structure of a New Cubic Uranate Phase", ibid., (1989). Venugopal, V., Dharwadkar, S.R., Kobertz, D. and Hilpert, K., "Phase Transition in Manganese for Temperature Calibra- Kamath, R.V. and Pillai, K.T., "Preparation of Alumina tion in DTA", ibid. Powder by Alkoxide Sol-gel Method", 26th Convention of Chemists, Indore (1989). Iyer, V.S.. Agarwal Renu, Roy, K.N., Venugopal, V. and Sood, D.D., "Thermal Properties of Na2MoO4(s) and Kumar, N., Vaidya, V.N. and Sood, D.D., "Gelation Stud- Na2Mo2O7(s) by High Temperature Calvet Calorimetry in ies for the Preparation of Thoria Microspheres Using Internal the Temperature Range 325 to 760 K", ibid. Gelation Process", ibid., (1989).

Roy, K.N., Iyer, V.S., Venugopal, V., Venkiteswaran, S. Ramakumar, K.L., Chitambar, S.A., Aggarwal, S.K., and Sood, D.D., "Enthalpy Increment Measurements on Kavimandan, V.D., Raghuraman, K., Jadhav, A.V., NBS Alumina (SRM-720) by High Temperature Calvet Calo- Sivaramakrishnan, C.K. and Jain, H.C., "Mass Spectrometry rimetry", ibid. in Post Irradiation Examination of Nuclear Fuels", Symp. on Post Irradiation Examination in Nuclear Program, Preprints Tangri, R.P., Venugopal, V., Bose, D.K. and Sundaresan, M., Vol.II, BARC, Bombay, 1989, p. 173. "Standard Enthalpies of Formation of Sodium Molybdates, (NaMo3n+ j,n= 1,2,3 or 4) by Solution Catorimetry", ibid. Shivarudrappa, V., Patil, B.N., Marathe, S.G. and Jain, H.C., "Chemical Methods for the Determination of Compo- Ramarao, G.A., Jayanthi, K., Mukerjee, S.K., Vaidya, V.N. sition of Cryolite", BARC-1448 (1989). and Venugopal, V., "Oxidation Behaviour of U2N3", ibid. Singh, K.D. Mudher, Khandekar, R.R., Krishnan, K., Jaya- Shukla, N.K., Agarwal, Renu, Prasad, R., Roy, K.N., and devan, N.C. and Sood, D.D., "Chemical Aspects of Rubidium Sood, D.D., "Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation of Uranium Sulphate for its Use as a Chemical Standard for Nickel Telluride (Ni0 595Te0 405)", ibid. Uranium", BARC-1476 (1989).

Mukerjee, S.K., Dehadraya, J.V., Vaidya, V.N. and Sood, Sood, D.D., "Chemistry of Nuclear Fuels", 25th Annual D.D., "Kinetic Study of the Carbothermic Synthesis of Convention of Chemists", Calcutta, 1988, (Invited Talk) Uranium Mono Carbide Microspheres", ibid, (1989). Sood, D.D., "Sol-gel Process for Nuclear Fuel Fabrication - Mukerjee, S.K., Dehadraya, J.V., Vaidya, V.N. and Sood, Experience at BARC", International Conference on D.D., "Kinetics of Carbothermic Synthesis of UN Micro- Nuclear Fuel Fabrication, Bombay, 1988. (Invited Talk) spheres", ibid, (1989). Sood, D.D., "Chemical Characteristics of Nuclear Fuels", Sampath, S., Sali, S.K., Kulkarni, N.K. and Jayadevan, N.C., Indo-German Workshop on Techniques for Materials Chara- "Oxygen Chemical Diffusion Coefficients in (Thi-yUy)O2+x cteristics, Hyderabad, 1988, (Invited Talk) (Y = 0.95 and 0.85)", ibid", (1989).

41 Sood, D.D., "Chemical Aspects of Nuclear Fuel Fabrication", Dhawale, B.A., Rajeshwari, B., Goyal Neelam, Purohit, Proc. Symp. on Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry, PJ., Page, A.G., Dalvi, A.G.I., Bangia, T.R., Sastry, M.D. Kalpakkam, (1989),p. IT-Og. (Invited Talk) and Natarajan, P.R., "Trace Metal Characterisation of the U-AI Matrix by Atomic Spectroscopy", Nuclear Technology, Sood, D.D., "The Role of Chemistry in the Fuel for 84,196 (1989). Nuclear Power Reactors", (Invited Talk in Hindi), Sympo- sium on Emerging Frontiers in Chemistry, Bombay, 1988. Sastry, M.D., Natarajan, V., Dalvi, A.G.I. and Iyer, R.M., "Alpha Irradiation Effects on the Superconductivity of Sood, D.D., "Chemical Aspects of Nuclear Reactors", YBa2Cu307.x Microwave Investigations", Physica C, 160, 69 (Invited Talk in Hindi), Seminar on Nuclear Energy, Indore, (1989). 19SS. Sampathkumaran, E.V., Sastry, M.D. and Kadam, R.M., Satya Prakash, "Present Radiochemical Studies of Fission "Superconductivity in the Bi-Sr-Ca (Y, Gd)-Cu-O System: Process", Pramana, 33(1), 109(1989). DC Magnetic Susceptibility and Microwave Absorption Inves- tigations", Physica C, 159,267(1989). Sana, S.K. and Sahakundu, S.M., "Radioactive Decay of 232Th", J. Phys. G. Nucl. Part. Phys., 15,73 (1989). Natarajan, V., Seshagiri, T.K., Dalvi, AG.I. and Sastry, M.D., "TSL Investigations of ^Pu and 241Am Doped Mandal, A.M., Saha, S.K., Sahakundu, S.M. and Pairo, A.P., Alkali Halides", Nuclear Tracks, 16,37 (1989). "Study of K Capture Probability in the Decay of 209Po", ibid., 15,173 (1989). Page, A.G., Godbole, S.V. and Sastry, M.D., "Electronic Spectra and Cooperative Optical Transition in CaWO4: 3+ Pujari, P.K., Datta, T., Satya Prakash, Manohar, S.B., Gopala- Tb Single Crystals", J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 50,571 (1989). krishnan, I.K., Phatak, G.M., Yakhmi, J.V., Sastry, P.V.p.S.S.and Iyer, R.M., "Nature of the Superconducting Suresh Babu, D., Sastry, G.S., Sastry, M.D. and Dalvi, Transition in High Tc Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O Compounds: Positron A.G.I., "EPR Study of Structural Phase Transition in Annihilation Studies", Physica C, 159,75 (1989). (NH4)2Cd2(SQ4)3", Phase Transitions, 15,11 (1989).

Mohapatra, P.K. and Khopkar, P.K., "Hydrolysis of Acti- Suresh Babu, D., Sastry, G.S., Sastry, M.D. and Kadam, nides and Lanthanides : Hydrolysis of Some Trivalent Acti- R.M., "Molecular Dynamics of Hydrazonium Sulphate: An nide and Lanthanide Ions Studied by Extraction with EPR Investigation", Phase Transitions, 15,29 (1989). TbenpyJtrifluoroacetone", Polyhedron, 8,2071 (1989). Bhargava, V.K., Oak, M.S., Ramaswami, A. ana Satya Prakash, "Absolute Yields of "Mo and 132Tc in Spont- Nagar, M.S., Ruikar, P.B. and Subramanian, M.S., "Ternary 252 Complexes of Uranyl Ion with l-Phenyl-3^Methyl-4-Benzoyl aneous Fission of Cf", Radiochimica Act, 46, 177 Pyrasolone-5 and Long Chain Si iphoxides", Lanthanide and (1989). Actinide Research, 3,21 (1989). Manohar, S.B., Goswami, A., Nair, A.G.C., Ramaswami, G.K., Srivastava, G.B.K., Reddy, A.V.R. and Satya Prakash, Shukla, J.P., Nair, G.M. and Sarma, R.S., "Thermodynamics 2 of Proton-Ligand Dissociation of Some Fluorinated Beta "Charge Distribution in the Spontaneous Fission of ^ Cf', Diketones in Dioxane - Water Mixtures", Thermochimica Nucl. Phys. A505,305 (1989). Acta, 149,287 (1989). Sastry, M.D., "Microwave Absorption Studies in High Tc Iyer, P.N. and Natarajan, P.R., "Double Sulphates of Superconducting Oxides", Studies of High Temperature Plutonium(III) and Lanthanides with Sodium", J. Less Superconductors, Vol-II, Ed: AV. Narlikar, Nova Science Common Metals, 146,161 (1989). Publishers, N.Y., (1989). Vceraraghavan, R., Pai, A. and Subramanian, M., "Syner- Mahajan, G.R., Rao, V.K. and Natarajan, P.R., "Interac- tion of Humic Acid with Plutonium(III)", J. Radioanal. Nucl. gism with Amides", Twenty Sixth Convention of Chemists, Chem. Letters, 137,219(1989). Indorc, 1989.

Argekar, A.A., Thulsidas, S.K., Kulkarni, M.J., Bhide, Mohaptra, P.K. and Manchanda, V.K., "Complexes of M.K., Sampathkumar, R., Godbole, S.N., Adya, V.C., Americiuni(III) with Macrocyclic Ligands", ibid.

42 Godbole, S.V., Page, A.G. and Sastry, M.D., "Laser Induced Heterogeneous Catalysis, Bombay, 1989. (Invited Talk) Enhancement of Ionised F-Aggregate Centres in Lithium Fluoride Crystal", DAE Solid State Physics Symposium, Asari, T.P.S., and Iyer, C.S.P. "Determination of Zir- Madras, 1989. conium in Steels", Talante, 36(3), (1989).

Babu, Y., Sastry, M.D. and Dasannacharya, B.A., "EPR Madanlal, Chowdhary, R.K., Joseph, D., Bajpei, H.N., and Studies of Glass Phase Transition in Mixed Crystals of Iyer, C.S.P. "Elemental Analysis of Selected Indian Rb(l-x)(NH4)xH2so4 Using ASO4 as a probe", ibid. Monozite Ores by EDXRF spectroscopy", J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Letter, 137/2/127 -133 (1989). Dhobale, A.R. and Sastry, M.D., "Construction of Photoacoustic Spectrometer", ibid. Krishnamoorthy, T.S., Mahadevan,N., Desai, S.S. and Dias, C.C. "Comparative Evaluation of Methods for Precise Kadam, R.M., Sastry, M.D., Phatak, G.M. and Jyer, R.M., Determination of Oxygen Stoichiometries in High Tc oxides", Pramana. J. Phys., 32,143 (1989). "EPR Studies of (CuO)0.5(KC<2)o.5 System", ibid.

Kadam, R.M., Sastry, M.D. and Iyer, R.M., "EPR Studies Maiti.B., Waivekar, A.P. and Krishnamoorty, T.S. "Sepa- of Phase Transition in KO2'1, ibid. ration and Determinaiaion of Inorganic Anfons by HPLC Using a Miscellar Mobile Phase", Analyst, 114,731(1989). Ajaykumar, K.S., Sastry, M.D., Phatak, G.M. and Iyer, R.M., "Chemical Effects of Hydrogen on the Superconductivity: Krishnamoorthy, T.S., Mahadevan, N. and Sankar Das, M. EPR Investigation", ibid. "Precipitation of Ammonium Diurante - A study", National symposium on Uranium Technology BARC, 1989 Iyer, R.H., Kalsi, P.C., Pandey, A.K. and Sharma, R.C., "Fission Barrier of Thulium-169", DAE Nuclear Physics Maiti, B., Waivekar, A.P. and Krishnamoorthy, T.S., "HPLC Symposium, Aligarh, 1989. Studies on the Separation of Some Metal Chelates of Nitroso Naphthol", ISAS 7th National Symposium on Recent Trends in Chromotographic Techniques, Madras, 1989 Naik, H., Dange, S.P., Datta, T. and Satya Prakash, "Frag- ment Angular Momentum of l-*2j j odd-z Fissioning n Waivekar, A.P., Srivastava, O.P. and Krishnamoorthy, Systems", ibid. T.S."Gas Chromotographic Analysis in ihe Detection of Faults in Oil filled Transformers", ibid. Chakravarty, N., Sarkar, P.K. and Ghosh, S.K., "Multi- nucleon Decay Following 4He + 197Au: The Importance Tendulkar, A.N.P. and Radhakrishnan, T.P., "Uptake of of Single Particle Level Densities", ibid. Hydrogen by Steel in the Presence of Oxygen Scavengers", J. Electrochem. Soc.(India),38-4,241 (1989). Reddy, A.V.R., Deshmukh, S.M., Burfe, P.P., Sahakundu, S.M., Manohar, S.B. and Satya Prakash, "Role of Excitation Energy on Isotopic Yield Distribution: Independent Yields of Ravindran, P.V., Rangarajan, J. and Sundaram, A.K. Iodine in Nuclear Fission of ^^Pu*", ibid. "Kinetics of Dehydration Reactaions in a Compressor between Isothermal and Non-Isothermal Studies", Thermo- chemica Ada, 147,33 (1989). Iyer, R.H., "Micro Analysis by Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTDs) : Problems and Prospects", Sixth Semi- nar on SSNTD, Gauhati, 1989. Radhakrishnan, T.P., Sundaresan, R., Arunachalarn, J., Sitaramaraju, V., Kalyanaraman, R., Gangadharan, S. and Iyengar, P.K. "Search for Electrochemically Catalysed Fusion Pandey, A.K., Sharma, R.C., Kalsi, P.C. and Iyer, R.H., of Deuterons in Metal Lattices," BARC-1500, A5 (1989). "Excitation Functions for the Helium Ion Induced Fission of Holmium", ibid. Radhakrishnan, T.P., Sundarcsan, R., Gangadharan, S., Sen, B.K. and Murthy, T.S."Tritium Generation during Elec- Sharma, R.C., Pandcy, A.K., Kalsi, P.C. and Iyer, R.H., trolysis Experiments" ibid. "Registration and Revelation of Alpha Particles and Fission Fragments in CS-39 : Some New Observations", ibid. Ravindran, P.V., Radhakrishnan, T.P., and Snnkar Das, M. "A Thermal Analysis - Mass Spcctromctry Study of ihe Ther- Sastry, M.D., "Electron Spin Resonance in Catalysis : mal Decomposition of Ammonium Diuranatc", Proc. 7th An Introduction", Workshop on Spectroscopic Methods in

43 National Symposium on Thermal Analysis, Regional Engi- Northern Kerala, S. India", International Geol. Congress, neering college, Srinagar (Eds. Verma, I.K., and Momin, Washington, 1989. A.C..ITAS) Oct. 1989, p.59. Bhaskar Rao, B., Nalarajan, M. and Parthasarathy, Rajagopalan, K.V., Ramaprasad, Kalyanaraman, R. and R."Geo-Chemistry and Petrogenesis of the Pyroxenite Sundaresan, M. "Thermal Characterisation of Calcium Fer- Carbonatite Complex Near Hogenakal, Tamil Nadu, South ritcs by Laser Method", ibid., p. 272 India", ibid.

Rajagopalan, K.V., Ramaprasad, Kalyanaraman, R. and Nambiar, C.G., Bhaskar Rao, B., Parthasarathy, R. and Sundaresan, M. "Measurement of Thermal Constants of Pedkin, V.V."Geochemistry and Genesis of Charnockites and Calcium Citromite by Laser Flash Method", J.Thermal Associated Gneisses from Northern Kerala, India", High Analysis, 1073. Grade Mctamorphism, Ed. Farrell, Theophrastus Publi- cations, Greece. Chaudhari, B.S. and Radhakrishnan, T.P."Uptake of Hydrogen by Steel During Sacrificial Protection with Alumin- Krishnamooratahy, K.R. and Ramanamoorlhy, M. "Deter- ium", Fourth International Symposium on Frontiers of lilec- mination of REE's by DCP-ES", National Symp. on Analy- trocnemistry, Madras,(SEAST) 1989,1.6. tical Applications in Earth Sciences, Shillong, 1988.

Radhakrishnan, T.P."Hydrogen Evolution Reaction(HER) - Kayasth, S.R., Dcsai, II.B. and Parthasarathy, R."Pollution Its Role in Hydrogen Permeation, Diffusion and Corro- Profile and Aqueous Geochemistry of Sea and River Water", sion", UNESCO Workshop on Electrochemical Instrument- ibid. ation, Bombay, 1989, p 1. Jadhav, S.G. and Venkateswarlu, Ch." Influence of Buffer Radhakrishnan, T.P."Techniques for the Study of Corrosion Anions in Surfactant Sensitized Metals-Dye Systems", Indian of Metals", ibid. J.Chem., 28A, 440(1989).

Iyer, R.K. and Krishnamoorthy, K.R. "Instrumental Neutron Jadhav, S.G. and Venkateswarlu, Ch."Sensitization of Activation Analysis of Biological Samples; Significance of Indium-Bromopyrogallol Red System with Cetyl Trimethyl Signal-to-Background Ratio", Nuclear Analytical Methods in Ammonium Bromide",Indian J. Chem., 28A, 820 (1989). the Life Sciences, Gaithersburg, 1989. Sarnaik, K.M., Palrecha, M.M.and Dhaneshwar, R.G. Madhusudan, A. and Iyer, R.K., "Determination of Low "Study of Catalytic Current of Chromium[III)-Chelate Concentrations by Spectrophotometry; Uranium-Thiocyanate Systems", J. Electrochem. Soc. India., 38,19(1989). System", Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chcm. Sci.), 101,227 (1989) Sarnaik, K.M., Palrecha, M.M. and Dhaneshwar, R.G. "Dif- Nair, L.D., Padmanabhan, R.K. and Venkateswarlu, Ch., ferential Pulse Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetric Determi- "Distribution of Ions as a Phosphoric Acid Exchanger", nation of Chromium in Aluminium", Electroanalysis, U.S.A., Indian J. Technol., 27,272(1989). 1989.

Sangurdekar, P.R., Sudersanan, M. and Sundaram, A.K. Palrecha, M.M. and Dhaneshwar, R.G. "Determination "Study of Mixed Chelates of Thulium by Solvent Extraction", of Nickel in Natural Water, Sediment and Biological Material Proc. Indian Acad. Sci.(Chem.Sci.), 101,9(1989). by Differential Pulse Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry", Symposium on Recent Trends in Instrumental Methods of Sangurdekar, P.R. and Sudersanan, M. "Effect of Radiation Analysis, 1989. on the Solvent Extraction of Metals", Proc. Radiochem. and Radiation Chcm. Symp., Kalpakkam, 1989. Sarnaik, K.M., Palrecha, M.M. and Dhaneshwar, R.G "Cyclic Voltammetric Study of Cr.(III) Reduction in Nayak, A.K. and Shetty, S.Y. "Gas Chromatographic Separ- Different Supporting E' xtrolytes", J. Electrochem. Soc. India, ation of Metal Acetylacetonates", ISAS Symposium, Madras, 38(4), 283 (1989). 1989. Natarajan, S. "Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma - A Bhaskar Rao, B., Nambiar, C.G. and Parthasarathy, R. Source for Spectrochemical Analysis",Indian J. of Technology, "Gco-Chemistry and Genesis of Charnockitcs from a Pan of 27, 104(1989).

44 Sarnaik, K.M. and Dhaneshwar, R.G. "Voliammciric Choudhury, D.P., Chauduri Jayanta, Raju, V.S., Das, Reduction of Chromium(VI) at Different Solid Electrodes", S.K., Bhaitacharjee, B.B. and Gangadharan, S. "Study of ibid., 27,43 (1989) Wear Between Piston Ring and Cylindedr Housing of an Internal Cumbustion Engine by Thin Layer Activation Kulkarni, A.V., Dhaneshwar, R.G., Khasgiwale, K.A. and Technique", Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Sundarcsan, M."Determination of Toxic Elements in the Physics Research, North Holland, Amsterdam, D, 42, Aquatic Environment of Bombay by DPASV", Ind. J. Envi- 375(1989) ronmental Protection, 9(2), 100 (1989). Sarnaik, K.M., Palrecha, M.M. and Dhaneshwar, R.G. Inamdar, G.A. and Dhaneshwar, R.G. "Voltammctric "Study of Catalytic Current of Chromium(III) Chelate Studies of Uranium(VI) Reduction", Proc. Symp. on Systems", J. Elcctarochcm. Soc. of India, 38,19 (1989). Uranium Technology, Bombay, 1989.

45 3.1 Heavy Water Experimental studies to investigate the cold fusion phenomenon, utilising various electrodes Pilot plant for detritiation of reactor heavy in different electrolyser cells were carried out. water by chemical exchange-cryogenic distillation Studies on the loading of deuterium on various is nearing completion. All the critical equip- metals and alloys in different shapes have also ments for this test facility have been fabricated been conducted. In-depth studies of the results and performance-tested. Safety related equip- obtained are under progress. ment and the containment for radioactive parts of this plant are being tested. 3.2 Rare Earths and Other Materials

The multipass absorption cell for laser In continuation of the research programme isotope separation studies, designed and fabri- on separation of rare earths, new processes based cated in BARC, yielded a maximum optical path on solvent extraction technology have been devel- length 32 lilies its fundamental length. Pulsed oped for production of high grade yttrium, UV beam from excimer laser pumped dye laser dysprosium and neodymium oxides. The processes was utilised to conduct laser isotope separation are undergoing trials at Indian Rare Earths Ltd., studies on formaldehyde in this cell leading to Alwaye. high enrichment factors. Based on the solvent extraction technique The pilot plant for production of high developed earlier, a techno-economic feasibility purity hydrogen sulphide gas by direct reaction of report has been prepared on recovery of uranium hydrogen and molten sulphur over a suitable cata- from phosphoric acid at FACT, Cochin. A perma- lyst was operated smoothly over extended periods nent pilot plant to study all aspects of this tech- of time. SS 446 was found to be quite suitable nology is being set up jointly by BARC and material for the construction of the reaction FEDO at FACT-Cochin Division. Phosphoric acid vessel. produced in the country is estimated to give over 100MT of uranium oxide every year, and, hence, Reconcentration plant at BARC has been the technology developed has a great significance operating smoothly and the downgraded heavy to nuclear energy programme. In this process, water from Dhruva and Cirus reactors has been one of the reagents used, diethylhexyl phosphoric treated and upgraded to required concentrations. acid, is currently being imported. As an import substitution programme, a method for preparing The Heavy Water Upgrading Plant at this solvent has been developed in the laboratory. Narora, based on vacuum distillation and consisting of two independent units, has been suc- A new solvent extraction process for cessfully commissioned. Including this, nine such recovery of uranium from nitro-phos acid pro- units have been commissioned and are under op- duced by fertiliser unit at Trombay has been eration in the country, utilising the high effi- developed in the laboratory. ciency tower internals which have been fabricated, activated and performance evaluated at BARC. The expertise in the field of metal separa- All these plants are operating as per design intent. tion using solvent extraction technique is being made available to other industrial organisations Preparation and supply of various chemi- in the country. A process to recover niobium cals labelled with deuterium in the required con- and tantalum from cutting tool scrap is being figurations were continued for different users in finalised for a major industrial organisation near the country and abroad. Poona. This programme will help conserve scarce

46 material which is imported at high cost. ducing strong green magnet compacts at considerably lower pressures of 40-50 tsi. Significant Studies on the recovery and purification of progress has been made in the process develop- uranium, lithium and helium gas and preparation ment for yttrium metal, and calcio thermic reduc- of stable isotopes, fluorine gas, labelled com- tion of yttrium chloride in presence of a low melt- pounds, scintillation chemicals and carbon spe- ing eutectic and magnesium followed by pyrovac- cialities were continued. uum treatment at 900° C in a dynamic vacuum of 2 x 10"5 mb has been found to yield the metal well Studies on the electrolytic decomposition of separated from the slag in sponge form. nitric acid employing lead oxide coated graphite and titanium anodes were completed. Work on 3.3 Metallurgy separation of hydrogen isotopes during decomposition of sodium amalgam is in progress. A Production of boron carbide was continued separation factor of eight has been achieved. and over 25 kg of graded powder having a bulk Design and engineering work undertaken for the density of more than 1.6 g/cc has been supplied new thorium plant of IRE has been completed. for fabrication of TAPS control rod blades. Assistance was given to IRE in the preparation A new product "polyboron", containing 3-5% of tender sepcifications and procurement of boron in the form of boric acid in a low density various equipment components and instruments polythene (LDPE) matrix, has been developed required for the proposed plant. Work has been employing two principal steps: (i) mixing of initiated for determining the feasibility of produc- LDPE polythene granules with boric acid powder ing uranium oxide powder with high flowability at approximate 100°C, and (ii) hot pressing of the by the Ammonium Uranyl Carbonates (AUC) blend in a mild steel mould to required shape. route. There is a large demand for polyboron for neutron shielding application. For the preparation of Work on the development of an electrolytic boron metal powder, a new process has been fluorine cell for the production of fluorine gas is developed involving elecfrorefining of boron in progress. The large fluorine cell with im- carbide anode. The product has a purity better proved design parameters was operated satisfac- than 98% and is ground to a size range of 0.7- torily and the fluorine gas produced was utilised 0.9 um before, use. The boron powder thus pro- for the production of metal fluorides. The duced has been evaluated at the Ordnance operation of the pilot plant for the production of Factory, Pune, and found suitable in the prepara- scintillation chemicals PPO and POPOP was tion of a pyrotechnic formulation used in target il- continued to meet the increasing demand of lumination. the nuclear power plants and other research organizations. The production and supply of Work on the preparation of fine cobalt plastic scintillator blocks are also continued. metal powder (~1/ ym) by first converting the Studies are in progress to develop various carbon sulphate salt to oxalate and then reducing the products for specialised applications. oxalate with hydrogen at 630°C, was continued. Plans are under way for large scale production of Production of epoxy bonded samarium- cobalt powder as well as vanadium required in cobalt (SmCo5) permanent magnets was contin- the preparation of Permendum magnet alloy (Fe- ued and a large number of cylindrical magnets 10 Co-V) for use in CANDU reactors. Work is also mm diameter x 10 mm height have been pro- in progress on the recovery of nickel values from duced to meet the internal demand. Compac- the indigenous lalerites and of miobium and tion studies carried put using small amounts of tantalum values from the tungsten carbide scrap binder have demonstrated the possibility of pro generated in the industry. The first trial run on

4? the extractive distillation for separation of zirco- production of Al-Zr master alloys to a private nium and hafnium from their mixed chlorides has entreprenuer. The master alloys are in great been successfully conducted. The chloride feed is demand in the manufacture of high strength prepared in a 100 mm dia electrothermal fluidised aluminium based alloys for Defence and Space bed reactor set up for the purpose by direct applications. chlorination of zircon mineral in presence of carbon in the temperature range of 1150°C- Work on the development of production 1200°C. After an elaborate purification step, dis- and fabrication technology for advanced and ma- tillation is carried out in a 13-stage separation chinable ceramics was carried out. Efforts are column employing the countercurrent technique. currently on to develop mica based machinable Molten KCI-AICI3 salt mixture is fed from the top ceramics. Reaction sintering of silicon in the pre- of the column and, as it travels downwards, it sence of preformed alpha-Si3N4 in the temper- comes into contact with the ascending vapours ature range of 1200°-1400°C has yielded very of mixed zirconium/hafnium chlorides. Owing to satisfactory results in the fabrication of silicon higher volatility, HfCl4 is collected in the top frac- nitride ceramic shapes. Injection moulding - a tion, while ZrCl4 is retained by the salt as it flows popular forming technique employed for thermo- down to the reboiler. Progressive separation of plastic polymers - has been successfully adapted hafnium from zirconium is achieved in a conti- by a proper choice of plasticizer and powder nuous operation. The extractive distillation proc- characteristics. A composite containing alumina, ess has distinct advantages such as fewer steps, partially stabilised zirconia and iron and zinc higher efficiency and cost effectiveness over the metals has been moulded by this technique. Basic conventional alkalifusion - solvent extraction- pre- studies on defect structure characterisation, defect cipitation - calcination process scheme presently interactions and their influence on charge trans- employed at the NFC, Hyderabad. port and sintering in ceramics have been continued. In a typical study, inelastic and dielectric The tin demonstration plant at Raipur, relaxation measurements and complex plane MP, has been in regular operation and plans impedance analysis were carried out on yttria- are underway to progressively scale up the pro- doped ceria single phase (fluorite structure) ce- duction to 10 T/y. Work on the preparation of a ramics. Based on these measurements, an acti- detailed project report for the establishment of a vation enthalpy of 0.75eV was obtained for the commercial production plant (100T of tin/year) is reorientation process of the impurity vacancy 1 presently in progress. An alternate scheme for dipoles (Y^-V ^) in the CeO2 lattice, which is tin extraction, involving reduction roasting, acid in good agreement with the O2" conductivity leaching and carbon smelting has been investi- measurements. In the case of partially stabilised gated and is presently under evaluation for its zirconia (PSZ) ceramics, a complex relaxation commercial adaptabiligy. A new all-metal assembly spectrum was observed, mainly due to their mul- was fabricated for the ultrapurification of hafnium tiphase microstructural design features. metal, and a bright high purity hafnium crystal bar (of 12 mm dia) has been successfully test produced The corrosion research mainly involved long at a filament temperature of 1300°-1400°C from a term corrosion and compatibility studies of zir- lot of crude metal maintained at 300°C. Work caloy and Zr-2.5Nb alloys, s.s., inconel, nickel and on cold rolling of zircaloy sheets was continued duplex stainless steels. An important observation and a large number of cold rolled sheets in has been the effectiveness of beta-quenching in different dimensions were supplied for use as re- preventing the nodular corrosion of zircaloy-2 in flectors in the Kamini reactor and as spacers for BWRS. The duplex stainless steel alloy, Fer- fuel bundles in TAPS. A major event during the ralium-255, has been shown to have superior sea year has been the transfer of technology for the water corrosion resistance compared to normal

48 Electroextraction set-up for high purity boron

Extractrive distillation set-up Polyboron slab for neutron shielding application

Eiffr;?ro!hfermal fluidized bed chlonmator PLASTIC ViCKERS ZONE INDENTOR

LATERAL CRACK

RADIAL CRACK

Thermal conductivity of UN, (Uo. 8. PUo-2) N (Uo.45 Pu 0.55) N and PUN as a function of temperature

TtMP£IUTuftE I'CI

LATERAL CHIP

B illustration of indentation crack geometry after repeated indentations (A) Sectional view. (E3) Top View

.•(.:• '• • :'r'i.nvrir; ••"•>.;••

..•&>• U-IO%Zr 700*C

Typical creep curves obtained by hot hardness testing of U- 10% Zr metallic fuel 0.0 300 Time (Sees )

ThO2 - 2% U02 1000

x 100

CO LJ z o 0£ Hot hardness data for ThU2-2%> UO and ThO24% P11O2 10 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 TEMPERATURE { K ) —»•

••:"•*;•-.;

^,!i"-':'v:^ -^i.X*. J': /-^'i-'v kv;'

J^3';< Indentation cracks in UO2 pellets stainless steels, because of higher chromium welding of end plugs for PHWR fuel elements content and presence of nitrogen in the alloy. and thermo-welds. An experimental alloy called 'zirlo' (Zr-lNb-lSn- 0.5Fe) has been taken up for corrosion evaluation, For DAE units and outside agencies, vari- because of its superior mechanical properties ous material evaluation and specialised NDT jobs, over zircaloy. In addition, a large number of machining, welding, mechanical forming, pressing, specification tests have also been carried out on sintering and other heat treatment jobs were various as-received and fabricated components undertaken against specific requests. used in reactors, heavy water and other plants. Hot hardness and in turn creep data for U- In the context of design development of 5%Zr, U-10%Zr and U-15%Zr alloys were 500 MWe reactors, information has been gene- evaluated upto 700°C with a vickers diamond rated on the corrosion behaviour of Zr-2.5Nb indentor. Noticeable creep was observed coolant tubes in CO2 gas environment in addition beyond 500 °G. The activation energy of creep to high temperature aqueous medium. Several for U-Zr alloys was found to increase with zirco- techniques have been investigated for H2-charging nium content. in Zircaloy-2 and the data are being documented. Under the Indo-US co-operation programme, Hot hardness and creep properties were studies on thermo-mechanical treatment of differ- also evaluated for ThO2-UO2, ThO2-PuO2 and ent s.s. grades are in progress to prevent their (UPu) N fuels upto 1200°C. failure due to SCC. Work on electroless nickel plating has been continued to produce metallised Fracture toughness and fracture surface ceramic feed-throughs to withstand high vacuum energy of UO2, ThO2 and ThO2-UO2 samples of the order of 10"9 torr. A facility has been set up were evaluated from the crack length developed to produce around 200 such components per during indentation beyond a certain critical load. month. Also, hard chrome plating has been The data were found to be in close agreement developed on s.s. components used in tray rod with what has been reported for these materials assembly for isotope production in Dhruva. using conventional techniques. Work has also been initiated to develop corro-

sion and wear resistant Ni-Mo alloy coatings Fatigue properties of sintered UO2 pellets using a complex citrate bath containing spent were evaluated by repeated indentation on a acid molydenum concentrate generatedas by- metallographically polished sample until it product in the filament industry. resulted in the formation of lateral chips. As a part of FBTR and PFBR fuel development pro- 3.4 Materials Science gramme, thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of U-Zr alloys and (U, Pu)N of both ura- Welding trials were conducted for welding nium and plutonium rich compositions were evalu- of Zr-Nb-Cu and Zr-2 components of liquid ated by laser flash technique. zonal control rods. Fabrication trials were carried out for the garter springs of modified designs. The chemical compatibility between plutonium rich (U,Pu) N, a candidate fuel for Considerable progress was made in the FBTR, and s.s. 316(20% C.W.) cladding was development work on fabrication of control rods evaluated by making miniature helium bonded- and welding of ring type spacers on fuel tubes. capsules containing s.s. 316 discs between sin- Development work was also carried on the TIG tered mononitride pellets. The compatibility

49 capsule was heated to 700° C for 1000 hours. No satisfactory subsystem testing. Performance evalu- major carburisation or nitridation of s.s. 316 clad- ation of the same is in progress. Performance data ding was observed, confirming excellent fuel-clad of the 30 m3/day shipborne desalination plant compatibility. indicated the achievement of design objectives and the technology has been made available for Four garter springs from channels D8, E8, transfer. Technoeconomic evaluations were car- E9 and F9 of RAPS #1 were evaluated for ried out for a 1200 m3/hr dual purpose MSF dimensional changes, residual extension during desalination plant coupled to the proposed 2 x loading, mechanical strength and hydriding status. 1000 MWe nuclear power station at Kudankulam. These springs had an experience of 3.6 effective Feasibility analysis for a 750 kg/hr thermo-com- full power years (EFPY) of reactor operation pression based desalination system wascarried out. and were found to have satisfactory load bearing capacity. All the springs were physically intact. The Reverse Osmosis (RO) pilot plant for The hydrogen content was typically about 30 low level radioactive effluent treatment was ppm and the hydrides were randomly oriented. In successfully operated. The test runs carried out one spring, massive hydride blisters penetrating with cellulose acetate membranes indicated that 3% thickness were observed. volume reduction factors as hijh as 30 could be achieved. The decontamination factors were The results of the earlier TAPS pressure found to vary in the range of about 10 to 14. It was vessel surveillance programme were re-evaluated demonstrated that Reverse Osmosis can give as per the latest revision of the ASME Regula- better decontamination and volume reduction tory Guide 1.99. The analysis revealed that the factors than the conventional processes other life of the TAPS pressure vessel can be safely than evaporation which in any case is energy extended beyond its design life of 40 years. intensive. In the quest for high performance synthetic polymeric membranes for radioactive Quantitativity estimation of neutron waste streams and other applications in nuclear induced embrittlement using fracture toughness industries, aromatic polyamide type membranes method requires irradiation of large sized speci- with upto 99.4% solute rejection have been mens. To overcome the difficulty involved in irra- successfully developed. These membranes exhibit diation of large sized specimens, test procedures very good radiation resistance, besides superior have been developed for estimating static as well solute rejection and flux characteristics. Large as dynamic fracture toughness using sub-sized scale production of the polymer is in progress and specimens of Charpy V-notch geometry. pilot plant studies with these membranes are being planned. These membranes are also good for Detailed examination of a number of single pass sea water desalting and a shipborne samples of small arm ammunition brass cups desalination unit is under construction. A number and strips was carried out to identify the causes of Reverse Osmosis (RO) demonstration units of cup-cracking occurring during drawing. The in- were fabricated and exhibited at various S & T vestigations revealed presence of internal defects exhibits in the country. Work on the develop- in the form of inclusions inside the cup material ment of an advanced RO module and setting up of which were responsible for cup-cracking. sea water RO plant is in progress. Training courses on Water Quality Testing were conducted 3.5 Desalination and Hydrogen Production for trainees from State Governements under the National Drinking Water Mission Programme. 425 m3/day Multistage Flash (MSF) Desalination Plant has been commissioned after The 33 Nm3/hour Hydrogen Plant based

50 on advanced electrolysis cells has been com- designed and fabricated and is currently being missioned after the satisfactory testing of sub- commissioned for the production of about 1 kg/hr systems. of 10 micron size powder.

3.6 Beryllium Technology Besides continuing the production of copper-beryllium alloys in the cast form, meth- Along with the development of beryllium ods have also been successfully standardized for technology, production of vacuum hot pressed the production of extruded rods of about 20 to 60 (VHP) beryllium metal and copper-beryllium mm diameter required by industries in the country. alloy shapes was continued starting from Indian Billets of copper-beryllium produced in the plant beryl. About 3.4 tonnes of Indian beryl was con- were successfully hot extruded to rods of about verted in the plant into different products and 60 mm diameter. The alloy shapes produced in intermediates. About 1.7 tonnes of the major the plant were tensile-tested under various tem- intermediate, viz. ammonium beryllium fluoride, per states and the strength values obtained were was produced maintaining the stock pile of about comparable to those reported elsewhere. 5 tonnes of the material built up in 1988. 3.6 kgs. of VHP-beryllium metal and 130 A simple cyclone air classifier system was kgs. of copper-beryllium alloys were supplied to set up to study and demonstrate on a laboratory the Department of Space, 2 kgs. of beryllium scale the possibility of separating 10 micron size metal and 46 kgs. of copper-beryllium alloys to beryllium powder, suitable for making instrument the Department of Atomic Energy and about grade beryllium blocks required for space appli- 380 kgs. of copper-beryllium alloys to DMRL cations. VHP-beryllium samples produced from and other industries. the powder product of this classifier have shown average grain size (10 microns). Beryllium oxide For better safety, various modifications content and the PEL values were within the were incorporated in the design and operation of acceptable range. Based on this experience, a a number of process equipment. cone type classifier of larger capacity has been

51 — Publications ~

Sadhukhan, H.K., Varadarajan, T.G., Nair, N.K., Das, S.K. Narvekar, V.H, Shinde, L.S., Sushma Mishra, Raman, S. and Nath C.K., "Ammonia-Water Exchange Front End and Apparao, K.V.S.R., "Multipass Absorption Cell Fabri- Process for Ammonia-Hydrogen Heavy Water Plants", Pro- cation for Photochemical Reaction Studies with High Power ceedings of the National Symposium on Heavy Water Tech- Lasers", ibid., Paper No. IN-5 nology, Bombay, 1988, Paper No. PD4 Sethuram, N.P., Nair, N.K., Chandrasekharan, T., Varada- Sadhukhan, H.K., Varadarajan, T.G., Chandrasekharan, T., rajan, T.G. and Sadhukhan, H.K., "Development of Tower Nair, N.K. and Sethuram, N.P., "Pilot Plant on Detritiations Internals for Heavy Water Upgrading Plants Based on Distil- of Moderator He&'.y Water and Subsequent Enrichment of lation", ibid., Paper No. CT-1 Tritium", ibid., Paper N^ PD-5 Malhotra, S.K., Krishnan, M.S. and Sadhukhan, H.K., Malhotra, S.K., Krishnan, M.S. and Sadhukhan, U.K., "Development of Hydrophobic Catalyst for Hydrogen Iso- "Combined Electrolytic and Catalytic Exchange : Operation tope Exchange Between Hydrogen Gas and Liquid Water", of a Single Stage", ibid., Paper No. PD-7 ibid., Paper No. CI-2

Dave, S.M., Ghosh, S.K. and Sadhukhan, H.K., "Amine- Rathi, B.N., Gopalakrtshnan, V.T., Alphonse, K.P., Pawar, Hydrogen Exchange Process for Heavy Water Production", P.L. and Sadhukhan, H.K., "Standards for Deuterium ibid., Paper No. PD-8 Analysis Requirements of Heavy Water Plants", ibid., Paper No. CA-1 Rammohan, K. and Sadhukhan, H.K., "Electrolytic Process for Upgrading Heavy Water", ibid., Paper No. PD-16 Malhotra, S.K., Krishnan, M.S., Pushpangathan, C.K., Malaikfir, N.K. and Sadhukhan, H.K., "Hydrocarbon Inter- Hubli, R.C., Sharma, I.G., Mukherjee, T.K., Gupta, C.K., ference in the Deuterium Analysis of Hydrogen by Mass Nair, N.K. and Varadarajan, T.G., "A Process for the Carbide Spectrometry", ibid., Paper No. CA-2 Coating of Stainless Steel", ibid., Paper No. PD-17 Samanta, A., Ghosh, S.K, Dave, S.M. and Sadhukhan, H.K., Sadhana Mohan, Srinivasa, K., Varadarajan, T.G. and "Equation of State Calculation of Ihe Properties of Heavy Sadhukhan, H.K., "Computer Aided Simulation for Hydrogen Water", ibid., Paper No. CA-7 Isotope Distillation", ibid., Paper No. PD-18 Pawar, P.L., Rathi, B.N. and Sahukhan, H.K., "Variation of Tangri, V.K., Dalvi, M.S., Kini, R.A. and Sadhukhan, H.K., Deuterium Content of Water Sources in India', ibid., Paper "Material Evauation Studies in H2S-H2O System at (MI-la,b No. CA-9 and c)", ibid., Paper No. MT-1 Donde, M.M., Srinivasa, K. and Raman, S., "Equilibration Kini, R.A., Dalvi, M.S., Jain, M.P., Tangri, V.K. and Studies on Liquid Ammonia-Potassium Amide-Hydrogen Sadhukhan, H.K., "Material Compatibility Studies in H2S- System at High Pressure and Temperatures", ibid,, Paper No. H2O System at Elevated Temperatures", ibid., Paper No. CA-10 MT-7 Sutawanc, U.D., Alphonse, K.P. and Rathi, B.N., "Improve- Tangri, V.K., Dalvi, M.S., Kini, R.A. and Sadhukhan, U.K., ments in Heavy Water Analysis using a Ratio Recording In- "Corrosion Analysis of a Sample from Heat Exchanger", ibid., frared Spectrophotometer", ibid., Paper No. CA-12 Paper No. MI-8 Samanta Alok, Ghosh, S.K. and Sadhukhan, H.K., Sadhuk'uan, H.K., Behl, D., Ram Raj, Iyengar, T.S., Sada- "Deuterium Isotope Effect in Proton Transfer Processes in a rangani, S.H., Vaze, P.K. and Soman, S.D., "Radiation Safety Viscous Medium", ibid, Paper No. CA-13 Experience in Upgrading 2-5 Percent Heavy Water Wastes at Heavy Water Plant, Nangal", ibid., Paper No. SA-7 Dubey, K., Malaikar, N.K. and Pushpangathan, T.K., "Hydrogen-Water Deuterium Exchange Studies of Palladium- Nagvenkar, V.B., Patil, V.H., Narvekar, V.H., Krishnan, Activated Charcoal Ilydrophobic Catalyst", ibid., Paper No. M.S. and Sadhukhan, H.K., "A Simplified On-I.ine H2S CA-20 Analyser, ibid., Paper No. IN-3

52 Nagvenkar, V.B., Krishnan, M.S., Patil, V.H. and Alloy Pencils Irradiated in Cirus", Proc. of Symposium on Sadhukhan, U.K., "Inverse Isotope Effect in Vandaium- Hy- Post Irradiation Examination in Nuclear Programme, drogen System', ibid., Paper No. CA-22 BARC, Bombay, 1989v Vol. 2, p. 239-249

Ghosh, S.K. and Singh, V.A., "Energy Theorems in Con- Viswanadham, U.K., Chatterjee, S., Anantharaman, S. strained Density Functional Theory", J. Phys. Condens. and Sivaramakrishnan, K.S., "Neutron Irradiation Embriule- Matter, 1,1971 (1989) ment Evaluation of RAPS End Sheild Material", ibid.

