Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, A. Turak, Ö. Balkız ve G. Welch. 2011.

Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey Doğa Koruma Merkezi, Ankara, Turkey Available from: [www.dkm.org.tr] © Doğa Koruma Merkezi (DKM), June 2011 Ortadoğu Sitesi, 1589. Sok. No:4, Yüzüncüyıl, Ankara Tel: (0312) 287 8144 Fax: (0312) 286 6820 www.dkm.org.tr [email protected]

Authors: Evrim Karaçetin, Hilary J. Welch, Ayşe Turak, Özge Balkız and Geoff Welch Maps: Ayşe Turak and Mustafa Durmuş Editors: Özge Balkız, Evrim Karaçetin, Uğur Zeydanlı and Hilary Welch Graphic design: Güngör Genç

Reproduction of this publication for educational or other noncommercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from Doğa Koruma Merkezi, provided that the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes or use of any part of the contents is prohibited without prior written permission from Doğa Koruma Merkezi.

Citation: Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, A. Turak, Ö. Balkız and G. Welch. 2011. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey Ankara, Turkey: Doğa Koruma Merkezi. Available from: [www.dkm.org.tr] Front cover photographs: Euphydryas aurinia, Anthocharis cardamines, Polyommatus menalcas ©Onat Başbay : Lycaena dispar ©Bahar Bilgen : probable Polyommatus artvinensis All photographs used in this publication remain the property of ©Frédéric Carbonell : Polyommatus bollandi the original copyright holder (see individual captions for details). ©Dominique Dumont : Polyommatus caeruleus, Photographs should not be reproduced or used in other contexts Polyommatus theresiae ©Hesselbarth et al. (1995) : without written permission from the copyright holder. Polyommatus merhaba ©Evrim Karaçetin : Erebia ottomana ©Matt Rowlings : habitats © DKM Archive

The Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey is financed by Back cover photographs: the Netherlands Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Boloria graeca ©Didem Ambarlı : Parnassius nordmanni Innovation. The Ministry is not responsible for the content of this ©Adnan Ataç : Polyommatus bellargus ©Onat Başbay : book. Argynnis pandora ©Ahmet Baytaş : Polyommatus lycius ©Frédéric Carbonell : Polyommatus dama ©Evrim Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed Karaçetin : Danaus chrysippus ©Mustafa Sözen : in this book are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect Zerynthia caucasica, Limenitis reducta ©Hilary & Geoff the views of Butterfly Conservation Europe or Erciyes University. Welch : habitats © DKM Archive ConservationTürkiye’deki StrategyKelebeklerin for ButterfliesKoruma inStratejisi Turkey

Evrim Karaçetin, HilaryHilary J.J. Welch,Welch, Ayşe Turak, ÖzgeÖzge BalkızBalkız veand Geoff Geoff Welch Welch Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey

Doğa Koruma Merkezi The Nature Conservation Centre (DKM) works in partner- ship with government, NGOs, research institutions, experts and volunteers, aiming to develop national capacity and a sound scientific and technical basis for effective nature conservation. It encourages and facilitates the systematic col- lection and analysis of biodiversity and other data, and uses these both to identify priority areas for conservation, and to develop sustainable resource-use plans which will benefit biodiversity and people.

DKM is the Turkish representative of Butterfly Conservation Europe (BCE), an umbrella organization for a network of partners and individuals which aims both to stimulate and co-ordinate conservation action for butterflies, moths and their habitats across Europe. BCE and Dutch Butterfly Con- servation are partnering DKM in the project Developing a basis for the active conservation of Turkey’s butterflies (2009-11) funded by the Dutch Government’s BBI-Matra programme.

http://www.bc-europe.org

Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, A. Turak, Ö. Balkız and G. Welch. 2011. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey. Ankara: Doğa Koruma Merkezi. Available from: [www.dkm.org.tr] Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey Contents

1 Contents 2 Foreword – Bahtiyar Kurt, DKM 3 Foreword – Josef Settele, BCE 4 Summary – English 5 Özet – Türkçe 6 A short history of butterfly conservation in Turkey 9 An assessment of the threats to butterflies in Turkey 15 Proposed conservation actions for butterflies in Turkey 21 Acknowledgements 22 Bibliography 23 Appendix 1. Gazetteer of Prime Butterfly Areas 50 Appendix 2. Prime Butterfly Areas: an index by province Tables

