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Canis Lupus Dingo and Hybrids) and Human Hydatid Disease (Echinococcus Granulosus) in Queensland, Australia

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Canis Lupus Dingo and Hybrids) and Human Hydatid Disease (Echinococcus Granulosus) in Queensland, Australia UC Agriculture & Natural Resources Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference Title Urban Dingoes (Canis lupus dingo and Hybrids) and Human Hydatid Disease (Echinococcus granulosus) in Queensland, Australia Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3sk4q8kn Journal Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference, 22(22) ISSN 0507-6773 Author Allen, Ben Publication Date 2006 DOI 10.5070/V422110202 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Urban Dingoes ( Canis lupus dingo and Hybrids) and Human Hydatid Disease ( Echinococcus granulosus ) in Queensland, Australia BenAllen TheSchoolofAnimalStudies,TheUniversityofQueensland,GattonCampus,Queensland,Australia ABSTRACT : UrbandingoesareknowntooccuralongmostoftheAustralianeasternseaboardbutareparticularlycommonin Queenslandcoastalcities and towns. Urbandingoescausesignificantdamage todomesticpets andlivestockandpresent four serious threats to human health and safety: attacks on humans, attacks on domestic animals, zoonotic disease transmission to humans, and the psychological and emotional trauma to affected residents. I have begun to monitor urban dingoes in three metropolitanandregionalQueenslandcoastalcitiesusingGPSdataloggingcollarstodeterminehabitatusebydingoesinurban communities,assesstheirrelianceonbushlandareas,andevaluatetheirpotentialroleintheepidemiologyofzoonoticdiseases, includinghumanhydatiddisease(causedbytheparasitictapeworm Echinococcusgranulosus ).Similartourbanpredatorsonother continents(e.g.,redfoxesandcoyotes),Ifoundurbandingoestohavesmallerhomerangesthantheirruralcounterparts,exhibit flexiblehabitatrequirementsinaresource-richurbanenvironment,andpotentiallyhaveapivotalroleinthetransmissionof E. granulosus tohumansinbuilt-upareas.Somechallengesofurbanpredatorandzoonoticdiseasemanagementarediscussed. KEY WORDS : Canislupusdingo ,dingo,disease, Echinococcusgranulosus ,hydatiddisease,urban,zoonosis Proc.22 nd Vertebr.PestConf. (R.M.TimmandJ.M.O’Brien,Eds.) PublishedatUniv.ofCalif.,Davis. 2006. Pp.334-338. INTRODUCTION areaforthedistributionofbaitsfrom1kmto2kmaway Dingoes(Canislupusdingo )inAustraliatraditionally fromanyhumandwelling(NRM2006).Thiseffectively have been viewed as a cause of livestock predation prevents the use of 1080 baiting in urban areas. Also, problemsinruralareas.However,inrecentyearsdingoes new national firearms legislation introduced in 1997 have emerged as a human health and safety issue in dramatically reduced the opportunities for many residential communities. The common occurrence of landholders to legally shoot dingoes on their properties both pure and hybrid dingoes in many urban areas is (ACT JCS 2001, Baker and McPhedran 2004). In largely unknown to most people; consequently, urban additiontothesechanges,muchoftheurbanandsemi- dingoecologyisanewandemergingfieldinAustralia. urban bushland previously managed as “Forestry Urban dingoes present many risks to human health Reserve” has been converted to “National Park” in an and safety and cause significant, yet often difficult to ongoingprocessoverthelastseveralyears.Whileithas quantify,economicimpacts(RuralManagementPartners notbeenthoroughlyinvestigated,itislikelythatwiththe 2004). Four potential threats to public health in urban changeinmanagementregimescameareducedeffortin areas can be gleaned from the Rural Management controllingdingoesandotherwilddogsonlargetractsof Partners(2004)report;theseare: urbanbushland.Thesechangescombinedwiththerapid 1) Directattackonpeople,especiallychildren, expansionofhumanoccupationofcoastalfringeareasto resultingininjuryordeath; greatly increase the frequency of reported urban dingo 2) Directattackoncompanionanimalsand/ordomestic problems. livestock,resultingininjuryordeath; Whileagenciesresponsibleforvertebratepestsaimto 3) Apotentialsourceofzoonoticdiseaseinfection, reducethesethreats,themanagementofurbandingoesis especiallyhydatidtapeworms,through complicatedbytheuncertainandchanginglegislativeand contaminationofschoolgrounds,municipalparks, taxonomic status between states, and by the often andbushlandreservesbydingofecescontaining uninformedviewsofoutspokenlocalresidents.Itisalso hydatideggs;and complicated by a general lack of knowledge of urban 4) Psychologicalandemotionaltraumatoaffected dingoecology(density,origin,foraging,movementsand residentscausedbythelossofdomesticanimalsand spatialuse),parasiteburden,socialbehavior,andthelack publicamenity,orcausedbythefearofdingo of efficient or permitted control methods to capture or attacksonpeopleorpets,andthefinanciallossto destroy dingoes in urban areas. Identifying resources peoplerelocatingduetofearofdingoes. criticalforsustainingdingopopulationsandtheirdiseases Thefrequencyoftheseeventshasincreasedinthelast inurbanareasisessentialforeffectivemanagement.The decade across coastal Queensland (Rural Management crucial need for basic research on urban dingoes is Partners2004),butnostudieshaveasyetbeenconducted apparent when many Queensland coastal shire and city todetermineexactlywhy.Itispotentiallyattributableto councils already invest considerable funds controlling the historical changes in available control practices for dingoes and vainly seek advice from the literature and dingoes and other wild dogs in coastal Queensland. In governmentpestmanagementagencies. 