Ghosh, S.K., "Aspects of Density Functional Approach to Chatterjee, S., Balakrishnan, K.S., Anantharaman, S. Many Electron Systems", Lecture Notes in Chemistry (Spri- and Sivaramakrishnan, K.S., "Mechanical Property Evalu- nger Verlag, Berlin), 50,541 (1989) ation of Reactor Operated Zirconium Alloys", ibid.

Ghosh, S.K., "Dynamic Polarizability of Many Electron Chatterjee, S., "Methods for Estimation of Irradiated Systems in a Time-Dependent Density Functional Frame- Mechanical Properties of Reactor Structural Materials", ibid. work and its Hydrodynamical Analogue", Atomic and Molecular Polarizability, Ed. Sen, K.D. (World Scientific, Ghatterjee, S., "Fracture Mechanics Tests on Pressure Singapore) (1989) Vessel Weldments", Proc. of Annual Technical Seminar on Quality Welding in Coded Pressure Vessels, Bombay, 1989 Ghosh, S.K. and Dhara, AK., "Density Functional Theory of Two Dimensional Electron Gas in a Magnetic Field", Ganguly, C, "Stainless Steels as Cladding Material for PWR Phys. Rev. A40,6103 (1989) and LMFBR Fuels", Proc. of International Conference on Stainless Steel (INCOSS-89), Bombay (1989) Basak, U., Sengupta, A.K. and Ganguly, C, "Hot Hardness and Thermal Conductivity of ThO2 - PuO2 and ThO2-UO2 Ramacbandnran, V., Bindal, R.C., Misra, B.M. and Sintered Pellets", Materials Science Letters,8,449 (1989) Ramani, M.P.S., "Synthesis and Characterisation of Aromatic Polyamide Hydrazide Polymers for Membrane Chatterjee, S., Balakrishnan, K.S. and Sivaramakrishnan, Applications", Intern. J. Polymer. Mat., 12,271 (1989) K.S., "Revaluation of Fracture Toughness Estimation Meth- odology Using Sub-Size Specimen", Proc. of International Prabhakar, S., Patra, R.N., Misra, B.M. and Ramani, Conference on Residual Life of Power Plant Equipment - Pre- M.P.S., "Management and Feasibility of Reverse Osmosis diction and Extension, Hyderabad, 25,1989 Schemes for Rural Water Supply in India", Desalination, 73, 37 (1989) Sethumadhavan, V., Jathar, V.P. and San, D.N., "Quantitative Fractography of Imapact Tested Specimens", Tewari, P.K., Hanra, M.S., Verma, R.K. and Ramani, M.P.S., BARC/I-962(1989) "Studies on MSF Desalination - Process Design, Construc- tion and Startup of a Prototype MSF Plant in India", ibid., Anantharaman, S., Chatterjee, S., Viswanadham, V.K, 73,359(1989) Sivaramakrishnan, K.S., "Application of Tarapur Atomic Power Station Pressure Vessel Surveillance Programme Goswami, D., Srivastava, V.K. and Misra. B.M., "RO for Results", Proc. of Symposium on Post-Irradiation Exami- Treatment of Effluent Water from a Fertilizer Plant", nation in Nuclear Programme, BARC 1989 National Seminar on Water Management in Process Indus- tries, Ernakulam, 1989. Anantharaman, S., Chatterjee, S. and Sivaramakrishnan, K.S., "Estimation of Residual Life of Nuclear Reactor Pre- Singh, Jaswant, "Polymers and Their Selection Criteria for ssure Vessel : Surveillance Approach", ibid. Reverse Osmosis Based Desalination Technology", Ind. Membrane Society Bulletin, 1 (2), (1989) Chatterjee, S. and Sivaramakrishnan, K.S., "Fracture Tough- ness Testing Methodology of Irradiated Material Using Sub- Tewari, P.K., Verma, R.K., Ramani, M.P.S., Chatterjee, A. size Specimen", ibid. and Mahajan, S.P., "Nucleate Boiling in a Thin Film on a Horizontal Tube at Atmospheric and Subatmospheric San, D.N., Ramadasan, E., Bahl, J.K. and Sivarakrishnan, Pressures", Int. J. Heat & Mass Transfer, 32 (4), 723 K.S., "Post Irradiation Examination of Aluminium-Lithium (1989)

53 D'Souza, A.B. and Sonwalkar, A.S., "Studies on Separation Muraleedharan, K., Tomy, C.V., Malik, S.K., Ram Prasad of Boron Isoiopcs by Ion-Exchange", BARC-1460 (1989) and Soni, N.C., "Infrared Evidence for BaCO3 Segregation in the Normal Ceramic Preparation ofHighTcSupercoduc- Bajpai, M.C. and Mandlik, A.R., "Separation of Hydrogen tors", Solid State Communications, 68,227 (1988) Isotope while Decomposition of Alkali Metal Amalgam", National Symposium on Heavy Water Technology, BARC Tomy, C.V., Nagarajan, R., Malik, S.K., Adroja, D.T., Soni, (1989) N.C. and Ram Prasad, "Structure, Superconductivity and 151 Eu Mossbauer Studies on Eu(Ba2.x Eux) Cu3O7+z Ox- Sankaranarayanan, T.K., Gupta, D.S., Sahasrabudhe, S.G., ide System", ibid, 68,531 (1988) Iyer, M.R. and Krishnan, V.N., "Rapid Determination of Uranium in Uranyl Nitrate Solutions by Gamma Spectrome- Ram Prasad, Soni, N.C., Tomy, C.V., and Malik, S.K., "Effect try", National Symposium on Uranium Technology", of Ti, Fe and Zn Substitution on Superconductivity of BARC (1989) YBa2Cu3O7", Trans. Ind. Cer. Soc., 48(3), 45 (1989)

Kanvinde, V.Y., Mahesh Singh, Chandra Keshava and Sen, Tomy, C.V., Kudwa, N.P., Malik, S.K., Ram Prasad and S., "Recovery of Elemental Phosphorus from the Sludge Soni, N.C., "Superconducting and Magnetic Studies on Nd Cake generated during Electrothermal Production of Phos- Rich Nd1+xBa2.xCu3O7+z System", Proc. DAE Symp. on phorus", BARC-1465 (1989) Solid State Physics, Bhopal, 203 (1988)

Rawte, U.H., Mahesh Singh, Chandra Keshava and Sen, Soni, N.C., Ram Prasad, Arvind Jain, Tomy, C.V., Adroja, S., "Fire Prevention and Fire Fighting in Phosphorus Pilot D.T. and Malik, S.K., "Attempts on F and S Implantation on Plant at Trombay", BARC-1468 YBa2Cu3O7.y', ibid, 204 (1988)

Rawte, U.H., Mahesh Singh Chandra Keshava and Sen, S., Ram Prasad, Soni, N.C., Kamat, R.V., Vaidya, V.N., "Fire and Explosion while Ferrophosphorus Tapping in 1 Tomy, C.V. and Malik, S.K., "Some Observations on the tpd Phosphorus Pilot Plant, Trombay", Industrial Safety Superconductivity in Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O System", ibid, 202 Seminar, BARC (1989) (1988)

Mahesh Singh, Chandra Keshava and Sen, S., "Carbon-mon- Soni, N.C., Ram Prasad, Ashok Mohan, Banerji, S., Tomy, oxide Inhilation on the Feedbins of Phosphorus Pilot Plant", C.V, Malik, S.K., Yadav, U.S., and Rao, -K.R.K., "Shock ibid. Wave Compaction of Y-Ba-Cu-O Superconducting Powders", ibid, 179 (1988) Chandra, Keshava, Mahesh Singh, Singh, H., Meghal, A.M., Koppikcr, K.S. and Sen, S., "Future Trends in the Process- Ram Prasad, Soni, N.C., Tomy, C.V. and Malik, S.K., ing of Uranium Slag generated during Production of Ura- "Sinterability of Y-Ba-Cu-O Superconduciing Powders", ibid, nium Metal", National Seminar on Uranium Technology, 181 (1988) BARC (1989) Soni, N.C., K;im Prasad, Tomy, C.V. and Malik, S.K.,"On Ram Prasad, Soni, N.C., Tomy, C.V., Malik, S.K., Ashok the Bulk Preparation of YiBa2Cu3O7 Superconducting Mohan, Khera, S.K., Nair, K.U. and Gupta, C.K., Podcr, ibid, 180(1988) "Ceramic Metal Composites of Superconducting YBa2Cu3O7_v with Silver", Reviews of Solid State Science, Soni, N.C., Ram Prasad, Ashok Mohan, Vora, M.D., 2(2&3), 513 (1988) Banerjec, S., Tomy, C.V., Malik, S.K., Yadav, H.S. and Rao, K.R.K., "Consolidation of Y-Ba-Cu-O Powders by Ram Prasad, Soni, N.C., Ashok Mohan. Khera, S.K., Nair, Shock Loading", Pramanna-J of Physics, 32(6), 801 (1989) K.U., Gupta, C.K., Tomy, C.V. and Malik, S.K., "Compns- iics of Superconducting YBS^CI'^C^.Y With Silver", Materi- Upadhynya. D.D., Roy, S.K., Gupla, C.K., Fotcdar, R.K. and als I.cticrs, 7(1,2), 9 (1988) Ann, R.N., "Ceramics Fabrication by Injection Moulding Technique : Selection of Materials and Fabrication Experi- Guinar, A.K., Rao, U.R.K. and Ram Pra.sad. "Synthesis ence". Key Engineering Materials, Vol. 29-3) (1989) Trans.- and Cell Dimensions of ReBa VO6 Type Compounds where 2 Tcch. Publications, Switzerland. Re = Rare Earths", Journal Material Sci. Letters, 7, 1239 (1988) Ithai, U., Roy, S.K. and Rao, S.V.K, "Sintering Studies in

54 Mgnesia-Monticellitc System", Trans. Indian Cer. Soc., 48(3) Films Formed on Copper and Copper Base Allys in Salt (1989) Water", JECS of India, V. 38, No. 3,206 (1989)

Bhat, R. and Roy, S.K., "Development of a Flow-Sheet Sehra, J.C., Vijay, P.L. and Gupta, C.K., "Electrowinning of for the Production of Sillimnite Grog", Proc. National Semi- Group IV Metals from High Teperature Melts", Proc. of nar on "Indigenous R&D Efforts on Refractories for Steel National Symposium on Electrochemical Techniques and Making", 191 (1989) Instrumentation, Kalpakkam, 1988

Gadiyar, H.S. and Singh, P.R., "Role of Surface Films in Lai, B., Garg, S.P., Thakur, A.V., Suri, A.K. and Rao, P.R.K., Corrosion and Passivation Phenomena", JECS of India, V. 38, "Design of Container for Vaporization of Uranium at 3000K 55 (1989) using Four E-Beams to Produce U-Atomic Beam Sutiable for LIS", BARC/R-11,1988 Kain, V., Palit, G.C., Chouthai, S.S. and Gadiyar, H.S., "Effect of Heat Treatment on Critical Pitting Potential of Mukherjee, T.K. and Gupta, C.K., "Direct Recovery of Lead Stainless Steel 304 in 0.01 N NaCl", ibid. V. 38,50 (1989) from Galena by Caustic Fusion Technique", Proc. of International Conference on Base Metals Tech., Jamshedpur, Gadiyar, U.S. and Gupta, C.K., "Structure them Stainless", 1989 Science Today, p. 30,1989 Mukherjee, T.K. and Gupta, C.K., "Production of Speciality Phadnis, S.V., Joshi, J.V. and Gadiyar, H.S., "Comparative Ferroalloys by Aluminothermy", Proc. of National Symp. on Oxidation of Zircaloy-2, Zr-2.5Nb and Zr-O.5Nb-lCr Alloy in Ferroalloy Making, Bhubaneswar, 1989 Steam between 1000°-1200°C", Ind. J. of Tech. V. 27, 403 (1989) Gupta, C.K. and Bose, D.K., "Process Technology - Rare and Refractory Metals", Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Bull. Mater. Sci.), Shibad, P.R., Singh, P.R. and Gadiyar, H.S., 'Corrosion 1989

55 4.1 Radioisotope Production In order to eliminate 1-131, experiments are being carried out using Chelex-100 ion exchanger. Radioisotope production in Dhruva and Cirus reactors were carried out by regularly load- A new production facility for the handling ing samples for irradiation in the reactors. of fission molybdenum-99 at 1 Ci level is nearing About 1000 sample capsules were irradiated dur- completion. ing the year in the reactors. Major radioactive material produced included 750 Ci of Moly- Setting up of a mini-manipulator cell for bdenum-99, 375 Ci of Iodine-131, 16,800 Ci of handling Mo-99 upto 10 Ci has been taken up. Irridium-192 and 26 Ci of Sulphur-35. A special Fabrication of various constituent units of this source of 1500 Ci of Antimony-124 was prepared cell is in progress. in Dhruva reactor for incorporation into the start up neutron source assembly of Fast Breeder Test To reduce the personal radiation exposure Reactor at Kalpakkam. vhile sealing vials containing radioactive solutions, a pneumatically operated remote capping unit has 4.2 Radiochemicals been developed and fabricated.

Under the Seventh Five Year Plan, a spe- 4.3 Radiopharmaceuticals cial project - Dhruva Utilization for Isotope Technology - involving setting up of handling Prolactin is a single chain polypeptide facilities for isotopes such as Tritium, Carbon- hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. 14, Iodine-125, Molybdenum-99, etc is being set The measurement of proclatin in serum is impor- up. Standardisation of methods for the separation tant in the diagnosis and management of patient of these isotopes is also being completed. with tumor of the hypothalamus, and in case of women with amenorrhea or galactorrhea. Since It is planned to produce Iodine-125 by the human prolactin in pure form is difficult to pro- irradiation of xenon gas in a special metallic cure, a method of radioiodination is standar- container under a pressure of about 5 to 10 atmo dised using ovine prolaclin which is similar to spheres. A container for reactor irradiation has human piolactin. Various factors, viz, tests for been developed and fabricated and the proposal parallelism, precision-profile, blank effects and a for irradiation in Cirus is undergoing safety few clinical samples, have been studied. A pro- analysis. tocol for the purpose of routine analysis using heterogeneous system has been standardised. A new shielded facility for the processing and handling of 1-125 has been set up incorpor- The introduction of radio 1-125 steroid tra- ating a remotely operated automatic cutting cers has, to a great extent, simplified and ren- machine, a cryogenic system, etc. dered practicable the routine clinical evaluation. In this connection, work has teen initiated on (i) Feasibility studies on the separation of the development of specially synthesised steroid, carrier free Mo-99 from irradiated uranium by intermediates of testosterone, cortisol and cstra- hydrochlorination and sublimation technique has diol for labelling and conjugation to proteins for been carried out in great detail. Though the pro- antisera production, and (ii) the development of duct is free from contaminants such as Ru108, testosterone-oxine and testosterone - hemisucci- 95 132 Zr, e, 89/90Sr an<1 a|pha actjvjlVT lne level of nate - conjugates of bovine scrum albumin for 1-131 is slightly higher lhan the permissible level. raising anlisera.

56 Radiotracer handling for sediment movement study near Madras Harbour DETECTOR DEVICE TVPE S. NO-2

Rucjialion ociector pnckagu for iracfi' stjc'y .."> b-'r.'ec! ;>;p

57 umn at Indian Oil Corporation, Mathura cesium-137 activity in a glass matrix developed in Refinery, to 2nd out the causes of the malfunc- BARC. Development of computerised radio- tioning of the column. The scanning, which was graphic system is being taken up. Necessary soft- based on gamma ray attenuation, showed that all ware and engineering design parameters are the trays were in their respective locations and no being evaluated. flooding was found in the tray system. A process has been developed for the radi- The flow rate in the crystalliser draft tube ation degradation of PTFE (Teflon). At an inte- of M/s Larsen and Toubro Ltd., was studied grated dose of 50-100 kGy combined with a short under different operating conditions using a heating cycle, teflon yields a product which can be source of few hundred microcurie ^Co embed- pulverised easily to particles of 10 microns size. ded in a plastic bead as tracer. These degradation products are being extensively used as additives to greases, lubricants and cor- Blockage detection in the Bombay-Pune rosion resistance coatings. product pipeline between HP refinery and Khopoli was carried out using a 3 mCi ^Co Design and layout of the multipurpose source attached to the pipeline pig. Radiometric gamma irradiator for Defence Laboratory, method using 170/uCi ^Ir was used to detect Jodhpur, and liquid proccessing irradiator for blockages in crude oil furnace pipes at IOC, the radiation valcanisation of natural rubber latex Mathura. at Kottayam have been completed.

The transport characteristics of injection In the Electron Beam Accelerator, (a) fluids from the injection wells to the oil produ- many improvements and modifications have been cing wells of ONGC at South platform in Bom- carried out in the accelerator facility based on the bay High is being studied after injecting 320 Ci operational experience gained; (b) air exhaust of 3H as tritiated water into one of the wells in system has been modified and a conveyor with Bombay Off-shore. Samples from production wells remote control variable speed drive was designed, are being analysed for tritium with the help of fabricated and installed; (c) basic formulation liquid scintillation counters. work for the radiation cross linking of wire and cable insulation has been identified and trial 4.5 Radiation Technology irradiations using electron beam has given encouraging results in the improvement of physi- Methods and techniques for the prepar- cal characteristics like abrasion resistance and ation of radiochemicals, fabrication of radiation weight to cut through property. sources and appliances, and promotion of their application in vital areas of industrial, medical and The chemical processing of radioactive other research activities were developed. products like 95Zr, teRu, 91Y, 140Ba were carried out and several consignments given to The shielding integrity of 1.0 metre thick user institutions for their use. Development concrete wall which acts as a primary structure work was completed for the preparation of cae- for the new WMD facility being built at Trombay sium borosilicate glass containing vermiculite for was checked radiometrically. A number of Cu-Be the absorption of 137Cs activities. This is being alloy ingots produced in Vashi Beryllium Plant used for the preparation of brachytherapy sources were inspected radiographically for cavities, in the new facilities set up. The install-ation of shrinkages, voids and other discontinuities. the facilities for the fabrication of cesium-137 An autoradiographic technique is being deve- brachytherapy source and other industrial source loped to check the uniformity of distribution of is completed. Trial runs are in progress and

58 regular fabrication and supply of these sources SHRI project facilities is nearly complete. The are slated to commence soon. plant has been cleared by AERB for operation. Dose distribution studies in the irradiator and The installation and commissioning of the sludge recirculation system are in progress.

59 — Publications —

Majali, Mythili and Mani, R.S., "Studies on the Preparation Diethylene Triamine", 36th Annual Conference of the of ^Y-Labelled Antibodies using DTPA as Bifunctional American Society of Nuclear Medicine, J. Nucl. Med. 30, 5, Agent", Symposium on Radiochemistry and Radiation 938 (1989) (Abstract) Chemistry, Kalpakkam, 1989 Corlija, M., Pillai, M.R.A., John, C.S., Lo, J.M., Hoffman, JJ., Volkert, W.A., Holmes, R.A. and Troutner, D.E., Venkatesh, Meera and Mani, R.S., "Radioimmunoassay of "Evaluation of Tc-99m Tetradentate Complexes as Potential d-AIdosterone", ibid. Cell Labelling Radiopharmaceuticals", ibid, 939 (1989) (Abstract) Samuel, Grace, Sivaprasad, N. and Mani, R.S., "Radio- immunoassay for Phenytoin using Two Different Tracers", John, C.S, Pillai, M.R.A., Lo, J.M., Schlemper, E.O. and ibid. Troutner, D.E., "Synthesis Characterization and X-Ray Structure of Amine Phenol Complexes of Tc(v)", ibid, 938 Bhalla, H.L., Mathew Roy, Samuel Grace and (1989) Sivaprasad, N., "Development of Radioimmunoassay for Clondine", 41st Indian Pharmaceutical Congress, Bombay Schlemper, E.O., Pillai, M.RA John, C.S., Lo, J.M. and 1989 Troutner, D.E., "Technetium (V) and Pd(II) Complexes of Reduced SchifT Based Derived from Salicyladehyde", Bhalla, H.L., Vasan Pradeep, Samuel Grace and Sivaprasad, Annual Meeting of the American Crystallographic Asso- N., "Studies on Theophylline Immunoassay Technique", ibid. ciation, Seattle, Washington (1989)

Majali, Mythili, A., "A Two Site Immunoradiometric Assay Troutner, D.E., Pillai, M.R.A., John, C.S., Lo, J.M. and for Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin", XXI Annual Confer- Misellati, K., "Pentadentate Amine Phenol Complexes of ence of Society of Nuclear Medicine (SNM), Lucknow Tc-99m", 3rd International Symposium on Technitium in (1989) Chemistry and Nuclear Medicine, Padova, Italy, Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, 33, 321 (1989) (Abstract) Kothari, K. and Meera, V., "Heterologus RIA for Human Prolactin", ibid. Ajmera, R.L., Pant, HJ. and Eapen, "Radiometric Scanning of Dehydration Column at M/s. Reliance Indus- John, C.S., Pillai, M.R.A., Lo, J.M. and Troutner, D.E., tries Ltd., Patalganga, Rasayani", BARC-1461 (1989) "Labelling of Proteins with 105Rh", Appl. Radiat. Isot., 40, 701 (1989) Navada, S.V. and Kulkarni, U.P., "Measurement of Environmental D and 18O in Water Samples, BARC/I-978 John, C.S., Pillai, M.R.A., Lo, J.M. and Troutner, D.E., (1989) "Labelling of Proteins by Triamine Complexes of 105Rh", 35th Annual Conference of the American Society of Nuclear "Pollutants from Flue Gases and their Treatment. An Medicine, J. Nud. Med., 29,5,814 (1989) Appraisal of Indian Scene", Executive Management Semi- nar on Applications of Electron Accelerator for the Treat- Lo, J.M., Pillai, M.RA, John, C.S. and Troutner, ment of Flue Gases, Bombay (1989) D.E., "Radiochemical Purity Evaluation of 105Rh Complexes by Magnedium Oxide", Proceedings of the Aggarwal, K.S., Subbaramu, M.C. and Murthy, T.S., "A Feasi- Fourth Asia and Oceanea Conference of Nuclear Medicine, bility Study of the Flue Gas Treatment System Using Electron Taipei, Taiwan, 179 (1989) Beam Accelerator and Gamma Irradiation", ibid. Lo, J.M., Pillai, M.RA, John, C.S. and Troutner, D.E., Radhakrishnan, T.P., Sundaresan, R., Gangadharan, S., Sen, "Labelling of Human Serum Albumin with ^^Rh Using B.K. and Murthy, T.S., "Tritium Generation During Elec- Cysteine as 8 Bifunctional Chelating Agent", ibid. trolysis Experiments", BARC-1500 (1989) Pillai, M.R.A., John, C.S., Lo, J.M. and Troutner, D.E., Bose, H., Prabhu, L.H., Sankaranarayan, S., Shetiya, R.S., "Labelling of IgG with Rh-105 Complexes Derived from Veeraraghavan, N., Joshi, P.V., Murthy, T.S., Sen, B.K. and

60 Snarma, K.G.B., "Verification Studies in Electrochemically trolysis Experiments at BARC", ibid. Induced Fusion of Deuterons in Palladium Cathodes", ibid. Majali, A.B., "Current Trends in Radiation Chemical Murthy, T.S., lyengar, T.S., Sen, B.K., Joseph, T.B., Processing", Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry "Tritium Analysis of Samples Obtained from Various Elec- Symposium, Kalpakkam, Madras (1989) (Invited Talk)

61 5.1 Reactor Engineering In addition to the work on hardware required for reactors, a number of items for The main thrust of the R & D programme use in other R & D programmes have also been in reactor engineering continued to be towards developed. Notable among these is the gas gun generation of design information and design facility which has been completed for carrying out details for the 500 MW(e) PHWR as well as for studies under high pressure. The facility would fuel handling system of 500 MWe PFBR, tech- also be used for study of high speed impact pro- nology development for repair and maintenance blems. The design of vacuum shroud for cold neu- activities of operating reactors and ongoing safety tron guide tubes was finalised based on the feed research. back obtained on mock up, and final fabrication drawings were cleared for their manufacture. A As a part of programme for indigenisation new design for the scintillation counter drive of various equipment and hardware, a number of has been developed for improved maintain- components were tested under simulated high ability on light shutter module and is being pressure and high temperature conditions similar integrated with the working prototype of this to power reactors. Notable among these are the drive. A pick pellet module has been designed for sixth Fuelling Machine for Narora Atomic Power nuclear fuel complex as a part of drive to intro- Project, high pressure couplings used in cool- duce automation in fuel fabrication plant. Con- ant channel feeders, high pressure and high tem- siderable engineering support was provided for perature nuclear valves, special filters, etc. Some indigenous manufacture of turnstile gates for of the components of Fuelling Machine have also access control at nuclear installations. been evaluated through specially designed tests. These are modified balls screw with external cir- The problems faced with the secondary shut culation, various types of high torque low speed down system at Narora were investigated in a full motors, water lubricated bearings, side stops, scale mock up. The design data for the secondary fuel transport shuttle, etc. shut down system for 500 MWe PHWR was generated in terms of discharge rates, growth of jets A number of new designs of hardware were and spread angle in a facility specially built for evolved and tested out for checking their per- the purpose. This data is being analysed for formance. The magnetic coupling which enables working out the final optimum configuration position of Fuelling Machine Ram-C to be mea- which would be qualified on a full scale mock sured without the need to penetrate the pressure up. The reactivity worth calculations corre- housing was developed as a replacement for the sponding to the observed black body growth are failure prone Ram-C potentiometer. A modified also being done in parallel using a code which has design of jig-saw panel which is used as thermal been specially developed for this purpose. The insulation barrier on the reactor face of PHWRs design of fuel handling system for 500MWe has been worked out with a view to minimise the PHWR was finalised taking into account the feed manrem required for removal and reinstallation of back from operating stations. The detailing is these panels while attending to any work con- currently in progress. The conceptual design of nected with coolant channels. A modified design the fuel handling system for prototype fast of garter spring using inconel x-750 which can breeder reactor was revised and finalised. The be used as tight-fit garter spring for the coolant detailed design work of components like Ramps channel has also been evolved. This design has tilting mechanism and transfer pot have been been optimised to keep the burnup penalty to completed for 500 MWe PFBR. minimum.

62 Work related to design of shipping cask for system is to arrive at a reactor design which could transportation of radioactive substances was extend the thermal reactor phase to well beyond taken up and a shipping cask for trans- 10,000 MW programme utilising minimum pluto- portation of irradiated antimony oxide capsule nium inputs. It is envisaged that this reactor has been completed. A drop test facility for impact would run on thorium and would have a number testing of shipping casks has been designed for of features for improved economics and safety. As Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology. In a part of initiating plutonium recycle in some of order to augment the capacity for testing fuelling the PHWR units, a scheme to change over the machine for 235 MWe PHWRs, an additional existing core to thorium once-through refuelling Fuelling Machine Test Facility has been con- mode has been worked out and is being detailed structed. Testing of the machine on this facility further. would be taken up soon. A detailed analysis of Fuelling Machine mounted on supports along with Irradiation testing of fuel pins to prove coolant channels mounted on calandria end shield out various new manufacturing techniques has structure has been initiated for assessment of been taken up. A detailed programme for safety under earthquake conditions. This problem improved utilisation of inpile facilities has also is being handled through a number of different been drawn up. analysis packages. Some initial calculations considering the in-line movement of coolant chan- One of the most important contribution nel and fuelling machine have been completed. during this year was towards rehabilitation of Another area which has been studied in detail both units of Madras Atomic Power Station relates to behaviour of reactor building under which had suffered considerable damage to the earthquake loading. Aspects like uplift analysis moderator inlet manifolds. A detailed review of of reactor building raft, detailed analysis of the condition of the two reactors was made using internal structures considering stochastic loading data available from remote micro-video inspection have been studied. Instability analysis of end which was specially engineered in the shortest shield diaphragm, seismic analysis of fuel transfer possible time. A special remote tool was devel- system, impact analysis of fuel transfer cask and oped which had the capability to relocate the racks have also been completed. Elastoplastic debris parts into a region away from the main analysis of seal disc has also been done. flow. The units were restarted after modifying the moderator inlet piping so as to enable entry of A zero clearance rolled joint has been moderator through the old outlet manifold and its developed for joining Zr-2.5% Nb alloy pressure exit through the dump ports. Detailed investi- tubes to stainless steel fittings. Tooling and equip- gations were necessary to understand the thermal ment for carrying out assembly of such zero hydraulic behaviour in the new configuration. clearance rolled joints during site installation Investigations were also carried out to assess work have been developed. This procedure will structural design of both inlet as well as outlet be used at KAPP-2 for the first time. The con- manifold with a view to understand the mecha- ceptual design scheme for a semi-automatic re- nism of failure of inlet manifold and to regain con- mote operable coolant channel replacement ma- fidence on the safety of outlet manifold. After chine has been worked out. Different subsystems observing the performance of the units at 50% of this machine are in various stages of develop- power for some time a re-evaluation of the ther- ment. mal hydraulic parameters was carried out with a view to assess feasiblity of further increase in A preliminary physics feasibility study for power that can be achieved. As a result of an advanced heavy water reactor has been detailed experimental and analytical studies, it has carried out. The motivation for studying this been possible to increase the reactor power to

63 75% full power and both units are steadily oper- programme in the area of thermal hydraulics is ating at this power at the moment. A detailed being continuously augmented. Design and plan of action for the permanent rehabilitation of development of directly as well as indirectly these units has been drawn up. The design of heated fuel rod simulators have been persued moderator inlet spargers at the lower end of the calandria has been worked out in detail alongwith The probabilistic safety assessment level I all other associated development activities. The study of a standardised 235 MWe PHWR has actual work at site would be taken up depending been carried out.This study has revealed that the on the availability of the units for this work as it core damage frequency of a PHWR is towards is expected to involve an outage time of around 3 the lower end of the spectrum for range of these months. values for various reactor systems. This work is being extended to other reactors as well as In the light of the experience at MAPS, towards development of systems for impioved vibration monitoring has been carried out at operator support. A detailed programme of RAPS to assess the condition of moderator development of PSA work has been identified. manifold. It is inferred that the moderator inlet baffles in RAPS are likely to be in reasonably Following special components were fabri- good condition. cated and supplied : 4 B4C control blades for TAPS, 5 liquid shut off rod assemblies for The 3 MW Boiling Water Loop which NAPP-II, 7 mechanical shutoff rod assemblies for was commissioned earlier operated well during the KAPP-I, 11 Zr-2 guide tubes for mechanical shut year, and extensive loop characterisation tests off rods for KAPP-I, replacement of wire rope were completed. As a part of the design support assemblies in 9 Initial Accelerating Spring Ass- of 500 MW reactors, pressure drop studies for emblies received back from NAPP-II and nitriding measurement of pressure drop across junction of 4353,17-4 PH SS components for NPC. between two fuel bundles as well as pressure drop in the fuel locator with different configurations Dis-assembly of 2 MW inpile loop at Hall-7 were completed. With a view to assess the safety has been completed and installation of piping of fuel during fuel transfer operations, steady system and equipment at Dhruva has been state temperature analysis for 500 MWe PHWR started. Design of 2 MW inpile loop auxiliary spent fuel during dry transfer was carried out. systems was completed and their fabrication is in A test was carried out at NAPP-1 to confirm the progress. Loop design manual and report on out- effectiveness of thermo-syphon cooling mecha- of-pile commissioning of the loop at Hall-7 was nism in removing heat from the core at low pow- prepared and submitted to Reactor Safety Com- ers. mittee. Safety analysis of the loop at Dhruva is being done. The causes for higher level of pump Analysis of heat removal capability of steam vibrations and its damage were identified. Nece- generators for NAPP with reduced secondary ssary modifications of the pump are being done. inventory was carried out using computer code RELAP4/Mod 6. Analysis was also carried out for Loop piping and equipment layout at conditions of station black out for NAPP reactor. Dhruva has been prepared. Fabrication of equip- Pump start up transient analysis was also carried ment and procurement of instrumentation is in out for NAPP using RELAP4/Mod 6. Pretest progress. Loop design and safety report is analysis of loss of feed water transient test in being prepared. Fabrication of buggy and buggy SPES experimental facility in Italy was completed. drive mechanism for X-ray inspection facility for The predicted results have been sent for compari- Dhruva irradiated fuel is nearing completion. son with the actual test data. The experimental Preparation of site for its installation in storage

64 Manipulator used for relocation of loose debris pieces in MAPS reactors

MAPS calandria model for moderator flow field studies Interaction of multiple jets for development of liquid poison injection system for 500 MWE PHWR

Maximum stress distribution in MAPS calandria manifold subsequent to failure centre support bolts. block at Dhruva is in progress. Fabrication of as hot shut down conditions have been worked shield blocks is in progress. out.

Cold/hot commissioning of instrumentation Taking advantage of the commissioning of controls for High Temperature Loop was carried NAPP Unit-1, low power physics experiments out. Instrumentation and control for renovation have been planned and successfully completed. of Fuelling Machine Test Facility in Hall No. 3 is Data obtained will also help in validation of the in an advanced stage of installation. Instrumen- codes developed which can be extended to 500 tation and controls for a number of small experi- MWe systems. A new concept of sector symmetric mental test facilities used for the development fuel reload pattern for Tarapur reactors has been works pertaining to 235 and 500 MWe power developed. Core physics. Crsign for 1000 MWe reactors were completed. units with use of a burnable poison and low leakage has been evaluated. Performance evaluation of XLPE and PVC cables for life time integrated dose of 70 mega Development of seismic analysis techniques rads and seismic qualification was carried out. have been continued. Ground motion, response spectra, response spectra compatible time history 5.2 Reactor Analysis have been generated for specific sites. Besides, compatible spectra and spectral density for strong A full scope training simulator developed motion have been generated for reactor sites and indigeneously based on the RAPS system has been statistically analysed. installed at Nuclear Training Centre, Kota. Models have been tested for full range of opera- 5.3 Experimental Reactor Physics tion for start up, run up to full power and shut down. Several transients like load rejection, re- Procedures for physics-related measure- actor trip, turbine trip, station islanding, etc. have ments during commissioning of NAPP-1 as well been successfully demonstrated. as their results after commissioning were scrutinized in detail. Technical reports on features A code for studying pressuriser transients of the measurement programme, on some of has been developed incorporating bubble rise and the observed data during the measurements, and condensation of water droplets. on error estimations were also prepared for Design and Safety review of the reactor. To calculate nuclear heat generation in reactor components of PHWR reactors, a computer A microprocessor-based system was deve- code based on Point Kernal Build-up factor tech- loped and used at the site for on-line surveil- nique has been developed and tested. lance of neutron population during the first approach to critical and other startups of NAPP-1. The temperature transients in the hottest This system was geared to predict critical boron reactor channels and loss of coolant accident con- concentration during the course of boron removal, ditions with emergency core cooling system oper- to provide information on the time rate of change ations have been analysed including the of neutron population subsequent to every step regimes of level stratification in the channel. removal of boron, and to measure reactor period when the reactor goes just beyond critical. The Actual flow and velocity distribution in cool- microprocessor system was also used for recording ant channels for the 500 MWe PHWR system for other data and for quick analysis by inverse kinet- different pump operations, combinations as well ics method of the data generated in rod drop tests.