10 Table 1 Standard threats and subcategories 16 Table 2 Conservation action categories 19 Table 3 League table of conservation action categories based on the number of actions in each category 19 Table 4 League table of conservation action categories based on individual action occurrence scores 20 Table 5 Top scoring conservation actions in each category, in occurrence score order Figures

14 Figure 1 Analysis of the threats to globally threatened species categorised as CR, EN, VU or NT in Turkey Maps

51 Turkey’s Prime Butterfly Areas Online Appendices (www.dkm.org.tr)

Appendix 3 Prime Butterfly Areas: Identification Methodology (full text) Appendix 4 A table of the priority species in each Prime Butterfly Area Appendix 5 Prime Butterfly Area location and land use maps Appendix 6 Characteristics of Prime Butterfly Areas Appendix 7 Threats, drivers and conservation actions table

Note: This English version of the Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey omits three sections included in the Turkish version, they are: Turkey’s biodiversity and its importance for butterflies The status of butterflies in Turkey A summary of the methodology used to identify the Prime Butterfly Areas (but see online Appendix 3)

Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, A. Turak, Ö. Balkız and G. Welch. 2011. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey. Ankara: Doğa Koruma Merkezi. Available from: [www.dkm.org.tr] 1 For me, it was birds which brought me to nature me to nature which brought For me, it was birds that, when we first begin to discover I re-experienced to conserve So, although the aim of this Strategy is The next stage is implementation; the Strategy is only amazing. are a look, butterflies truly Take Some love birds, some enjoy identifying plants; some enjoy Some love birds, to learn about trees, in dendrology Some take a course taking photographs; merely from pleasure some get great some set into their garden, to run Some wait for summer in the morning; out for a picnic at five town, some miss the smell of grass. Some miss their home publication – the varies. This in nature People’s interest Turkey – was prepared Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in of a group (DKM), Conservation Centre by the Nature motivations people with a wide range of feelings and In 2010, I was invited to join this to conserve nature. team. remarkable for DKM, conservation. Then, when I started working levels to see I tried adjusting my focus to look at lower all over nature butterflies. It was like starting to study re-awakened. again; my senses of wonder and joy were and ask amazed by our new experiences we are nature, Then, as the ourselves, ‘How did I miss all this before?’ we observe with initial wonder turns to fascination and that these incredible eye, we realise experienced a more Concerned, we start to facing many threats. are creatures we want to look for solutions and discover that, whatever steppes – what we need forests, butterflies, birds, – protect to do is the same. have been butterflies, all those involved in its preparation will in fact contribute to that its successful realisation aware the conservation of a wide range of species and habitats. I thus see this document as a valuable guide for all involved conservation, and believe that it will stand as a in nature milestone for conservation in Turkey. the synergies very much hope that valuable if it is used. We will enable us all to find developed during its preparation of butterflies. ways to actively cooperate for the future [www.dkm.org.tr] from: Merkezi. Available Ankara: Doğa Koruma Turkey. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in 2011. and G. Welch. Ö. Balkız A. Turak, Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch,

2

Bahtiyar Kurt Conservation Director (DKM) Conservation Centre Nature May 2011 Ankara, Turkey, Foreword Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey for Butterflies in Strategy Conservation ) (Archon apollinus Apollo False ©Hilary & Geoff Welch ©Süleyman Ekşioğlu 3 Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey for Butterflies in Strategy Conservation ) (Hyponephele naricoides brown steppe Staudinger’s Foreword Josef Settele Chairman (BCE) Europe Butterfly Conservation May 2011 Halle, Germany,