1996,newguidelinesfortheuseof1080baitsinsemi- It is assumed by most managers that urban dingoes urbanareasofQueenslandincreasedtheminimumbuffer maintainlargehomerangesanduseurbanareastoexploit 334 food resources at night, while sheltering in critical alsocaughtwithin200mofresidentialhomesandwere bushlandareasbyday.Also,becauseofthedailyreports fittedwithGPS/VHFdataloggingcollarswithautomatic of negative and/or aggressive human-dingo interactions release units manufactured by Sirtrack, New Zealand. received by various shire and city councils, the disease Eachcollarweighedapproximately470g–lessthan5% potential of urban dingoes is often overlooked. One ofthebodyweightofthesmallestdingousedinthisstudy earlier study has shown urban dingoes in north Queen- sofar,andcollarsremainedontheanimalsforapproxi- sland to carry multiple zoonotic diseases; this study mately4weeks.Ofthe6animalsstudiedtodate,only5 concludedthatofallthezoonoticparasitesandpathogens collars have been retrieved, the other still being on a identified in the survey, Echinococcus granulosus was dingoatpresent. “themostimportant[parasite]fromthepointofviewof The GPS dataloggers were programmed to record publichealth”(BrownandCopeman2003:1).Hydatid- locations hourly throughout the day (0900 to 1700 hrs) positive dingoes and wild dogs have been identified in andeach5minutesfromduskuntildawn(1700to0900), south-eastQueenslandbefore(Baldock etal .1985),and with a programmed potential to yield 200 locations per wheresuchinfectedanimalsandhumanscomeincontact day.Atthisprogrammed“dutycycle”,batterylifewas (includingurbanareas),theriskofinfectioncanincrease limited to approximately 24 days, or ~4,000 successful (Chrieki2002,JenkinsandMacPherson2003).So,while GPSlocations.Dayisheredefinedas0900to1700;dusk dingoescontributetomanyhumanhealthandsafetyrisks as 1700 to 2100; night as 2100 to 0500; and dawn as in urban communities, further baseline information is 0500to0900.Alllocationspresentedinthispaperhave requiredtobetterunderstandtheirecologyintheseareas, beenretrievedfromtheGPSdataloggers,andVHFwas inanefforttoefficientlymanagetherisksassociatedwith usedonlyoccasionallytolocatetheanimalandtorecover theirpresence. thecollaronceithadfallenofftheanimal. The purpose of this research is to undertake a preliminary study of the spatial ecology and disease potential of urban dingoes in three affected shires in coastalQueensland.Besidestheabove,nootherstudies have been conducted on urban dingoes in Queensland; hencethisprojectrepresentsoneoftheinitialstudiesof urbandingoesinAustralia. Thespecificaimsofthisprojectareto: 1) Determinethehomerange,habitatuse,andfine- scalemovementpatternsofdingoesinurbanareas; 2) Assesstheirrelianceonnaturalbushlandfragments forcriticalrefuge;and 3) Evaluatetheirpotentialroleinthetransmissionof zoonoticdiseases,notably Echinococcusgranulo- sus . Atpresent,thisprojectiscurrentlyinprogressandthe observations and results discussed in this paper are preliminaryfindingsonly.Nomajororcomplexanalysis ispresentedhere,norhasbeenattemptedasyet. METHODS StudyAreas Figure1.ThethreeshiresinQueensland,Australiawhere Three coastal Queensland cities– Townsville City, theprojectisbeingconducted. locatedinnorthernQueensland,andMaroochyShireand PineRiversShire,bothlocatedinsouth-eastQueensland DiseaseMonitoring (Figure1)–wereselectedbecauseoftheirchronicissues For each dingo used in the study, a hair and fecal with urban dingoes. The two south-east Queensland samplewastakenatcapture,aswellas6-10mlofblood, shiresformpartofthegreaterBrisbanearea.Maroochy from which serum was extracted and stored for future Shire is coastal lowland with a warm-to-hot, humid testing. Animals were searched for external parasites, climate.Theareahasdiversehabitats,butthemajorityof specifically ticks, fleas, and mange ( Sarcoptes scabiei ). non-urbanareascontainfragmentsoftallEucalyptforest, Laboratory tests for multiple diseases, parasites, and riparian rainforest, or cultivated farms dominated by pathogenswillbeperformedatafuturedate. sugarcaneproduction.(Todate,researchhasonlybeen conducted in Maroochy Shire. For this reason, all DataAnalysis methods, results, and discussion will omit information Whilethispaperreportsonlyinitialobservationsfrom
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