65 Axial flux distributions were measured in suitable in all cases, and that, where unsuitable, an empty channel ofNAPP-1 for five configur- it was safer to use a set of threshold detectors ations of control rods. Three copper wires were with the minimum standard deviation in the strung along the channel for each configuration, spectrum relative to measured and computed and after irradiation and removal, both gamma activities. and beta activities were determined along the wire by means of an automated system which used Study was made on possible use of noise microprocessor control both for the wire move- analysis techniques for surveillance of PHWRs to ment by stepping motors and for data recording. detect boiling in channels, if it occurs. These measurements at site were later supple- mented by irradiation in Apsara for firming up Irradiation was carried out in Cirus for dead time and decay corrections, for abstracting transmutation doping of a long crystal of silicon contributions from portions of wire on either side to be used by BHEL for making test devices of the segment in front of the collimater, and for geared for industrial use. The crystal was peri- the effect of the spooled portions of the wire. odically rotated during irradiation for minimizing Calibrations have also been made at Apsara for the effect of flux gradient across the crystal. converting count rates into absolute flux. Continuing work was pursued for evaluation Techn.cal aspects were considered with of nuclear data related to use of thorium in chemists of NAPP site for on-line measurements reactors. of boron concentration in moderator using chemical method and compared with the physics- Work related to developing improved trans- based method using neutron absorptiometry port theory methods and tests for radiation trans- which is also being developed. The absorpti- port calculations was continued. ometry method has some disadvantage in application to PHWRs, since, for comparable sensitivity 5.4 Reactor Control for different moderators, the sample sizes should have linear dimensions roughly proportional to The main thrust of research was towards the diffusion lengths in the moderators. modernization of computer-based systems for reactor control, data acquisition and operator Computations of gamma fluxes and gamma support functions, fuelling machine controls, con- heating in the core of 500 MW(e) PHRS were trol system analysis, software reliability and con- performed at cell level and whole-core comput- trol mechanism development. ations were undertaken. Sensitivity to choice of cross-section library and to the geometrical mod- Instrumentation and control system for elling scheme has been assessed. Kamini and Purnima-III critical facilities have been completed. Pre-commissioning checks on in- Participatory work has been initiated for tegrated performance of the various subsystems preparing commissioning stage measurements to were carried out. Tests have also been carried be done in 500 MW(e) PHWR. out on Kamini reactor for operation of safety control plates, reactor coolant heat transport sys- Methods for measurement of neutron doses tem, waste disposal and demineralized water sys- received by materials in reactors were further tems, process controls and process information improved for accounting for spectral effects. It systems. Purnima III components like fuel sup- was found that the conventional method of port structures, beryllium reflector boxes, control using the fission spectrum as the fast neutron rod guide plates and fuel extraction tools have spectrum seen by the threshold detectors was not also been fabricated. The Pneumatic Carrier

66 Facility at Dhruva was equipped with a micro- record 48 parameters measured every two seconds processor based system for performing various for four days have been installed at MAPS. The control functions. system also computes moderator temperature change during power step operations. The Channel Temperature Monitoring Sys- tem (CTM) developed for 500 MWe reactors has Reactor Power Regulation in PHWRs is dual functions. In addition to the measurement of presently carried out by using differential tem- outlet temperature of the coolant in 392 channels, perature of primary heat transfer coolant across it alsov generated power set-back for Reactor the steam generators as a signal representing Regulating System. The system receives signals reactor power. In order to improve the plant tran- from two RTDs in each channel, computes outlet sient response against external disturbances, reac- temperatures, generates temperature 'high' and tor regulating system based on neutron flux 'very high' alarms and calculates zonal power, measurement was proposed. The relative superi- bulk power, etc. The system is built around ority of this scheme of control has been estab- 68,000 processors and IBM compatible PCs. All lished by a dynamic simulation study of the plant operator interactions are menu driven, and dis- and its control system. play is on the lines being adopted in Kamini Process Information System. The development of a personal computer based Rod Worth Minimiser (RWM) system for Two Channel Temperature Monitoring TAPS has been taken up. At present, the con- Systems using 8086 processors for NAPP-2 have trol rods are inserted or withdrawn manually in a been manufactured, installed and pre-commi- predetermined sequence and operator errors are ssioned. likely to occur during this safety related operation. The computer based RWM will execute per- The Programmable Digital Comparatory mitted pre-stored sequences of rod operations and System (PDC) developed for KAPP is a safety will provide protection against wrong operation. related equipment and its software calls for rigor- A color CRT based operator console provides ous testing and validation. In order to prove added facilities like overview of rod positions, acceptability of the software, an external soft- review of past and future rod movements, etc. ware driven system has been developed and the PDC software has been extensively tested by gen- The Reactor Regulating System (RRS) for erating pseudo-random command sequences. 500 MWe reactor is configured as a dual distri- The PDC response has been monitored and buted digital control system networked on dual logged over a period of time. redundant data highway. Since the RRS would perform both global power control as well as The Fuel Handling System at Integral Ther- power distribution (zonal power) control, the mal Facility is being used for calibration and test- number of process inputs is an order higher than ing of fuelling machine heads for various power the 235 MWe reactors and also the number of plants. The control system has been upgraded with control devices are larger (nearly 40). An an advanced minicomputer system to provide full additional feature of the 500 MWe RRS is the auto mode operations and improve its availability. provision of stepback to avoid any loss of regu- In addition, it provides improved operator inter- lation incidence. Operator interaction with the face and on-line diagnostics. system is through CRT to provide an easy and elegant man-machine interface. Hardware design A Digital Recording System was developed has been completed and the prototypes of the to replace large numbers of electro-mechanical hardware modules have been tested to validate recorders. Two such units with a capability to the design.

67 An analysis of Reactor Regulating System 5.5 Reactor Operations, Services and (RRS) of 500 MWe PHWR has been carried out Maintenance using Nodal models. A computer code> based on the nodal model of the reactor core, has been The 10 MW research reactor Dhruva con- developed to predict the core power distri- tinued to operate satisfactorily at its rated power. bution, xenon effects and the global power as a A record uninterrupted continuous operation of function of motion of reactivity control devices. 19 days at rated power was established in the In the Nodal model, the reactor core has been month of March 1989. Some difficulty in quick represented by fourteen fictitious zones. Since identification and location of failed fuel assem- these zones are neutronically coupled, a system of blies has been encountered. Efforts to improve point kinetic eqations of fourteen zones coupled the Failed Fuel Detection System are on hand. through 'coupling co-efficients' has been used and An experimental fuel assembly with the fuel pins these determine the interzonal neutron leakages manufactured by extrusion process was test irradi- based upon the geometry and average parameters ated and its performance was found to be satisfac- in the zones. A three-dimensional coarse mesh tory. Regular production of miscellaneous radio- code has been developed and tested for bench- isotopes has been streamlined. Long term irradi- mark core configuration of PHWR. ations for production of cobalt-60 are being continued. The shut-off rod drive mechanism for Dhruva has been upgraded to extend wire-rope The 40 MW thermal research reactor Cirus service life and to improve the level of on-demand was operated at its designed power level till mid- scram functions. A microprocessor based test August 1989. Thereafter, the operating power console for automatic testing of adjuster and shut level has been lowered to 20 MW towards con- off rods with print out facility has been developed serving fuel. Both Cirus and Apsara reactors con- and commissioned. tinued to operate in a safe and efficient manner and provided facilities for neutron research, The design of advanced shut-off rods for neutron radiography, testing of neutron detectors, KAPP has been completed. This design permits isotope production, gem-grade diamond irradi- on-line monitoring of the health of the mecha- ation, etc. and for staff training. Over 1500 nism, extended life for rotating components and samples were irradiated for isotope production in modular construction of sub-assemblies for easy both the reactors. Silicon crystal irradiation ex- maintenance and operational reliability. periments for uniform phosphorus doping were continued at Cirus. A large number of adjuster rod drives are required for each power plant. A prototype two Over 1800 isotope samples were evaluated phase servo motor along with thyristor control for reactivity effect, heat production and radi- amplifer has been developed and tested. A batch ation shielding for irradiation in Trombay reactors. of 20 such motors along with drive assemblies are The reactivity effect of using lithium pentaborate being supplied to KAPP. solution in place of gadolinium nitrate solution for Liquid Poison Injection System of Dhruva A new test station for the testing of 500 reactor was estimated and was found to be accept- MWe mechanism has been commissioned with able from safety considerations. The steady state absorber assembly, head gear and test console. and transient thermal-hydraulic aspects of Dhruva This facility will be extensively used for design fuel assemblies for conditions initiated by the fail- verification and modification required to achieve ure of Class-FV power supply to main coolant high reliability and optimization of components. pumps were studied, in particular reference

68 to revised limit on maximum coolant inlet Bombay Port Trust authorities. Performance of temperature. the main sea water pumps was improved by modifying certain critical components. About 37,000 chemical samples of light water, heavy water, helium, ion exchange resins, etc. Assistance was provided to Nuclear Power were analysed for chemical control of Apsara, Corporation for analysis of raw water samples Cirus and Dhruva reactors at Trombay. for KAPP and Kaiga, supply of heavy water standards to NAPP and for analysis of moderator Towards better reliability and operational heavy water samples for their boron content dur- flexibility, some of the services such as coming criticality experiments at NAPP. pressed air, demineralised water and chilled water systems were interconnected between Dhruva and Certain problems of Single Mode Control Cirus. Measures for the installation of strainer at (control valve and linear power rate fluctuations) the outlet of primary cooling water heat exchan- of Dhruva reactor Power Regulating System were gers, hydraulic power pack for the fuel handling successfully solved. Design, fabrication and testing machine, replacement of primary cooling water of circuit to annunciate reactor auxiliary coolant pumps with indigenous pumps, and replacement low flow rates were completed. Required modifi- of Attached Laboratory Refrigerating Machine in cations for easy servicing of fuel channel coolant Cirus reactor were carried out. A performance flow gauges in 200 out of a total of 400 flow evaluation of Cirus Sorber Refrigerating machine gauges, and for moderator level control system was carried out. volume booster to prevent unsafe failure of control valve were carried out. For Apsara reactor, necessary measures were implemented to correct reactor pool water A modification scheme was implemented to leakage, installation of non-regenerative type prevent recurrence of problems in sequential mixed bed catridges for polishing reactor pool power transfer with both raising and lowering of reactor water, and replacement of refrigerating Dhruva shut-off rods. To improve the Failed Fuel machine of the airconditioning plant. For Dhruva Detection System, a flow set-up facility was made reactor, modifications and mock-up trials are in to measure the flow through fuel channel FFD progress with a view to increase the reliability and lines to collect data. Commissioning of instrumen- improved performance of shut-off rod drive tation for heavy water vapour recovery system was mechanism. Work on installation of Centrifuge done. Separator and associated piping in the Heavy Water and Cover Gas System is nearing com- To avoid flooding of reactor operational pletion. Procurement action for equipments, and other areas during monsoon season, neces- valves, piping and pipe fittings of Emergency Core sary action was taken at Cirus and Dhruva. Cooling System Phase-II is in progress. The heavy water vapour recovery unit was commissioned af- Temperature, flow and neutron channel ter incorporation of necessary modifications. For instrumentation with auto counting, recording the on-power handling of isotope tray rods, and printing, and power supply unit for feeding design review and the consequent modifications pulsating current to cell were provided for Cold to components were carried out based upon Fusion research work being carried out. mock-up tests. The performance of the new microproces- To assess the pattern of accumulation of sor based system for Failed Fuel Detection and silt near sea water system Caisson, a depth sound- Location System in Dhruva is being observed. ing study was conducted in coordination with The out-of-pile testing of a prototype instru-

69 merited fuel assembly with thermocouples was under fabrication for being installed in the Dhruva carried out A new instrumented fuel assembly is reactor.

70 ~ Publications —

Dutta, B.K., Maiti, S.K. and Kakodkar, A., "Develop- Research Contract No.5204/RB. ment and Application of Two Singular Points Finite Elements", Int. J. on Numerical Method in Engg., 28, 1449 »Nema, M.K., Bose, A. Mahajan, S.K. and Kakodkar, A., "A (1989) New Design for Blow out Panels", Third National Symposium on Operating Experience of Nuclear Reactors and Power Kusbwaha, H.S., Dutta, B.K. and Kakodkar, A., "Structural Plants, Bombay, 1989. Evaluation of Containment for Indian PHWRs", Nuclear Engineering and Design Journal, 117,33(1989). Dutta, M.L., Vidyasagar, T. and Mahajan, S.C., "Evaluation and Testing of Valves for Nuclear Systems", ibid. Vijayan, P.K., Venkat Raj, V., Kakodkar, A. and Mehta, S.K., "Passive Decay Heat Removal by Natural Circulation", Shendre, D.N., Dutta, M.L. and Mahajan, S.C., "NAPP IAEA Technical Committee Meeting on Passive Safety in PHT Pumps - Testing for Reliability", ibid. Current and Future Water Cooled Reactors, Moscow, 1989. Shendre, D.N., Barman, S.K., Vidyasagar T and Haware, S.K. and Venkat Raj, V., "Experimental Studies on Mahajan, S.C., "Operation and Maintenance Experience on One-Tenth Scale Model of Vapour Suppression Pool Contain- Valves in Test Facilities", ibid. ment for 235 MWe Indian PHWRs", Fourth International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics, Jain, V.K. and Mahajan, S.C., "Development and Testing of Karlsruhe, 1989 a Blow Out Panel", ibid.

Dutta, B.K., Maiti, S.K. and Kakodkar, A., "Use of Two Soni K.L., Kaushik R.V. and Mahajan S.C., "Liquid Poison Singular Points Finite Elements in the Analysis of Kinked Shut off Rods - Design and Development Testing", ibid. Cracks", Proceedings of Seventh International Conference on Fracture, Houston, 1989. Vol. 3, p. 2315. Chhokera, A.R. and Mahajan, S.C., "Magnetite Formation in High Temperature Facilities", ibid. Dutta, B.K., Maiti, S.K. and Kakodkar, A., "Use of Two Singular Points Element in the Analysis of Branched Cracks", Patel, R.J., Agrawal, R.G. and Rakesh Kumar, "Compatibility Proceedings of SMIRT-10 Conference, Vol. G, 1989 Checking of 19/22 Element Fuel Bundles with Normal/Special Separators of Fuelling Machine for 235 MWe PHWR", ibid. Duita, B.K., Maiti, S.K. and Kakodkar, A., "Use of Two Singular Points Finite Element in the Parametric Analysis of Nagdaune, R.K. Vijayan, P.K., Chamany, B.F. Venkat Kinked Cracks", Proc. of International Conference on Engg. Raj, V. and Mehta, S.K., "Analysis of MAPS System Follow- Software, Delhi, 1989, p. 243 (1989) ing Load Rejection and Comparison with Test Data", ibid. Singh, R.K., Kant, T. and Kakodkar, A., "Studies of Pal, G., Markandeya, S.G. and Venkat Raj, V., "Transient Shell Fluid Interaction Problems", ibid. Thermal Analysis of Spent Fuel Bundles of 500 MWe PIIWR During Abnormal Fuel Handling Operation", ibid. Soni, R.S., Reddy, G.R., Kushwaha, H.S. and Kakodkar, A., "Coupled Seismic Analysis of a Pressurised Heavy Water Saraf, R.K., Sanyasi Rao, V.V.S. and Babar, A.K., "Operating Reactor Building", SMIRT-10 Conference, USA. Experience on the Reliability of Emergency Power Supply System", ibid. Sinha, R.K. and Kakodkar, A., "Research and Development Programme Towards Improvement in Replaceability of Cool- Rama Rao, A., Moorthy, R.I.K. and Mishra, S.K., "Condition ant Channels of Indian Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors", Monitoring as a Maintenance Tool for Early Prediction of The Technical Committee Meeting on the Impact of Ad- Roller Bearing failure", ibid. vanced Technologies on Reactor Systems, IAEA, Vienna, 1989. Shah, F.B and Kohli, A.K., "Problems in Design of Hoisting Arrangement of Transfer Pot for PFBR", National Work- Balakrishnan, Kamala, "Benchmark Analysis for Core shop on Mechanical Handling Devices, Nagpur, 1989 Parameters to Validate Analytical Computer Codes and Detailed Fuel Management for the Conversion of Once- Through Thorium Fuelling", Progress Report IAEA, Kohli, A.K., "Tribology in Sodium Cooled Fast Breeder

71 Reactors", National Conference on Industrial Tribology, Shield Under Station Black-Out Conditions", ibid. Trivandrum, 1989 Soni, R.S., Reddi, G.R., Kushwaha, H.S. and Kakodkar, A., Patel, RJ., Agrawal, R.G. and Rakesh Kumar, "Performance "Present State of Art in the Seismic Analysis of Nuclear Evaluation of Ball Bearing and Ball Screws in Water Lubri- Structures and Components", Indian Science Congress Asso- cated Condition", ibid. ciation, (76th Session), Madurai, 1989.

Rao, G.S., Belokar, D.G., Dolas, P.K. andVenkat Raj V., Soni, R.S., Kushwaha, H.S. and Kakodkar, A., "Seismic "Fast Instrumentation for LOCA Experimental Studies Isolation of Nuclear Structures and Components - An Over- Pertaining to Nuclear Reactors" National Symposium view with Regard to Indian PHWR", Workshop on Seismic on Nuclear Electronics and Instrumentation, Bombay, Base Isolation of Structures, Delhi, 1989 1989. Kushwaha, H.S. and Kakodkar, A., "Prediction and Exten- Rao, G.S., Kukreja, V., Dolas, P.K. and Venkat Raj V., sion of Life of Critical Reactor Components", Symposium "Design and Development of Drag-disc Flowmeter for Mea- on Post-Irradiation Examination in Nuclear Programme, surement of Transient Two-Phase Row", Proc. of the 10th Bombay, 1989. National Heat and Mass Transfer Conference, Srinagar, 1989. Kayal, J.N., Sinha, R.K. and Nageshwar Rao, G., "In- service Video-Inspection of MAPS Reactors" ibid. Pal, G., Markandeya, S.G. and Venkat Raj, V., "Analysis of the Transient Behaviour of 37 Rod Fuel Cluster of 500 MWe Lai, A.K. and Sinha, R.K., "Remote Handling of Loose Parts PHWR during Spent Fuel Handling Operation", ibid. within MAPS Calandria", ibid.

Rao, G.S., Markandeya, S.G., Dolas, P.K., Venkat Raj V. Balakrishnan, Karnala and Ganguli, C, "Thorium utilisation and Mehta, S.K., "Pretest Calculations for Prediction of Con- in Indian Power Reactor Programme", Symposium on tainment Transients in HDR -International Standard Problem Nuclear Fuel Fabrication, Bombay. Exercise-23", ibid. Umashankari, P., "Study of Test Pin Ratings Achievable in Howare, S.K. and Venkat Raj, V., "Experiments on One- CIRUS PWL",Conference on Nuclear Science and Tech- Tenth Scale Model of Vapour Suppression Pool Contain- nology in India - Pjst.Present and Future, Bombay, 1989 ment for 235 MWe Indian PHWRs - Results of one of the Tests Simulating MAPS Conditions", ibid. Umasbankari, P., "Possibility of Achieving Thermal Cycling Facility in the 150 kW Loop of Dhruva", Conference on Pal, G., Markandeya, S.G. and Venkat Raj, V., "Temperature Nuclear Power: Advanced Fuel Cycles. Transients in the Fuel Cluster of Research Reactor Dhruva Subsequent to Complete Core Voiding", ibid. Saraf, R.K., Sanyasi Rao, V.V.S., Babar, A.K. and Kakodkar, A., "Probabilistic Safety Assessment of Narora Nagdaune, R.K., Vijayan, P.K. and Venkat Raj, V., "Analysis Atomic Power Project", BARC Report-1445. of Station Black-out Conditions in 235 MWe PHWR", ibid. Chawla, D.S., Dutta, B.K., Kushwaha, H.S., Kakodkar, A. Nagdaune, R.K., Vijayan, P.K. and Venkat Raj, V., "Analysis and Sanatkumar, A., "A Report on Stress Analysis of Seal of Postulated Large Break LOCA in a Standardised 235 MWe Disc of 235MWe PHWR", BARC-1456. PHWR", ibid. Mundra, G., Kohli, A.K., and Rakesh Kumar, "Design of Venkat Raj, V., "Nuclear Reactor Heat Transfer-An Over- Shipping Cask for Transportation of Irradiated Antimony view of Certain Aspects", ibid. Oxide Capsules", Report No. RED/FHS/MISC/42.

Vijayan, P.K., Mehta, S.K. and Date, A.W., "Experimental Pilkhwal, D.S., Vijayan, P.K. and Venkat Raj, V., "Analysis and Analytical Study of Steady-State Natural Circulation for Long Term Recirculation Phase of Emergency Core Cool- with Through Flow in a Figure of Eight Loop", ibid. ing of500 MWe PHWR", Tech. Report.

Chawla, D.S., Dutta, B.K., Kushwaha, H.S. and Kakodkar A., Nagdaune, R.K., Vijayan, P.K. and Venkat Raj, V., "NAPP "Temperature Transient Analysis of 500 Mwe PHWR F.nd- Station Black-out Analysis", Tech. Report.

72 Pal, A.K., Sinha, G.K., Saha, D., Venkat Raj, V. and Flow Mixing Studies on Nuclear Fuel Bundles for Kakodkar, A, "Experimental Studies on Row Through the PHWRs", 10th Heat and Mass Transfer Conference, Dump Port of MAPS Calandria", Tech. Report. Srinagar, 1989

Maheswari, N.K., Pal, A.K., Saha, D. and Venkat Raj V., Murthy, L.G.K., "Sieam Generator Failure in Tarapur "Analysis of Moderator Flow Field in MAPS Calandria", Atomic Power Station - Safety Consideration", ibid. Tech.Report. Gupta, S.K., "Thermal Simulation of a Reactor Channel", Pilkhwal, D.S., Vijayan, P.K., Markandeya, S.G., Saha, D. ibid. and Venkat Raj, V., "Design Analysis for Optimisation of Size and Number of Holes in the Proposed Sparger for Aganval, R.A., "Estimation of Temperature Distribution in MAPS Reactor from Considerations of Flow and Velocity Reactor Shield", ibid. Distribution", Tech. Report. Krishnani, P.D., "Analysis of lattice Experiments with Sinha, R.K., "Development, Qualification and Applica- ThO2-UO2 Fuel Using WIMS Library", Annual Nucl. tion of a Mechanical Flexing Technique for Repositioning Energy, 16,151(1989) of Garter Springs in NAPP-1 Coolant Channels - Final Re- port", Report No. CCG/NAPP-1/890123,1989. Krishnani, P.D., "Analysis of PIE for Isotopic Com- position of Plutonium Using Computor Code CLUB", Samuel, K.R. and Sinha, R.K., "Helium Leak Rate of Pres- Symposium on Post Irradiated Examination in Nuclear sure Tube and Calandria Tube Rolled Joints at Elevated Programme, Bombay, 1989 Temperatures", Report No. CCG/500/PO/890222,1989. Krishnani, P.D., Gupta, H.G. and Dwivedi, S.R., "Interface Sharma, Avaneesh and Sinha R.K., "Design of Sparger Current Method for Generating Lattice Parameters for Channels for Introduction of Moderator in MAPS Reactors", BWR Fuel Assemblies", Technical Committee Meeting on Report No. RED/RCCS/MAPS-MST/P2/AS/890831 1989. In-Core Fuel Management, IAEA, Vienna, 1989

Sinha, S.K., Sharma, Avaneesh, Madhusoodanan, Sinha, R.K. Jagannathan, V., "The Phantom-Camesh Code System for and Kakodkar, .-V, "Optimum Design of Tight-Fit Garter PHWR Design Computations", BARC-1444 Spring Spacers and Design Evaluation of Existing Spacer Design" Report No. RED/RCCS/AS/GSD-RO/891102,1989. Jagannathan, V. and Jain, R.P., "HEXG - A Centre Mesh Finite Difference Code to Solve Multigroup Diffu- Rupani, B-B. and Sinha, R.K., "Modular Insulation Panel-A sion Equations in Two Dimensional Hexagonal Geometry" Substitute for Jig-Saw Panel", report No.RED/RCCS/BBR/ BARC-1463 891118, Nov. 1989. Degwekar, S.B., "Effect of Deadiiroe on the Statics of Time Umashankari P. and Balakrishnan, Kamaia, "Test Pin Correlated Pulses - Application to the Passive Neutron Assay Ratings in CIRUS PWL: Variation with Burn-up", Problem", Ann.Nucl. Energy, 16,409 (1989) RED/RP/FC/21. Srinivasan, M. and Degwekar, S.B., "Application of UmashanJcari, P. and Balakrishnan, Kamaia, "Reactivity Statistical Correlation Techniques for the Measurement of Worth Calculation for a Poison Injection System in Narora", Highly Subcritical System" ANS Meeting of Safety Margins in RED/RP/FC/22. Criticality, 1989

Umashankari, P. and Balakrishnan, Kamaia, "Secondary Jangra, L.R., Sree Raman, R., Gopa Sen, Biswas, B.B. Shut-Down System of 500 MWe Reactor: Calculation of and Govindarajan, G., "Microprocessor Based Control for Reactivity Worth" RED/RP/FC/23. Pnuematic Carrier Facility", Electronic Circuits and Systems, Roorkee, 1989. Pustipam, N.P. and Balakrishnan, Kamaia, "Appreciation Programme in Nuclear Science and Technology: Basic Con- Bhattacharya, S., Badodkar, D.N. and Govindarajan, G., cepts of Reactor Physics" RED/RP/FC/25. "Design and Manufacture of Canned Motors for Exchange Towers of Heavy Water Plants", National Symposium on Bandyopadhyay, S.K. and Murthy, L.G.K., "Single Phase Heavy Water Technology, BARC, 1989.

73 Taliyan, S.S., Roy, D.P., Graver, R.B., Manjit Singh missioning Procedure for Low Power Physics Measurements and Govindarajan, G., "Hydraulic Resistance of Control Rod (0620.2)", NDSC/M/Ann-1 (1989) Drop in Indian PHWR" 17th National Conference on Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power. Ram, Tej, Prasad, Mahabir, Mehta, S.L. and Srivenkate- san, R., "Commissioning Procedure for Axial Flux Measure- Balakrishnan, M.R. "India Builds Kamini Reactor as Neutron ments During Phase-B Experiments in NAPP-1 (0620.3)", Source", Nuclear Europe, Vol. IX, No. 7-8,1989 1989

Balakrishnan, M.R., "Kamini : A Neutron Source Reactor", Duraisamy, S. and Rao, D.V.H., "Irradiation Facilities in NUPOWER, Vol. 3, No. 9 & 10 and Nuclear India, Vol. 26, Trombay Reactors", IAEA/RCA Training Course on Ra- No. 11,1989 dioisotope Production in Research Reactors, BARC, Bombay (1989) Balakrishnan, M.R., "Recommissioning of MAPS with Dam- aged Moderator Inlet Manifold", Electrical India, Vol. XXIX, Sankaranarayanan, S., and Veeraraghavan, N., "Safety Evalu- No. 16, 1989 ation of In-Core Irradiation and Experimental Assemblies", ibid, (1989) Anand, R.P., Jain, H.M., Kailas, S., Gupta, S.K. and Ramamurthy, V.S., "Neutron Capture Cross Section Meas- 232 Agarwal, S.K. and Bhatnagar, A., "Analysis of Incidents urement of Th in tne Energy Range of 400-950 keV", Caused by Human Error in Apsara, Cirus and Dhruva Ann. Nucl. Energy, 16,87 (1989) Reactors", Third National Symposium on Operating Expe- rience of Nuclear Reactors and Power Plants, 20, Bombay Mehta, S.L., Mistry, A.H., Ramaswamy, L.R. and Gopala- (1989) krishnan, C.S., "A Microprocessor Based Facility for Data Acquisition and Wire Scanning Dcvelolped for Flux Distri- Sankaranarayanan, S. and Veeraghavan, N., "Ready Reck- bution Measurements in PHWRs", Proceedings of oner Tables for Gamma Radiation Fields from Irradiated National Symposium on Nuclear Electronics and Instru- Reactor Materials", ibid, 26(1989) mentation, BARC (1989) Anthansare, M.G. and Bharadwaj, G., "Operating Experience Dravid, H.K., Mehta, S.L., Potti Thankam, Jindal, R.N., with Dhruva Fuelling Machine", ibid, 71 (1989) Deniz, V.C., "Experiences in the Measurements of Fast Neutron Flux and Fluence at CIRUS, RAPS, MAPS and Shamprasad, K., Duraisamy, S. and Tikku, AC, "Experi- TAPS Reactors", Proceedings of Symposium on Post Irradi- ence with Shut Off Rod Drive Mechanism in Dhruva", ibid, ation Examination in Nuclear Programme, BARC (1989) 106(1989) Potti Thankam, Dravid, H.K. and Deniz, V.C., "Calculation Sana, A.K., Gujrathi, R.I. and Rao, D.V.H., "Experience of Gamma Heating in the 500 MW(e) PHWR Lattice Cell with Compressed Air System in Research Reactors", ibid, 109 (Interim Report)", RG/ERPS/REPORT/152/89 (19890) (1989) Potti Thankam, "Calculation of Gamma Heating in the 500 Dhananjaya, N. and Dharbe, M.D., "Commissioning and MW(e) PHWR Lattice Cell", RG/ERPS/REPORT. 154/89 Operating Experience with Dhruva Instrumentation", ibid, (1989) 149(1989) Arora, K.K., "Proposal for Boiling Detection in Khanijo, R.N. andSankar, S., "Isolation of Nuclear Reactor MAPS", RG/ERPS/REPORT/153/89 (1989) Coolant Pipe Line by Formation of Ice-Plug", ibid, 160 (1989) Koparde, R.V., "Interim Results on Dynamic Reactivity Kini, M.P. and Desai, V.R., "Bearing Failure of Main Tests at NAPP", NAPP/O&M/00000/89/8 (1989) Coolnat Pump-Dhruva Reactor", ibid, 168 (1989) Koparde, R.V., "Performance Testing of Ion Exchange Ganeshan, P. and Hardiya, M.R., "Plans for Refurbishing Column", ERPS/NAPP/89/25 (1989) Cirus Reactor, ibid, 213 (1989) Srivenkatesan, R., Kumar, A.N., Gupta, H.P., Malik, R.C., Rao, P.S. and Srivastava, A.P., "Experience with Some Mehta, S.L., Ram Tej and Prasad Mahabir, "NAPP-1 Com-

74 Important Equipment of the Sea Water System at Cirus and Sharma, R.S., Prabhu, L.H. and Shukla, J.P., "Studies Dhruva", ibid, 219(1989) on Thermodynamics of Coordination of Lanthanones with l,l,l-Trifluoro-5, 5-Dimethyl-2, 4, Hexanedione in Aqueous Bose, H., Datta, A., Unny, V.K.P., Shah, G.C., Shetiya, Dioxan", ibid, Al-08-1 (1989) R.S. and Prabhu, L.H., "Chemistry of Moderator-Coolant and Cover Gas Systems of Dhruva", ibid, 228 (1989) Sharma, R.S. and Shukla, J.P., "Thermodynamic Proton Ligand Dissociation Constants of Substituted 3-Hydroxy-4- Shetiya, R.S., Unny, V.K.P. and Nayak, A.P., "Centrifuge Pyrones in Dioxane-Water Mixtures", Thermochim Acta, 143, Experiments for Removal of Aluminium Turbidity from 1(1989) Dhruva Heavy Water", ibid, 234 (1989) Sharma, R.S., Shukla, J.P. and Nair, G.M., "Thermo- Shetiya, R.S. and Unny, V.K.P., "Experience with Indi- dynamics of Proton-Ligand Dissociation of Some Fluorinated genous Ion Exchange Resins for Use in Nuclear Reactor a-Diketones in Dioxan-Water Mixtures", ibid, 149, 287 Systems", ibid, 243 (1989) (1989)

Nagaich, N., Ghosal, S.K. and Shah, G.C., "Evaluaion of Veeraraghavan, N., "Research Reactor Dhruva", Inter- Magnetite Layer Formed on Carbon Steel Surfaces During national Symposium on Research Reactor Safety, Operations Hot Conditioning at NAPP #1", ibid, 255 (1989) and Modifications, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada (1989)

Kandalgaonkar, A.R., Suryanarayanan, P., Unny, V.K.P., Subedar Singh and Rathore, K.K., "Uncontrolled Chlorine Shah, G.C., Shetiya, R.S. and Prabhu, L.H., "Operational Leak at Jetty Head Cirus", Industrial Safety Seminar, Bombay Chemistry Problems in Process Water System and Other (1989) Auxiliary Systems of Dhruva", ibid, 273 (1989) Rao, D.V.H. and Ganeshan, P., "Burning of Oil and Carbon Singh Kanchhi, Sengupta, S.N., Sankaranarayanan, S. and Deposits in Discharge Header of Air Compressors at Veeraraghavan, N., "Core Loading Management without Cirus", Industrial Safety Seminar, BARC, Bombay (1989) Design Experimental Reactivity Loads for Rated Power Operation of Dhruva Reactor", ibid, 298 (1989) Subedar Singh and Ganeshan, P., "Fall Through Open Gratings", ibid. Mahendra Nath and Shukla, V.K., "An In-Core Fuel Management Study to Enhance the Dischargeable Lot of Rao, D.V.H. and Rathore, K.K., "Fall Through Corroded Irradiated Fuel Rods from Cirus Core", ibid, 304 (1989) Cover Plate of Sea Water Pump Chamber", ibid.

Bhatnagar Anil and Rajamani, K., "Heavy Water Manage- Karpate, A.V., John, M.G. and Anthansare, M.G., "Pool Side ment at Cirus and Dhruva", National Symposium on Heavy Inspection of Irradiated Fuel Assemblies at Dhruva Reactor", Water Technology, Bombay (1989) Symposium on Post Irradiation Examination in Nuclear Programme, Bombay (1989) Sharma, S.K., "Commissioning Aspects of 100 MWt Research Reactor Dhruva", Second Asian Symposium on Sharma, R.C., Khanijo, R.N., Pant, R.C. and Sankar, S., Research Reactors, Jakarta, Indonesia (1989) "Monitoring of Metallic Uranium Fuel Rod Behaviour During Irradiation at Cirus Reactor", ibid. Gandhi, H.C., Kandalaonkar, Suryanarayanan, P. and Prabhu, L.IL, "Studies of Radioactive Nuclides in Dhruva Tikku, AC. and Doraisamy, S., "Performance/Failure Reactor Systems", Symposium on Radiochemistry and Radi- Analysis and Component Life Prediction for Dhruva Fuci ation Chemistry, Kalpakkam, RA-08-1 (1989) Assembly by Testing at Flow Test Station", ibid.

75 6.1 Ore Dressing Several fundamental studies on various unit operations of ore dressing were continued. Impor- Studies on the feasibility of application of tant among these is studies on modelling and wet magnetic separation for beneficiating uranium simulation of differentia] comminution and libera- values from copper plant tailings of Singhbhum tion of minerals during grinding of ores. were continued. It has been shown that about 75% to 85% of uranium values can be recovered 6.2 Uranium Fuel Fabrication in the magnetic fraction in 45% to 50% weight from the tailings of Rakha, Surda and Mosabani The prototype oxide fuel fabrication facility copper beneficiation plants. Magnetic separation was extensively utilised for production of high thus has the potential of application to reduce density sintered UO2 pellets, conforming to the bulk of tailings to be processed by acid leach- PHWR fuel specifications. More than 4 tons of ing to recover uranium from this important UO2 pellets have been fabricated with 70% or resource. Preliminary studies carried out on selec- more recovery and have been supplied to NFC, tive removal of acid consuming carbonate gangue Hyderabad, for encapsulation and use in PHWRs. minerals from a uranium ore sample from Tum- From NFC, either rejected UO2 powder lots or malepalle in Andhra Pradesh have given encour- UO2 powder lots with low recovery were used for aging results. this fabrication campaign. The modifications incorporated in the fabrication flow sheet for pro- A number of beneficiation investigations ducing high density pellets meeting all specifica- have been taken up during the year at the request tions include sieving and separating hard UO2 of other government agencies. A process flow- granules, ball-milling, admixing zincbehenate sheet for recovering cassiterite from placer-type lubricant, using WC die-punch set, dewaxing and deposits from Bastar was communicated to sintering UO2 pellets in an atmosphere of nitro- Madhya Pradesh State Mining Corporation gen and hydrogen. Limited. Flow-sheets were developed for the recovery of tin values from two types of lode- The fuel and other components required type tin ores from Tosham in Haryana. Since for Cirus and Dhruva reactors were fabricated the cassiterite occurs in varying sizes down to ul- and supplied. 112 U metal fuel rods (x-rods) and trafine disseminations, the process developed in- 1864 sub-assembly components were delivered to volves multistage operations including gravity Cirus. 20 ThO2 J rods were supplied to Cirus. 199 separation, reverse flotation, regrinding and uranium fuel clusters, 170 Al shields and 191 seal magnetic separation. Studies on the benefici- plugs were supplied to Dhruva. ation of tungsten ore from Khobna in Mahar- ashtra were completed, and a process flow-sheet Development work was carried out for was developed to recover tungsten values occur- improving recovery in fabrication by reducing ring in the form of both scheelite and wolframite. rolled rod diameter and introducing automation in These studies on Tosham tin ore and Khobna some of the operations. tungsten ore were carried out at the request of Mineral Exploration Corporation Limited, and The Mixed Oxide (MOX) fuel fabrication preliminary project reports have been submit- plant at Tarapyr has been given provisional clear- ted. Development of a process flow-sheet to up- ance by AERB for plant operations with grade chromite ore from Orissa to market speci- depleted/natural UO2. The immediate programme fications is nearing completion, the work having is the fabrication of reprocessed UO2 fuel pellets. been taken up at the request of Orissa Mining This material presently being processed in the Corporation Limited.

76 End closure TIG welding for CIRUS fuel

Eddy current testing of fuel tubes.

• Welding and assembly of Stain- less steel mechanical shut oft rods for PHWRs Microstructure of a UO2 pelle! prepared by the SGMP route showing large grains.

Pore size distribution in sintered UO2 pellets prepared by SGMP route

CONVENTIONAL POWDER ROUTE S G M P ( SOLGEL MICROSPHERE PELLETIZATION ) ROUTE.

s o < a. UJ

600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Thermal conductivity of UO2 pellets prepared by TEMPERATURE(K)- the conventional SGMP routes

Thermal conductivity of sintered U02 pellet (corrected to 100% TD.) Microstructure of mixed uranium plutonium mononitride pellet prepared by the conventional powder route.

Microstructure of sintered uranium mononitride pellet prepared by the SGMP route showing microsphere boundaries and 'open pores' desirable for **«. .•% facilitating fission gas release >>,_ *i% and in turn minimising fuel swellling.

Kamini fuel plate and subassembly at different stages of fabrication Ultrasonic immersion scanning set-up for testing of non-bonds in plate type fuel elements.

Continuous motion radiography a) Schematic b) Profile of normal radiograph of a fuel plate showing beam effect. c) Profile of a continuous motion radiograph of the fuel plate.