The sheer diversity of butterflies in Turkey – around 380 Turkey – around The sheer diversity of butterflies in published by Turkey, The Red Book of Butterflies in Turkey is evidently a priority, Conserving butterflies in [www.dkm.org.tr] from: Merkezi. Available Ankara: Doğa Koruma Turkey. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in 2011. and G. Welch. Ö. Balkız A. Turak, Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, species – is stunning. By comparison there are 482 species 482 species are species – is stunning. By comparison there The importance of Turkey in the whole of Europe. recorded endemic species, of is further underlined by the number of endemics – another 45, and also the near are which there Butterfly as a candidate EU Member State, Turkey 21. With views the potential ‘addition’ of this Conservation Europe of conservation rich heritage of butterflies to the EU’s list with both excitement and concern. responsibilities and involvement DKM earlier this year with the support the first ever of experts in the BCE network, presented status objective assessment of the national conservation on its heels butterfly fauna. Hard Turkish of the entire and assessing the document, presenting comes the present Turkey, to butterflies and their habitats throughout threats need protection, identifying those sites which urgently practical conservation actions to address and presenting some form of – all of which are the drivers of the threats human impact on the environment. and with these two documents now at hand it really can be and effective seems that something concrete achieved. I am delighted by the collaborative way that this Conservation Strategy has been developed, and the network now looks forward Butterfly Conservation Europe to supporting its implementation. I hope that the Strategy butterflies, will encourage action to conserve and treasure not just because healthy butterfly populations mean a for ourselves, but also for their sheer healthy environment beauty and the joy they bring to our lives. Halting biodiversity decline is a major challenge. Halting biodiversity and large to a lot about the threats Almost daily we hear but about insects we hear very little. conspicuous animals, than half of all the species more invertebrates comprise Yet in the functioning play a vital role known to science and They also have short life-cycles of the world’s ecosystems. So we should be extremely rapidly to change. and respond rapidly than concerned that they have declined far more landscapes. other taxa in modern European The next concern is the wider environment. Butterflies the wider environment. The next concern is Strategy has been This National Conservation is eight priority actions which will deliver The result 1. Law and policy 2. Land protection 3. Species management 4. Information and research 5. Education and awareness 6. Livelihood incentives 7. Capacity building 8. Land management. of regular In 2021, following IUCN’s recommendation is thus much to do to In the coming ten years there to protected restricted not and should not become are ecosystems so we signs of functioning Butterflies are areas. and common. widespread that they remain should ensure ways to use develop, or relearn, achieve this we must To sustainably. natural resources the landscape and its to butterflies, a list of the threats developed by compiling in developing a and consulting with a variety of experts which have detailed list of solutions: conservation actions Throughout Turkey. in the threats the potential to address conservation of effective the aim has been to provide butterfly important sites and connectivity between cultivated populations by ensuring that the forested, man continue to and grassland landscapes managed by to the needs of be managed in a way which is sensitive butterflies and other biodiversity. active conservation in eight categories: as the most Of these, law and policy has been identified Turkey. for action to conserve butterflies in important area implicit in all eight actions is the need for a Further, continual flow of new data on butterflies, to fill gaps in updated information on the our knowledge and provide distribution and status of all species. ten-yearly updates, it will be time for the Red List to be to all butterflies At the same time the threats reviewed. made with the and the progress should be re-analysed conservation actions reviewed. DKM is Turkey. for butterflies in future a secure ensure committed to continuing to play an active part in achieving this.

©Hilary & Geoff Welch [www.dkm.org.tr] from: Merkezi. Available Ankara: Doğa Koruma Turkey. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in 2011. and G. Welch. Ö. Balkız A. Turak, Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch,

In the last 30 years much has been published on Turkey’s been published on Turkey’s In the last 30 years much has the digitised butterfly data set, updated national With 4 butterflies – disseminating information on distributions, butterflies – disseminating information identification, new species and developments ecology, All of this has both initiated serious study in taxonomy. of butterflies by amateur enthusiasts and facilitated the inclusion of butterflies in conservation studies, developing technical tools for conservation, encouraging butterfly watchers to get involved in collecting and sharing an information for use in conservation, and creating of butterflies among the general public. awareness species, checklist and national Red List of threatened the next task has been to use objective computer aided Areas set of Prime Butterfly the core to identify procedures in (PBAs). The initial set of 65 sites selected and presented of every species in this document includes representation protection, these sites with effective By providing Turkey. we can be confident we have a good and efficient basis butterflies. which to conserve all of Turkey’s from Since the 1980s there has been a growing interest interest has been a growing Since the 1980s there by the butterflies. This has been fuelled in Turkey’s rich diversity of species and the continuing extraordinarily checklist of around a current discovery of new taxa. With supports more 380 species, including 45 endemics, Turkey butterfly species than any country in Europe. Summary Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey for Butterflies in Strategy Conservation Çoruh Valley, Artvin Valley, Çoruh Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey ©Oktay Subaşı