/ ^

p ^ LOCATIONS

Detachment of fuel pins near end plug welds in a MAPS fuel bundle plant has about 0.3 ppm of plutonium. This cam- As part of plutonium fuels development paign enables the plant to test its production programme for Fast Breeder Reactors, UN and lines on suitability for handling bulk quantity of (U, Pu)N fuel pellets of relatively low density (85 plutonium. + 1% T.D.) and of both uranium and plutonium rich compositions have been fabricated by The MOX plant is duplex type : having two carbothermic reduction of oxide-graphite in parallel lines of fuel fabrication - one for thermal flowing nitrogen. Sol-gel-microsphere-pelleti- reactors (PHWRs) and the other for fast reactors. sation (SGMP) and conventional "powder-pellet" The depleted UO2 fuel production work is taken routes were optimised for preparation of mononi- up in the PHWR line. The installation of the fast trides containing minimum oxygen and carbon reactor fuel fabrication line is to be taken up dur- impurities. The high specific surface area of sol- ing 8th Plan, wherein manufacture of Prototype gel derived oxide-graphite particles enhanced the Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) fuel will be carried kinetics of carbothermic reduction process. Fur- out. ther, SGMP process ensured excellent microho- mogeneity, led to controlled pore structure, mini- 6.3 Quality Assurance mised fabrication steps, avoided handling of fine powders and in turn minimised radiotoxic dust Quality surveillance jobs on fuel bundles, hazard and fire hazard (associated with fine MC zircaloy components, garter springs, coolant and and MN particles). Further, dust-free and free- calandria tubes for PHWRs, fuel bundles for flowing nature of microspheres made the SGMP TAPS, and on various s.s. and other materials and process amenable to automation and remotisation. components was regularly carried out. Fabrication of aluminium clad A1-233U fuel 6.4 Plutonium and 233U Fuel Fabrication for Kamini research reactor, is an important mile- ' stone in our indigenous nuclear fuels technology. The Kamini fuels assembly consists of 8 fuel plates High density UO2 and UO2-4% PuO2 fuel of aluminium clad, Al-20%233U containing ap- pellets conforming to PHWR fuel specifications 233 were fabricated by sol-gel-microsphere-pelleti- proximately 8 gm of U per plate. Nine fuel sation (SGMP) process. The gel microspheres assemblies constitute the Kamini core. were prepared by internal gelation process from uranyl and plutonium nitrate solutions. Addition The feed materials for Kamini fuel are 233 of carbon black "pore former" prior to gelation U and Al metals. The major fabrication steps and later removing the same by controlled air- are master alloy preparation, melting-casting of calcination led to "porous" microspheres. The fuel alloy, hot and cold rolling of fuel meat, en- dust free and free flowing porous microspheres casing fuel meat in aluminium picture-frame and could be easily pelletised directly and sintered to roll-bonding. Small amount of zirconium addition high density (> 96% T.D) pellets containing uni- in the melt was found to minimise the formation formly distributed spherical "closed" pores in of the brittle UA14 intermetallic phase and pre- the diameter range of 2-5 micron. TiO2 dopant vent cracking of the fuel alloy during rolling. The (to the solution prior to gelation) led to UO2 zirconium stabilises the relatively softer and and mixed oxide pellets of large grains (> 40), denser UA13 phase, leading to improved ductility. desirable for minimisation of fission gas release. A novel roll-swaging method was developed for Pellets fabricated by SGMP process were found to mechanically bonding the fuel plates in the have " 10% higher thermal conductivity compared grooves of the six aluminium spacers in each sub- to pellets of equivalent density prepared by con- assembly. The swaged plate assembly is finally ventional "powder-pellet" route. housed in an aluminium box with a coolant water

77 entry channel at the bottom and a gripping handle carrying out a polishing campaign involving the at the top. Several innovative non-destructive off-grade depleted uranium solution accumulated testing (NDT) techniques were developed during so far to bring the product uranium oxide to the the fabrication campaign to meet the stringent desired level of purity. specifications on dimension, chemical composition and bond quality of Kamini fuel plates and The processing of the short cooled spent sub-assemblies. X-ray radiographs and their mi- fuels from Dhruva and Cirus earlier at Pluto- cro-densitometric scans have been used for loca- nium Plant, Trombay, had shown that some major tion of fuel meat and for confirming homogeneous flow-sheet modifications were required to distribution of the fissile species in the fuel alloy. achieve the desired level of purity in the pluto- In this connection, a continuous motion radio- nium product stream with respect to residual fis- graphic set up has been commissioned for avoid- sion product contamination. Essentially this ing beam effect in radiographic images. The required the introduction of one more plutonium bonding between the fuel meat plate and the purification cycle. For effecting the additions cover plates were evaluated by "blister test" and alterations in the equipment layout inside and "immersion ultrasonic" techniques. the cells, the plant has been brought under a maintenance outage. After decontaminating the 6.5 Post Irradiation Examination in-ccll equipments to bring down the background radiation to acceptable levels, new hardware PIE of Al clad U metal fuel rods from and the associated process piping were laid. Dhruva research reactor and zircaloy clad UO2 Pre start-up checking and trials are in progress. fuel pins from Madras Atomic Power Station (MAPS) was carried out. The Hot Cells Facility The reprocessing plant that is being built at was also utilised for successfully repairing a Kalpakkam (Project KARP) to treat the spent damaged Apsara fuel assembly and retrieving 64 fuel arisings of the Madras Atomic Power Sta- capsules of valuable radio-isotopes. tion (MAPS) is making steady progress. Engi- neering design work on the process and utility Detailed examination of two failed MAPS systems is nearly complete. The civil construc- fuel bundles confirmed that their failure was due tion activities are in an advanced stage of to massive hydriding of the end plug. completion. Installation of process equipment and the associated piping inside the cells has been The PIE activities also included analysis of started. A notable aspect of the erection work is the inside surface of zircaloy cladding of UO2 the extensive use of computer for designing and fuel element from Tarapur Atomic Power Sta- drafting of the intricate process piping and for the tion (TAPS) by SEM and EPMA for valuable production of pipe bends and joints. This is ex- information on fuel cladding chemical interac- pected to accelerate the installation job. Design tion. The two layers of deposits on the cladding based safety of the various plant systems is being surface were found to contain U, Zr, Cs, Te, Ba, critically evaluated before submission to the Sn, Rb and oxygen. The maximum Cs concentra- regulatory body for obtaining necessary clear- tion and Cs/U ratio were found to be 1.4 wt% and ances. 0.042 respectively. In keeping with the long term interest 6.6 Fuel Reprocessing in exploiting the potential of the vast reserves of thorium in the future breeder programme, After the successful completion of the an engineering scale facility is being set up for 233 second reprocessing campaign with the spent separating U from the thorium fuel elements PHWR fuel, PREFRE Plant, Tarapur, is now irradiated in the research reactors Cirus and

78 Dhruva. This facility is expected to firm-up the puter programme devised will be able to provide design concepts to be adopted in the industrial information on the solvent extraction column scale plants to be built in future. All the activities parameters. of the project such as engineering design, fabrication of equipments, procurement of comp- For the preferential reduction of plutonium onents, etc. are proceeding as per schedule. in the partitioning cycle of the Purex Process, a plutonium purification cycle based on the electro- In order to make available sufficient reproc- lytic reduction method is being introduced in essing capacity to treat the spent fuel arisings of PREFRE Plant as a demonstration facility. the 10,000 MW(e) nuclear power programme and to create a plutonium base for the future Fast The plutonium contained in the scrap and Breeder Reactor (FBR) programme, it is neces- solid wastes generated during the fabrication of sary to build additional reprocessing plants of MOX fuel pins is planned to be recovered and larger capacity. Work on their conceptual design recycled on a regular basis, at the Scrap Recov- has already been taken up. Proposal for con- ery Facility (SRF) being set up at Tarapur. The structing one such plant has been put up for inclu- recovery operation consists of dissolving the sion in the 8th plan. plutonium-uranium present in the scrap material, purifying them free of associated impurities and In the fulfilment of the short and long term converting them to their respective oxide forms objectives of the spent fuel reprocessing, R&D through a precipitation - calcination route. activities are being pursued, as an on-going programme, in a variety of areas such as process The scrap generated during the metallurgi- chemistry and engineering, instrumentation, cal operations involving the production of 233U measurement techniques and corrosion. The - Al alloy and the fabrication of fuel elements main thrust of the R&D efforts is to bring about for the experimental reactor Kamini was proc- innovations in the general hardware and process essed, and valuable 233U was recovered and re- for achieving cost effectiveness. In the R&D ef- cycled. forts, significant results have been obtained in 137 the following tasks : (1) Removal of Cs activ- 6.7 Radioactive Waste Management ity, a long lived fission product, from the low level liquid effluents by electrodialysis using cation ex- Radioactive waste management facilities change membranes. This has a great potential for at Trombay, Tarapur, Rajasthan and Kalpakkam drastically reducing the activity discharged from functioned satisfactorily throughout the year. the reprocessing plants into the aquatic environ- Different types and categories of solid and ment. (2) Electrolytic reduction of uranyl nitrate liquid wastes were processed prior to disposal. using titanium and TSIA electrodes in cells The treated liquid effluents were discharged to where the anodic and cathodic chambers are environment after satisfying all safety require- isolated by membranes. The near 100% conver- ments prescribed by the concerned regulatory sion obtained with a high current efficiency has agencies for individual sites. Activity of dis- great favourable implications for reprocessing charges made at different sites were less than 8% technology. (3) Application of copper ferrocya- of the permissible limits. The radioactive concen- nide impregnated ion-exchange resins for the trates were conditioned in suitable matrices be- treatment of active liquid effluents. The high Df fore disposal into the engineered containment sys- obtained on this matrix for some of the fission tems such as RCC trenches and tile holes at products makes it a potential candidate for use in the solid waste management facility at each site. effluent treatment plants. (4) Development of Activity thus retained was about 90% of the an EXPERT system for reprocessing. The com- activity received for treatment. Surveillance of

79 the disposal sites was carried out at regular inter- vitrified waste is being prepared to receive the vals by monitoring the radioactivity of the water waste package. In the process block, work on and soil samples drawn from nearby borewells. the surveillance and characterisation facilities No migration of radioactivity in the surrounding consisting of hot cells, shielded boxes and ana- soil was noticed at any site. lytical laboratories have been completed and are being readied for commissioning. The decontamination centres at different sites received contaminated protective wares and Construction of process buiiding and ancil- reusable components of some critical machineries. lary structures of the Waste Immobilisation Plant These were decontaminated and recycled. (WIP) at Trombay is in progress. Detailed engineering design of the process and utility systems After introducing additional safety features is on and the procurement activities are procee- in the Waste Immobilisation Plant (WIP) at ding satisfactorily. Tarapur, clearance was obtained from various safety agencies for starting trial runs with the ac- The pre-commissioning trials on the first tual acidic raffinate waste, after suitable dilution, stage of the chemical treatment system in the from the reprocessing plant. The trial runs are Waste Management Plant, Narora (WMPN), planned to be carried out in three phases in were carried out. increasing steps of activity in the feed. The first phase of trial runs has been successfully com- A detailed design basis report for the pleted with all the process and utility systems op- Waste Management Plant, Kakrapar (WMPK), erating satisfactorily. Preparations are on for giving information on waste receipt and segrega- starting the second phase of trial runs. The prin- tion system, treatment and conditioning system, cipal steps involved are transferring the high waste disposal system, along with data on serv- level waste from the underground stainless steel ice and man-power requirements and cost esti- storage tank into the process cell, reducing its mates was prepared. volume in an evaporator-fractionator loop, feeding of the concentrated waste along with glass A scheme report for the Waste Manage- forming additives to a metallic process pot fol- ment Centralized Facilities (WMCF) at Rajasthan lowed by induction heating to convert the whole and Kaiga sites to handle the waste arisings of the mass into a molten glass form, transferring the power reactors proposed to be installed there was molten glass into a stainless steel canister, and finalised and submitted to NPCIL. The report seal welding the canister. The secondary liquid includes process schematics for liquid & solid wastes generated in this process are immobilised wastes, service requirements and cost estimates. by fixing them in a bitumen matrix in another cell. All the operations are carried out remotely Process flow sheets for the incinerator sys- in a concrete shielded cell equipped with shield- tem, resin fixation system, active laundry and the ing glass windows, master-slave manipulator., and decontamination centre in the proposed new cell cranes. This operation marks a milestone in Waste Management Plant for the 500 MW the annals of the nuclear technology in this coun- reactors coming up at Tarapur were finalised. try, since India is one of the few countries that have demonstrated their capability in this highly Augmentation of waste management facili- specialised field. ties as a part of the spent fuel storage facility (AFR) at Tarapur is in progress. The storage vault of Solid Storage Surveil- lance Facility (SSSF) at Tarapur meant for the in- A proposal for building an interim storage terim storage of the canisters containing high level facility at Kalpakkam for retricvably storing alpha

80 bearing high level wastes has been finalised. blends are also being studied for improving the chemical durability of the waste products. Consultancy services are being provided in finalising the effluent management schemes pro- Inactive leaching experiments of the core posed by Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC) in respect samples taken from full size simulated glass of the uranium oxide plant expansion and by In- product canisters have been conducted under dian Rare Earths (IRE) in respect of decommis- different environmental conditions represen- sioning activities. tative of the repository conditions. The leachants were periodically analysed in ICP spectrometer The thrust of laboratory scale studies is and the samples were examined under scanning towards development of new processes and tech- electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray niques for the treatment and safe containment of analyser and X-ray diffractometer. Inactive simu- a variety of solid, liquid and gaseous radioactive lation experiments were continued throughout the wastes generated at different stages of the Nuclear year at the selected sub-terranian research Fuel Cycle. Substantial progress has been made chamber at Kolar Gold Fields to study the long- in the development of: (1) suitable solid matrices aterm effect of storing solidified high active like organic resins, inorganic absorbants and wastes in geological formations. Valuable data on molecular sieves for fixing the radionuclides pres- temperature distribution, induced stresses and ent in the low and medium active effluents from extension in the host rock are being recorded chemical plants, (2) suitable glass mixes for sludge continuously. The thermal profile and induced wastes, (3) precipitation followed by ultrafil- stresses obtained were compared with the values tration techniques fo; the removal of long lived predicted by the theoretical model. The thermal activities like 90Sr from liquid wastes, profiles, in general, matched but the recorded (4) coprecipitation technique for the separation stresses were found to be lower than those pre- of long lived actinides from the fission products dicted. A second chamber is also under construc- and activation products, (5) absorption tech- tion for extending the scope of the studies. niques for the removal of argon and methyl Computer modelling is being done to account for iodide from air streams, (6) bio adsorbents like the inhomogenity in the rock mass with respect actinomycetes cells (immobilized on ca-a!ginate) to thermal properties. Rock-waste interaction for the retention of cerium ions, and (7) bio-deg- studies using radioisotopes of cesium and stron- radation techniques for the removal of surfactants tium are also being conducted on granite and from the liquid effluents of radioactive laundry. basalt rocks.

Investigations are also being carried out on The shallow land disposal site at Kakrapar the Ieachability of activities fixed in solid matri- for low and intermediate level radioactive solid ces to evaluate the long term effectiveness of wastes has been taken up for detailed investiga- the containment procedures. Polymer-cement tions of its geo-hydrological characateristics.

81 -- Publications —

Ganguly, C, Basak, U., Vaidya, V.N., Sood, D.D. and Roy, Unnikrishnan, K., Sah, D.N., Ramadasan, E. and Siva- P.R., "Sol Gel Microspheres Pelletisation of UO2 and UO2- ramakrishnan, K.S., "Post Irradiation Examination of Coolant PuO2 Pellets of PHWR fuel Specifications Using Internal Cladding Interaction in Fuel Elements Irradiated at Tarapur Geletion Process", Proc. of Second International Confer- Atomic Power Station", ibid., Vol.2 ence on Candu Fuel, Chalk River, 1989. Chatterjee, S., Viswanadham, U.K., Anatharaman, S. Ganguly, C, "ThO2 Based Fuels for PHWRs and Sivaramakrishnan, K.S., "Fission Gas Release Measure- Fabrication, Charactaerisation and Test Irradiation", ibid. ment of TAPS Operated Fuel Elements", ibid.

Sahoo, K.C., Sivaramakrishnan, K.S. and Ganguly, C, "Post- Singh, J.L., Sahoo, K.C. and Sivaramarishnan, K.S., "Develop- Irradiation Examination of Fuels of Madras Atomic Power ment of Ultrasonic Testing Method for Detection of Inter- Station", ibid. nal Defects in Irradiated Fuel Elements Cladding", ibid.

Ganguly, C, "Preparation of Ceramic Nuclear Fuel Sahoo, K.C., Ouseph, P.M., Gangotra, S., Singh, J.L. Powders", Proc. of National Workshop on Metal, Ceramic and Sivaramatarishnan, K.S., "Non-Destructive Testing of Irra- and Composite Powder (MCCP'89), Bombay, 1989, p. 18 diated Thermal Reactor Fuels", ibid.

Ganguly, C, "Additives in Sintering Advanced Ceramic Sahoo, K.C., Gangotra, S., Balan, T.S. and Sivarama- Nuclear Fuel Pellets", Proc. of International Conference on krishnan, K.S., "Neutron Radiography Facility for Irradiated Sintering of Multiphase Metal and Ceramic Systems, (TCSMC Fuel at Cirus", ibid. 1989). Sahoo, K.C., Ouseph, P.M., Singh, J.L., Unnikrishnan, K., Ganguly, C, Hegde, P.V., Jain, G.C. and Basak, U., "Fabri- Sivaramakrishnan, K.S. and Ganguly, C, "Post Irradiation cation of (U,Pu)N Fuels for FBTR and PFBR", Materials Examination of Fuels of Madras Atomic Power Station", ibid. Science Forum, 48 & 49, 153, Transtech Publications, Switzerland (1989) Madan, V.K. and Sahoo, K.C., "CANDOR - A Computer Controlled System for Acquisition and Analysis of Non- Ganguly, C. and Baiakrishnan, Kamala, "Thorium Utili- Destructive Rest Observations on Irradiated Reactor Fuels", sation in Indian Power Programme", ibid., 315 (1989) ibid.

Ghosh, J.K., Panakkal, J.P., Pande, V.D., Muralidhar, Sharma, V.P., Surya Narayanan, Sahoo, K.C. and Balan, T.S., S., Chandrasekharan, K.N., Kutty, T.R.G. and Subramaniam, "Remotely Operated Dismantling Devices for PIE of Dhruva A., "Inspection and Quality Control Experience of FBTR and Reactor Fuel", ibid. Kamini Fuels", ibid. p. 355-370 (1989) Sah, D.N., Viswanadham, C.S., Sethumadhavan, V. and Chandrasekharan, K.N., Patil, B.P. and Ghosh, J.K., "Con- Sivaramakrishnan, K.S., "EPMA/SEM Characterisation of tinuous Motion Radiography : A Solution to X-ray Radio- Deposits and the Inner Surface of Irradiated TAPS Fuel graphy of Nuclear Fuel Plates", British Journal of Non- Element Cladding", ibid., Vol. 2, p. 220 destructive Testing, 31(10), 562 (1989) Unnikrishnan, K, Ramadasan, E-, Sah, D.N., Bashl, J.K. Muralidhar, S., Pandey, V.D-, Mahule, K.N., Prasad, GJ., and Sivaramakarishnan, K.S., "Metallography as a Tool in Ghosh, J.K. and Ganguly, C, "Evaluation of Bonding in Post Irradiation Examination of Nuclear Fuels", ibid., Vol.2, Kamini Plate Fuel Elements Using Ultrasonic Immersion p. 196 Testing and Metallography", BARC-1472,1989 Sah, D.N., Viswanadham, C.S., Sivaramakrishnan, K.S. and Sahoo, K.C., "Post Irradiation Examination of Thermal Roy, P.R., "Predictions of Computer Code PROFESS on the Reactor Fuels", Proc. of Symposium on Post Irradiation Irradiation Behaviour of the Mixed Oxide Fuel Pins Irradi- Examination in Nuclear Programme, V.I, Bombay, 1989 ated in PWL, Cirus", ibid, Vol.2, p. 289

Sah, D.N., "Applications of Computer Code PROFESS to Sah, D.N., Viswanadham, C.S., Sunil Kumar and Siva- D-Com Blind Problem", MOX Fuel and PHWR Fuel", ramakrishnan, K.S., "Characterisation of Irradiated Nuclear ibid.,Vol.l Fuels", Proc. of Indo-Gcrman Workshop on Characteri-

B2 sation Techniques, Hyderabad, 1988. N.K., "Magnetic Separation for Preconcentration of Uranium Values from Copper Plant Tailings", ibid. Sah, D.N., Viswanadham, C.S., Sunil Kumar and Roy, P.R., EPMA/SEM Study of Deposits Observed on ihe Inner Padmanabhan, N.P.H., Sridhar, U. and Rao, N.K., Surface of BWR Cladding", Nuclear Technolgy, 85, 136 "Preliminary Beneficiation Studies on Uranium Ore from (1989) Tummalapalle, Andhra Pradesh", ibid.

Jha, R.S., Natarajan, R., Sreenivas, T, Sridhar, U. and Rao, Dhumwad, R.K., Patwardhan, A.B., Joshi, M.V., Kulkarni, N.K., "Amenability1 of Uranium Ores to Wet High V.T. and Radhakrishnan, K., "Estimation of U235 Isotope in Intensity Magnetic Separation", BARC/I-947 (19S9) Depleted Uranium by ICP-AES", Radiochem. and Radiation Chem. Symp., Kalpakkam, 1989. Padmanabhan, N.P.H., Sridhar, U., Venkitachalam, Iyer, N., Subrahmanyam, NP. and Rao, N.K., "Feasibility Dhumwad, R.K., Patwardhan, A.B., Joshi, M.V., of Beneficiation of Cassiterite from Secondary Tin Ore Kulkarni, V.T. and Radhakrishnan, K., "Estimation of Mi- Deposits of Bastar, Madbya Pradesh", Report Submitted crogram Amounts of Uranium in Thorium by ICP-AES", to Madhya Pradesh State Mining Corporation Limited, 1989 ibid.

Sunilkumar, T.S., Narasimhan, D., Sivaramakrishnan, K and Vijayan, K., Haraprakas, B., Kapoor, S.C. and Laxmi- Rao, N.K., "Ore Petrography of Malanjkhand Copper Ore narayanan, T.S.A., "Flow Sheet for the Recovery of Pluto- Samples", Report Submitted to TRDDC, Pune 1989 nium and Uranium from Scraps of Mixed Oxide Fuel Fabri- cation", ibid. Shukla, S.K., Manrjadha Rao, M., Venkitakrishnan, R.R. and Rao, N.K., "Laboratory Studies on the Beneficiation of Dabholkar, G.M., Ramamoorthy, N., Narayanan, C.V., Tungsten Ore from Khobna, Maharashtra", Report Submit- Jambunathan, U., Golani, H.G., Kapoor, S.C.and Laxmi- ted to MECL, Nagpur, 1989 narayanan, T.S., "Recovery of Plutonium from Slag and Crucibles by Solvent Extraction", ibid. Sridhar, U., Padmanabhan, N.P.H. and Rao, N.K., "Grinda- bility Studies on Garnet Sample from Indian Rare Earths Ramanujam, A., Dhami, P.S., Gopalakrishnan, V., Limited', Report Submitted to IRE, 1989 Mukherjee, A. and Dhumwad, A., "Separation and Purifi- cation of Uranium Product from Thorium in Thorex Pro- Sreenivas, T., Natarajan, R., Sivaramakrishnan, K-, Rao, cess by Precipitation Technique", BARC-1486(1989). N.K., Narasimhan, D., Sunil Kumar, T.S. and Rao, N.K., "Laboratory Studies on Beneficiation of Metasedimentary Tripathi, S.C., Misra, S.K., Ramanujam, A. and Dhumwad, Type Tin Ore from Tosham, Haryana", Report submitted R.K., "Quantitative Gas - Liquid Chromatographic Estima- to MECL, Nagpur, 1989 tion of Di-Butyl Phosphate (DBP) and Tri-n-Butyl Phosphate (TBP) in Uranium Bearing Purex Solvent", National Symp. Sreenivas, T., Natarajan, R., Murthy, P.S., Rao, N.K and on Recent Trends in Chromatographic Techniques, Egmore, Narasimhan, D., "Laboratory Studies on the Beneficiation of 1989. Granite Type Tin Ore from Tosham, Harayana", Report Submitted to MECL, Nagpur, 1989 Kartha, P.K.S., Kutty, P.V.E., Janardanan, C, Ramanujam, A. and Dhumwad, R.K., "Purification of Subrahmanyam, N.P. and Leelenandam, C, "Differentia- Degraded TBP Solvent Using Macroreticular Anion tion Due to Probable Initia! Immiscibility in the Musala Exchange Resin", BARC-1482 (1989). Pluton of the Mundwara Alkali Igneous Complex, Rajasthan, India", Memoirs, Geological Society of India, 15,25 (1989). Paranjpe, A.H., Pandit, S.S., Shinde, S.S., Ramanujam, A. and Dhumwad, R.K., "Development of Flow Injection Analysis Natarajan, R., Jha, R.S., Sridhar, U. and Rao, N.K, "Im- Technique for Uranium Estimation", Symp. on Uranium proved Gravity Flow-Sheet for the Recovery of Uranium Technology, BARC, Bombay, 1989. Values from the Copper Plant Tailings", National Symposium on Uranium Technology, Bombay, 1989 Dhumwad, R.K, Patwardhan, A3., Kulkarni, V.T. and Radhakrishnan, K., "Uranium Analysis Using an On-line Jha, R.S., Sreenivas, T., Natarajan, R., Sridhar U. and Rao, Background Correction Programme with Carrier-Distillation

83 Technique by Computer Controlled Emission Speclromctric "Evaluation of Solidified Waste Forms Under Repository System", ibid. Condition", IAEA Third and Final Meeting, Canada, 1989.

Misra, S.K. and Shukla, J.P., "Uranyl Ion Transport Across Ycotikar, R.G., Kaushik, C.P. and Raj, Kanwar, "Analysis of Tri-n-Butyl Phosphate/n-Dodecane Liquid Membranes", ibid. Reactants and Products by Gas Chromaiographic Technique During Denitration of Acidic Radioactive Liquid Waste Inamdar, G.A. and Dhaneshwar, R.G., "Voltametric Studies Stream", National Symp. on Recent Trends in Chromato- of Uranium (VI) Reduction", ibid. graphic Techniques, Madras, 1989.

Madhusudan, A. and Iyer, R.K., "Determination of Low Ycotikar, R.G., Kaushik, C.P. and Raj, Kanwar, "Analysis of Concentrations by Speclrophotometry: Uranium - Thio- Nox Gases in Off Gas During Vitrification of High Level cyanatc System", Proc. Indian Academy of Sci. (Chem. Sci), Radio-Act ive Waste Using Gas Chromatograph", ibid. Vol. 101(3), 227 (1989) Rao, S.V.S., Ixil, K.B. and Amalraj, R.V., "Simulated Kartha, P.K.S., Kutiy, P.V.E., Ramanujam, A., Deshin^kar, Studies on Release of Sr 90 & CS 137 into Environment D.S. and Ramaswamy, M., "'l'rcatmcnt of Tri-n-Butyl from Cement Immobilized Decladding Wastes'", Proc. of Phosphate Wastes by Extraction cum Pyrolysis Process", the Symp. on Radiochcmistry & Radiation Chemistry, BARC-1480 (1989). Kalpakkam, 1989.

Das, S.K.and Dhaneshwar, R.Ci., "Potcntiomctrio Titration of Unit, Satya and Khan, Z.A., "Prosepiivc Behaviour of Molybdenum and Vanadium in Aqueous and Mixed Sol- Shale, Amphibclite and Graphite Geneise of Indian Origin", vents", IV Int. Symp. on Frontiers of Electrochemistry (Sci. ibid. & Tech.), Madras, 1989 Chhokra, R.S., Jayaram, M.N. and Kumar, S.V., "Sample- Scctharamaiah, P., "Application of Lead in Nuclear Indus- Bottle Transfer Interlock and Accounting System for Radio- try", Seminar on Lead for Radiation Shielding and Nuclear chemical Plants", National Symp. on Nuclear Electronics and Waste Management, Bombay, 1989 Instrumentation, BARC, 1989.

Chandra ,Munish and Scctharamiah, P., "Experiment with Hrat, Satya and Khan, Z.A., "Utilisation of Thermal Decontamination of Transport Qisk and Spent Fuel Stor- Analyses in Radioactive Waste Management", 7th National age Faciliiics", Technical Committee Meeting on Decontami- Symposium and Workshop on Thermal Analysis, Srinagar, nation of Transport Casks and of Spent Fuel Storage Facili- 1989. ties, IAEA, Vienna, 1989 Chinnamma Varghcsc, "Studies on Immobilisation of I'rasad, A.N., "Technology for the Back-end of Nuclear tritium", Ph.D. Thesis, Bombay University, 1989. Fuel-Cycle", Proc. of the National Conference on Nuclear Science and Technology in India - Past, Present and Future, aiqui, LA., Shah, B.V., Tadphalc, S.H. and Kumar, Indian Nuclear Society, Bombay, 1989. S.V., "Continuous Reactor System for Precipitation of Uranium from Uranyl Solution", National Symposium on Rastogi, R.C., Narayan, P.K. and Mmhur, R.K., "Safety Uranium Technology, BARC, 1989. Assessment of Shallow and Deep Repositories for Radio- active Solid Waste Storage/Disposal", International Synip. Kaimal, C.K.U., Shah, B.V., Sidiqui, LA. and Kumar, S.V., on the Safety Assessment of Radioactive Waste Repositories, "CAI.MIX-Innovaiive Mi.xer-Scitlcr System", ibid. Paris, 1989. Khan, /..A., "Some Aspects of Ground Water Chemistry", Ycotikar, R.G., Kausnik, C.P., Shah, J.G., Raj Kanwar and Ph.D. Thesis, Bombay University, 1989. Samuel, M.T., "Radiochcmical Analysis of High Level Liquid Waste for ILsiimiiion of Jlcnl Gcncraiion ami Khan, Z.A., JlrvK, Sxiya nn

Moorthy, A.D., Singh, R.K., Vcnkateswaran, S. and Desai, P.B., Ray, T.K. and Date, V.G., "Joining of Dissimilar Chowgule, G.A., "On-line Measurement of Plutonium in Alloys of Zirconium by Resistance Welding", National Weld- Product Solution of a Reprocessing Plant", ibid. ing Seminar, New Delhi (1989)

Moorthy, A.D., Singh, R.K., Vcnkateswaran, S. and Vijayaraghavan, R., "Preparation and Fabrication of Chowgule, G.A., "A Completely Automated Titration System Thorium Metal", National Seminar on Metallurgy of Reactive for [he Determination of Uranium in the Product Solution of Metals, DMRL, Hyderabad (1989) a Reprocessing Plant", ibid. Parab, S.V., Gharat, S.S., Cherean, G. and Koppikcr, K.S., Vcnkatraman, L. and Mangsulikar, M.D., "UT of Rail- "Nuclear Pure Uranium from Ores Using Weak Base Ion way Axles", National Seminar on NDTand Inspection, New Exchange Resins", Symposium on Uranium Technology, Delhi (1989) Bombay (1989) Handhyopadhyay, M. and Mangulikar, M.D., "Ultrasonic Nagle, R.A., Parab, S.V., Gharat, S.S., Giriyalkar, A.B. and Examination of Explosion Welded Tube to Tube Plate Koppiker, K.S., "Development of an Integrated Process for Joinls", Seminar on Quality Welding in Pressure Vessels, Recovery of Uranium from Ore and Its Refining at the IIW, Bombay (1989) Location of New Uranium Mill at Turamdih", ibid. Vaidya, P.R., Gaur, B.K., Kulkarni, P.O. Vijaynraghavan, Singh, II., Nagle, R.A., Giriyalkar, A.B., Fonseca, M.F. and R., "Installation and Standardization Experience wilh Micro- Koppiker, K.S., "On Site Tests for Recovery of Uranium focus X-ray Unit", Seminar on NDT and Inspection, New from Wet Process Phosphoric Acid at FACT", ibid. Delhi (1989) Naglc, R.A., Giriyalkar, A.B. and Koppiker, K.S., "Recovery Gaur, B.K. and Kulkarni, P.G., "Detection of Breakway of Uranium from Nitro-Phos Acid", ibid. Oxidaiion of Zircaloy-2 by Acoustic Emission Technique", Acoustic Emission Journal, 17(3) (1988) Mishra, S.L. and Koppiker, K.R., "Recovery of Uranium Thomarc, M.M. and Singh, U.S.P., "Nitriding of Stainless from Monzite - Fresh Look at the Current Practice", ibid. Reactor Components for Erosion Control", National Seminar on Reactor Operation and Maintenance, BARC, Bombay Jayant, D.V., Iyer, N.S. and Koppiker, K.S., "Recovery of (1989) Uranium from Sea Water", ibid.

Vijayaraghavan, R., "P/M of Special Materials", PMAI Short Krishnan, V.N., Visweswariah, M.S., Shringarpurc, P.D. and Term Course on P/M, TIT, Bombay (1989) Koppikcr, K.S., "Studies on Preparation and Characterisation of Ammonium Uranyl Carbonate (AUC), ibid. Shah, B.K. and Kulkarni, P.G., "Modifications to ASTM Test (A262 Practice 'E') for Detecting Susceptibility to Inter- Singh, II., Kumar, K., Roy, S.B., Meghal, A.M. and Krish- granular Corrosion in Ausienitic Stainless Steel", 43rd ATM nan, V.N., "Operating Experience in the Refining of Uranium ofUM, Calcutta (1989) by Solvent Extraction Using Mixer-Settlers", ibk..

Gaur B.K., Shah, B.K., Kulkarni, P.G. and Vijaya- Ramachandran, S.R., Shringarpure, P.D. and Meghal, A.M., raghavan, R., "Acouslic Emission Characterization of Cast "Preparation of Metal Grade Uranium Trioxide Through Uranium Under Thermal Stimulus", ibid. Ammonium Diuranate Precipitation Route", ibid.

85 Meghal, A.M., Singh, H., Vedak, A.V. and Koppiker, K.S., Fluroide Slag at UMP", ibid. "Improvements in Process Technology for Uranium Metal Production at UMP", ibid. Krishnan, V.N., Shukla, R.D. and Visweswaraiah, M.S, "Quality Assurance During Uranium Metal Production a Vedak, A.V., Xerkar, R.N. and Meghal, A.M., "Improve- UMP", ibid. ments in Equipment Design for Hydrofluorination of UO2 to Thakur, N.V., "Determination of Rare Earth Impurities ii UF4", ibid. Yttrium Oxide by Weight Measurement Based on Mag netic Susceptibility", Annual CDnvention of Chemists, Indon Bandopadhyay, P.K., Shadakshari, B.M., Singh, H. and (1989) Meghal, A.M., "Recovery of Uranium from Magnesium

86 7.1 Health Physics construction and safety evaluation of operating plants were undertaken. Safety surveillance at all the DAE installations encompassing the various nuclear fuel cycle Health Physics planning enabled the and associated activities was provided. Safety manrem consumption for Dhruva and Cirus related R&D activities to support the programme operation to be kept low. Feasibility studies for a were carried out throughout the year. stack effluent analysis system using a Ge detector was completed at Cirus. In the uranium mining and milling operations at Jaduguda, steps to reduce the exposure Environmental safety surveillance at vari- to workers from radon daughter products, which ous nuclear plant sites was continued. On the accounts for 80% of the manrem consumed, are basis of analysis of environmental and food planned for the new mine projects by providing samples and the external radiation levels meas- belter ventilation. In order to reduce radium ured using TLDs, the dose to the public from release to the environment, a process involving the operation of the PHWRs at the site bound- the use of commercially available pyrolucite and ary during 1989 was estimated to be less than 5 barytes for adsorptional retention of dissolved mRcm. Pre-operational met data are being radium and manganese was adopted. Decon- acquired for the new sites - Kaiga and Kudamkulam. Work was initiated on the study of tamination factors of 97% for radium and 90% for 210 210 manganese were achieved. distribution of Pb and Po in marine ecosys- tems and their contribution to the natural back- 210 Improved various safety related design ground radiation. Depth profile of Pb in sedi- features were suggested for the new Rare Earth ments have been used for estimation of sedimen- Plant (MOHUR) at Alwaye, resulting in reduction tation rates. of the exposure to workers by half. Assessment of safety aspects for the decommissioning of the old At the backend of the fuel cycle, the Rare Earth plant has been carried out. O&M operations at the reprocessing plants at Trombay and Tarapur were continued to be The high natural radiation background at provided with manrem planning and exposure Hyderabad, nearly four times that at Bombay, control. Health physics planning for facilities and necessitated the use of special construction instrumentation for Kalpakkam reprocessing plant materials for the Steel Room facility at NFC, has been carried out. Design safety review for the Hyderabad, for the lung counting of uranium in commission-ing of WIP and PEP plants at workers. The facility makes use of a 5" phoswich Tarapur was undertaken. A bulk waste monitor detector and associated spectrometric system. using Nal detector for the assay of radioactivity content in 200 litre waste drums was set up at Radiation protection services and surveil- Trombay. lance were provided for the routine as well as special operations such as calandria rehabilita- A whole body counting steel room facility tion at MAPS, outages at TAPS, RAPS and was commissioned at Tarapur for lung counting MAPS, etc. The collective dose for the power of plutonium workers. The laboratory is also reactors for 1988 decreased by 34% from that for equipped with a shadow shield counter and other 1987. The apportionment of site dose for the radioactivity assay systems. The computer system major nuclear installations has been worked out at the lab has been provided with remote termi- taking into account multifacility nature of each nals at the various health physics units on the site site. Design safety review of the plants under to evolve it as a computer based emergency

87 preparedness system. A GM counter based ations was reported. The radioactivity in the environmental dose logging system with PC liquid and gaseous effluents discharged from the interfaceability set up at the lab now acquires plants into the environment was far below the hourly dose data and prepares daily bar charts. authorised limits. The system can record variations of as low as 2uR /hr in the ambient background. The Site Emer- 7.2 Radiological Protection gency Control Centre at Trombay was equipped with met and environmental dose logging facility Implementation of radiation safety pro- and real time display of the dose on a site map. gramme in non-DAE institutions all over the country using radioisotopes and radiation sources Studies on atmospheric and acquatic mod- for medical, industrial and research appli- elling to evaluate dispersal of radionuclides cations was continued. Personnel monitoring released to the environment was continued. Inter- service was provided to both DAE and non-DAE active computer programmes using personal institutions. 15,079 radiation workers in 2,106 computers for predicting plume dispersal were institutions were monitored with film badges and developed. Computer code for study of long range 19,279 radiation workers in 802 institutions were dispersion models was commissioned. monitored with TLD badges. PC based densitometer developed in BARC was used for taking A GM counter based digital dosimeter with readings and evaluation of doses from film PC interfaceability was developed and is being badges. Since more radiation workers are being field tested. An image analysis system for use in monitored with TLD badges, effort has been dosimetric applications using SSNTDs was set up. made to reduce the reading time for the badge. Electrets are used for measurement of environ- In the semiautomatic and the multiprobe reader, mental dose. Method of making stable electrets three times more cards can be read as compared has been standarised and an electret charge reader to the manual reader. During the year, 145 has been developed. Electret dosimeters offer the cases of over exposure with more than 10 mSv possibility of measuring integrated dose as low as were detected and 9 cases underwent chromo- 2 to 3 mRad. some aberration test. BARC participated in IAEA - coordinated research programme on Analysis of thorium and uranium in human intercomparison for individual monitoring and tissues and body fluids hac been carried out to the results were satisfactory. study their biokinetics. The absorption factor fl for thorium incorporated in diet was found to be As per the new policy, the radiation 0.001 and that for uranium 0.034. A program has workers in our country are advised to use a been taken up for establishing the Indian refer- badge at chest level under the protective lead ence man, using the anatomical, physiological and apron whenever the same is used. In special cases metabolic data. when high doses to head region are expected due to nature of work, an additional badge is The operating plants and the associated recommended to be used on forehead. Formulae active facilities under the Reprocessing Group to calculate effective surface dose equivalent have maintained an excellent all round safety using the doses recorded by the badges worn in record throughout this year. the two different manners have been proposed.

Personnel exposure to radiation was well Installation plans were approved for 27 within the permissible levels. There was not a medical, 13 radiography, 60 nucleonic gauge and single incident of fatal or disabling injury. No in- 34 research institutions. Authorizations were stance of violation of plant's technical specific- issued for procurement of 917 radionuclide

88 consignments, 76 new radiography cameras and radiation sterilized medical products were made replacement sources for 945 old radiography and supplied to more than 130 user companies. cameras. 13 telecobalt source replacements and 220 radiological protection surveys were carried Calibration services for various radiation out. Unused ^Sr ophthalmic applicators from instruments were provided to the different units 2 hospitals were brought back to BRIT. 307 of DAE and other users of radiation sources in radiography cameras were inspected for radiation industry and radiation oncology. These included safety, and type approval of several industrial calibration of therapy level dosimeters, monitoring radiation devices and their accessories was given. of teletherapy units using mailed thermolumines- 3262 mg of radium from 13 hospitals was cent dosimeters, calibration of protection level collected and disposed off in BARC as waste. monitors, reactor monitors and detectors, supply of standard radioactive sources and cali- A treatment planning software for use in bration of neutron sources and fluxes. Dose radiation therapy which calculates 2-dimensional intercomparison of medical accelerators was dose distribution for beam and brachytherapy carried out using the FBX chemical dosimeter. has been developed. This program can be run An electron capture radionuclide standard was on any IBM compatible PC/XT/AT and will be prepared for international intercomparison. useful for radiation therapy centres in the coun- Chara-cteristics of multisphere neutron spec- try. It is mandatory that all X-ray units marketed trometer were studied. A theratron-60 cobalt in India are type approved by the Atomic En- machine was installed for calibration of dosimeters ergy Regulatory Board (AERB). In this connec- and monitors. tion, procedures were developed for tests of X-ray units in detail to ensure safety of the units from MORSE-CG, a multi -region, multigroup the operational and radiation safety points of Monte Carlo Code, was used to compute the view. Kits for the above tests have been fabri- absolute energy response of the 4 II neutron cated. To train medical physicists for carrying out counter available with the Van de Graaff facility, this programme, two workshops were conducted over the energy range 0.5 MeV to 14 MeV. in which 86 physicists from 23 states and union The computed neutron response agrees satis- territories participated. factorily with the available measured values.

To meet the requirements of personnel and Calculations of the proximity functions for radiological monitoring, 8 TLD badge readers, electrons in water that characterize the impor- one optical densitometer and 20 portable kVp/ tant details of energy transfers in a charged par- timer were fabricated. In addition, 8 secon- ticle track, have been carried out. The spatial dary standard dosimeters, 2 beam therapy dosi- dose distributions in the medium as a function of meters, 3 clinical dosimeters and one thelmedor radial distance have also been computed and were fabricated and supplied to outside insti- represented by suitable analytic forms. A new tutions. A pocket type personal dosimeter based semianalytical method was developed for compu- on solid state detector for use upto 20R and an tations of the proximity function in an efficient instrument for measuring the lead equivalent manner at high energies. thickness of lead rubber aprons were developed. The technology for the fabrication of TLD Expressions for dispersion of random badge reader was transferred to M/s. L & T sequences were obtained. It was shown that the Gould, Mysore, to meet the growing demand. dispersion of a random sequence is of the same The coloured indicators for the identification of order as that of a quasi random sequence.

89 Asymptotic survival probability was studied in A BARC scientist took part in the 8th disordered media. Also, the expectation value Antarctic expedition collecting samples and for the nearest neighbour distance between a making environmental radioactivity measure- mobile trap and mobile species in one dimension ments. Small ions and aerosols measurements and with equal diffusion coefficients was were also carried out during the expedition at computed. Antarctica. Another scientist is currently participating in the 9th Antarctic expedition. Thermal and radiolytic studies in the FBX dosimetric system suggest that, under RF and ultra sound surveys have been chronic irradiation condition?, the radiation carried out for twenty seven sources which may promote the reactions by providing the include inductively coupled plasma atomic emis- necessary activation energy. At acute irradi- sion spectrometers, plastic welding machines and ations, this energy may be lost due to collisions diathermy units. The measurement of several or some other competitive processes. Low pollutants like SO2,NO2, CO, heavy metals, dose-rate may enhance the spontaneous muta- hydrocarbons, etc., has been carried out in a tion rates in the cells and the high LET particles number of samples including atmospheric air, rain, may be more effective. industrial areas, mines, and in biological samples including blood, teeth, etc. Specialised techniques Studies with enkaryolic yeast strains have like gas chromatography, voltammetry, X-ray shown that low dose-rate irradiation at about one fluorescence, etc., are used in these studies. cGy/hr is 4-5 times more effective for the induction of gene conversion as compared to acute 7.3 Monazite Survey Project dose-rates. Also, a pretreatment of these strains with beta rays from HTO does not induce an Cytogenetic studies on human population adaptive response as judged by the response to residing in the monazite-bearing high back- subsequent gamma irradiation. A possibility of a ground radiation areas of Kerala and adjoining synergistic interaction between HTO beta and regions were undertaken. The objective of this ^Co gamma irradiation cannot be ruled out under study was to compare the incidence of congeni- growth condition. tal abnormalities, sentinel phenotypes, morbidity and mortality rates, fertility indices, etc. of popu- The analysis and certification of about 500 lation groups residing in normal background samples of imported milk powder, pulses and radiation with those living in high background cereals meant for export were carried out. ^Sr radiation areas of Kerala coasts. For this purpose, content was analysed in about 30 samples of two surveys (newborn and epidemiological) milk powder, vegetables and tea using the sol- were carried out in collaboration with the vent extraction method based onTributyl Phos- State Government involving participation of Pri- phate (TBP). The operation of 12 monitoring mary Health Centres and other hospita! units stations round the country, including a new serving this population. For newborn survey station at Shillong, for studying fallout samples work, six hospital units were identified. Over was continued. The coal mines in Assam were 14,000 newborns were screened for congenital surveyed in detail for radon activity. Country-wide abnormalities. Karyotype analyses of over 1,116 monitoring of indoor radon was continued and cord blood samples of babies born to mothers about 1400 dwellings were studied. The levels residing in the normal background radiation as varied from about 0.1 to 15.0 mWL, the geomet- well as high background radiation areas were ric mean value being 3.7 mWL. The seasonal completed. The prevalence rates for congenital variation of radon in homes was also studied. abnormalities, karyotype anomalies as well as

90 chromosome aberrations among newborns were Chromosome aberration frequency esti- estimated. The demographic data on popul- mates for population groups at various DAE units, ation groups covering 6,160 households, com- occupationally exposed to permissible levels of prising of 7,600 couples and total population of low level radiations, were carried out. These 38,100 individuals were covered in two pan- studies are being extended to Uranium Corpora- chayats. The data on abortions, still births, tion of India Limited, Jaduguda, where the em- multiple births, sex ratio, infertility, consanguin- ployees are predominently exposed to internal ity, etc. of the study population were also made. exposure from radon and to a limited extent The data do not seem to indicate any significant from external gamma radiation. During February- differences between population groups residing in March 1989, over 300 samples were processed normal background radiation and high back- for chromosome aberration analysis, ground radiation areas.

91 — Publications —

Abani, M.C., Murthy, K.B.S. and Sunta, CM., "Organ Maniyan, C.G., Pillai, P.M.B. and Paul, A.C., "Studies on Burdens and Excretion Rates of Inhaled Uranium - Com- Plate-out of Thoron Daughters on Different Surfaces", ibid. putations Using ICRP Model", BARC-1435 (1988). Marimuihu, S., Mohan V. and Chudalayandi, K., "Esti- Abani, M.C., Suri, M.M.K., Sharma, D.N. and Iyer, M.R., mation of Radioxenon (Xe-133) in Madras Atomic Power "Computers in Environmental Data Acquisition : Manage- Station", ibid. ment and Early Warning", Bulletin of Radiation Protection, 1988. Moolya, L.L., Ramamirtham, B., Venkataraman, S. and Chudalayandi K., "Tritium in Air Activity Outside Operating Abani, M.C., Sahasrabudhe, S.G. and Iyer, M.R., "Esti- Island Areas in MAPS", ibid. mation of Pu/Am Ratio in Low Active Bio-Assay and Nasal Swipe Samples", XVIth IARP Annual Conference, Bombay, Pillai, P.M.B. and Paul, A.C., Iyer, M.R. and Pillai K.C., 1989. "Body Burden Measurement of Monazite Workers at Indian Rare Earths Ltd., Udyogamandal", ibid. Adiga, B.B., Patel, P.V., Kulkarni M.R. and Bhat, I.S., "Computed Environmental Gamma Dose Due to Gaseous Purohit, R.C. and Jain, V.K., "The Assessment of Intake as a Effluent Release from Operation of TAPS", ibid. Fraction of ALI for 1-131", ibid.

Ayyappan, P., Sethuraman, M., Viswambharan, K.R. and Puspharaja, Sawant, P.B. and Abraham, J.V., "Dissolution Chudalayandi, K., "Performance of CaSO4 : DY TL Dosi- Studies (in Vitro) of Natural Uranium Compounds in meters and a Field - Comparison of DRD with TLD", ibid. Simulated Lung Fluid and Digestive Simulant", ibid.

Datta, D., Garg, S.P., Kshirsagar, R.K, Kelkar, D.N. and Raghavayya, M. and Khan, A.H., "Radon and Uranium Bhat, I.S., "Development of Computer Based Body Radio- Mine Ventilation", ibid. activity Monitoring Facility at H.P. Laboratory, Tarapur", ibid. Rajan, M.P. and Iyengar, M.A.R., "Radon Measurements Datta, D. and Iyer, M.R., "Functional Fitting of Efficiency in Drinking Waters of Kalpakkam", ibid. Function of a Germanium Detector Using Orthogonal Poly- nomials", ibid. Rajasekhara, Rao, Raghunath, B., Iyer, M.R. and Soni, P.S., "Solubility Characteristics of Natural Uranium and Dua, S.K., Kadam, V.P., Iyer, VS., Chakraborty P.P. and Thorium Using Calcium Trisodium DTAA", ibid. Iyer M.R., "On Line Monitor for Stack Effluents from Nuclear Reactors - a Feasibility Study", ibid. Ramamiribam, B., Chudalayandi, K. and Parmesvaran, S., "Committed Effective Dose Equivalent from Exposure to Eappen, K.P., Markose, P.M., Raghavayya, M. and Radioiodines", ibid. Pillai, K.C., "Distribution of Radioactivity in Surface Streams Around Uranium Mine-Mill Complex", ibid. Ramamirtham, B., Varadhan, R.S. and Chudalayandi, K., "Why High Perticulate in Air Activity Does Not Evoke Jha, Giridhar, and Raghavayya, M., "Contribution of Long Ambient Gamma Monitor Response", ibid. Lived Alpha Activity to the Total Dose of Uranium Mine Workers", ibid. Rao, S.R., Londhe, VS., Sastry, V.N. and Bhat, I.S., "Background Radioactivity in the Trombay Environment Gupta, P.C., Pradeepkumar, K.S., Sundaram, M. and Prior to and after Chernobyl Accident", ibid. Iyer, M.R., "A Technique for Measurement of Argon-41 Re- lease from Nuclear Reactors", ibid. Rao, D.D., Hegde, A.G. and Bhat, I.S., "Computer Analysis of Body Burden Measurements of Occupational Worker at Iyer, R.S., Chandramouly, S., Hegde, A.G. and Bhat, I.S., the Tarapur Atomic Power Station", ibid. "Transfer Efficients of 239+240pu jn tne 7arapur Marine Environment", ibid. Ravi, P.M. and Mehta, Sudarshan, K., "Efficiency Deter- mination Method for Radioiodine Air Sampling Cartridges", Iyer, M.R., "Radiation Protection Instrumentation : Present ibid. Status and Future Trends", ibid.

92 Ravi, P.M. and Iyer, M.R., "A Simple Method for the Babar, A.K., Saraf, R.K. Kakodkar, A. and Sanyasi Rao Estimation of Radio-Iodine in Solution", ibid. V.V.S., "Probabilistic Safety Analysis of Narora Atomic Power Project", BARC -1445,1989. Shiv, Datta and Sunta, CM., "Assessment of Intake and Committed Dose Equivalent to Various Organs from the Babar, AX, Saraf, R.K., and Sanyasi, Rao, V.V.S., "Tech- Measured Values of Body Burden of Cs-137, Co-60 and nical note Reliability Improvement of Motor Operated 1-131", ibid. Valves", Reliability Engineering and System Safety 23, 159 (1988). Venkataraman, S., Ramamirtham, B., Chudalayandi, K. and Parmesvaran, S., "Calibration Procedure for Efficiency Babar, A.K., Saraf, R.K., and Sanyasi, Rao V.V.S., Determination of Ge(Li) Semiconductor Detector for "Operating Experience of Emergency Power Supply System", Quantitative Measurement of Argon-41 and Xenon-133 in a Third National Symposium on Operating Experience of given Geometry", ibid. Nuclear Reactors and Power Plants, BARC, 1989.

Venkataraman, S., Kannan, R.K., Chudalayandi, K. and Basu, A.S., Sharma, L.N. and Nambi, K.S.V., "Preoper- Parmesvaran, S., "Instantaneous Estimation of Argon-41 ational External Radiation Monitoring in NAPS Environs Release Through Stack by Radiation Level Measurement", Using TLDs (Jan. 1987 - March 1989)", BARC - 1483 ibid. (1989).

Varadhan, R.S., Viswambharan, K.R., Ramamirtham, B., Basu, A.S., Gurg, R.P. and Nambi, K.S.V., "External Radia- Chudalayandi K. and Permeswaran S., "Technique for tion Monitoring in RAPS Environs Using TLDs (1982-87)", Reducing the Collective Doses at Madras Atomic Power BARC-1446 (1989). Station", ibid. Bhat, I.S. and Rao, D.D., "Environmental Radiation Vcnkatesan, S. and Sundaram, V.K., "Estimation of Dose- Surveillance Instrumentation and Techniques", Bull, of Rate Inside a Contaminated Hollow Cylinder", ibid. Radiation Protection 11(3-4), 1988.

Adiga, B.B., Patil, P.V., Kulkarni, M.R., Patil, S.Y. and Chandramauly, S., Iyer, R.S., Hegade, A.G. and Bhat, I.S., 7 Bhat, I.S., "Seven Yearly Climatological Summary for the "Depth Profile of ^ Cs, 239+240Pu and 241Am jn B|ack Tarapur Atomic Power Station Site for the Period 1980-86", Cotten Soil Under Constant Flooding and Pickup of these BARC/I-964 (1989). Nuclides by Grass Growing in that Soil", ibid., 12(1-2), 1989.

Attarde, R.B., Choithramani, S.J., Krishnamachari, G. and Dang, H.S., Jaiswal, D.D., Sunta, CM. and Soman, S.D., "A Iyer, M.R., "A Simultaneous Alpha and Beta Counting Sensitive Method for the Determination of Th in body System with Automatic Sample Changer", National Sympo- fluids", Health Phys., 57(3), 393 (1989). sium on Nuclear Electronics and Instrumentation, Bombay, 1989. Dang, H.S., Sunta, CM. and Soman, S.D., "Studies on Indian Reference Man : Present Status", IAEA - RCA Regional Krishnamachari, G., Vaze, P.K. and Iyer, M.R., "Application Workshop on Environmental Sampling and Measurements of of PSD for Low Level Alpha Counting Using Liquid Scintil- Radioactivity for Monitoring Purposes, Kalpakkam, 1989. lation Counting", ibid. Dcoki, Nandan, Vaze, P.K. and Iyengar, T.S., "Tritium Madan, V.K. and Abani, M.C., "An Improved Compu- Fraction Accompanying Water Sorption by Ion Exchange terised Method for Detecting Weak Peaks in Nuclear Resins", National Symposium on Heavy Water Technology, Spectra", ibid. Bombay, 1989.

Ravetkar, R.M., Krishnamachari, G. and Iyer, M.R., Sastry, V.V. and Bhat, I.S., "Occupational Health and "Digital Pocket Dosimeter with PC Interfacing", ibid. Safety and Environmental Aspects of Heavy Water Produc- tion", ibid. Sharangapani, K.K., Krishnamachari, G., Raman, N., Sharma,D.N. and Iyer, MR., "Four Channel Analog Sadhukhan, H.K., Behl, D., Ramaraj, Iyengar, T.S., Sada- Router for Spectroscopy Applications", ibid. rangani, S.H., Vaze, P.K. and Soman S.D., "Radiation Safety

93 Experience in Upgrading 25 percent Heavy Water Wastes at Sundaram, V.K. and Iyer, M.R., "Limits of Plutonium Con- Heavy Water Plant, Nangal", ibid. tamination in Re-Processed Uranium for Handling in Natural Uranium Plants", ibid. Desai, M.V.M., Dey, N.N., Kulkarni, V.V. and Pillai, KC, "Distribution of "^Cs in Various Size Fractions of Bottom Viswanathan, S., Surya Rao B., Laxmanan, A.R. and Sediments of Bombay Harbour Bay", Indian Journal of Krishna Rao, T., "Radiological and Environmental Safety Marine Sciences, 18, 198(1989). Aspects of Uranium Fuel Fabrication Plants at Nuclear Fuel Complex, Hyderabad", ibid. Dey, N.N., Raut, S J., Hemalata, P., Sathi, S., Kumar and Bhat, I.S., "Environmental Survey at Trombay - Report for Iyengar, T.S., Vaze, P.K. and Sadarangani, S.H., "Paryav- the Period Jan.88- Dec. 88", BARCyi-976 (1989). aran Main Tritium ka Acharan. (HINDI)", Parayavaran Pradushan aur Udyog Sangosthi, 71,1989. Doshi, G.R. and Joshi, S.N., "Estimation of 129I in Marine Algal Samples from Tarapur, West Coast of India", Ind. J. Jadhav, G.N., Nambi, K.S.V., Panchepakesan, U. and Mar. Sci., 18,87(1989). Sahoo, K.C., "Thermally Stimulated Luminescence Studies of Quartz Associated with Fegmatities of Mica Mines, Doshi, G.R., "14C Behaviour of Air - Water Interface", Bihar", Proc. VII Convention of Indian Geological Bull. Rad. Protection, 12,28 (1989). Congress, Bangalore, 1989.

Jha, Giridhar, and Raghavayya, M., "Effective Dose Evalu- Kale, M.S., Chadda, V.K., Joshi, V.B., Bhagwat, A.M., ation of Uranium Mill Workers at Jaduguda", National Sharma, D.N. and Iyer M.R., "Application of Image Analysis Symposium on Uranium Technology, 1989, Bombay. System for Dosimetry Using SSHTD Technique and a PC Based Image Analyser", National Symposium on Image Pro- Jha, Giridhar, Raghavayya, M., Srinivasan, M.V. and Sastry, cessing in Materials Science and Other Disciplines, IMPRO- S., "An Alpha Gamma Integrating Device for Uranium Explo- MAT *89,1989. ration", ibid. Krishnamony, S., "Understanding ALARA", Bull. Rad. Joshi, V.B., Oommen, I.K., Sengupta, S. and Iyengar T.S., Prot., 12(1&2), 1989. "Radiological and Conventional Safety Aspects of Mechining Operation of Uranium Ingots", ibid. Krishnamoorthy, T.M., Nair, R.N. and Sharma, T.P., "Role of Cansister Integrity on Ocean Bed Disposal of Solid Radio- Khan, A.H. and Raghavayya, M., "Radon Problem in active Wastes, Part 2 - Daughter Radionuclides", Ind. J. Mar. Sci., 17, 318 (1988). Uranium Industry", ibid.

Krishnamoorthy, T.M., Nair, R.N. and Sharma, T.P., Markose, P.M., Eappan, K.P., Raghavayya, M. and 14 Pillai, K.C., "Treatment of Uranium Tailings Vis-a-vis "Oceanic Sink for C and Tritium Wastes from NPPs", Bull. Rad. Protection, 12, 9(1989). Radium Containment", ibid.

Nambiar, P.V.VJ., Pushparaja and Abraham J.V., "Oper- Malvankar, S.V., Bhanti, D.P. and Iyer, M.R., "A Mono- ational Health Physics Experience at Uranium Metal Plant at disperse Dop Aersol Generator and its Characterisation Trombay", ibid. Using an Aerosol Centrifuge", First Annual Conference of Indian Aerosol Science and Technology Association, Pune, 1989. Pushparaja, Sahasrabudhe, S.G., Abraham, J.V. and Iyer, M.R., "Radioactivity Level in Process Stream at U-metal Plant at Trombay", ibid. Purwar, R.C., Ramchandran, V., Sharma, A.D. Malvankar S.V. and Iyer, M.R., "A Particle Size Selective Two Stage Air Sampler", ibid. Puspharaja, Sahasrabudhe S.G., Abraham, J.V. and Iyer, M.R., "Radioactivity in the Process Streams of Uranium Metal Plant (UMP) at Trombay", ibid. Mayya, Y.S., "Universality Class and Energy Bound for Coulomb Aggregates", Phys. Rev. A, 39,5387, (1989). Sankarnarayanan, T.K., Gupta, D.S., Sahasrabudhe, S.G. and Iyer, M.R., "Rapid Determination of Uranium in Uranyl Mehta, D.J., Dang, H.S., Jaiswal, D.D., Sharma, R.C. and Nitrate Solutions by gamma Spectrometry", ibid. Sunta, CM., "Serum Level and Thorax Burden of Th in

94 Occupationally Exposed Subjects", Conf. on Nuclear Sci. Geophysical Research in India, Hyderabad, 1989. and Techn. in India - Past, Present and Future, Bombay, 1989. Panday, V.K. and Sansoni, B.,"Experiences Using a Micro- Rudran, K., Sawant, J., Thampan S., Bangera, V.S., Dalvi, wave Plasma Digestion Technique for Certain Biological S.A., Wadhawani C.N., Pullat V.R., Barde L.R. and Abani and Environmental Materials", II Workshop on Microwave M.C., "Internal Dosimetry by Bio-Assay Technique in Digestion, KFA Julich, 1989. Installations at BARC - An overview", ibid. Pillai, K.C. and Bhat, I.S., Environmental Management in Sastry, V.V. and Bhat, I.S., "Environmental Impact of Nuclear Industry", Bull, of Radiation Protection, 11(3-4), Nuclear Power Protection Choice Adopted in India", ibid. (1988).

Sharma, R.C., Surendran, T., Haridasan, T.K. and Sunta, Sachan S.R. and Pillai K.C., "Technitium in the Environ- CM., "Direct Assessment of Internal Radioactive Contami- ment", ibid., 12(3), (1989). nation in Workers Engaged in Indian Nuclear Fuel Cycle Operations", ibid. San, B.M.L. and Narayanan K.K., "Nuclear Power and Environmental Protection", (in Hindi), Hindi Day Abtrac- Mehta, N.K., Kathuria, S.P., Lakshmanan, A.R. and tions, BARC, 1989. Nambi, K.S.V., "Environmental Radiation Levels Around Nuclear Fuel Complex, Hyderabad During 1981 - 1988", Sharma, T.P., Krishnamoorthy, T.M. and Nair, R.N., "Role BARC -1477 (1989). of Canister Integrity on Ocean Bed Disposal of Solid Radio- active Wastes, Part 1 - Parent Radionuclides", Ind. J. Mar. Nambi, K.S.V., "Ionising Radiation in Archaeology", Proc. Sci., 17,291(1989). Seminar on Radiation as a Probe in Industry, Medicine Archaeology and Research, Kalpakkam, 1989. Sanyasi Rao, V.V.S. and Murthy, L.G.K., "RODFLOW - A Blowdown Analysis", BARC/I-965 (1989). Nambi, K.S.V., "Ionising Radiation in Archaeology", ibid. Sharma, R.C., Surendran, T., Haridasan, T.K. and Sunta, Nambi, K.S.V., Mehta, N.K., Kannan, V., Meenakshisun- CM., "In-vivo Assessment of Pu in Lungs - Study and daram, V. and Viswambharan, K.R., "Environmental Application of Calibration Factors of External Phoswich Radiation Levels in and around Kalpakkam During 1983 - Detectors Derived from a Realistic Thorox Phantom", 1987", BARC -1453 (1989). Bulletin of Radiation Protection, 12(1 & 2), 81 (1989).

Nambi, K.S.V., Mayya, Y.S., Rao, D.D. and Soman, S.D., Sree Krishna Murthy, G., Chandrasekhar Rao, M.V.S., "Analysis of Career Risk in Atomic Energy Employees at Venkateswara Rao, N., Bhuloka Reddy, S., Saryanarayana, G., Bombay and Tarapur", First Annual Topical Seminar on Sastry, D.L., Iyer, M.R. and Sasrabudhe, S.G., "Measure- Genetic and Carcinogetic Effects of Ionising Radiation of the ment of Conversion Coefficients of M3 Transition in Committee on Radiation Protection Standards, Jaipur, 1989. ^'"Co and M4 Transition in 90m", J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys., 15,1769 (1989). Ommen, I.K., Nambi, K.S.V., Sengupta, S., Gundu Rao, T.K. and Ravi Kumar, M., "Lactose and Tris Lyolumine- Soman, S.D. and Nambi, K.S.V., "Recent Epidemiological scence Dosimetry Systems and ESR Correlations Studies". Studies on Population Around Nuclear Installations in Int. J. Radiat. Appl. Instr. Part A: Appl. Radiat. Isot., 1989. Westorn Countries", First Annual Topical Seminar on Genetic and Carcinogetic Effects of Ionising Radiation of the Oommen, I.K., Nambi, K.S.V., Sengupta, S., Gundu Rao, Committee on Radiation Protection Standards, Jaipur, 1989. T.K. and Ravi Kumar, M., "Lactose and Tris Lyolumine- scence Dosimetry Systems and ESR Correlation Studies", Sunta, CM., Dang, H.S., Jaiswal D.D., Sharma R.C., Second International Symposium on ESR dosimetry and Mehta D.J. and Nambiar P.P.V.J., "External and Internal Applications Munchen/Neuherberg (F.R.G), 1988, (Proc. in Dosimetry of Persons Exposed to Thorium and Application of Print) Appl. Radiat. Isot. Int. J. Radiat. Appl. Instrument, Neutron Activation Analysis to Study its Biokinetic Beha- Part A 1989. viour", Nuclear Instrum. and Methods in Physical Res. A 280, 449,1989. Panchal, N.S., "Influence of Land/Sea Breeze on Meteoro- logical Parameters at Kalpakkam", Symp. on Advances in Valiathan, M.S., Kartha, C.V., Epan, J.T., Dang, H.S. and

95 Sunta, CM., "Rapid communication : A Geochemical Basis Nair, P.V.N., "Nulear Aerosols", First Annual Conference for Endomyocardia! Fibrosis", Cardiovascular Research, of Indian Aerosol Science and Technology Association, XXni(7),647(1989). Pune, 1989.

Vaidya S.N. and Mayya Y.S., "Rote of Combined Elec- Gupta, J.P., Nair, P.V.N. and Mishra, U.C., "Optical tron-Delectron Screening in d-d Fusion in Metals", Pramana Methods for Aerosol Measurements", ibid. 33, L343, (1989). Sawant, V.D. and Nair, P.V.N., "Diurnal and Seasonal Vaidya S.N. and Mayya Y.S., "Screening Enhanced d-d Fusion Variation of Concentration of Condensation Nuclei in in Metals", Japanese Journal of Applied Physics (1989). Deonar", ibid.

Mahadevan, T.N., Meenafcshy, V. and Mishra, U.C., Gupta, J.P., Nair, P.V.N. and V.D. Sawant, "Pollution "Measurements of Elemental Composition of Aerosol Matter Abatement by Negative Ions", Hindi Seminar on Environ- and Precipitation from a Remote Background Site in mental Pollution and Industry, BARC, 1989. India", Atmospheric Environment, 23, 8691989. Joshi, P.V., "Preliminary Report on the Levels of Atmos- Mishra, U.C., and Mahadevan, T.N., "Monitoring Aspects pheric Ions and Aitken Nuclei Over and at Antartica" IASTA of Air Pollution from Process Industries", Seminar on Indus- Newsletter, 2,1, 1989 trial Pollution Control, Bombay, 1989 Ramachandran, T.V. and Subba Ramu, M.C., "Esti- Mahadevan, T.N. and Mishra, U.C., "The Green House mation of Indoor Radiation Exposures from the Natural Effect Cause and Global Concern," Seminar on Global Radioactivity Content of Building Materials", Encology, 13, Effects of Air Pollution : An Update and Strategies, 20,1989 Bombay, 1989. Subba Ramu, M.C., "Dose to Population from Natural Sachdev, R.N., "Use Standard NIR Units", 2001,9 (1989). Background Radiation", Scavenger, 19,13 (1989).

Sachdev, R.N., Ingle, N.A., Swarup, G. and Rajan, K.K., Mishra, U.C. and Subba Ramu, M.C., "The Ubiquitous "Observed Occupational Radiation Exposures in a Few Radon : An Enigma for Radiation Protection", Bull, of Applications of Radiofrequencies : A survey", Bulletin of Rad.Prot., 12(1&2), 13(1989). Radiation Protection, 12(3), 62 (1989). Shaikh, A.N., Ramachandran, T.V., Muraleedharan, T.S. and Sachdev, R.N., Rajan, K.K. and Swarup, G.,"A Micro- Subba Ramu, M.C. "Measurements of Indoor Radiation processor Based Electric Field Strength Meter for Radiation Levels in Hot Spring Areas of Gujarat" AMPI Bulletin, 14,81 Safety Surveys Around Radiofrequency Sources", ibid., (1989). 12(3), 73 (1989). Ramachandran, T.V., Subba Ramu, M.C. and Mishra, U.C., Sachdev, R.N., "Non-Ionising Radiations", ibid., 12(3), 1-8. "Application of Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors for 1989 Radiation Protection" BARC-1488,1989.

Sachdev, R.N., "Non Ionising Radiations", Annual Ramachandran, T.V., Muraleedharan, T.S., Shaikh, G.N. and Conference on Radiation Protection, Bombay, 1989. (Invited Subba Ramu, M.C., "Measurement of Indoor Radon and its Talk) Progeny Concentration in Indian Dwellings", 16th Annual Conf. IARP, Bombay, 1989. Sachdev, R.N., Rajan, K.K. and Swarup, G., "A Micro- processor Based Field Strength Meter for Radio Safety Ramchandran, T.V., Muraleedharan, T.S. and Subba Survey Around Radiofrequency Sources", ibid., (Invited Ramu, M.C., "Calibration of SSNTD for the Measure- Talk) ment of Indoor Radon/Thoron Levels in Dwellings", Seminar on SSNTD, Gauhati, 1989. Sachdev, R.N., Ingle, N.A., Swarup, G. and Rajan, K.K., "Observed Occupational Radiation Exposures on a Few Subba Ramu, M.C., Muraleedharan, T.S., Ramachandran, Applications of Radiofrequencies : A Survey", ibid. T.V. and-Shaikh, G.N., "Application of a Condensation Type

96 of Aerosol Generator in Radiation Protection" 1st Seminar Deorukhakar, V.V. and Murthy, M.S.S. "Resistance of ofIASTA,Pune, 1989. Respiratory Defecient Petite Mutant Yeast Cells to the Cyto- toxic Effects of N-methyl-N'nitro-N nitroso guinidine and Subba Ramu, M.C. and Muraleedharan, T.S., "Formation N-methyl nitrosourea," National Symposium on Environ- of conversion Aeosols", ibid. mental Mutagens and Carcinogens and Muta-genicity of Toxic Chemicals and XIV Annual Conference of EMSI, Darbhanga, Ramachandran, T.V. and Mishra, U.C., "Measurement of 1989. Natural and Fallout Radioactivity Levels in Bombay Soil by Gamma Spectrometry" Geophys Res. Bulletin, 27,41 (1989). Rao, B.S. "Radiation Induced Cellular Lesions and Their Repair", Indo-German Symposium on Recent Advances in Ramachandran, T.V. and Mishra, U.C., "Measurement of Radiation Oncology, New Delhi, 1989. Radioacivity Levels in Indian Food Stuffs by Gamma Spec- trometry" Int. J. Appl. Rad. Isotope, 40,723 (1989). Rao, B.S. "Role of Potentially Lethal Damage Recovery Inhibition in Radiotherapy", ibid, 11. Ramachandran, T.V. and Mishra, U.C., "Measurement of Natural and Falfout Radioactivity Levels in Indian Food Murthy, M.S.S, "Analysis of Cell Survival Curves after Stuffs by Gamma Spectrometry", Bull.of Radiat Prot., 12(3), Recovery from Potentially Lethal Damage. An Insight into 51 (1989). the Type of Lesions Involved and Fidelity of the Process", ibid., 4 Ramachandran, T.V. and Mishra, U.C., "Natural Radio- activity Levels in Typical Indian Diet" Radiochemistry and Shankara Narayanan, N., Rao, B.S. and Murthy, M.S.S. Rad. Chemistry Symp., 1989 "Radiation Protection Standards and Cancer Sensitive Groups in the Populations : Is There a Scope for Screening Occupa- Ramachandran, T.V., "Environmental Pollution from Coal tional Radiation Workers", XVI Conference on Radiation Based Industries in India" IASTA News Letter, 2(2), 13 Protection, 1989. (1989). Nagarajan, P.S. and Sundaram, K.S."Radiation Shielding Mohan Rao, A.M. and Pandit, G.G., "Gaschromatographic and Deep Penetration Radiation Transport",BuII. Radiat. Prot., 12(4) (1989). Determination of O^ - C10 Hydrocarbons in Atmospheric Air by Preconcentration at Liquid Nitrogen Temperature", Int. Seminar on Analytical Techniques for Monitoring the Bhatia, D. P. and Prasad, M.A., "Survival Probability on a Environment, Tirupati, 1989. One Dimensional Random Chain", Phy. Rev.A, 39, 6441 (1989). Mohan Rao, A.M., "Determination of C2-C5 hydrocarbons in Atmospheric Air by Gaschromatography", Workshop on Prasad, M.A. and Bhatia D.P., "Expectation Value of the Gas Chromatographie Techniques for Atmospheric Hydro- Dispersion of a Random Sequence", Computing, (1989). carbon Measurement, Bombay, 1989. Gupta, B.L., Bhat, R.M. and Narayan G.R., "Chemical Shaikh, G.N., Pandit, G.G., Mohan Rao, A.M. and Effects of Radiation at Chronic Dose-Rates", XVI Conf. on Mishra, U.C., "Determination of Ethylene and Other Reac- Radiation Protection, Bombay, 1989. tive Hydrocarbons in Indian Tobacco Smoke and Evaluation of Risk from Their Inhalation", The Science of the Total Gupta, B.L., "Radiation Detection and Measurement Environment, 74,64 (1988). (Dosimetry)," Training Workshop on the Use of Irradiation to Reduce Post-Harvest Food Losses, BARC, 1989. Mohan Rao, A.M and Pandit, G.G., "Concentrations of C2- C5 Hydrocarbons in Atmospheric Air at Deonar in Relation Pant, K.C., Misra, S.C. and Gangadharan, P. "Some Studies to Possible Sources". Atmos. Environ, 22(2), 395 (1988). with NE 213 Liquid Scintillator", National Symp. Nuclear Electronics and Instrumentation, Bombay, 1989. Pandit Gauri, G. and Mohan Rao, A.M., "Evaluation of Autoexhaust Contribution to Atmospheric C2-C5 Hydro- Mahant, A.K., Misra, S.C., Rao, P.S. and Gangadharan, P. carbons at Deonar, Bombay", Int. Symp. on Micrometeoro- "A Digital Picoammetcr Using Rate of Charge Method", logy and Air Pollution, New Delhi, 1988. ibid.

97 Misra, S.C., Rao, P.S., Suresh Rao, Mahanf, A.K., Pant sponse and Photon Energy Dependence of LiF:Mg, Cu, P and K.C. and Gangadharan P., "Radiation Standards and Facili- LiF TLD-100 TLDs", Bull. Rad. Prot, 12,51 (1989). ties for Calibration at Protection Level", National Symp. on Metrology, New Delhi, 1989. Pradhan, A.S., Gambhir, S.P., Patel, P.H. and Supe, SJ. "Operational Quantities and Parameters of TLD Badge Kannan, S., Naik, S.B., Govindarajan, K.N, Vijayam, Design", Med. Phy. Bull, 14, 154 (1989). P.N.M.R. and Gangadharan, P. "Improvement in Radio- therapy Dosimetry Accuracy - Role of SSDL",AMPI Confer- Pradhan, A.S. Highlights of 10th Conference on Medical ence, Gwalior, (1989). Physics, Bangalore", ibid, 14,41 (1989).

Shahani, M.G., Sharma, D., Phadnis, U.V. and Gangadharan, Lakshmanan, A.R. "Film or TLD in Individual Monitoring P. "Neutron Standards Calibration and Intercomparisons at and Genuineness of Radiation Exposure", Letter to Editor, BARC", National Symp. on Metrology, New Delhi, 1989. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 28, 227 (1989).

Sharma, D., Phadnis, U.V., Shahani, M.G. and Lakshmanan A.R. Popli, K.L. and Kher, R.K. "Esti- Gangadharan P. "A Multisphere Spectrometer for Neutron mation of Individual Dose Equivalent from Photons Dosimetry in Reactor Environments", Proc National Symp. Using CaSO4:Dy Thermoluminescent Dosemeter," XI Con- Nuclear Electronics and Instrumentation, Bombay, 1989. ference on Medical Physics, Gwalior, AMPI Bull., 14, 156 (1989). Saha, V.V., Singh, V., Srivastava, P.K., Sahoo, H.K. and. Gan- gadharan, P., "On Line Data Processing for Primary Stand- Mehta, S.K., Kher, R.K., and Popli, K.L. "Application of ardisation," ibid. A12O3:PTFE TL Dosemeter for Background Radiation Monitoring" XVI Conf. Rad. Prot., IARP/16/16, Bombay Massand, O.P., Kundu, H.K., Marathe, P.K. and (1989). Supe, SJ. "CR-39 Nuclear Track Detector for Neutron Personnel Monitoring, XVI IARP Conference, IARP/16/78, Adtani, M.M, Sawant, R.V, Kher, R.K. and Supe, SJ., Bombay, 1989. "Unusual Occurrences During Ten Years of Use of TLD Badge System, Bull Rad. Prot., 12,3(1989). Kundu, H.K., Massand, O.P., Dhairyawan, M.P. and Marathe, P.K. "Response of a Rem. Counter to Neutron Patel, P.H. "Quality Assurance in Individual Monitoring", from Various Radioactive Neutron Sources, ibid., IAEA CRP Meeting, Vienna, 1989. IARP/16/79. Patel, P.H., Kher. R.K, Dhond, R.V. and Mahajan J.M. Dhond, R.V. and Iyer, V.S.V. "Postitioning of a "Report on Results of DRP TLD Badge and Film Badge Personnel Monitoring Badge when Lead Rubber Apron is Systems, for IAEA Intercomparison for Individual Monitoring Used and a Proposed Formula to Estimate Effective Surface for Photons", ibid. Dose Equivalent," AMPI Med. Phys. Bull., 14(4), 52 (1989). Klvr, R.K, Shenoy, K.S. and Madhvanath, U. "Personnel Dhond, R.V., Pandey, *R.L., Patel, P.H. and Supe, SJ. Monitoring Programme for Medical Radiation Workers in "Incidences of Overexposures of Radiation Workers in India", Regional Conf. Rad. Phy. and Med. Phys, Kuala Medical Institutions in India During 1987 and 1988", ibid, Lumpur, 1989. 14(4), 173 (1989). Kher, R.K, Popli, K.L. and Supe, SJ. "Reusability of TL Marathe, P.K, Krishnan, D., Massand, O.P. and Dhond, R.V. Dosemeters for Personnel Monitoring", Health Physics " A Need for National Registry of Radiation Workers", Research Abstracts, IAEA/HPR/14,30 (1989). Letter to the Editor, Bull. Rad. Prot, 12(3), (1989). Bhatt, B.C., Shinde, S.S. and Bhatt, R.C. "Comparative Pradhan, A.S. and Bhatt, R.C. "Thermoluminescence Dosimetric Studies of Three LiF TL Phosphors", Radiat. Response of LiF:Mg, Cu, P and LiF TLD-100 to Thermal Prot. Dosim, 27, 21 (1989). Neutrons, ^Am y\]pnas and Gamma Rays," Radiation Prot., Dosim., 27,185(1989). Srivastava, J.K. and Supe, SJ.. "The Thermolumines- cence Characterization of Li2B4O7 Doped with Cu,"J. Phys Pradhan, A.S. and Bhatt, R.C. "Thermal Neutron Re- D:Appl. Phys. 22 1537 (1989).

98 Nagpal, J.S., Geetha Varadharajan and Venkateswaran, T.V. Sethulakshmi, P., Janakiraman, G., Sawant, S.G. and Iyer, "Accident Dosimetry Using Commonly Available Materials", P.S., "Installation of Rotational Telecobalt Unit in the X AMPI Conf. Bandore, 1989. Existing Room Housing a Stationary Unit Planning Con- sideration", Proc. X. Conf. Med. Phys, Bangalore (1989). Kannan, S., Lalsare M.D., Seetapathy, A. and Gangadharan, P. "A Portable kY;: Meter/Timer for Quality Sawant, S.G. Janakirman, G., Sethulakshmi P. and Assurance of X-ray Machines", ibid. Iyer, P.S., "A Comparative Study of the Telecobalt Units Available in India in Relation to Their Design Aspects and Ramanathan, G., Bhingare, R.R. and Risbud, V.H. Room Plans", Ibid. "Digital Pocket Monitor using Cd. Te Detector", National Symp. Nucl. Electronics and Instrumentation, Bombay, Iyer, P.S., Unnikrishnan, K. and Subrahmanian, G., "Status 1989. ofTelecesiumUnitsin India", Ibid.

Sankaran, A., Pa! N.C. and Patki V.S. " Microprocessor Jayalakshmi, V., Kamath, R.R. and Tripathi, U.B. "A Based X ray Quality Assurance Dosimeter Using a Monographic Technique for Shielding Computations", AMPI Photovoltic Detector/Amplifier Device", ibid. Med. Phy. Bull. 14(4), 177 (1989).

Ramanathan G., Risbud, V.H., Hariom Mittal, and Shantha, A., Tripathi, U.B. and Kamath, R.R., "Attenuation Venkateswaran, T.V. "Portable Radiation Monitor for Diag- of Ir-192 Gamma Rays in Lead and Concrete", XI Conf. Med. nostic X-ray Machines", XI AMPI Conf., Gwalior, 1989. Phys., Gwalior 1989.

Iyer, P.S., Bhutani, M.L., Sabuwalla, H.A. Janakiraman, Bhargava V.K., "Public Education of Effective Role of G. and Gopalakrishnan A.K. "Beam Therapy-Radiation Medical Physicists", AMPI Med. Phys. Bull, 14 (4), 196 Emergencies", AMPI Med. Phys. Bull. 14(3) (1989). (1989).

99 8.1 Instrumentation radiography, template matching, intruder detection and other diverse applications has been com- A demonstration of the Optical Data Link pleted and the know-how transferred to a developed in BARC was arranged for Vidcsh private industry for industrial exploitation. Based Samachar Nigam. The data link has been modi- on successful preliminary trials, an acoustic under- fied to extend its range from 1 km to 2 kms. water ambient noise recording system, housed in a hydrostatic chamber and operated by battery Electronic circuits for all the amplifiers of 1 power, has been developed for NiO, Goa, for kJ : 1 nS glass laser have been developed. A oceanographic studies. Electromyograph useful SMP supply for charging of energy storage for neurological studies has been successfully capacitor is being developed. evaluated and it is being offered for industrial exploitation under transfer of know-how. An Explosive Detector was developed for bulk detection of explosives for Ministry of Twenty-five sophisticated electronics instru- Home Affairs. It uses a radioactive source for mentation systems for radiation safety and health transmission of fast neutrons from the matter assessment, of both environment and operating under observation. It is used for searching personnel, have been supplied to different vehicles for explosives hidden behind door panels, DAE power projects. sills and other cavities. Procurement of materials and installation A fast optical radiometer incorporating a for the setting up of a flow calibration facility for PIN photodiodc has been fabricated for use a flow of 0-3500 1pm was completed and the during safety surveys of industrial and laboratory actual erection of the facility was taken up. optical sources. Evaluation tests were carried out for tube fittings, solenoid valves, ultrasonic (low meters, temper- Six numbers of fixed filter beta gamma ature transmitters, etc. Setting up of various stan- continuous air monitors have been fabricated. dard facilities under Centralised Process Instru- mentation Unit (CPIU) is in progress. One NO2/NH3 monitor with alarm facility was supplied to Heavy Water Plant, Thai. Modification of process instrumentation Studies were also carried out to determine the and controls for the Acid Regeneration unit, conversion of NH3 to NO in the cracker units of OSCOM, IRE, Orissa was completed and the Heavy Water Plants. plant was commissioned successfully with the newly installed instruments. A variety of nuclear instrument modules such as the low noise charge-sensitive pre-ampli- 8.2 Computer Based Instrumentation fiers, constant-fraction timing analysers, 4K and 8K nuclear spectral Data Acquisition System A PC based Data Station for differential based on PCs, and Scintillation Counting Systems scanning calorimeter for the study of thermal have been designed, fabricated and supplied to properties of various materials has been devel- users. Some of these units are also being trans- oped. It automates the control of data acqui- ferred for production at ECIL, in view of their sition and processing of the data from differential continuous demands in nuclear industry. scanning calorimeter.