Romanoff’s vernal copper (Tomares romanovi)

Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, A. Turak, Ö. Balkız and G. Welch. 2011. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey. Ankara: Doğa Koruma Merkezi. Available from: [www.dkm.org.tr] 5 Die Die Tagfalter Die Tagfalter Sigbert Wagener continued to support butterfly continued to support butterfly Sigbert Wagener in with an increase The new millennium coincided Conservation requires information, and in Turkey the information, and in Turkey Conservation requires of butterfly conservation has closely followed progress Turkish the publication of information. Since 1981 Ahmet Ömer Koçak and Muhabbet Kemal academics on Turkish have been publishing checklists and reports Lepidoptera (available via the website www.cesa-tr. or those of their their own researches from resulting org), of regularly valuable sources students, thus providing in developing updated information which can be used lists. Following the start of conservation tools such as red of this initiative was the publication in 1995 Oorschot Hesselbarth, Harry van der Türkei – by Gerhard a large with contributions from and Sigbert Wagener volume work three number of academics and amateurs – a on Turkey’s which aimed to bring together all knowledge volume of photographs with the third butterflies. Now, and distribution maps as a butterfly watcher’s handbook, species, it and supported by field guides for European serious study of was possible for non-academics to begin in the field, with butterflies and learn how to identify them binoculars and camera. 2004. in death his to up right Turkey in studies conservation in the first European He facilitated the inclusion of Turkey 1999), Warren Butterflies Red Data Book (van Swaay and Turkey which Areas in and identified the Prime Butterfly scale study by van Swaay included in the European were in 2003. Both these landmark publications and Warren context and particularly valuable in a European were for demonstrate the international importance of Turkey butterflies. butterflies. local activities aimed at conserving Turkey’s On a technical level, 2000 was the first year that Tagfalter der Türkei’s butterfly distribution data was used der Türkei’s Tagfalter for in studies which aimed to identify and prioritise areas Ayşe biodiversity conservation. This work started with PhD thesis in 2000 (Patterns of species richness, Turak’s and their use in conservation endemism and rarity in Turkey the initiation of a long- evaluation), and continued through studies aiming to cover the of regional term programme Derneği Koruma started by Doğal Hayatı whole of Turkey, in 2000, and continued today by the and WWF-Turkey Merkezi) same team of people (now in Doğa Koruma [www.dkm.org.tr] from: Merkezi. Available Ankara: Doğa Koruma Turkey. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in 2011. and G. Welch. Ö. Balkız A. Turak, Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch,

6 Hilary J. Welch Senior Conservation Officer (DKM) Centre Conservation Nature

Butterfly watchers Asuman Gem and Seda Emel Tek ButterflyAsuman Gem and Seda Emel watchers Turkey conservation in of butterfly A short history Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey for Butterflies in Strategy Conservation ©Hilary & Geoff Welch Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey ©Süleyman Ekşioğlu

Turquoise blue (Polyommatus dorylas), Meleager’s blue (P. daphnis) and Agrodiaetus blues on the Turkish field guide. The Lycaenid family is well working together with the Ministry of Environment and represented in Turkey with around 160 species. Forestry’s Biodiversity Monitoring Unit. By the end of 2011 six regional studies will have been completed – Southeast Anatolia, Mediterranean, Lesser Caucasus, Anatolian Diagonal, Aegean and the Black Sea. In parallel with this, in 2002, Evrim Karaçetin and Ahmet Baytaş joined forces to make butterfly watching a more accessible activity in Turkey. Initially they focused on establishing regular contact with and between butterfly watchers via an email group, and this rapidly became a valuable platform for providing expert help with identification. As the use of digital cameras grew so too did the number of butterfly websites, and today – nine years later – there is a rich resource of butterfly photographs taken by Turkish butterfly watchers available on the internet. At the same time popular articles on butterflies started to be published in magazines such as National Geographic-Turkey, Bilim ve Teknik, Atlas and Yeşil Atlas. In 2007-2008, Ahmet Baytaş’ A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Turkey was published in English (October 2007) and Turkish (March 2008), and Türkiye’nin Kelebek Rehberi – a book providing an introduction to butterflies – was published by Evrim Karaçetin and Ahmet Baytaş (August 2008). With these two publications, butterfly watching became accessible to observers of all abilities, both locals and visitors from abroad. At the same time, in November 2007, DKM became the Turkish representative of the Butterfly Conservation Europe (BCE) network and its involvement in butterfly conservation activities increased.

Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, A. Turak, Ö. Balkız and G. Welch. 2011. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey. Ankara: Doğa Koruma Merkezi. Available from: [www.dkm.org.tr] 7 With financial support from the Dutch Embassy’s KNIP KNIP the Dutch Embassy’s from financial support With support of the Dutch the continuing financial With to response The smaller of the two was developed in worked on two and a half year project, The larger, Despite the advances in knowledge of Turkey’s Evrim from technical support programme, small grants Dirk Maes (BCE Board Ahmet Baytaş and Karaçetin, guide, of the new field and with the resource member), in field identification and survey four days of training watchers in June to 13 butterfly delivered techniques were the training, the trainers and 10 2008. Immediately after four teams to carry out seven days of the trainees formed Anatolia and the steppes of Central of fieldwork in the of the Kaçkar Mountains, and subalpine meadows forest data for two conservation projects gathering valuable new by DKM. being implemented all on and benefitting from government and building DKM went on to implement two the work done to date, Between them these further butterfly conservation projects. and guide developed the tools and capacity to underpin and established Turkey, butterfly conservation in future and capable DKM and its partners as committed advocates very were implementers of that work. The two projects different. (Artvin), specifically Yusufeli the concerns of locals in collection of illegal commercial the problem to address mainly in Prime of butterflies which appears to occur the law and researched The project Areas. Butterfly to bring a successful to follow in order procedures and, following consultation with stakeholders, prosecution use hand guide published the information in an easy to their part in which showed how everyone can play stopping this illegal activity. network, two levels; developing the butterfly watcher the technical tools for conservation. With and producing the number butterfly watchers the aim was to increase their capacity to of committed observers, and to develop The technical tools included: collect data systematically. digitised butterfly data; an updated national checklist; red list (published as the Red Book of a national butterfly and Turkey and available as a pdf in Turkish Butterflies in ); the initial set of Prime www.dkm.org.tr English from are now identified; and the document you Areas Butterfly Turkey. the Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in reading, list, The publication of these outputs, particularly the red added further to the capacity of the butterfly watchers by and concern for working on and developing their interest species. actively conserving threatened is still a huge recent years, there butterflies, especially in amount to be done, but the number of people actively remains and conservation research working on butterfly The small, especially given the size of Turkey. extremely a foundation set of key now provide Areas Prime Butterfly and managed to conserve sites that need to be protected butterfly fauna. examples of Turkey’s representative conservation sustainable protection, for effective, However, needs to take place at the landscape scale and it is hoped that this strategy will act as a valuable guide, indicating how this may best be achieved.