Development of a Video Frame Processor A PC/AT 386 based system has been for'visualising difference - images in industrial designed for recording and analysing induced

100 microseismic events in the champion reef area in using gas gun for studying the behaviour of the Kolar gold mines. The system will be installed materials under high pressure has been devel- at a depth of 3 kms in the mine. Event status oped. The instrument produces three indepen- information is transmitted to the earth station dent delays. Delays are selectable through online for monitoring. thumbwheel switches. The delayed outputs are used to trigger different units situated at distances A PC based interface for the Scandig upto 20 metres. Prototype model has been fully photometric microdensitometer has been devel- tested by user. The final unit consisting of 3 delay oped. The microdensitometer was earlier modules has been fabricated and tested and is equipped with interface to the PDP-11 computer. ready to be installed at user site. This interface has been redesigned without chang- ing the interface signal Lvels. Physical Protection System consisting of perimeter protection, access control and CCTV A PC based interface for low resolution surveillance system was commmissioned at RAPS organic mass spectrometer has been developed and NAPS. Indigenisation of Central Controller for carrying out the routine analysis of mass of access control system was completed. An spectrum. access control system suitable for OEM card readers was also developed. A microcontroller A PC based data acquisition and pro- based system for CCTV camera control with a cessing system for pulse radiolysis experiments single video cable for video signal and has been developed. The technique of pulse command transmission was developed. radiolysis is a very powerful too? for the study of mechanisms of fast chemical reactions initiated by One IBM-PC based image processing and ionizing radiations in very short time durations of analysis system was developed for radiation dam- the order of nanoseconds. The manual processing age studies. Software was developed for shading of data generated in the form of oscilloscope correction and grey level image processing. trace is cumbersome and time consuming. A PC has been interfaced with the storage oscilloscope A system was developed and interfaced using a GPIB port to acquire data and software to Scanning Electron Microscope at IGCAR. has been developed to compute the kinetic para- It consists of hardware and software for corre- meters by a linear least fit procedure. lation of electron image and X-ray image map for chemical analysis. A PC based high speed multiparameter data acquisition system for processing data at the A phonetic code based scheme of issuing rate of 10,000 events per second was developed multipurpose identity cards was prepared and and installed at Pelletron Laboratory, TIFR. submitted to Election Commission. It was accepted in the All India Conference of Chief A 50 MHz 11 bit ADC has been designed, Electoral Officers at Tirupati in June 1989, for developed and prototype engineered. Two ADCs introduction as a pilot project in the State of have been supplied for the position sensitive Goa. Implementation of this scheme in the State detector assembly system and they are already of Jammu & Kashmir was also undertaken. functioning satisfactorily. Two more ADCs have already been made for use at the Pelletron. These A low cost high security identity card ADCs are undergoing final tests. making machine was developed for Ministry of Home Affairs. The system consists of a video A nanosecond delay system which generates camera, IBM-PC/386 computer system and laser very accurate fast delay for the experiments printer. The identity card details are composed

101 for 8 I-Cards for printing on an A-4 size sheet. lation. Since considerable expertise is available A photo base is maintained along with the on design and manufacture of canned motors personal data for retrieval and verification. and these machines find wide application in petro-chemical and other industries, technology A non-contact flow measuring system was transfer is planned. Development of a range of developed. Experiments were carried out on a 2" canned motors for DAE use and also for tech- pipe-section at Engineering Hall-7, BARC. The nology transfer is undertaken. actual flow rate is computed using an IBM- PC/AT computer. Accuracy of measurement at The Giant Meter Radio Telescope Project room temperature was + 3%. envisages control of thirty four numbers of 45 metre parabolic fully stearable antennas spread For Heavy Water Projects, on-line multi- over a distance of 14 kms from a central control channel hydrogen monitoring system was devel- room. A prototype DC servo drive and control oped. The system provides signal processing, data system has been fabricated to study the control- displaying, hard copy generations, dual alarm level lability from central station, interference of the annotation and operator's interaction facility. servo drive from radio star signals and the capa- Constant detector block temperature controlled bility to position and track stars within accuracies by digital PID controller reduces ambient tem- demanded. perature drift effect. A 16-bit microprocessor based data acquisi- 8.3 Control Engineering tion and control system for six axes neutron spectrometer has been designed and fabricated for use Manufacturing and testing of 150 canned in Dhruva for Crystrallographic studies. The motors has been taken up for Heavy Water Plant system is being used in conjunclion with a PC for at Hazira. A first batch of 100 motors has been data storage and analysis. A single station can manufactured and delivered to site for instal- cater to the control of six spectrometers.

102 ~ Publications —

Nigam, R.K., "Design, Selection, Cost Effectiveness and ance of Silicon Surface Barrier Detector with Various Indigenous Development of Intrusion Detection and Access Metal Electrodes", National Symposium on Nuclear Elec- Control Systems", The Seminar on Modern Security Systems, tronics and Instrumentation, BARC, 1989. International Security Exhibition, New Delhi, 1989. Vyas, J.C., "What Makes Quartz Tick", Science Today, 22 Kulgod, S.V., Joshi, D.G. and Chadda, V.K:, "An IBM-PC (1989). Based System for Vision Applications", Fourth International Conference on CAD, CAM, Robotics and Factories of Kothiyal,G.P., Sangeeta, Desai D.G., Ghosh, B. and Shri- Future, New Delhi, 1989. vastava, A.K., Growth of Synthetic Crystals of A^Seg-jfTejf and Some Studies of Their Optical Properties", The IVth Suresh Kumar and Mehta, H.R., "On-Line Data Base National Seminar on Crystal Growth, Mysore, 1989. Management System", ibid. Vyas,, J.C., Kothial, G.P., Desai, D.G. and Gupta, M.K., Bhattacharya, B.K. and Mehta, H.R., "Adaptive PID "Growth of Single Domain L1NBO3 Crystal," ibid. Controller", ibid. Sangeeta and Desai, D.G., "Preparation of YAG Material Srivastava, D.N., "Multipurpose Identification System for for Crystal Growth and Estimation of Stoichiometry," ibid. Indian Citizens Based on Phonetic Numbers", BARC-1457 (1989). Sahoo, D., Prasad, R. and Srikantiah, R.V., "Bridgman Growth of CdTe," ibid. Mehta, H.R. and Suresh Kumar, "On-Line Data Base Management System for Personnel Access Control System", Sahoo, D., Prasad, R., Srikantiah, R.V. and Ghosh, B., BARC/I-968 (1989). "Modified Zone Melting of McT," ibid.

Rao, M.K.V. and Gopalakrishna, M., "A Microprocessor Kothial, G.P., "Some Aspect of Strained Epitaxy", (Invited Based Autoranging Hot Cathode Ionization Gauge Controller Talk), ibid. for Measurement of Vacuum", Proc. of the National Con- ference on Electronic Circuits and Systems, Roorkee, 479 Srikantiah, R.V., "Crystals for Nuclear Radiation (1989). Detectors", (Invited Talk), ibid.

Gadkari, S.C., Muthe, K.P., Gupta, S.K., Sabharwal, S.C. Sangeeta, Sabharwal, S.C. and Gupta, M.K., "On the and Gupta, M.K., "Magnetoresistance Studies in the Growth of Single Crystal Y3AI5OJ2", lndo-USSR Sympo- Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox Superconductor", Physica C, 160, 167 sium on Crystal Growth, New Delhi, 1989. (1989). Sabharwal, S.C. and Gupta, M.K., "Flux Growth of Gadkari, S.C., Muthe, K.P., Singh, K.D., Sabharwal, S.C. High Tc Superconductors", (Invited Talk), ibid. and Gupta, M.K., "Preparation of Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-Q Bulk Superconductor and Thick Films",Appl.Phys.A, 49, 331 Srikantiah, R.V. and Shetty, HJ., "Fission Fragment Radi- (1989). ation Damage Studies on Large Area Low Resistivity Silicon Detectors", Proc. DAE Syposium Nuclear Physics, 32B, 1989. Sabharwal, S.K., Gadkari, S.C. and Gupta, M.K., "Crystal Growth of High Temperature Superconductor", High Sahoo, D., Prasad, R., Srikantiah, R.V. and Ghosh, B.G., Temperature Superconductors, (Eds. S.V.Subramanyam and "Room Temperature P-C MCT CO2 Laser Detector", E.S.Raj Gopal,1989, Wiley Eastern Ltd.) p. 27. Proc. DAE Symposium, Solid State, 32(1989)

Gupta, S.K., Katti, V.R., Gandhi, D.P., Aswal, D.K., Sabhar- Gadkari, S.C., Rajpurkar, M.K., Sabharwal, S.C, Shikar- wal, S.C. and Gupta, M.K., "Anomalous Temperature khane, N.K. and Nandy, U., "On the Application of Laser Dependance of Resistance Observed for High Tc Y-Ba-Cu- Ablation for Thin Film Deposition of Y-Ba-Cu-O", ibid., 32, O Thin films", Phase Transitions, 18,125 (1989). 190 (1989).

Balani, S.J., Shetty, HJ. and Srikantiah, R.V., "Perform- Gadkari, S.C., Muthe, K.P., Sabharwal, S.C. and

103 Gupta, M.K., "Fluctuation Conductivity in Bi2-Sr2CaCu2Ox Kothial, G.P., "Crystal Growth by MBErCurrent Status", Single Crystal", ibid., 32,191 (1989)1 The XXI National Seminar on Crystallograpy, BARC, 1989. (Invited Talk) Sinha, S.K., Muthe, K.P5, Gadkari,- S.C., Singh, K.D., Sabhanval, S.C. and Gupta, M.K., "Transformation among Singh, G.S.,"An Integrated (Feasible) Approach to the Phases in Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O System", ibid.,' 32192(1989). Design of Parallel Computing System", BARC/I-955,1989.

Kothial, G.P., and Ram Prasad, "Thermal Characteristics Singh, G.S., Naik, U.R., "Load Balancing in Parallel Pro- of Single Crystals of Germanium", Proc.VIIth National cessing : An Introduction", BARC-1455,1989 Symposium on Thermal Analysis, 276, Srinagar, 1989.

104 9.1 Civil Engineering (iii) modular laboratory building face-lift have be- come necessary and these works are planned to The main construction activity during the be taken up. year was continuation of superstructure works for the Waste Immobilisation Plant (Rs.9.58 The maintenance of reactors, plants, labo- crores) which were commenced in July 1987. The ratories, utilities and other buildings at Trombay, civil works for service building in the complex BARC hospital, and old & new Trainees' Hostels were completed and works in process building at Anushaktinagar, NRL and Cosmic Ray including cells and ancillary structures are in Research Lab buildings in Kashmir was carried advanced stage of progress. Construction of 100 out. A grant of Rs. 84.00 lakhs was spent during metre high RCC stack (Rs. 30.5 lakhs) is in pro- the current year on maintenance works. Major gress. These structures come under the nuclear repairs like renewal of waterproofing treatments category and involve heavy RCC works and cells over old terraces, guniting to RCC members of which demand rigid quality control, consistency in structures were carried out as part of the con- quality of materials and high degree of workman- tinuing maintenance activity. ship. Extension to Beryllium Machining Facility Construction of (i) underground water tank (Rs. 3.88 lakhs) atVashi is under construction. of 50 lakh litres capacity for alternate water Planning for construction of new dispensary supply line to BARC (Rs. 78.6 lakhs), (ii) low building (Rs. 9.37 lakhs) at Vashi is completed cost covered shed for DPS at Trombay Village and sanction awaited to take up construction. (Rs. 26.26 lakhs), (iii) HT & LT Substation attached to Prip Shed (Rs. 4.52 lakhs), (iv) RCC Construction of 230 quarters (Rs. 311 lakhs) trenches in Zone 12 in RSMS area, Trombay (Rs. and school building (Rs. 58.40 lakhs) at Tarapur 20.72 lakhs) and other miscellaneous works were was completed and buildings were handed over to completed during the year. the users. Detailed planning for construction of 479 quarters proposed under VIII plan is on Financial sanctions for expansion to hand. At plant site, a scheme for augmentation BARC Hospital at Anushaktinagar including of water supply to various BARC installations residential accommodation to Housemen (Rs. costing Rs. 246.50 lakhs has been finalised and 190.00 lakhs) and construction of Bank and Post necessary estimate was submitted for sanction. Office building at Trombay (Rs. 22.78 lakhs) Due to change in the policy adopted by MIDC, have been received and detailed planning & efforts for identification of other sources for wa- tender action are on hand. ter are being made at higher level. Detailed planning/proposals for extension to TAPS Hospi- Further schemes under planning are tal (Rs. 160.00 lakhs), 8th set of RCC trenches for proposed extension to Radiometallurgy Divi- Waste Management (Rs. 58.38 lakhs) and sion - Hot Cell Facility (Rs. 163.00 lakhs), Glass renewal of waterproofing over PREFRE build- House and Service Room for Biology and Agri- ings has been completed and works will be taken culture Division (Rs. 8.90 lakhs), and covered up after allotment of funds. parking for cars and scooters at North Gate (Rs. 8.73 lakhs). Financial sanction for construction of National Centre for Compositional Characteri- Due to ageing of the structures over the sation of High Purity Materials at Hyderabad with years, structural repairs for (i) RCC jetty for Cirus, a component of Rs. 177.00 lakhs for civil works (ii) prestressed saucer type water tanks, and has been received. The compound wall around

105 allotted area is completed and other infra- plants/facilities of BARC at Tarapur, like housing, structure works are in progress. Construction of canteens, communications, maintenance of the Bulk Analysis & Profile Laboratory, Admini- estate and other common services including civil, strative Building, A.C. Plant and substation, cost- electrical and mechanical maintenance, land- ing Rs. 73.00 lakhs, is in progress. Detailed scaping and cosmetic maintenance, depart- designs for main Ultra Trace Analysis laboratory mental transport including garage facilities, fire are under finalisation. services, etc. were looked after.

After receipt of financial sanction for 230 quarters have been constructed and expansion to Nuclear Research Laboratory allotted. The maintenance work of the BARC Phase-Ill, Sringar, construction was taken up and staff colony has been carried out satisfactorily. work is in progress. The cabin for the security personnel near the main gate of BARC staff colony was constructed. Detailed proposals for additions and modifications to the existing buildings of Seismic Array 9.2 Electrical and Mechanical Services Centre (Rs. 4.50 lakhs) at Gauribidnur were finalised and works are being taken up as per sanctions Engineering, planning, estimation, procure- accorded. ment, execution and commissioning of various electrical, airconditioning, ventilation and other The outlay on civil works of BARC utilities for various projects at Trombay, Vashi, including outstation works during the current Tarapur, Srinagar, Hyderabad, etc. were carried year 1989-90 is Rs. 745.00 lakhs. The budget out- out. Such projects included PREFRE Expansion lay for the next year 1990-91 is Rs. 862.00 lakhs. and S3F at Tarapur, NRL at Srinagar, HARL at Gulmarg, NCCM at Hyderabad, LCLP at Vashi, Architects of BARC continued to render etc. architectural service for BARC works at Trombay, Vashi, Tarapur and Srinagar; DAE Rotary compressed air system, first of its works at Anushaktinagar; Heavy Water kind in DAE,was successfully commissioned at Projects at Kota and Baroda; Atomic Minerals PEP, Tarapur. Microprocessor-based centralised Division Projects at Nagpur, Hyderabad, Shillong, control system for electrical and mechanical Tata Nagar and Bangalore; VECC at Calcutta; safety related equipments and systems, emergency Guest House at Delhi; NFC at Hyderabad; class III power supply system equipments, long Tata Institute of Fundamental Research works at life and maintenance-free class I stand-by DC Bombay, Bangalore, Ooty and Gauribidanur; source, plant communication system, etc. for Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope Station at PEP, Tarapur, were commissioned. Emergency Pune and Narayangaon; Tata Memorial Centre at communication cabling for DAE plant at Tar- Bombay; Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics at apur and microprocessor-based telephone Calcutta; layouts and execution of Exhibitions at exchange at BARC complex, Vashi, were Delhi and Hyderabad, etc. Architectural service installed. Design and planning work for extra was also rendered for the completion of Phase-I clean laboratories at NCCM at Hyderabad was of Society for Applied Microwave Electronics carried out. Engineering and Research, Department of Elec- tronics, at Powai and New Bombay; and extension Alternate water supply project for BARC to the Institute of Catering and Hotel Manage- complex to accomplish energy savings and cost ment, Department of Tourism, at Bombay. savings adopting gravity flow system, micro processor-based remote control, etc. was imple- Common facilities needed by various mented.

106 Some of the other activities included, plan- Extractor for processing irradiated nuclear fuel ning and design of electrical utilities at Tarapur are under manufacture. and Kota for NPC, development work for reactor containment equipments, participation in NDSC Central Workshops has also manufactured sub-committee for NAPP-I, providing testing various equipments for nuclear power reactors. facilities for Ni-Cd storage batteries for KAPP, These include additional support components and NPC, etc. secondaryshutdown system components for NAPP, Fuelling Machine Heads for KAPP-H, 'Z' Effective maintenance of infrastructure of Motion Guideways, Fuel Tubes and Shield Plug utilities like electrical power supply, service water Assembly components for KAPP. Manufact- supply, ACR, ventilation, fire hydrant, compressed uring work on two Fuelling Machine Heads for air and material handling equipment, etc. was RAPP-3 Project is in an advanced stage. carried out at BARC, Trombay, including BARC Hospital. Development work for establishing the manufacturing process and tooling for inspec- 9.3 Central Workshops tion of End Fittings and Liner Tubes and Fuelling Machine Head Ram assembly components for Central Workshops continued to design, 500 MWe project has been completed and pro- develop and manufacture different types of equip- duction of the same has been taken up. Preci- ments for various constituent units of D.A.E. and sion Investment Castings for Guide Tube Support various Divisions of B.A.R.C. for TAPS are being made. A process for fabrication of ceramic components by injection moulding Some of the major equipments which have of ceramic powders has been developed. Process been designed, fabricated and assembly tested for chromium-rare earths oxide cermet coating include Precision Goniometers, Air Cushion by aqueous electrolysis developed at Central based Neutron Spectrometer, Diamond Anvil Workshops has been used for processing cylinders Cell Assembly for high pressure study, Mono- used in heavy combat vehicles. chromator Spectrograph, Scanning Monochro- mator, RFQ Accelerator, a Prototype Radio- A large number of components for remote immunoassay Counter for nuclear, medical and manipulators were also manufactured for the pharmaceutical applications, etc. power reactor maintenance work. A special purpose remote boring and grooving machine A number of precision equipments like has been designed, developed and prototype Triple Stage Spectrograph Assembly, Full Circle tested. This machine will be used for nuclear Goniometers, Ion Target Chamber for Beam Foil power reactor maintenance work. Spectral Studies, Ultra High Vacuum Molecular Beam Scattering Chamber, 5 Axis Manipulator for Central Workshops has been rendering handling uranium ingots were designed and taken maintenance services for machine tools and up for manufacturing. equipments for various Divisions of B.A.R.C. It has also rendered metrology and N.D.T. A vacuum chamber for dipole magnet services to the projects executed by various was fabricated for CAT. Fabrication of Cold Divisions. Neutron Vacuum Shrouds, a large number of process equipments for FUS, WIP, KARP and 9.4 Remote Handling and Robotics PREFRE have been taken up and are in an advanced stage of completion. A Prototype A number of projects under assembly during Onion Irradiator and Multistage Centrifugal the last year have been completed and tested.

107 Automation systems for placement of fairly elaborate robotic system LABOT is being helical spacer pads on PHWR fuel elements for put together. Such involved operations as opening welding has been completed and is being test run screwed caps of vials, closing them, etc. have for reliability. This system picks one pad at a been successfully done. Software, ultimately time from a magazine system and places it on the eliminating the need for maintaining elaborate fuel element for welding. The welder has only to written records, is in an advanced stage. select the mode of operation and push a button. Similarly, the automation system for placing bear- Several experiments in 'feed forward' ing pads on the fuel elements has been dynamic modelling of the 5-axial servo robot completed and tried out successfully. This parti- have been very successfully done. The software is cular system accepts the two types of bearing being modified to allow full use of the high trajec- pads used, orients them and place them on the tory speed of the machine. This work will be very fuel pin for welding. It is controlled by a small helpful in evolving Computer Aided Telemanipu- programme logic control. Both the systems have lation (CAT). The AC servo manipulator, the been developed to fit equipment currently in use centre of the CAT system, is in an advanced with a view to automate the process. stage of assembly. It is hoped that, early this year, tests can begin on this machine. Gathering pellets from the final compaction press (5 or more in number) and placing them in Walking and crawling mechanisms (which molybdenum boats for sintering has been a offer excellent platforms for instruments of continuing problem at NFC. A new concept in inspection and survey) in several forms are under automating this process by surrounding the development. A crawler for inspecting the space pellets by a loop which is tightened around them between the two sodium containment vessels of has been evolved. A 'Pick and Place' robot with the PFBR-500 is being designed. The 18 degree this features is undergoing trials. This will be in- of freedom walking mechanism is nearing a stage tegrated with positioning table for loading the where tests on the software as well as the trays automatically, thus relieving operators of mechanism can begin. working in an environment with a great deal of UO2 dust. All the foregoing developments will Pneumatics, both logic and servo-con- be useful not only in other plants which NFC is trolled, will prove to be very useful in actuating planning, but also in the, PREFRE expansion various mechanisms. Work is progressing in logic plant at Tarapur. This plant has been supplied controlled pneumatic systems and pneumatic with a robot for handling and stacking pellets servo systems. The object is to have multi- inside a glove box. The robot is undergoing trials position, multispeed control, using pneumatic prior to being integrated into the fuel fabrication motors available in the country. train. An upgraded version of this 4-axis robot has been manufactured. This machine can be Special manipulators for carrying out dismantled and posted into a glove box for repairs to calandria of MAPS reactors have been reassembly and operation inside. Delicate oper- taken up on priority. One mechanical mani- ations like handling green pellets, pouring out pulator for handling debris inside the calandria contents of test tubes into other test tubes, etc. has been assembled and successfully tried out have been carried out. Currently, some experi- on mock-ups. Two more systems, one for ments based on the use of sensors are being handling a video camera and another for the done. repair of the damaged inlet manifold, are under assembly. The latter system is a servo Keeping in mind the need to automate manipulator with 5 joints, using pneumatic servo chemical quality control in radiochemical plants, a drives developed entirely in BARC.

108 FBTR and other reactors need to have their Central Workshops. coolant and other pipe lines inspected periodically. Currently, a pneumatically operated orbital Transfer of technologies developed (the ultrasonic inspection machine (designed and pneumatic pick and place robot, A.C. drag cup assembled in DRHR) is undergoing trials prior to induction servo motor and A.C. servo amplifier) use in FBTR secondary sodium loop. This system has reached a stage where several firms have can be clamped on to the pipe (8" dia) and oper- indicated their willingness to buy each. Several ated on various modes remotely via a Personal more technologies (4-axis and 5-axis robots, Computer. cheap Programme logic control, variable frequency variable voltage servo drives, 3-phase The design of the Teletherapy unit has servo motors and pneumatic servo drives) are been completed and manufacture taken up in likely to be available soon.

109 ~ Publications —

Kamat, G.R., "Low Pressure Counter Gravity Casting of Kamat, G.R., "Presintered Ceramic Cores by Investment Al Alloy", Indian Institute of Metals, Calcutta, 1989. Casting", Trans. IIM.

110 X LIFE SCIENCES

19.1 Molecular Biology while in salt tolerant strains they were synthesised continuously at high rates. Self cloning in H.influenzae is very efficient. A number of genes have been cloned in this A library of the genome of a salt tolerant system to understand various different mecha- cyanobacterium was constructed. A procedure nisms pertaining to DNA repair, recombination was developed to detect DNA whose expression is and mutagenesis. A new gene has been selectively induced by salt. Several cosmids har- designated uvr-3. Preliminary experiments on bouring such salt inducible genes have been cloning of human DNA in H. influenzae have isolated. These are being screened for a likely been encouraging^ It was possible to clone a role in osmotic adaptation and salt tolerance. comparatively large segment of human DNA in this system. Bacillus tahuringiensis a gram +ve bacte- rium forms insecticidal protein crystals during Lysogenization with the wide host range sporulation. The crystal proteins and toxic to the actinophage WHRO5, earlier isolated and charac- larveae of a variety of insects. Genes coding for terized here, profoundly altered the properties of the toxin were identified in several strains of B. a Streptomyces fradiae strain. The lysogen differs thuringiensis.. One such gene was cloned in a from its parent in antibacterial action against multicopy plasmid vector to obtain transgenic several organisms, grows faster and produces a E. coli cells which produce a large amount of 130 darker pigment. KDa larvicidal protein. These E. coli cells several retarded the growth of the larvae of a Some strains of the nitrogen-fixing cyano- polyphagus insect Spodoptera litura. bacteria (blue-green bacteria) can tolerate much higher levels of salt than normal. They can prove Studies reported eaHier had indicated very useful model systems for elucidating the that cell death in cyanobai'cria seen on expo- mechanisms of salt-tolerance in bacteria and sure to far ultraviolet light is not caused solely by plants, and possibly provide genes for constructing lethal damage to DNA and that the photo- transgenic plants capable of growing in saline synthetic apparatus is an additional lethal target soils. Strains which accumulated less salt were of UV in these bacteria. Thermoluminescence found to be more salt tolerant than those which studies with chloroplasts have now identified accumulated more salt. The inherent ability of oxygen evolving complex of this apparatus as the the strains to prevent sodium accumulation could site of sensitivity to UV. be further modified by environmental factors and alkaline pH or by the presence of exogenous Computer programmes have been deve- combined nitrogen. Further, salinity stress was loped to study gene expression efficiency from found to be much more deleterious to cyano- DNA sequence of known genes and their bacteria than an equivalent osmotic stress. Nitro- expression levels. gen fixation was found to be completely in- sensitive to osmotic stress but was very sensitive Single crystals of a multienzyme complex to ionic component of salt stress. containing the photosynthetic enzyme, ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) were Salinity induced the synthesis of several analyzed by X-ray diffraction. Inactivation of this new peptides in nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. enzyme by (2-hydroxy-5-nitro) sulfonium bromide These salinity stress proteins (SSP) were located was found to be not due to any structural in membranes as well as in cytoplasm. In salt sen- changes in the enzyme molecule. Chemical sitive strains SSPs were observed for a short time modification studies showed that the arginine residues of NADP malic enzyme play a role in the Flow cytomelry, a versatile technique that binding of the substrate male. Mechanism of acti- permits rapid (1000 cells/sec) analysis of cell vation of phosphenol pyruvate carboxylase by populations with respect to cellular content of glycine and glucose 6-phosphate was elucidated. DNA, RNA, protein, surface receptors etc, is being used to study effects of toxic chemicals Every phase of plant life is controlled by including mutagens on marine spermatogenic plant hormones and at times when their cells. Flow cytometric studies based on DNA endogenous supply is diminishing under stress, profiles showed that benzo-(')-pyrene and cyclo- exogenous supplementation have proved amelio- phosphamide treatment of mice result in a rative. Application of plant growth regulators decrease in the spermatozoa 26 days after the (=plant hormones) at flag leaf senescence initi- administration of the respective compounds. ation stage of huskiess barley, not only delayed the leaf ageing but also increased yield by 15-20%. A peptide fraction partially purified from Such ameliorative effect seems to be due to the human ovarian follicular tissue was found enhanced chlorophyll retention. to induce dose related atresia in the mouse granulosa cells, leading to inhibition of ovulation. Suppression of immunological reactivity is In view of the possible potential of this fraction as necessary in organ transplantation and helps in a contraceptive the dose-response of granulosa the control of allergic disorders. Studies on the cells was studied by flow cytometry. Efforts are effects of immunosuppressive agents showed that being made to carry out flow cytometric charac- the drug cyclophosphamide was able to prolong terization of marine ovarian cells and tumour the survival of related skin grafts in mice when biopsies preserved in frozen sections. administered 3 days before or on 1 or 2 days after transplantation. Treatment of such mice with an The technique of flow cytometry is also anti-lymphocyte serum prepared against the graft being used to monitor the distribution of SH activated lymphocytes further enhanced the graft groups in the marine spermatogenic cells. Such survival. In a separate study, it was observed studies may be helpful in gaining insight into the that a significant proportion of mice treated at critical role these moieties are known to play in birth with this drug succumbed to wasting dis- the protective mechanisms against damage ease due to failure of formation of cells respon- induced by radiation and/or environmental sible for immunological sufficiency. chemicals.

Whole body gamma irradiation of CBA Inhibition of mutagenic response in mice affected precursors of suppressor T lympho- mammals in vivo has potential implications in the cytes. In vitro irradiation of activated suppressor prevention of cancer and other genotoxic dam- T cells inhibited the release of suppresser factor age that may arise due to exposure to ionizing for regulation of delayed hypersensitivity in a radiation and chemical mutagens. A group of dose-dependent manner. vitamins and trace metals have been recently shown to be antimutagenic in prokaryotes. Such The mechanism underlying the anti-tumour agents can be used as prophylactic agents against immunity displayed by allograft sensitized mice genotoxic damage provided they are found are being investigated. Therapeutic efficiency was effective in vivo in mammalian system. Cobalt displayed by a sub-population of T lymphocytes (II) chloride given intraperitoneally inhibited the from these mice. In vitro cyto- toxicity to tu- chromosomal damage induced by methyl mel- mour cells displayed by these cells, however, hanesulfonatc (MMS) and gamma rays in the required exposure to tumour cells. bone marrow of Swiss mice. Further experiments

112 showed the inhibitory response against MMS to chondria were continued. This enzyme which be dose-related and time dependent. However, seems to participate in the initiation of replication vitamins A and E, failed to inhibit chromoso- of one of the strands of mitochondrial DNA was mal damage induced by MMS and cyclopho- found to exist as a single polypeptide of molecular sphamide used as model chemical mutagens in the mass 60 KD. Other studies suggest that the bone marrow of Swiss mice. Selenium increased enzyme molecule could have an oligoribo- the frequency of micronucleated cells in the bone nucleotide component, 8-10 residues long, as its marrow of mice and produced an additive mut- integral component and essential for enzyme agenic response with MMS. The failure of vita- activity. mins and selinium tu exhibit any antimutagenic response in mice may be due to the inherent Characterization of some important differences in bacterial and animal systems or enzymes of microbial species of Coryneform may be related to the doses/concentrations of group of bacteria was continued. Both melibi- these agents achievable in the two systems. ose and raffinose induce the samea-galactosidase enzyme in Corynebacaterium muriseptkum. It was 10.2 Biochemistty observed that this enzyme resembled in most of its biochemical properties and immunological Studies were continued on regulatory characteristics, the transposon-located, plasmid- mechanisms at molecular and cellular levels, encoded a -galactosidase of the raf of E. coli structure-functions of proteins and nucleic acids, Thus this would indicate that the a-galacatosidase sequence of molecular events in animals after gene of the ra/operon of E. coli and that of Cory- exposure to radiations and chemicals, and meta- nebacaterium could have evolved from a common bolic basis of human pathological conditions. Bio- ancestor. However, no immunochemical relation- chemical harnessing underlying newer techniques ship could be established between them. C. also formed an important research programme. murisepticum galactosidase exhibited partial immunological identity with a-galactosidase from Evidence was obtained from rat thymus Klebsiella pneumoniae, unlike the plasmid-coded a nuclei for the presence of an endonuclease activity galactosidase of E. coli. This suggests that in the isolated discrete multienzyme complex (1.3 Corvnebacterium exhibits a distinct mode of mega dalton) of terminal deoxynucleotidyl trans- raffinose utilisation and that a-galacatosidase is ferase (Tdt) displaying specificity to VDJ signal specificed by only one operon, presumably sequences. The structure-function relationship of located in bacaterial chromosome. DNA polymerase in E. coli was examined for a tamplate-primer dependent substrate deoxynu- In vitro studies have shown that the cleoside triphosphate binding domain using af- metabolite-induced modulation of lactate dehdro- finity labeling analog of dATP, the 5'-fluorosul- genase (LDH) which results in excess formation fonyl benzoldeoxyadenosing (FSBdA). Unlike of oxalate leading to kidney stone formation FSB A, FSBdA-mediated inactivation occurred was dependent on the available concentration when the template in the enzyme-template- of glyoxylate and NAD+. Addition of glyoxy primer complex is poly dT-dA10. Arginine #682 late reductase or glycolic acid oxidase which share was identified in the primary sequence of pol I as a common substrate, viz., glyoxylate, impedes the site of this reaction and possibly an essen- the LDH-catalysed formation of oxalate from tial residue in its catalytic domain when analysed glyoxylate. for comparative peptide mapping, amino acid content and sequence of the modified peptide. Studies on structure of biomembranes revealed that interaction of DPPC with the Studies on DNA primase in yeast mito- tridecapeptide neurotensine caused a change in

113 the mobility of phospholipid headgroups and, in unaffected even one month after administration of turn, the phase of the model membrane. the antiepileptic drug phcnobarbitone. Impair- ments in the rat liver mitochondrial respiration IN Halobacteria, the high-salt requiring rates, ADP-phosphorylation rates and levels of bacteria, fructose is formed from the sucrase and cytochrcme were observed in response to over- mannitol through the action of sucrase and man- doses of paracetamol indicating dysfunctions in nitol dehydrogenase, respectively. Metabolism of the energy metabolism. such endogenously formed fructose entails an ATP-medicated phosphorylation due to Stucws relating to the role of dietary factors ketohexokinase. Thus, the product fructose 1-P in relation to the cardiovascular implications were could be converted into fructose 1,6-P2 by Fj-P pursued. In rats, heated or thermally oxidised kinase for further channelling via the glycolytic edible oils, namely, coconut, groundnut and pathways. In H.mediteiranei, the products of safflower oils did not show a pronounced effect anaplerotic CO2 fixation in presence of NH4, pro- on the plasma lipid parameters when fed in acute pionate or pyruvate and CO2 were identified as and short term studies. pyruvate, aspartate, glutamate and alanine. FDP aldolas'e isolated from H.vallismoitis is a class In hypertensive patients, generating poten- I enzyme in spite of its prokaryotic origin. It is a tial of endogeneous vasoconstrictor (throm- homomeric decamer of Mr 280,000 which forms a boxane) and vasodilator (prostacyclin) was at Schiff base intermediate with the substrate variance. The plasminogcn activator was also dihydroxyacetone phosphate and a lysine residue found in lymphosarcoma of mice and its activity at its active site. was comparable to that from Yoshida sarcoma, particularly for dissolving the fibrin clot bound to Studies on biochemical changes occurring plasminogen. in uterus during implantation have revealed the in situ synthesis of a new membrane protein that Programmes on biochemical mechanisms may have a role in the differentiation of stromal underlying malignant transformations are being cells into decidual cells. continued. Studies on inhibitory effect of nicoti- namidc on diethyl nitrosaminc-induccd hepa Investigations pertaining to the imbalance tocarciuogenesis in rats was found to be ai of hormones and their metabolism were conti- multiple levels of cellular constituents. This con- nued. Maternal transfer of thyroxine (T4) and clusion has been arrived at on the basis of triiodothyronine (T3) was established in rat fetal significant inhibition of gamma-glutamyl brain and other tissues by determination of their transpeptidase, glutathione-S-transferases activi- levels in early gestation using an ultrasensitive ties, as also poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase activity radioimmunoassay technique. Hypothyroidism in which is known to modify chromatin protein rats led to higher levels of blood folates akin to components and activate protooncogenes. those attained following the administration of Glutathione-related enzymes did not have any vitamin B12- Using pancreatectomised rats, it was protective role in this malignant transformation as proved that conjugated dietary folates have to be can be judged by their influence during feeding of hydrolysed by a pancreatic enzyme prior to their nicotinamide and the carcinogen. absorption in the jejunum. Experiments with aflatoxin Bj and N-nitro- Streptozotocin-induced diabetic condition sodiethylamine suggest that hepatic flavin coen- caused accumulation of simple folates from the zymes are modulated by the carcinogen treat- more active conjugated folates in the rat liver. ment, and riboflavin is found to suppress mole- The levels of folate in bone marrow remain cular reactivity of carcinogens. The molecular

114 changes induced by aflatoxin Bj appear to be other pi. Efficacy of estrogen and progesterone single-strand breaks in DNA followed by the receptor treatment given to breast-cancer patients alterations of nuclear transcription and induction was to the extent of 60%. of poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase activity in nuclei which levels off with the ultimate repair of dam- The effect of whole body radiation expo- aged DNA. The N-nitroso group of carcino- sure (25-1000R) on DNA synthesis was exam- gens, however, elicits different molecular action ined in rats whose heads were protected by lead in the target tissues such that alkyl-nitrosamide shielding. Whole-body radiation exposure modifies mucosal polysomes. This may probably resulted in graded inhibition of DNA synthesis have a relevance to carcinogenecity of N-nitroso in spleen and thymus. In the partially protected group chemicals in stomach. rats, the DNA synthesis was not arrested. Lead shielding of the spleen during irradiation could Using in vivo and in vitro model studies, it not afford any protection of DNA synthesis while has been observed that several factors including a partial protection could be seen if the thymus novel retinoids, riboflavin, B-carotenoids, natural was protected during irradiation. The radiation coumarins, synthetic flavones, natural phenolic induced changes in DNA synthesis could be flavonoids and the trace metal copper have the attributed to indirect effects of radiation medi- capacity to antagonize the molecular reactivity ated through neuroendocrine mechanisms. Pre- and biological activity of several carcinogens. treatment of rats with nicotinamide was shown to Most of these factors have been found to act prevent gamma-radiation induced degradation of through interactions with cytochrome P-450. liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 and membrane damage. Evidence has been obtained for the presence of a monoxygenase system in liver mito- The incidence of dominant lethality of mice chondria which contains an active flavin- tended to rise in the week 3 with increase in dose containing oxygenase, and participates in electron of gamma rays prior to mating, indicating transfer through cytochrome, P-450 and increased radiosensitivity in less mature oocytes. NADPH.thereby oxidising the substrate. Studies The incidence of congenital malformations with aflatoxin Bj showed that oxidised metabolite following irradiation was time-dependent. could form covalent adduct with DNA which Dwarfism was found to be the commonly observed emphasizes the importance of mitochondrial congenital abnormality irrespective of radiation DNA in carcinogenesis. Antitumour activity of exposure in different stages of estous cycle of heat inactivated lactic acid bacterial cultures mice. Meta-bolism of Sr and Ca was examined in against fibrosarcoma, sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich rat using ^'^Sr and 45Ca and compared with ascites carcinoma in mice was correlated with the that in human by determining their levels and the mechanisms through immune response possibly ratio in the diet and excretion (24 h). via the participation of T-cells in developing tumour immunity. Urinary pteridine levels were 10.3 Bio-Organic Chemistry found to be an accurate index for monitoring the severity of cancer of the cervix in humans. A Research programmes in bio-organic chem- promising potential in the prognosis of cancer at istry are interdisciplinary in nature and relate to various stages of development in oncology clinics phytochemistry, biosynthesis, biotransformation, is suggested by examination of isoenzyme chemical ecology and synthesis (including chiral pattern of siaiyltransferasc isolated from blood synthesis) of bioactive compounds. Phytochemical plasma of ncoplastic subjects by gel electro- investigations of about a dozen of plants, many focussing. These displayed selective disappearance of which are reputed to have medicinal properties, of pi 4.8 component and elevation of all the were carried out. As a result, coumarins,

115 xanthones, prenylated compounds, sesquiterpenes continuation of efforts towards devising practical and alkaloids were isolated. With the installation synthesis of agrochemicals, new syntheses of of 200 MHz FT-NMR spectrometer, extensive use pheromones of cotton pests have been deve- of NMR techniques have been made in structural loped. Synthetic pheromone of sugarcane pest is and interaction studies. A novel non-destructive under field trials. Studies in these areas have been technique involving 2D-NMR spectroscopy in extended to the synthesis of chiral compounds conjunction with solvent induced shift has been using chiron approach, asymmetric reactions and developed which furnished unique structural microbial transformations. Chiral synthesis of information of organic molecules. NMR spectro- (S)-4-hexanolide, a chiral pheromone of stored scopy is also being used for studies on structure grain beetle, Trogoderma glabrum has been and binding interactions of oligonucleotides and accomplished. Synthetic insect pheromones are oligopeptides. gaining increasing importance in the modern insect control technologies. Amongst bioactive compounds, an acety- lenic compound, capillin, isolated from annual Synthesis of biologically active sesquiter- shrub, Artemisia nilagirica was found to have penoid, (+-) hirsutene has been achieved by wide spectrum of insect toxicity on the different stereoselective intramolecular ene-reaction of 1,6 developmental stages of mosquito and red-cotton dienes. A new methodology for the preparation bug. The insect antifeedant principles of the of isotopically labelled compounds has been common garden plant, lady's lace, were isolated developed and used for the synthesis of labelled by bioassay directed fractionation and have been (with 3H or 2H) khellin and visnaging which are of characterised as khellin and visnagin. The medicinal importance. A convenient method for structures of the active principles were altered the preparation of important radiopharmaceutical, chemically and the analogs thus obtained were namely hexamethylenepropylene armV.e oxime evaluated for the feeding deterrency. These (HM-PAO) which has extensive use in cerebral studies have contributed towards the knowledge perfusion imaging has been developed. Nitroso on structure-activity relationship. The researches- compounds have recently acqjired importance on anti-moulting hormone activity of the plant because of their mutagenic and carcinogenic pro- product, plumbagin, have been extended to perties. An excellent method for preparation of related compounds and on several insects. nitroso derivatives of food-related compounds has made these compounds available for laboratory Extensive work in the are of biosynthesis studies. In the area of biocatalysis, microbial has been carried out using stable, as well as systems have been utilised for the regio- and radioactive isotopes. Using 14C-labelled substrates stereospecific reduction of carbonyl groups to and locating the enriched sites by chemical chiral alcohols which served as chirons for the degradation, the biogenetic origin of the chro- asymmetric synthesis. mone ring has been established. Formation of uniformly labelled khellin from [U-14C]leucine As a spin-off from the researches in the suggest that the substrate is incorporated after above mentioned areas, several new synthetically its metabolism to [l,2-14C2]acetate. Unusual in- important methodologies have been developed corporations of [1-14C]- and [2-14C] glycines have which would be useful for the preparation of array also been observed. In vivo biotransformation of of compounds. A one-step synthesis of O-hetero- visnagin to khellin and khellol has established cycles catalysed by titanium (II), has been deve- their biogenetic co-relations. loped. Novel sonochemical hydrodimerisation and deoxygenation of carbonyl compounds were Synthesis of bioactive compounds is another canied out at ambient temperatures. Inversion important area of bio-organic chemistry. In of chirality, mild prenylation and intramolecular

116 ene-reactions are some of the examples of new This method was used for screening mungbean synthetic methodologies which were developed. germplasm for identifying resistant sources to local isolate of powdery mildew fungus and in 10.4 Nuclear Agriculture breeding experiments. Some of the local strains grown in Raipur region of MP showed resistant Certified seed production programme of reaction to powdery mildew disease. These resis- the BARC varieties of pulses was enhanced by tant stocks were hybridized with the improved the Maharashtra State Seeds Corporation. During strains developed at BARC. One of the selections the year, over 470 metric tonnes of seed was pro- derived from these studies, TPRM-2, gave 78% duced and distributed to the farmers. About 38 higher yield in multilocation trails over metric tonnes seed of rice cultivar Hari was pro- recommended mungbean variety TAP-7 in rabi duced by Andhra Pradesh Seeds Corporation. season in powdery mildew endemic region of Nucleus and breeder's seed was supplied for Maharashtra. foundation seed production programme of the Agricultural Universities in the States of Maha- A strong correlation between the tryspin rashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, inhibitor activity (TIA) and resistance to pod Assam and Orissa. Rashtriya Chemicals and borer, a serious pest of pigeonpea, was found in Fertilizers, Bombay, and Indian Farmers Fertilizer the stocks obtained from the International Crops Cooper-ative Limited included the BARC crop Research Institute, Hyderabad. This has opened varieties in their lab-to-land programme. possibilities of developing pod borer resistant cultivars by selecting for higher TIA. During the year, several crop varieties developed at BARC were approved for release, The nitrogen contribution of stem or pre-release adaptive trials. Mungbcan variety nodulating Sesbania rostrata and S. aculeata green TAP-7 which was released and notified for Maha- manure crops to the succeeding rice crop was rashtra in 1983 was approved for cultivation in compared. Rice yield from plots having S. rostrata Karnataka State by the University of Agricultural as green manure was statistically equal to that Sciences, Dharwad. Blackgram varieties TAU-2 from S. aculeata. S. rostrata plants which pro- and TPU-4 were recommended for prc-rclease in duced stem nodules had very few or no root nod- Vidharbha and Western Maharashtra regions ules. Both species contributed about 60 kg n/ha respectively by the Agricultural Universities at for the succeeding rice crop. Though S. rostrata Akola and Rahuri. Punjabrao Agricultural Uni- had the highest nitrogen content in the aerial versity also recommended groundnut variety plant parts, it did not contribute to higher yield of TAG-24 for release, and rice variety TSSR-12 for rice crop as compared to rice plots green pre-release in the Vidharbha region. Konkan manured with S. aculeata having only root Agricultural University, Dapoli, recommended nodules. groundnut variety TG-19A for adaptive trials in the Konkan region. Another groundnut variety The structural gene Adh-Al for the TGS-1 was recommended for release and adaptive enzyme alcohol dehydroganase was mapped by trials in Gujarat by Gujarat Agricultural Univer- crossing a semidwarf hexaploid wheat derivative sity under the name 'Somnath' carrying the variant allelc Adh-Alb to Chinese Spring ditelo-4A(alpha). Cytological and electro- Powdery mildew is a serious foliar disease phoretic analysis of test-cross plant indicated that of mungbean causing about 40-70% losses in the Adh-Al gene is located 20.0 + 3.5 crossover yield. Earlier, a simple, reliable method for units from the -centromere on the alpha arm of assessing disease response on excised mungbean chromosome 4A. Gibberellic acid response of leaves under controlled conditions was developed. test-cross progeny showed that the major dwarfing

117 gene in the variant line is independent of the 4A Bacillus sphaericus (ISPC-8), a highly viru- centromere as well as the Adh-Al gene. lant strain effective against Culex and Anopheles mosquito larvae reported earlier, was also found Field, trials with ammonium polyphosphate to be effective against larvae of two more mos- (APP) fertilizer continued in different soil crop quito species, viz. Aedes aegypti which is the combinations at several locations. Trials con- vector of yellow fever and Culex tritaenior- ducted by the Directorate of Pulses Research hynchus, vector of Japanese encephaliatis. The (ICAR) showed that APP was superior to dia- bacillus also exhibited recycling potential. In- mmonium phosphate (DAP) for chickpea at stability for mosquito larvicidal activity, however, Khargone, while at eight other locations and for was observed in all B. sphaericus strains isolated pigeonpea, mungbean, blackgram and cowpea so far, and this was attributed to the appearance crops, it was equal to DAP. These and previous of reversible non-toxic variants. results of the Directorate of Rice Research have established that the high nutrient, complex 10.5 Bio-Technology fertilizer APP is superior or equal to DAP. Based on a semi-commercial production plant set up Somatic embryogenesis followed by plant by Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers, Bombay, regeneration was achieved using embryo explants APP is expected to be 10-15% lower in cost than of several grain legumes such as Arachis DAP. APP is also an effective carrier for micro- hypogaea (groundnut), Glycine max (soyabean), nutirents like zinc and iron. Cicer arietinum (chick pea), Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea), Psophocarpus tetragonolobus Dicofol, a miticide applied at normal field (winged bean), Vigna mungo (urad bean) and application rate or at ten times of this rate, had Vigna radiata (mung bean). The regenerated no effect on the various stages of the four major plants of Arachis hypogaea were transferred to biogeochemica] cycles of the soil. Carbon, field for evaluation. nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus cycles and the soil microbial activities in two soil types - Vertisol Tissues cultures of Eleusine coracana and Alfisol were not affected. The miticide (Ragi) and Pennisetum americanum (Finger biodegraded in soils with the formation of millet) which showed a high potential for somatic the metabolite dichlorobenzophenone (DBP). embryo formation were treated with gamma rays or EMS. The regenerated plants were trans- Influence of an egg parasite Trichogramma planted to field for evaluation. brasiliensis on population build-up of potato tuber moth (PTM) was evaluated in an artifically Somatic embryos of sandalwood were infested potato crop. Inundative release of para- encapsulated in a suitable gel to develop syn- sites to coincide with the host egg laying, and thetic seeds. Sodium alginate (3%) proved bene- release of sterile females of tuber moth at appro- ficial for encapsulation. Incorporation of silica gel priate time to augment parasite sustenance into alginate provided a better support and pro- resulted in reduction of tuber moth population. tection for encapsulated embryos. Axillary buds Using genetically marked PTM established in our of mulberry were also encapsulated using laboratory and employing release-recapture sodium alginate. Encapsulated buds of mulberry method, differences in moth populations could be could be stored at 4°C for 45 days without loss measured. A dry pheromone bait trap has been of viability. Parameters for efficient conversion developed for monitoring tuber moth activity in of synthetic seeds into plants were investigated. the field. Addition of proper fungicide to encapulating

118 Encapsulated buds of mulberry sown in soil showing germination.

Initiation of embryogenic callus from shoot tips of cultured caryopses (seeds) Differentiation of plantlets from somatic embryos. Solar Dryer matrix helped the synthetic seeds to establish in onions, is in progress in collaboration with the non-sterile soil. Gujarat Agro-Industrial Corporation Ltd. near Ahmedabad. Examination of the stored onions Kanamycin resistance and hygromycin over a period of 7 months showed that irradiation resistance were used as markers for studies on effectively prevented sprouting in the onions somatic cell hybridization between two different under local storage conditions without any alter- species of Vigna. Hybrid cells colonies were ations in the quality. Shelf-life of rawa, pre-packed obtained and attempts are being made to differ- in BOPP/LDP pouches could be extended upto entiate plants from the somatic hybrid colonies. 6 months by gamma irradiation at an optimum dose of 0.25 kGy without any alteration in its Biochemical studies were carried out using overall acceptability. Similarly, elimination of SDS-PAGE to study the differences in the pro- insect infestation in some brands of food mixes tein profiles between seed embryo and in vitro was achieved by irradiation at doses of 0.3 to obtained somatic embryos. Similarities in the 0.5kGy. No change in the profiles of volatile and protein profile of somatic embryos in Santalum non-volatile components of irradiated (10 kGy) album (sandalwood) and oilpalm were observed and unirradialed pre-packed whole spices was indicating that they were comparable to a seed observed during 12-month storage at ambient embryo. temperature. Irradiation, followed by ice storage for 14 days, did not significantly affect lipid per- Cell cultures of Artemesia annua were oxidation in the meat of the fishes such as found to contain artemisinin (Qinghaousu, a pomfret, seer and mackerel, although enhance- plant drug used against acute cerebral malaria. ment of lipid peroxidation was observed in Artemisinin (0.950 mg % f. wt.) and artiannuin-B pomfret skin. Methods arc being developed to (6.57 mg % f.wt.) were detected in differentiat- completely eradicate en'eropathogenic bacteria ing callus tissue cultures of Artemesia. Hairy root such as E. coli and Salmonella from frozen cultures were induced from Coleus fosskohHi, chicken and eggs. R. sei-peniina, Withania somnifera and Catha- ranihus roseus by Agrobacterium rhizogenes with a Development of detection methods to view to studying the alkaloid patterns. identify irradiated foods is a major on-going project. A time dependent decrease in electrical 10.6 Food Technology conductivity after inserting a suitable electrode in a potato tuber could be used to detect irradiated Extensive R&D programmes conducted in potatoes. A method developed to detect irradi- BARC in the past have led to the standardization ated spices and spice mixes using the thermo- of irradiation technology for food preservation luminiscent (TL) properties of irradiated common under tropical conditions existing in India. This salt could be gainfully employed by introducing technology is now and onions for export. As a sachets of salt in packs of spices. When irradiated part of this endeavour, plans for augmenting at 10 kGy, the salt gave a TL glow which could be public awareness for the acceptance of this tech- detected, even after storage, on a TL glow nology have been put forth. reader. The low levels of TVA and TVBN produced by microflora, obtained from unirradi- Apart from the ongoing research projects, ated mackerel, pomfret and seer fish, after collaborative studies to assess commercial feasi- seeding in the respective irradiated fishes, could bility and market acceptability of irradiated foods be used as a method to detect fish irradiated even were undertaken. Thus, a storage trial, to at a low dose of 0.5 kGy. evaluate the techno-economic feasibility of gamma irradiation for shelf-life enhancement of The suitability of a solar dryer, designed and

119 fabricated at BARC for sun drying of various the Ames/Salmonella assay and the B. subtilis food products like banana and grapes was multigen sporulation assay. demonstrated. After 5.5 months of storage at room temperature the solar dried raisins were jiotal phenolic content in cinnamon was free of mould growth and were acceptable. Trie highest in the bark and lowest in the bud; transfer of this technology for commercial utili- cyanidine was identified as a major flavonoid zation through the Technology Transfer Cell is in constituent of the phenolics. The top odour note progress. A process to make partially deodo- in the essential oil of bark and twig of cinnamon urized fish powder from doma consisting of was associated with cinnamaldehyde super- deboning, cooking at low pH, dehydration imposed with cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamyl at 56°C followed by pulverization is being acetate whereas the leaf oil had clove-like odour developed. note with euganol as the predominant constituent.

m-RNA isolated from wounded potato A method, developed for the immobili- tuber tissue was used to construct a c-DNA zation of yeast cells, containing invertase through library of 106 clones in Lambda gtlO vector. adhesion using polyethylenimine (PEI) coated Concentration dependent appearance of multiple cotton threads, could be used for the continuous molecular forms of potato tuber cinnamate-4 hydrolysis of 60% sucrose syrups in a thermo- hydroxylase during gel filtration was demon- controller packed bed reactor. Studies on the strated. A natural cofactor of this enzyme was removal of lactose from milk by heterogeneous identified as a pteridine derivative. An alkaline fermentation using Klyveromyces fragilis, immobi- proteinase from Bombay duck having maximum lized in Ca-alginate, showed that cells grown for activity at pH 8.0 and 60°C showed preference 12 hours were very efficient compared to those towards casein, azocasein and azocoll but not grown for 24 hours or 36 hours. Pectinolytic serum albumin. The back muscle of crab was also activity of fungi, immobilized on sponge could be found to be a rich source of azocoll splitting pro- used in a specially designed bioreactor for the teinase exhibiting similar substrate requirements. production of extracellular pectinase. An alkaline proteinase from purified buffalo kidney lysosomes, when purfied by affinity 10.7 Radiation Medicine chromatography resolved into two peaks out of which the first peak accounted for 80% of the Gastrointestinal studies of radionuclide activity with a purification of 90-fold whereas applications including the study of gastroeso- the second peak was purified 30 fold and consti- phageal reflux, oesophageal tansit time studies to tuted 20% of the activity. detect abnormal function of the process of swal- lowing and transit to the stomach were conducted. Adherence of thioglycolate (TG) elicited 99mTc-sucraIfate, a new radiotracer, is being microphages obtained from rats fed with 4% pro- evaluated for the detection and localisation of 14 tein was significantly lower than that of the TG- peptic ulcers. CO2 is collected by a simple tube elicited and even the resident cells from control placed in the mouth and the exhaled breath is group fed with 20% casein, indicating that pro- collected into a liquid scintillator for measure- tein malnutrition adversely affected membrane- ment of the CO2 liberated by abnormal bacteria related macrophage functions. The food dye, from 14C urea given orally in patients with erythrosine, induced an extremely lytic effect on duodenal ulcers. This test has been shown to be the Tetrahymena pynformis cells in stationary simple, safe and sensitive and takes only 20 phase within 9 to 15 hours of exposure to the dye. minutes to perform. The insecticides, endosulfan, malathion and per- methrin, were found to be nongenotoxic, by both "Nuclear cardiology package" study is

120 offered which includes rest and stress multigated clearance from the lungs was studied in chronic blood pool imaging studies to quantify the con- smokers and nonsmokers. This test helps to tractile function of the left ventricle of the heart detect the early damage to the lungs from smoke and to assess the abnormalities in wall motions. before the patient has any symptoms. Another This information is needed to study the heart test which also indicates damage to the air function. Rest and stress "mTc isonitrile (TBI) passages is the study of mucociliary clearance. studies are also performed on the same patient on These tests are helpful to evaluate damage due to several occasions to study the defects in blood various disease states also. supply to the heart and is especially useful in patients with coronary insufficiency and in the Animal models of vitamin D deficiency follow up of patients undergoing coronary by-pass have been developed and a number of bio- surgery. These studies are also useful in moni- chemical changes were observed on the mem- toring patients who are on cardiotoxic drugs and brane metabolism in the liver as a result of can indicate the necessity to discontinue the changes in various enzymes of their functions drugs. The effect of continuous haemodialysis related to vitamin D deficiency. The interrelation- on the heart of patients with chronic renal failure ship of vitamin D and calcium was also studied. is under evaluation. Patients with hypertension are evaluated by studying the kidney function Stringent quality control procedures were before and after administering a drug called evaluated regularly for the production of Captopril, which is able to distinguish patients ultrapure "mTcO4 for radiolabelling of various with hypertension due to narrowing of the renal compounds used for patient investigations. As a arteries. As this is a surgically correctable disease, part of quality control, the various binding it needs to be diagnosed quickly and accurately. properties of blood components to different compounds like "mTc-Phytate and "mTc-DIP- 99mTc-DMSA as a tumour localising IDA were also studied. These findings help in agent is studied for the location of metastases understanding the biological properties and from medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and in distribution characteristics of the compounds used patients suffering from head and neck cancers in patients. and cancers of breast and prostate. "mTc- HMPAO is being evaluated in animals for its The effect of disease states on the thyroid biological characteristics, toxicity and behaviour hormones was evaluated in patients on haemo- before application to human subjects for brain dialysis and in those who had a renal transplant imaging. 131I labelled MIBG is being studied in and those suffering from a variety of liver disease. rats, rabbits and dogs as an adrenal scanning agent. This compound is useful in the study of The presently used radioimmunoassay tech- neuroblastomas, a childhood malignancy. niques are being updated and modified so as to improve their sensitivity, specificity and time Labelling of blood cells like leucocytes and taken to complete the test results. This modified platelets is being standardised for use in the technique has been used in the detection of location of inflammatory lesions like abscesses, serum thyroglobulin which is an important marker bone infections and abdominal abscesses which for metastases of thyroid cancer. are difficult to locate by other investigations. Platelets will be useful in the study of thrombotic Monoclonal antithyroglobulin antibodies episodes in the blood vessels. are used to help in the diagnosis of histopatho- logical sections of patients with an unknown Study of lung membrane premeability using primary malignancy. This positivity obtained by 99mTc-DTPA aerosols and the time taken for the using a en2yme labelled monoclonal antibody

121 has helped in the diagnosis of many difficult animals with 100, 200 and 400 GY of X-rays cases. caused thymic lymphoma in 6%, 26% and 48% animals respectively when these were in Animal models of hypothyroid rats have their 26th generation of inbreeding. At the same been studied with special reference to the evalu- age in the 51st generation of inbreeding when ation of malic enzyme which is an important animals were given 100 Gy of whole body expo- marker for brain development and maturation. sure with X-rays, the incident of thymic lym- This study will help to identify the defects phoma increased to 88%. Although the experi- produced in the brain of hypothyroid children ment is only partly completed, a marked who later develop severe degrees of mental increase in radiosensitivity to neoplasm induction retardation. as a consequence of continuous inbreeding has been observed. Study of abnormal antibodies to various thyroid fractions are being evaluated to help Animals irradiated with 100 Gy of X-rays understand the pathological changes observed in at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after ovulation showed various thyroid disorders. 52, 57, 47 and 29% incidence of thymic lymphoma respectively, suggesting lower radiosensitivity at An ELIZA test developed as a dot of pre-oestrus stage as compared to the post- colour on cellulose nitrate paper was evaluated oestrus stages. It is therefore, inferred that the for the diagnosis of leprosy and tuberculosis. hormonal status of animals during exposure This test was simple, quick and could be read by to radiations plays a significant role in cancer the eye without the aid of laboratory instruments. induction. A drop of blood was required for diagnosis of leprosy and a sample of sputum was needed for The development of thermotolerance the screening of tuberculosis. These tests are noticed during hyperthermic treatment of mali- being evaluated for their efficacy at the field gnancies could be inhibited by phenothiazine level in the screening of patients ofepidemio- drugs like chlorpromazine and trifluoperazine. In logical studies. In addition, more intensive and addition, these drugs also enhanced heat accurate tests are being developed for radio- induced regression of a fibrosarcoma transplanted immunosassay and ELIZA methods to test on Swiss mice. In sarcoma 180, another tumour various manifestations of tuberculosis like transplanted on this strain of mice, no signi- meningitis, lymph node involvement, etc. In ficant changes have been noticed in chol- addition, detailed studies on the abnormalities esterol, phospholipid and fatty acid profiles produced in the patient with respect to the during the development of thcrmotolerance on immunological status or host defence is evalu- expoxure to 43°C for 15 minutes. Animals main- ated in order to understand the interplay tained on high fat diets showed incorporation of between the patient and the organism and to diet associated fatty acids in this tumour. In such understand how and why the severity of the animals, however, cholesterol and phospholipid disease is associated with the body defence levels in tumours changed significantly during the processes. development of thermotolerance. Maintaining animals on diets with 20% sesame oil, which 10.8 Radiobiology contains highly unsaturated fatty acids, increased cholesterol levels in tumours, while the Female Swiss mice maintained under phospholipids remained unchanged. Levels of standard laboratory conditions hardly show any long chain fatty acid like oleic (18:1), linoleic thymic lymphoma during their life span. How- (18:2) and behenic (22:0) were also increased. ever, whole body exposure of 42-45 days old On the contrary, when animal diet contained

122 20% coconut oil, an increase in the contents of injected directly into the tumour immediately low chain fatty acids like lauric (12:0), myristic after radiation exposure. Post-irradiation subcu- (14:0) and myristoleic (14:1) was also observed. taneous administration of bacteria, however, Since coconut oil contains over 60% of such fatty proved ineffective. Subcutaneous or intra-tumour acids, diet fats seem to have been incorporated injection of bacteria, whether prior to or after in to the transplant ,'p tumour. The role of diet heat treatment of the tumour, did not modify its fats in the hypertheimic response and thermo- growth characteristics. tolerance in tumours is being investigated. During characterisation of malignant tissues A single subcutaneous injection of heat byNMR, Tj values of water protons have been inactivated S.thermophilus (20 mg/kg) caused a found to be higher for necrotic than non-necrotic significant increase in the delay of tumour growth regions in a transplanted fibrosarcoma. Lower and life span of tumour-bearing animals as well water content, higher iron concentrations or lower as 16-17% complete cures when administered number of malignant cells in the necrotic region prior to single gamma-ray dose of 20 Gy. A may account for this observation. similar effect was obtained when bacteria were

123 Publications —

Aboobaker, V.S. and Bhattacharya, R.K., "Modulation of of Hepatic Drug Metabolising Enzymes by DL", J. Bioscicncc, Flavonoenzyme Levels in Rat Tissues by N-Nitrosodiethy- 14,233(1989). lamine", Cancer Lett. 44,167(1989). Katyare, S.S. and Satav, J.G., "Impaired Mitochondrial Bhattacharya, R.K., Prabhu, A.L. and Aboobaker, V.S., Oxidative Energy Metabolism Following Paracetamol-Induced "In vivo Effect of Dietary Factors on the Molecular Action of Hepatotoxicity in the Rat", British J. Pharmacology, 96, 51 Aflatoxin Dj: Role of Vitamin A on the Catalytic Activity of (1989). Liver Fractions", Cancer Lett. 44,83 (1989). Kella, M., Weil, J.H. and Nair, C.K.K., "Nucleotide Dave, V.P., Patil, M.S. and Pandey, V.N., "Nuclear Sequence of the psbB Gene of Euglena Gracilis", Plant Matrix Bound Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase in Rat Molecular Biology, 13, 723 (1989). Thymus Nuclei : II - Effect of ATP on Free and Matrix Bound TdT", Mol. Biol. Reports, 13,185 (1989). Kshirsagar, S.G. and Sundaram, K., "Radium-226 Retention in Placenta and Whole Body of Rat", Radiation and Environ- Francis, A.R., Shetty, T.K. and Bhattacharya, R.K., "Modi- mental Biophysics, 28,247(1989). fying Role of Dietary Factors on the Mutagenicity of Aflatoxin B}: In vitro Effect of Plant Falvonoids", Mutation Res., 222, Menczes, Lynette, Kelkar, S.M. and Kaklij, G.S., "Glucosc-6- 393(1989). Phosphate Dehydrogenase and 6-Phosphogluconatc Dchydro- genase from Lactobacilhis Casei: Responses with Different Francis, A.R., Shetty, T.K. and Bhattacharya, R.K., "Modu- Modulators", Indian J. Biochem. Biophys., 26, 329(1989). lating Effect of Plant Flavonoids on the Mufagenicity of N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine, Carcinogenesis, 10, Pandey, V.N. and Modak, M.J., "Biochemistry of 1953(1989). Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase : Identification of Ribo- and Deoxyribonucleoside Triphosphate Binding Site Francis, A.R., Shetty, T.K and Bhattacharya, R.K, "Modi- in Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase", J. Bio!. Chem., fication of the Mutagenicity of Aflatoxin Bj and 264,867 (1989). N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine by Certain Phenolic Compounds", Cancer Lett., 45, 177 (1989). Pandey, V.N., Dave, V.P. and Patil, M.S., "Nuclear Matrix Bound Terminal Deoxynucleotidy] Transfenisc in Rat Jethmalani, S.M., Viswanatha, G., Bandyopadhyay, C. and Thymus Nuclei : I - A Possible Site for TdT Mediated Func- Noronha, J.M., "Effect of Ingestion of Thermally Oxidised tion", Mol. Biol. Reports, 13,179(1989). Edible Oils on Plasma Lipid, Lipoprotein and Postheparin Lypolytic Activity in Rats", Indian J. Exptl. Biol., 27, 1052 Pradhan, D.S., Desai, S.D., Chetty, K.G. and Pasupathy, (1989). K., "Replication and Repair of Mitochondrial DNA of Sacckaromyces cerevisime'\ J. Indian Inst. Sci, 69, 89 Jethmalani, S.M., Viswanalhan, G. and J.M. Noronha, J.M., (1989). "Effect of Cod Liver Oil Supplementation on Plasma Lipids, Lipoproteins, Lipase Activity and Platelet Aggregation in Priyolkar, M., Nair, C.K.K. and Pradhan, D.S., "Purifi- Normotensive and Hypertensive Volunteers", ibid., 27, 1103 cation and Characterization of an Inducible Beta-Galacto- (1989). sidase from Corynebacterium murisepticum", Archives of Microbiology, 151, 49(1989). Jethmalani, S.M., Viswanathan, G. and Noronha, J.M., "Relationships among Plasma Lipids, Lipoproteins and Shah, G.M. and Bhattacharya, R.K., "Alteration in Hepatic Platelet in Essential Hypeta", J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr. (Japan), Nuclear RNA Polymerase Activity Following Bcnzo (a) 6,244(1989). Pyrenc Administration in Rat", Jn vivo, 3,125 (1989).

Jethmalani, S.M., Viswanathan, G. and Noronha, J.M., Shetty, T.K., Francis, A.R. and Bhattacharya, R.K., "Modi- "Relationships among Plcsma Lipids, Lipoprotcins and fying Role of Dietary Factors on the Mutagenicity of Aflatoxin Platelet Aggregation Profiles in Diabetes", ibid., 6, 257 Bj : In vitro Effect of Sulphur-Containing Amino Acids", (1989). Mutation Res., 222,403 (1989).

Kamat, J.P., Narurkar, L.M. and Narurkar, M.V., "Induction Altekar,' W., "CO2 Fixation in Halpophilic Archacbaciacrium,

12/1 Haloferax mediterranei", 6th ISSOL Meeting on the Origin of Hepatocarcinogenesis", International Symposium on Biologi- Life, Prague, 1989. cal Oxidation System", Bangalore, 1989.

Bagewadikar, R.S. and Bhattacharya, R.K., "Action of Narurkar, L.M., Kamat, J.P., D'Souza, SJ., Krishnamoorthy, N-Methyl-N'Nitro-N-Nitroso Guanidine on Mucosal R.R. and Narurkar, M.V., "Effect of Nicotinamide on Hepa- Polysomes of Rat Stomach", 8th Annual Convention, totoxicity Associated with Carbon Tetrachloride, Bromoben- Ahmedabad, 1989. zene and Ally! Alcohol", 5th International Conference, Environmental Mutagens, Ohio, USA, 1989. Bhattacharjee, D., "Congenital Malformations in Offspring Derived from Ovarian Occytes of Mice Exposed to Varying Narurkar, L.M., Jagtiani, S.K., Kamat, J.P., Krishna- Doses of Gamma Rays", National Symposium on Environ- moorthy, R.R., D'Souza, S.J. and Narurkar, M.V., "Inhibi- mental Mutagens and Carcinogens (XIV Annual Confer- tion of Diethylnitrosamine-Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis in ence of EMSI), L.N. Mithila Univ., Darbhanga, Ab., 7 Rats by Nicotinamide", Satellite Symposium, Mutagen and (1989). Carcinogens in Diet, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, July 5-8, 1989 Bhattacharya, R.K., "Flavonoids as Modulators of Carcino- genesis", IHrd International Symposium on Flavonoids in Noronha, J.M. and Trehan, S., "Urinary Pteridines Excre- Bioiogy and Medicine, Singapore, November 1989. tion in Malgnancy", 9th International Symposium en Pteridi- nes and Folic Acid Derivatives, Zurich, 1989. Datta, Geeta and Sheth Anu, "Interaction of Neurotensin and its Antagonists with the Model Membrane, DPPC- Prabhu, A.L., Aboobaker, VS. and Bhattacharya, R.S., II2": International Conference on Structure and Functions of "Modulation by Vitamins of Microsomal Activation of Biomembrancs, Calcutta, 1989 Aflatoxin Bj", 8th Annual Convention IACR, Ahmedabad, 1989. Firozi, P.F. and Bhattacharya, R.K., "Factors Affecting Aflatoxin Bj Activation in a Reconstituted Microsomal Pradhan, D.S., Desai, S.D., Chetty, K.G. and Pasupathy, Monooxygenase System", International Symposium on "Enzymes of Mitochondrial DNA Replication Machinery in Biological Oxidation Systems", Bangalore, 1989. £ cerevisiae and their Syntheses during Transition of Cells from Anaerobic to Aerobic Growth", XIII All India Cell Biology Conference and Cell Biology Symposia, Hyderabad, Goswami, U.C., Saloi, T.N., Firozi, P.F. and Bhatttacharya, 1989. R.K., "Effect of Some Natural Carotenoids on DNA Adduct Formation by Aflatoxin Bj in vitro", XIV Annual Salvi, N.A., Choughuley, A.S.U., Shetty, T.K. and Bhat- Confernce, Darbhanga, 1981 tacharya, R.K., "Nitrosation of -Carbolines : Characteriza- tion and Mutagenecily of the Products Formed", Interna- Jagiiani, S.K. and Narurkar, M.V., "Inhibition of Lipid tional Satellite Meeting on Biology and Chemistry of N-Ni- Pcroxidation by Nicotinamide During Inhibition of Lipid troso Compounds, Bombay, 1989. Peroxidation by Nicotinamide During Diethyl-Nitrosamine- Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis in Rats", International Thomas, M. and Bhattacharya, R.K., "Characteristics of a Symposium on Biological Oxidation System, Bangalore, Liver Mitochrondrial Monooxygenase System that Activates 1989. Aflatoxin Bj", International Symposium on Biological Oxida- tion Systems, Bangalore, 1989. Kamat, J.P., Narurkar, L.M. and Narurkar, M.V., "Puri- fication and Characterization of an Inhibitor of Drug Chandra Mouli and Kale, D.M., "Early Maturing Mutants in Metabolizing Enzymes from Ascites Tumour Cells", 8th Groundnut Cultivar Phule-Pragati (JL-24)", Cur. Sci.,58, 90 Annual Convention Ind. Assoc. Cancer Res., Ahmedabad, (1989). 1989. Eapen, S., Abraham, V., Gerdmann, M. and Schiedcr, O., Kshirsagnr, S.G., "Radium Metabolism in Pregnancy and "Direct Somatic Embrogenesis, Plant Regeneration and Transfer to the Fetus in Rat", Xth Conference on Medical Evaluation of Plants Obtained from Mesophyll Protoplasts of Physics of the Association of Medical Physicists of India, Brasska juncea (L.)", Czern and Coss. Ann. Bot., 63, 369 Bangalore, 1989. (1989).

Narurkar, L.M., "Cytochrome P 450 Induction and Gadgili JD mr^ R sjnhai MJC and Guha Roy M K^

125 "Proximate Chemical Composition of Seeds of Hibiscus Bhagwat, S.G. and Bhatia, C.R., "Variation in High Mole- cannabinus and H. sabdariffa", Jute Development Journal, cular Weight Glutenin Subunits of Indian Wheat Varieties VIII (3), 28 (1988). and their Glu-1 Quality Scores", Proc. of Seventh Int. Wheat Gen. Symp., Cambridge, 1988, V. 2, p. 933 (1988). Gadgil, J.D., Suseelan, K.N, Mitra, R, Joshua, D.C., Bhatia, C.R., Sinha, M.K. and Guha Roy, M.K, "Chemical Com- Bhatia, C.R. and R. Mitra, "Biotechnology in Tropical position of Seed and Electrophoretic Pattern of Seed Storage Crop Improvement", Proc. of Fifth Int. Biotechnology Protein of Jute Corchorous oUtorius and C. capsularis", Workshop, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, 109 (1987). Seed Science and Technology, 17(3), (1989). Bhatia, C.R.,, "Nuclear Techniques in Agriculture", Seminar Kale, D.M., Gadgil, J.D. and Murty, G.S.S., "Relationship be- on Atom for Peace, Power and Prosperity, Baroda, 1989. tween Seed Size, Oil and Protein Contents in Groundnut", J. Oilseeds Res., 5,170 (1988). Bhatia, C.R., "Application of Isotopes in Agriculture", Seminar on National Association for Application of Radio- Pandey, R.N., Pawar, S.E., Chintalwar, GJ. and Bhatia, isotopes and Radiation in Industry, Jawaharlal Nehru Cente- C.R., "Seed Coat and Hypocotyl Pigments in Greengram and nary Celebration, Kerala, (1989). Blackgram", Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Plant Sci.), 99, 301 (1989). Bhatia, C.R., "Potential Adverse Impact of New Biotech- nologies on Asian Agriculture", Regional Seminar on Public Reddy, KS., Pawar, S.E. and Bhatia, C.R., "Rooting of Policy Implications of Biotechnology for Asian Agriculture, Excised Leaves of Grain Legume Crops", Curr. Sci, 58, 750 New Delhi, 1989. (1989). Bhatia, C.R, "Induced Mutants", Recent Advances in Plant Bhatia, C.R., "Use of Radiations for the Improvement of Sciences', Nagpur University, 1989. Crop Plants", AERB News Letter, 4(3), 4 (1989). Bhatia, C.R, "Importance of Mutation Breeding for the Narahari, P., "*Hari', A Mutant Cross Derived Rice Variety Improvement of Plants in Developing Countries", Int. Released in India", Mut Breed. Newslett., 33,16 (1989). Symp. on Application of Biotechnological Methods and Recent Accomplishments of Economic Value in India, Abraham, V. and Bhatia, C.R., "Radiation Induced Yellow Asian Network for Biological Sciences, Chaulongkorn Seeded Trombay Mustard Cultivars", Conf. Nuclear Science University, 1989. and Technology in India - Past, Present and Future, V.2, 86, Bombay 1989. Joshua, D.C, Anjali, S, Bhagwat, Gadgil, J.D. and Bhatia, C.R, "Sesbania rostrata Brent A Stem Nodulating Legume - Chandra Mouli and Kale, D.M., "Groundnut Mutation its Poatential as Green Manure Crop", Int. Symp. and Research", ibid, V.2, p. 100 Workshop on Biological Nitrogen Fixation and Rice Produc- tion, Cuttack, 1988. Pawar, S.E., Reddy, K.S., Thakare, R.G., "New Crop Varieties of Pigeonpea and Mungbean Using Radiation Narahari, P, "Hot Spot Nature of the Rice Dwarfing Gene Induced Mutations", ibid., V. 2, p. 106 at the sdl locus", Nat. Symp. on Recent Advances in Genetics and Plant Breeding in India, Varanasi, 1989. Thakare, R.G. and Pawar, S.E., "Radiation Induced Mutants for the Improvement of Urdbean", ibid., V. 2, p. 190 Chandra Mouli, Kale, D.M, Patil, S.H., "Mutation Research on Groundnut in India", Recent Advances in Kale, S.P. and Raghu, K., "Fate of Pesticides in Rice-Fish Genetics and Cytogenetics, Eds. S.A. Farook and LA. Khan, p. Ecosystem", ibid., V. 2, p. 164 141

Mitra, J. and Raghu, K-, "Uptake and Translocation of Joushua, D.C, "Widening the base of Genetic Variability in DDT in Crop Plants", ibid., V. 2, p. 118 Jute by Hybridization and Mutation Induction", ibid, p. 15

Murthy, N.B.K. and Raghu, K., "Environmental Fate of Suseelan, K.N. and Bhatia, C.R, "Isozyme Markers for Pesticides in a Soil Ecosystem", ibid., V.2, p. 160 Wheat Chromosome", ibid, p. 71

126 Narahari, P., "Hari, The New Rice Variety will Increase the 14C-beta-HCH in Green Manure Ammended Soil", Wealth of Your House, Hari rakamu vari mare nindunu mee Nuclear Techniques in the Study of Pesticides in Food, inti siri (Telugu)", Anna Data (May 1989), p. 33 Agriculture and Environment, DAE Symposium, Bangalore, p. 89, DAE, Bombay (1989). Yadav, V.B., "Identification of Reaction Products of Mono- diammonium Orthophosphate Fertilizers Formed in Soils", J. Murthy, N.B.K. and Raghu, K., "Degradation of 14C- Ind. Soc. Soil Sci., 37,256 (1989). Carbaryl and 14C-l-Naphthol in Soils", ibid., p. 63

Yadav, V.B., "Ammonium Ortho-and Polyphosphate Ferti- Mitra, J. and Raghu, K., "Persistence of DDT in Soil and Its lizers as Sources of Phosphorus and Carriers of Zinc and Iron Effect on Plant Growth", ibid., p. 65 for Maize in a Vertisol", Natl. Seminar on Current Trends in Soil Research, 54th Annual Convention of the Indian Barat, S.K., and Raghu, K., "Dicofol -soil Microflora Inter- Society of Soil Science, Tirupathi, 1989. actions", ibid., p. 61

Pandey, D.P., "Iron Chlorosis and Nitrate Reductase 14 Kale, S.P. and Raghu, K., "Fate of C-carbofuran in Activity in Response to Fe- Stress and Additional Nitrate in Rice Fish Ecosystem", ibid., p. 85 Sorghum", J. Plant Nutrition, 12,275 (1989). Bandyopadhyay, C, "Recent Trends in Aroma Recovery of Sarada Ramani, Joshua, D.C. andShatk, M.S., "Response Fruit Juices", Indian Inst. of Chem. Engineering, Bombay, of Three Sesbania Species to Salinity When Grown Hydro- 1989. ponically", ibid, 12(12), (1989). Bongirwar, D.R., "Preservation of Food by Radiation", One Sarada Ramani, "Physiological Response of 22Na and 36CI Day Seminar of NAARI, Bombay, 1989. Uptake in Mungbean Cultivars and Sesabania Species Under Saline Conditions, Soils Newsleter, V. 11, p. 7 (Abst.) Bongirwar, D.R., "Cryogenic Food Freezing", National (1989). Workshop on Stirling Cycle Liquid Nitrogen Plants, Indore, 1989. Sarada Ramani and Kannan, S., "Differentiated Response of NH -N and NO -N Nutrition to Fe- Deficiency Stress 4 3 D'Souza, S.F., "Surface Immobilization of Food Relevant Response in Sorghbum Cultivars", Proc. Int. Cong, of Plant Physiology, New Delhi. Microbial Cells", International Symposium on Biotechnology and Food, Stuttgart, FRG, 1989. Murthy, N.B.K. and Raghu, K., "Soil Bound Residues of Car- D'Souza, S.F., "Immobilized Biocatalysts in Industry, baryl and 1-Naphthol : Release and Mineralization in Soil and Medicine and Analysis", Seminar Series, The Chemical Uptake by Plants", J. Environ. Sci. Health, B23,575 (1988) Engineering Dept., IIT, Bombay, 1989. Kale, S.P. and Raghu, K., "Fate of 14C-Nitrogen in Rice D'Souza, S.F., "Role of Immobilized Enzyme Technology Paddy Ecosystem", Buli. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 42, 544 in Food Processing Industry", Symposium on Biotechnology (1989). and Food Processing, The AFST (I) Bombay Chapter, Bombay, 1989. Kale, S.P., Murthy, N.B.K. and Raghu, K., "Effect of Carbofuran, Carbaryl and Their Metabolites on the Growth Gholap, AS., "Food Flavours", SNDT Women's University, of Rliizobiwn sp. and Azotobacter chroococcwn", ibid., 769 (1989). Bombay, 1989.

Kale, S.P. and Raghu, K., "Effect of Carbofuran and Its Nair, P.M., "Irradiated Spices", Annual Meeting of the Degradation Products on Microbial Numbers and Respiration Spices Board, Mysore, 1989. in Soils", Chernosphere, 18,2345 (1989). Rao, V.S., "Fish in Normal and Therapeutic Nutrition", Murthy, N.B.K., and Raghu, K., "Metabolism of 14C- Seminar on Processed Foods in Normal and Therapeutic carbaryl and wC-l-naphthol in Moist and Flooded Soils", J. Nutrition, Bombay, 1989. Environ. Sci. Health, B24,479 (1989). Thomas Paul, "Food Irradiation", All Kerala Science Raghu, K., Drego, J. and Murthy, N.B.K., "Fate of Conference, Mavelikara, 1989.

127 Adhikari, H.R., "Means and Measures to Reduce Radiation Rao, V.S., "Food Losses in Cereals, Grain and Legumes", Influences", ICGFI/DAE Training Workshop on Use of ibid. Irradiation to Reduce Post Harvest Food Losses, BARC, 1989. Sharma Arun and Padwal-Desai, S.R., "Irradiation of Dried Spices, Condiments, Vegetables and Herbs", ibid. Bandekar, J.R., "Radiation Effects on Microorganisms and Viruses", ibid. Sharma, Arun and Padwal-Desai, S.R., "Irradiation of Cereals, Grains, Legume Seeds and Their Products", ibid. Bandyopadhyay, C, "Radiation Chemistry of Food Compo- nents", ibid. Sharma, Arun, "Losses in Coffee Beans, Cocoa Beans, Nuts and Dried Fruits", ibid. Behere, Arun, "Food Irradiation Dosimetry and Process Control", ibid. Sharma, Arun and Padwal-Desai, S.R., "Food Losses in Dried Spices, Condiments, Vegetables and Herbs", ibid. Bongirwar, D.R., "Dose Distribution in Food Package", ibid. Sharma, Arun "Irradiation of Coffee Beans, Coca Beans, Nuts and Dried Spices", ibid. Bongirwar, D.R., "Economics of Irradiation as a Method for Reducing Post Harvest Food Losses", ibid. Surendranathan, K.K., "Food Losses due to Physiological Activities During Post Harvest Storage of Fruits", ibid. Doke, S.N., "Irradiation of Dried Seafoods for Disinfes- tation", ibid. Thomas Paul, "Food Losses in Roots, Tubers and Bulbs", ibid. Ghadi, S.V., "Packaging aspects of irradiated foods", ibid. Thomas Paul, "Irradiation of Fresh Fruits for Shelf- Gholap, A.S., "Radiation Effects on the Sensory and Life Improvement", ibid. Physical Characteristics of Foods: Fruits", ibid. Thomas Paul, "Irradiation of Tubers and Bulb Crops for Ghosh, S., "Thermal Processing of Foods", ibid. Sprout Inhibition",ibid.

Nair, P.M., "Development of Infrastructure for Food Irra- Thomas Paul, "Food Losses In Fresh Fruits and Vegetables", diation", ibid. ibid.

Nerkar D.P., "Irradiation of Poultry for Control of Salmo- Venugopal, V., "Role of Radiation for Adequate and Safe nelJa", ibid. Supply of Food", ibid.

Netrawali, Manohar, S. and Kale, Hema V., "Application of Venugopal, V., "Irradiation of Fish and Seafoods", ibid. Short Term Genotoxicity Tests to Irradiated Foods", ibid. Warrier, S.B., "Food Losses In Fresh Fish and Seafoods", Ninjoor, V., "Dissemination of Food Irradiation Infer- ibid, mation to the Public", ibid. Behere, A.G., Padwal-Desai, S.R. and Nair, P.M., "Spice Paul, Pushpa, "Radiation Effects on the Sensory and Irradiation - A Detection Method", National Workshop on Physical Characteristics of Foods: Meat and Meat Products", Decontamination of Spices by Gamma Irradiation, Cochin, ibid. 1989.

Rao, B.Y.K., "Food Losses Caused by Chemical and Gholap, A.S., Padwal-Desai, S.R. and Nair, P.M., "Spice Physical Factors", ibid. Irradiation - Flavour and Chemical Stability", ibid.

Rao, V.S., "Radiation Effects on the Sensory and Nair, P.M., "Spice Irradiation - Beneficial Aspects", ibid. Physical Characteristics of Foods : Cereals and Legumes", ibid. Ninjoor, V., "Food Irradiation - International Status", ibid.

128 Padwal-Desai, S.R., Sharma, Arun and Nair, P.M., "Spice Alur, M.D., Venugopal, V. and Nerkar, D.P., "Spoilage Irradiation - Packaging Aspects", ibid. Potential of Some Contaminant Bacteria Isolated from Fish", J. Food Sci., 54,1(1989). Ramaswamy, N.K., Janave, M.T. and Nair, P.M., "Identi- fication of CO2 Fixation Products Cl Pathway in Isolated Bandyopadhyay, C. "The Chemistry of Essential Oils, Taste Chloroplasts from Greening: Potato Tubers", ibid. and Odour", Frontiers in Applied Chemistry, Ed. Biswas, A.K., Narora Publ. House, New Delhi, 201(1989). Sharma, Arun, Padwal-Desai, S.R., "Spice Irradiation Microbial Control", ibid. Bongirwar, D.R. and Nair, P.M., "Techno-Economic and Commercial Feasibility of Food Irradiation", Beverage and Warrier, S.B., "International Regulations and Process Food World, 15(4), 57(1988). Control of Irradiated Foods", ibid. D'Souza, S.F. and Godbole, S.S., "Removal of Glucose from Deshpande,A.S., Pendharkar, M.B., Surendranathan, K.K. Egg Prior to Spray Drying by Fermentation with Immobi- and Nair, P.M., "CA4-H from Potato Tubers. Intracellular lized Yeast Cells", Biotechnol. Lett., 11,211(1989). Location and Partial Purification", International Symp. on Biological Oxidation Systems, Bangalore, 1989. D'Souza, S.F., "Immobilized Cells: Techniques and Applications (Review)", Ind. J. Microbiol., 29,83(1989). Kamath, N., Melo, J.S. and D'Souza, S.F., "Immobilization of Jack Bean Urease on a Polycationic Support", Symposium D'Souza, S.F., "Potentials of Co-Immobilizates in Bio- on Recent Advances in Biochemical Engineering, Banaras, chemical Processing : The Current State of the Art" 1989. (Review), J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 4,63(1989)'.

Melo, J.S. and D'Souza, S.F., "Immobilization of Cells and Gholap, A.S., "Natural Flavours: Biotechnologicai Enzyme Cell Conjugate Through Adhesion", ibid. Approach", Food and Beverage World, 15(4), 43(1988).

Kamath, N., Melo, J.S. and D'Souza, S.F."Covalent Binding Ghosh, S. and D'Souza, S.F., "Crushing Strength on a Tool of Urease on Polymeric Surfaces", 3rd National Conference for Reactor Height Determination for Invertase Containing in Biomaterial and Artificial Organs, Bombay, 1989. Yeast Cells Immobilized in Polyacrylamide", Enzyme Microb. Technol, 11,376(1989). Kamath, N. and D'Souza, S.F., "Immobilization of Yeast Cells by Adhesion to Cloth", D.V.Tamhane Memorial Fund Harikumar, P., Darshini, T., Dutt, A. and Ninjoor, V., "A Endowment Seminar on Current Trends in Food and Bio- Rapid Procedure for the Isolation of Lysosomes from Kidney technology Research, Bombay, 1989. Cortex by Percoll Density Gradient Centrifugation", J. Bios- ciences, 14,269(1989). Mascarenhas, P., Behere, A.G., Sharma, Arun and Padwal- Desai, S.R., "Post Harvest Pathogenesis in Mango and Harikumar, P., Darshini, T. and Ninjoor, V., "Evidence Banana", ibid. for the Occurrence of an Alkaline Proteinase in Kidney Cortex Lysoisome", Biochem. Int., 19,999(1989). Nair, P.M. and Ramaswamy, N.K., "Metabolic Pathways", National Workshop on Use of Radioisotopes in Biology, Iyer, M.G., Surendranathan, K.K. and Nair, P.M., "Corre- Bombay, 1989. lation between Increase in 6-Phosphofructokinase Activity and Appearance of Multiple Forms in Ripening Banana", Plant Ramamurthy, M.S., Maiti, B., Thomas Paul, Krishnamurthy, Physiol. Biochem., 27,1(1989). T.S.and Nair, P.M., "HPLC Analysis of Potato Phenolics during Wound Healing", VII ISAS National Symposium, Jethmalani, S.M., Viswanathan, G., Bandyopadhyay, C. Madras, 1989. and Noronha, J.M., "Effect of Ingestiori of Thermally Oxidised Edible Oils on Plasma Lipids, Lipoproteins and Sharma, Arun, "Post Harvest Pathogen Control in Postheparin Lipolytic Activity of Rats", Indian J. Exptl. Biol., Fruits and Vegetables", Seminar on Market Potential for 27,36(1989). Fresh and Processed Horticultural Produce in 2000 A.D.,AFST(I), PFNDAI, Bombay, 1989. Kamath, N., Melo, J.S. and D'Souza, S.F., "Urease Immo-

129 bilized on Polyethylenimine Cotton Cloth", Appl. Bio- Singh, Lokendra Mohan, M.S., Padwal-Desai, S.R., chem. Biotechnol., 19,251(1988). Sankaran, R. and Sharma, T.R., "The Use of Gamma Irradiation for Improving Microbiological Qualities of Machaia^. J.P., "Activation of Lysosomal Enzymes in Spices", J. Food Sci., Technol., 25(6), 357(1988). Chemotactically Activated RU Peritoneal Macrophages", Indian J. Diochem. Biophys., 26(5), 343(1989). Surendranathan, K.K. and Nair, P.M., "ADP as Phosphoryl Donor for Banana 6-Phosphofructokinase", Plant Sci., 59, Miranda, C. and D'Souza, S.F., "Immobilization of Pecti- 45(1989). nolytic Fungi in Open Pore Gelatin Block", J. Microb.. Biotechnol., 3,60(1988). Thomas Paul, "Potential of Radiation Processing for Shelf-Life Improvement and as a Quarantine Treatment for Nair, P.M. and Ramaswamy, N.K., "Functional Role for 33 Fruits and Vegetables", Indian Agro Exports, Ed. Kr. Fate kDa Protein in the Oxygen Evolution Complex (OEC)", Singh Jasol, Papers of the National Conference on Agro Photosynthesis: Biology and Bioenergetics, Eds. Singhal, Exports, (1989). G.S. et al., Narora Publ. House (India) and Springer-Verlag, 117(1989). Venugopal, V., Alur, M.D. and Nerkar, D.P., "Solubiliyation of Fish Proteins by Immobilized Microbial Cells", Biotechnol. Ninjoor, V., "Use of Ionizing Radiation for Food Bioengg., 33,1098(1989). Processing Applications", (Booklet), Indian Society for Radiation Physics, Kalpakkam Chapter, (1989). Adhikari, H.R., "Sense and Nonsense in Nutrition (by Jack Ycliv)", 2001 (Science Today), July 1989. Ninjoor, V. and Nair, P.M., "Food Preservation Using Ionizing Radiation", Food Talk, 1,9(1989). D'Souza, S.F., "Enzyme Kinetics - In Focus (by A. Connish- Bowden and C.W. Whaston)", J. Sci. Indust. Res., 48, Padwal-Desai, S.R., "Use of Gamma-Irradiation for Pre- 153(1989). servation of Foods", AFST(I) Newsletter, 2(1), December (1988). Nair, K.K.V., Srirangarajan, A.N., Chander, R., Patil, K.B. and Nair, P.M., "A Report on Design of Foldable Solar Sankaran.K., Godbole, S.S. and D'Souza, S.F., "Preparation Dryer for Raisin Preparation", BARC/I-981,1989. of Spray-Dried, Sugar-Free Egg Powder Using Glucose Oxidase and Catalase Immobilized on Cotton Cloth", Shenoy, N.R. and Choughuley, A.S.U., "Effect of Certain Enzyme Microbiol. Technol., 11,617(1989). Plant Phenolics on Nitrosamine Formation", J. Agri. Food Chem. 37, 421 (1989) Sharma, Arun, Padwal-Desai, S.R. and Nair, P.M., "Assessment of Microbiological Quality of Some Gamma Desai, SJ., Chaturvedi, R.N., Badhcka, L.P. and Mul- Irradiated Indian Spices", J. Food Sci., 54,489(1989). chandani, N.B., "Aristolactams and 4,5 Dioxoaporphines from Indian Piper Species", Indian J. Chem., 26B, 775 (1989) Sharma, Arun, Padwal-Dcsai, S.R. and Ninjoor, V., "Intracellular Hydrolascs of Aspergillus Parasiticus and Chaturvedi, R.N. and Mulchandani, N.B., "Coumarins Aspergillus Flavus", Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 159, from Eupatorium Ayapana", J. Indian Chem. Soc., 66, 286 464(1989). (1989)

Sharma, Arun and Padwal-Desai, S.R., "A Need for Venkatachalam, S.R., Badheka, L.P. and Mulchandani, Microbiological Quality Control in Fruits and Vegetable M.B., "Synthesis of Fluoro Secophenenthroindolizidine Industry", Food& Beverage World, 15(4),61(1988). Analogue", J.FIorine Chem, 44,155 (1989)

Sharma, Arun and Padwal-Desai, S.R."A Note on Aflatoxin Ramakrishnan, V., Chintalwar, G.J., Banerji, A., Biogenesis in the Presence of Bcnomyl and Carbendazirn", "Environmental Persistance of Diallyl Disulfide, An Insecti- J. Food Sci. Technol., 26(6),(1989). cidai Principle of Garlic and its Metabolism in Mosquito Culex Pipiens Quifasciatus Say", Chemosphere, 18, 1527 Sharma, Arun, Padwai-Desai, S.R. and Nair, P.M."Aflatoxin (1989) Producing Ability of Spores of Aspergillus Parasiticus Exposed to Gamma Radiation", J. Food Sci., 54, (1989). Luthria, D.L., Ramakrishnan, D.L., Verma, V., Prabha, G.S.

130 and Prabhu, B.R., "Insect Aniifeedants from Atalamia Banerji, A, Chintalwar, GJ. and Ramakrishnan, V., Racemosa, J. Agric. Food Chera., 37,1435 (1989) "35S-Labelled Compounds : Their Radiosynthesis and Metabolism", National Symposium on Nuclear Techniques Ghosh, S.K., Mamdapur, V.R. and Chadha, M.S., "A Short inthe Study of Pesticides in Food, Agriculture and Environ- and Effecient Synthesis of Ethyl (E,E)-7,12-Dioxo-octadea-8, ment, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore (1989) 10-Dienoate (Ostopanic Acid Methyl Ester)", Indian J. Chcm,28B,3(1989) Banerji, A., Mass Spectrometry in Tracer Studies", Work- shop on Application of Mass Spectrometry to Organic Chem- Iyer, R.R. and Mamdapur, V.R., "Convergent Approaches to istry and Biosciences, Gwalior (1989) the Synthesis of Long-Chain Alipatic Hydroxy Ketones", Indian J. Chem., 28B, 728(1989) Banerji, A., Deshpande, A.D. and Luthria, D.L., "Xanthonoids from Calophyllwn Tomentoswn", Seminar on Mithran, S. and Mamdapur, V.R., "A Faci!e Synthesis of New Dimentions to Wood Science and Technology Research Cotton Bollworm (Hcliothes Annigera) Pheromone Compo- and Development, Institute of Wood Science and Tech- nents; Z-11-Hexadecenal", Indian J. Chem., 28B, 755 (1989) nology, Bangalore (1989)

Chattopadhyay, S., Mamdapur, V.R. and Chadha, M.S., Banerji, A.and Nayak, S.K., "Application of Ultrasound "A Facile Synthesis of (S)-Trogodermal", Indian J. Chem., Irradiation in Synthetic Organic Chemistry", 25th Annual 28B, 848 (1989) Convention of Chemists University of Calcutta, Calcutta (1989) Iyer, R.R. and Mamdapur, S., : Insect Juvenile Hormone Mimics : Synthesis of Some 5-Oxa-3,8,12-Trimethyltride- Shah, D.H., Kumar Ajay, Rajan, M.G.R., Thakare, U.R. and cenoates", J. Agric. Food Chem., 37,1101 (1989) Sharma, S.M., "External Quality Assessment of RIA for Thyroid Related Hormones", Ind. J. Clin. Biochem., 4, 14 Banerji, A. and Nayak, S.K., "Lithiation of Aromatic (1989) Ethers with ultrasound : Some Synthetic Applications", Current Science, 58,249 (1989) Thakare, U.R., Shah, D.H. and Vijayan, U., "Malic Enzyme Activity in the Developing Rat Brain in Relation to Thyroid Banerji, A. and Nayak, S.K., "Sonochemical Hydrodimeri- Status", Int. J. Develop. Neurosci., 7 (1989) zation of Aromatic Carbonyl Compounds", J. Chem. Research (S), 314 (1989) Naik, S.S., Ganapathi, R., Shah, D.H., Dandekar, S.R. and Sahasrabudhe, R.V., "Identification of High Risk Group Banerji, A. and Nayak, S.K., "Fate of Leucine in the Bio- of Leprosy in Children Using Serological and Lepromin synthesis of Backuchiol, a Meroterpene from Psoralea Test", A Preliminary Report, Ind. J. Leprosy., 61,173 (1989) Coiylifolia", Indian J. Biochcm. Biophysics, 26,394 (1989) Shah, D.H., "Thyroglobulin : From Molecule to Clone", Pandey, R.N., Pawar, S.E., Chintalwar, GJ. and Bhatia, Ind. J. Nucl. Med, 4(1), 3 (1989) C.R., "Seed Coat and Hypocotyl Pigments in Greem Gram and Black Gram", Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Plant Sci), 99, Soni, P.S., "Aspects of Establishing National Programme on 301 (1989) "Instrurne.it Quality Control - Result of the Co-Ordinated Research Programme in Asia", Proceedings of IAEA Banjerji, A. and Kaleina, G.P., "A/Method of Cyclode- Symposium on Application of Dynamic Studies in Nuclear hydration of 3,3-Dialkyl-4-Chromanones : Synthesis of Medicine in Developing Countries", ibid. Cannabinoid Synthon", Synth. Commun., 19,159(1989) Soni, P.S., Sarojini, G, Samuel, AM. and Sharma, S.M., Banerji, A. and Kalena, G.P., "Heerocycles from Diacetyl "Modified BARC Nebulizer System for Measuring Muco- Phenols: Synthesis of Benzodipyrans Acetylchromones ciliary Tracheal Transport Rate in Smokers and in Patients and Pyrano (1,2) Benzisoxazoles", Heterocycles, 28, 711 with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease", ibid. (1989) Nadkarni, G.D., Shimpi, H.H. and Noronha, O.P.D., Shenoy, N.R. and Choughufey, A.S.U., "Nitrosation of "Binding of "mTc-Sulfur Colloid to Blood Components: Piperine Using Nitrosyl Chloride", International Symp. on Implications in Renal Transplant Rejection", Nucl. Med. Biol. and Chem. of N-Nitroso Compounds, Bombay (1989) Comm.,9,899(1988)

131 Naronha, O.P.D. and Pahuja, D.N., "Radiopharmaceutical Nadkarni, G.D., "Review Article : Quantitation of Gastro- Profiles of Tracers Under Pathophysiological Conditions. intestinal Protein Loss", ibid, 8,271 (1989) Bone Uptake of "mTc-Phytate in Vitamin D Deficient Rats", Nucl. Med. Biol., (Int. J. Radiat. Appl. Instrum. Part Samuel, A.M., Dhalla, A.s. and Mazarello, T.B.M.S., "A B), 16,261 (1989) Study of Changes in Blood/Brain Barrier and Local Immune Responses in Tubercular Meningitis", Neurology Pahuja, D.N., Deshpande, U.R., Soman, CS. and (India), 1990 Nadkarni, G.D., "Altered Hepatic Function in Vitamin D- Deprived Rats", J. Hepatol., 9,209 (1989) Kameswaran, M., Kadival, G.V., Samuel, A.M., Virdi, S.S. and Kale, R.N., "A Simple DOT-BLOT ELISA for the Nadkarni, G.D., Deshpande, U.R. and Bhopale, M.K., "Liver Detection of M. Tuberculosis Antigen in SputuiTi Samples", Function and Plasma Protein Metabolism in Rodent Model Ind. J. Tuberculosis, 36,103 (1989) of Filariasis", Ind. J. Gastrocnterol., 8,151 (1989)

132 / /. / Technical Information continued on a regular basis using the ND computer. The latest month's INIS output conti- The BARC Central Library at present has a nued to be made available on the ND computer collection of about 8.25 lakhs documents pertain- for retrieval by users at Trombay. ing to nuclear science and technology. The collection is consisting of about 81,000 books, Facilities were also provided for on-line 61,000 volumes of bound periodicals, more than retrospective search of the INIS database at 23,000 patents and standards and about 6,60,000 Vienna available for the period from 1976 technical reports. During this year, about 1,650 onwards. books, 2,220 bound volumes, 80 patents and 23,100 technical reports were added. Currently The CD-ROM equipment commissioned BARC Library subscribes to 1,670 scientific and last year was extensively used for evaluating technical journals published from India and various trial CD-ROMs sent to BARC for assess- abroad. Subscription for 70 journals were dis- ment and for retrieval of information from INIS continued on the basis of a recent readership trial CD-ROM which contains INIS database survey. for a period of 2 1/2 years. The Powder Diffrac- tion File (PDF-2) CD-ROM produced by JCPDS A bibliographic database of all the books has been recently procured by BARC. It was available in the library has been created in the demonstrated and made available to the partici- PRIME-450 computer. Efforts are under way to pants in the XXI National Seminar on Crystal- incorporate keywords or descriptors for the books lography. With the retrieval software, it is in the database to facilitate subjects-wise search. possible to get the desired information in printed The complete bibliographic description and other form or on a floppy disc. BARC is in the process details about all the journals available in the of building up a CD-ROM library of various nu- library have been incorporated into a database merical and bibliographic databases as well as of in the PRIME-450 Computer and this database is reference books in the form of CD-ROMs. being regulary updated. All the regular and routine operations of the book circulation, A total of 80 reports, 53 external and 27 periodical and acquisition units of the library are internal, on the R&D activities of BARC were now computerised, and are managed using either published. Library continued to provide photo- the mainframe PRIME computer or personal graphic, xeroxing and printing services to various computers. divisions and constituent units of DAE. Photo- copy services were also provided to outside users Active participation in the International on specific requests. Nuclear Information System (INIS), managed by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) A number of technical and scientific at Vienna, was continued. More than 1,000 brochures and booklets were brought out, which records were prepared, based on items of included "The Promise of Superconductivity" and literature on nuclear science and technology "Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru on Atomic Energy". published in India. They were sent to INIS Besides the regular publications, 'BARC News- for incorporating in the database. Processing of letter', 'Nuclear Newsletter', and 'BARC High- the magnetic tape containing the monthly addi- lights' were also published. A few articles high- tions to INIS database obtained regularly from lighting some of the major R&D work done by Vienna, and providing Selective Dissemination of BARC were prepared and published in reputed Information (SDI) to about 150 scientists and Indian and foreign journals. Some of the articles engineers of DAE and other organisations were were on solving Dhruva fuel fabrication problem,

133 the neutron source reactor "Kamini" that is involving high noise levels, cryogenic liquids, being built by BARC at IGCAR, Kalpakkam, alkali metals, etc. which are specially relevant and the recommissioning of the Madras Atomic to DAE units. Fire protection, prevention and Power Station after the moderator inlet manifold fighting are exhaustively covered. Rules pertain- was damaged. ing to planning of building construction, roads, erection, welfare activities like canteens, rest About 200 articles in different foreign lan- rooms, lunch rooms, creche, first-aid etc. and guages such as French, German, Italian, Japa- employment of yound persons have been added. nese, Russian and Spanish were translated at the request" of scientists and engineers of DAE units. Work on creating a computer-based data- Copies of the translated articles were deposited base on accidents/incidents in DAE units in a in the national repository of translated articles standard format has been started. at the National Science Library, New Delhi. Interpretation services were also provided on Computer software for determining the request. Toxicity Index and Fire Index has been developed. 11.2 Industrial Safety 11.3 Contributory Health Service During the year, inspection was carried Scheme (CHSS) out for observing compliance with salulory requirements in respect of health, safely, welfare The CHSS at present covers 68,600 benefi- and special provisions in respect of dangerous ciaries. BARC hospital and the 10 peripheral dis- manufacturing processes or operations as per pensaries continued to extend therapeutic and Factories Act, 1948, Atomic Energy (Factories) diagnostic facilitcs to the beneficiaries and Rules and the relevant parts of Atomic Energy 5,05,546 patients were treated in these dispensa- (Working of Mines, Minerals and Handling of ries during this year. A new dispensary at And- Prescribed Substances) Rules, 1984. hcri is being planned and is expected to be operational soon. A thorough revision of Atomic Energy (Factories) Rules, 1984, currently in force in DAE The bed strength at the BARC Hospital units, was undertaken to update them in the light continues to be 192, including 23 beds in special of 1987 amendment of the Factories Act, 1948 areas like Labour Room, Casualty and Pre and and to remove some other shortcomings of the Post operative rooms. A total of 6,370 patients existing rules. Drafting of Atomic Energy (Facto- were admitted in the hospital and 2,316 surgical ries) Rules, 198S was completed and the (including ENT and opthalmology) and 1,645 updated version, incorporating the comments gynaecological operations were performed dur- received from DAE units, has been approved by ing the year. Attendance in the outpatient AERB for implementation in the DAE units. departments, the various units and laboratories The new rules are based on a guideline document of the hopital was as follows : OPD attendance prepared by Directorate General of Factory Ad- 60,6S3, Psychiatry OPD 5,410, Dental OPD vice Service and Labour Institutes (DGFASLI), 20,998, Pathological investigations 1,49,223, National Building Code and National Electrical Radiological investigations 16,180, and Medical Code issued by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), social service attendance 13,574. ILO document, etc. Special provisions for hazard- ous processes are covered in 17 schedules per- In the fully equipped ICCU, thrombolytic taining to zirconium operations, beryllium oper- therapy is given wherever required. Cases found ations, laser and optical radiations, operations suitable for baloon angioplasty and bypass

134 surgery are evaluated and referred to panel for post graduate studies. hospitals. A ND-110 computer system has been Active family welfare programme was con- installed in BARC Hospital for information stor- tinued during the year. 241 Medical Termi- age and retrieval of patient data. The Hospital nation of Pregnancy (MTP) and 228 permanent Management System is being planned on lines sterilizations were carried out. The number of similar to that of Tata Memorial Hospital. It is infants added to the scheme was 762 and the birth proposed to have 8 terminals initially. rate amongst the beneficiaries was found to be 11.11 per 1,000 as againsl the national average of 11.4 Radiation Medicine Service 31 per 1000 in 1986 and the national goal of 27 per 1,000 in 1990. Immunisation facilities are Investigative services were offered to available in BARC Hospital and in all the periph- following number of patients attending the eral dispensaries and the coverage has been 85%. clinics at the Radiation Medicine Centre : A special care nursery for care of sick and pre- thyroid uptakes - 2,850, thyroid scan - 4,430, liver, lerm nconatcs is ready and will be commenced brain, bone, lung, renal, cardiac and others - shortly. 5,560, 13lT screening for thyroid cancer - 895, in vitro laboratory tests serum thyroglobulin, thyroid The School Health Clinic has been started antibody tests, T3, T4, TSH, T3 charcoal tests - from the academic year 1989-1990 covering the 5,535. children of the Atomic Energy' Central Schools in the Anhshaktinagar campus. Physical exami- In addition, about 35-40 new patients and nations, height and weight measurements are 35-40 cases undergoing regular treatment taken for growth records and also to detect vari- attended the clinics daily. 250 patients were ations. Students are also checked for refractive admitted to the inpatient care wards for radi- errors, hearing defects and any other social prob- oiodine therapy for thyroid cancer and thyrotoxi- 99m lems which might impair academic performance. cosis. 75 curies of TcO4 in various formu- lations were prepared for the patient investigative A school for the mentally handicapped has studies at the hospital pharmacy section. 223 been started in the premises of Training School patients of thyroid cancer and 176 with thyro- Hostel from August 15, lvS9. At present the toxicosis were treated this year. The cumulative school has a strength of 16 students, 2 teachers, 1 amount of radioiodine administered was 37 curies. clerk and 1 ayah. 11.5 Human Resources Development The Trombay Dispensary continued its Occupational Health activities and the Accident The 32nd Course of Training School was Prevention Programme. Periodic medical exami- completed in July 1989. 226 trainees (134 Orien- nations of 1,685 employees and initial medical tation and 92 Inplant) graduated and were ab- examinations of 1005 employees were carried out. sorbed in various units of DAE.

Bombay University has given recognition 33rd Course with about 200 trainees to BARC Hospital for houseposts in general commenced in September 1989. Inplant training medicine, general surgery, obstetrics, gynaecology from this batch is limited to the requirements of and paediatrics to enable the candidates to be HWB, Dhruva and FBTR (IGCAR). enrolled for MD and MS Degree examinations. The National Board of Examinations, New To meet the ever increasing demand of Delhi, has given recognition to BARC Hospital computing facilities, a mini system (HORIZON)

135 was procured. It is in the stage of final commis- So far, about 1,000 employees of this orga- sioning. This multi-terminal system will augment nisation have benefitted from these courses. the training programme considerably. Computer courses at Postgraduate Diploma Process Control Trainer being procured for level as well as Master's Degree level at SNDT the Training School is a multi-purpose sophisti- University were conducted. cated hardware for supplementing courses in heat transfer and steam technology. This equipment, Presently, a 3-year Master's Degree course which is one of the best available, is being im- in computer applications, covering topics such as, ported from Sweden. Its installation and commis- computer graphics, systems software, program- sioning is expeaed to be completed soon. ming languages, data base management systems Trainees of present and future batches will be and latest topics like Fourth GL and artificial exposed to well designed laboratory exercises in intelligence is being set up at SNDT University. this new process laboratory. The course also covers financial management techniques and offers clcctives on advanced A report of 'Manpower Group ' (MPG) of topics in robotics, graphics, operating system, DAE, to cover in depth the manpower and train- parallel processing, etc. ing requirements for 10,000 Mwe profile was prepared. All India Essay Contest' for college Two courses were conducted for impart- students was conducted this year. ing training in radioimmunoasay techniques and their applications. The courses were of about As part of public awareness, DAE consti- one month duration and about 20 medical and tuted 'Public Education Programme' (PEP) com- paramedical personnel attended each course. mittee to bring out popular monographs for public This course would help in staffing laboratories and students with SSC/HSC background. which can provide RIA services all over the country. The following computer courses were conducted this year: As a part of manpower development programme, the following training were con- (1) Introduction to PCs Operating System, use of ducted : (a) UNDP/IAEA/RCA National Course text processing, data base management and spread on NDT-UT-3 at NFC, Hyderabad; and (b) Train- sheet packages, (2) Courses in programming lan- ing Course on Industrial Radiography and Safety guages such as BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL Aspects (IRG-1) at BHEL, Tiruchirapalli. A total and 'C\ (3) Courses in various advanced data of 38 NDT personnel participated in these base management packages such as, SIBAS on training programmes. Norsk Data computers and other data base packages available on personal computers, (4) For attaining high standards of perfor- Courses for draftsmen on the use of drafting mance of the operating personnel both in terms packages on Norsk Data computers as well as of efficiency and safety, utmost importance is personal computers, (5) Course on advanced given to operator training. In the on-going train- computer graphics and their applications on ing programme, apart from the class room Norsk Data computers, (6) Course on personal lectures, group discussions and visual aids cover- computer hardware architecture and interfacing ing various facets of reprocessing and waste techniques, and (7) Advanced course on management technology, intensive in-plant train- SINTRAN operating system on Norsk Data coming is also imparted to the trainees before they puters and UNIX operating system. arc deployed for actual work. Twenty two

136 catcgory-II trainees are at present receiving in- BARC Training school, licensing and qualifica- plant training in various facilities. They are also tion of shift engineers, technicians and plant being periodically assessed and graded. A operators were continued. Twelve students from computerised simulator that can simulate all the various engineering colleges and three officers normal and maloperations in a reprocessing plant from Indian Navy were trained for a few weeks is being instated. This will be extremely useful to in reactaor technology topics. Man-power assis- the trainees for a better understanding of the tance was provided for the maintenance and other various operating parameters and their influ- jobs of DAE power reactors as and when occa- ence on the system performance. sions demanded.

All the O/M and laboratory personnel of Technical assistance was provided to various the reprocessing plants have been brought Safety Committees and their Working Group for under the Qualification Incentive Scheme in reviewing the design and safety of Purnima-III which they have to pass through several tests like critical facility, review of safety procedures for written exams, check lists, walk-through tests the operation of NAPP reactors and review of the and final viva voce covering syllabi commen- Preliminary Safety Analysis Report of Kaiga surate with the tasks and responsibilities assigned Atomic Power Project. at each level. All the operating staff of PREFRE Plant, Tarapur and Plutonium Plant, A one-year stipendiary training course for Trombay at levels II and III have already been health physicists to meet the trained man power qualified. Maintenance and laboratory staff of requirement for the nuclear power programme both the plants are undergoing various tests at was started. Three workshops on management of present. radiation emergencies for public authorities and medical personnel were conducted. A RCA-IAEA The plant managements are taking positive workshop on environmental monitoring and steps in inculcating a safety ethos among the measurement was organised at Kalpakkam dur- workers. The steps taken include various indoc- ing October 1989. Eight scientists from RCA trination programmes like audio-visual shows, countries participated. safety day celebrations, etc. Personnel at different levels are periodically deputed for train- 19 students completed the 27th Post ing courses in radiation hazard control, fire Graduate Diploma Course in Radiological and fighting, first aid, civil defence, etc. Group Hospital Physics. Six other courses were orga- discussions and "lessons learnt" sessions are nized to train radiation workers on safety aspects conducted among the workers and middle level of the uses of radiation sources. supervisors under the guidance of senior staff wherein they critically analyse the safely related A ten-day training regional workshop for incidents reported by different facilities. In these South and South East Asian countries on "Use sessions, workers are encouraged to offer of Food Irradiation to reduce Post Harvest suggestions to prevent the recurrence of such inci- Losses", sponsored jointly by the International dents. It is seen that this direct participation in Consultative Group on Food Irradiation (ICGFI) decision making improves their safety awareness and DAE was organized in February 1989. The and their eagerness to set high standards in the topics discussed at the workshop included, overall safety of the plant. amongst others, regulation and control of food irradiation and information dissemination to the Training and man-power activities such as consumer. theoretical training in reactor related subjects and in-plant training of graduate engineers from A FAO sponsored workshop for Asian

137 region on "Analysis of Radionuclide Contami- for scientific visit/training/study tour under (he nation in Food Stuffs" was organised from May aided schemes and 19 scientists were deputed 15 to May 26, 1989. The course included several under bilateral agreements. lectures, demonstration of gamma spectroscopy, radiochemical separations and beta counting. A The services of 7 scientists were placed at procedural manual was prepared and supplied to the disposal of IAEA on Foreign Service terms the participants. A similar workshop was held by for assignment as experts. FAO for Middle East countries from 11 to 17 November 1989 and two scientists from BARC in- 19 scientists were granted EOL for post- vited to conduct the workshop. doctoral work abroad.

A scientist took part in the 8th Antarctic Under the collaboration scheme between expedition collecting samples and making environ- BARC and IITs/IISc, Bangalore, for training of mental radioactivity measurements. Small ions scientists/engineers of BARC in specialised post- and aerosols measurements were also carried out graduate courses leading to award of M.S/M.E/ during the expedition at Antarctica. Another M.Tech. degrees, 54 scientists/engineers have scientist is currently participating in the 9th completed their training so far and four arc under- Antarctic expedition. The data collected is under going the course under this scheme. process and will be published shortly. So far 30 Indian Universities have recog- There were 22 clinical meetings on various nised BARC as a centre for post-graduate studies topics in medicine and surgery. An invited lecture in various disciplines. 134 scientists in this centre was arranged on 'Experiences with Hays Forceps' have so far been accorded the status of University by Dr. Nozer Sheriar. A doctor from Trombay teachers by various universities. Dispensary gave a series of five lectures on 'Man- agement of Radiation Injuries'. During the year, 12 scientists have qualified for the award of Ph.D. degree and 9 scien- There were ten medical and four science tists for M.Sc. degree. graduates undergoing training at the Radiation Medicine Centre. Two IAEA fellows, one from Under the collaboration scheme between Ethiopia and the other from Bangladesh, are also BARC and the University of Bombay, 44 students undergoing a one-year training programme. A of the Bombay University are presently doing total of 180 lectures, 22 practical, 8 demonstra- research work leading lo Ph.D. degrees under the tions and applications and apprentice programmes scheme. were conducted. Training facilities were provided to foreign The total strength of Bhabha Atomic nationals under IAEA Technical Assistance Pro- Research Centre and its Units, including VEC gramme and various collaboration agreements. Centre, Calcutta, as on 30.11.89 was 14,728 During the above period, BARC offered facilities comprising of 3,915 scientific, 6,761 technical, for training under the IAEA Fellowship Scheme 1,248 administrative and 2,804 general maint- to four scientists from Sri Lanka and one each enance and auxiliary staff. from Iran, Thailand, Bangladesh, Ghana and Indonesia. About 140 scientists were deputed abroad for participation in international conferences, About 70 scheduled castes and 25 sche- symposia, meetings, etc. and for specific govern- duled tribe candidates were recruited to various ment work. 12 scientists were deputed abroad posts.

138 BARC Benevolent Fund was set up in sense of road safety, and to practise better traffic 1963 to give aid to the employees of Bhabha culture, "Traffic Safety Silver Medals" were Atomic Research Centre, Department of Atomic awarded to 14 drivers who have accident-free Energy and its constituent units located in record. Bombay, who are members of the Fund, in the event of any unforeseen misfortune like pro- Supervision and maintenance of 7 large longed sickness, premature retirement due to scale co-operative canteens, 1 departmental can- sickness, prolonged leave without pay, death, teen and 3 canteens and 14 tea pantries run by etc. The financial assistance is also extended the contractors were done. The day-to-day food towards purchase of hearing aids, nutritious diet service is arranged appropriately to cope up with to T.B./Cancer patients, purchase of text-books, the sale of Rs. 7,50,000/- per month without any tution fees and travelling expenses for the handi- interruption. capped school going children of the members of the Fund. The main financial sources of the Fund The estimated expenditure for the year are donation, life membership, subscription from 1988-89 towards payment of various subsidies to members and grant-in-aid from Government. the co-operative canteens and tiffin rooms works The membership of the Fund is open to the regu- outtoRs. 58,00,000/-, besides Rs. 5,00,000/- for lar and FTA employees of BARC, DAE and its maintenance and repairs involved in these can- constituent units stationed in Bombay. The total teens. The business of the co-operative canteens membership of the Fund as on November, 1989 are well monitored, and timely action is taken to was around 3,700. The amount spent during run them smoothly. the financial year 1988-89 was Rs. 55,000/- (approximately). Around 17,000 dak articles are handled per day for delivering them to their destinations in The transportation of around 12,000 Trombay and city areas, besides around 1,500 employees to and fro their work places from 24 postal dak, 50 telegrams and 50 telexes per day. rallying points in Greater Bombay muncipal limits, Thane and New Bombay and for 700 employees Domestic travel bookings, billings, cancell- of other DAE units (viz. HWP, C&S Group, ations, prcponing and postponing of air bookings, DEM, DPS) from Vikram Sarabhai Bhavan, etc. were done. On an average, 2000 air tickets Anushaktinagar, to 8 rallying points was pro- are booked in a year. vided for the round-the-clock and two general shifts. Manpower programming for operation of Maintenance of around 1,200 English and around 350 vehicles was done besides conducting 100 Hindi typewriters was carried out in Bombay training programmes and refresher courses for and Tarapur, besides initiating timely action for transport staff. Centralised procurement of replacement/procurement of typewriters. vehicles as well as condemnation of vehicles for BARC units at Trombay, Tarapur, Srinagar, About 4000 visitors including Heads of Calcutta and Kalpakkam were also taken care of. Slates, Ministers, Parliamentarians, Indian and Foreign Diplomats, High Government Officials, A Traffic Safety Seminar was organised in Visiting Professors, Foreign Scientists, Defence BARC during February, 1989 for the education Personnel, members of the Scientific and Tech- of all the drivers and the motorists in BARC. A nical Institutions and students of schools and col- scries of lectures by officers of MSRTC and an leges came to BARC this year. exhibition by Traffic Section were organised during the Traffic Safety Seminar. As an Mr. Nguyen Van Linh, General Secretary incentive to BARC drivers to imbibe a greater of the Communist Party of Vietnam, H.E. Mr.

139 Kenan Evran, President of Turkey, and Gen Vo BARC site and housing colony at Tarapur. 2,000 Nguyen Giap, Vice Chairman of the council of sq.m. garden area was rejuvenated in Trombay. Ministers, Vietnam, were some of the WIPs who About 1,50,000 saplings of various tree species visited this centre. were planted and 50 kgs. of seeds of different tree types were sown in situ on Trombay hills for About 24 national and international semi- afforestation. Landscape plans for various units nars/conferences/work-shops/symposia were of Department of Atomic Energy were organised. prepared. Maintenance of gardens, arbors, orchards, afforestation, etc. in Trombay, The V DAE Inter-Units Sports Meet was Anushaktinagar and Mandala Township, around held at TAPS colony, Tarapur, during the Directorate of Estate Management's buildings in period from November 20 to November 26, Bombay City, BARC housing colony and plant 1989, wherein the required assistance such as site at Tarapur was carried out. transport, canteen facilities, etc. was rendered to the TAPS who organised the Sports Meet. The cosmetic maintenance in the campus including incineration of garbage and pest control 11.6 Landscaping operation in Trombay, BARC hospital complex, Training School Hostel, Radiation Medicine Landscaping was done by planting different Centre, Directorate of Purchase and Stores trees, shrubs, ground covers, etc. in 4,000 sq.m. Office, etc. were also carried out during the year area of Anushaktinagar and 55,000 sq.m. area at under review.

140