©Hilary & Geoff Welch ©DKM Archive [www.dkm.org.tr] from: Merkezi. Available Ankara: Doğa Koruma Turkey. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in 2011. and G. Welch. Ö. Balkız A. Turak, Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, 8 KaranfilAladağlar south Mountain, Butterfly watchers Bahar Bilgen, Ayşe Turak and Deniz BirikenTurak BCE with Ayşe Butterfly Bahar Bilgen, watchers Dirk Maes in 2008. right) during (top training member, board Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey for Butterflies in Strategy Conservation 9 Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey for Butterflies in Strategy Conservation Abandonment of traditional land management – including low – including low land management of traditional Abandonment in the – is resulting above such as shown with cattle grazing intensity loss of important rich habitats in butterflies. grassland Intensive cultivation (Ankara), supports (Ankara), cultivation Intensive no butterflies An assessment to of the threats Turkey in butterflies Welch Geoff Conservation Advisor (DKM) Centre Conservation Nature ©Hilary & Geoff Welch ©Hilary & Geoff Welch The initial identification of threats was carried out The initial identification of threats the underlying In addition to identifying the threats, and subcategories shown in table 1: 11 Of the 44 threats internally by DKM experts together with selected of this process academics and conservationists. The results summarised and then discussed with relevant were stakeholders in a series of one-to-one meetings. Their incorporated to give a comments and suggestions were situation. The assessment of the current comprehensive Appendix 7. analysis table is given in detailed threat identified. This was causes (or drivers) of each were than one underlying often have more important as threats to solve. type of activity a different cause, each requiring By listing all of the potential activities and then looking for duplications/overlaps, it was first possible to identify the and second to prioritise types of activity required, broad activities so as to concentrate on those which will deliver conservation of benefits in terms of effective the greatest Conservation Actions for butterflies – see Proposed Turkey’s Turkey. Butterflies in for to be not applicable eg. aquaculture; considered were was insufficient or no that there seven it was considered Identifying the principal threats to butterflies in Turkey was Turkey to butterflies in threats Identifying the principal of the Conservation a fundamental stage in the preparation to do this in an objective manner, Strategy and, in order to one of the it was achieved by assigning each threat by Salafsky et al. (2008) – see categories presented standard or adapted versions threats, table 1. This list of standard is now widely used by many organisations thereof, Partnership, IUCN including the Conservation Measures to reference specific International. With and BirdLife identification during the threat Turkey, butterflies in that a lack of many types of became apparent it process and so an additional information was a major problem ‘Information gaps’ was added to Salafsky category ‘threat’ information et al’s original list. In many ways, this lack of but understanding why an ‘issue’ than a ‘threat’ of is more important part it is an issue and finding solutions is an Once each butterflies. of being able to conserve Turkey’s the importance of had been assigned to a category, threat and in 10 years time, was assessed each, both currently 1 is low and 3 high on a scale of 1 to 3, where and scored was also 1). The geographic extent of each threat (see Table individual sites and local – affecting assessed ranging from all species and all species, to national – potentially affecting sites. [www.dkm.org.tr] from: Merkezi. Available Ankara: Doğa Koruma Turkey. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in 2011. and G. Welch. Ö. Balkız A. Turak, Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey

Table 1. Standard threats and subcategories (adapted from Salafsky et al. [2008]). Each subcategory is scored from 1-3 according to the perceived severity of the threat today, and its projected severity in 10 years time (2021). Unscored subcategories are either not considered a significant issue for butterflies, or there is insufficient information to assign a score. 1 = minor threat; requires monitoring but not management 2 = moderate threat requiring management to address it 3 = major threat requiring intensive management

Threat Subcategory Present Future 1. Residential and commercial development 1.1 Housing and urban areas 3 3 1.2 Commercial and industrial areas 3 3 1.3 Tourism and recreation areas 3 3 2. Agriculture and aquaculture 2.1 Annual and perennial non-timber crops 3 3 2.2 Wood and pulp plantations 3 3 2.3 Livestock farming and ranching 3 3 2.4 Marine and freshwater aquaculture - - 3. Energy production and mining 3.1 Oil and gas drilling 1 1 3.2 Mining and quarrying 3 3 3.3 Renewable energy 1 2 4. Transportation and service corridors 4.1 Roads and railroads 3 3 4.2 Utility and service lines 2 2 4.3 Shipping lanes - - 4.4 Flight paths - - 5. Biological resource use (for subsistence or commerce) 5.1 Hunting and collecting terrestrial animals 1 1 5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants 2 2 5.3 Logging and wood harvesting 2 1 5.4 Fishing and harvesting aquatic resources - - 6. Human intrusions and disturbance 6.1 Recreational activities 1 2 6.2 War, civil unrest and military exercises - - 6.3 Work and other activities - - 7. Natural system modification 7.1 Fire and fire suppression - - 7.2 Dams and water management/use 3 3 7.3 Other ecosystem modification 3 3 8. Invasive and other problematic species and genes 8.1 Invasive non-native/alien species - - 8.2 Problematic native species - - 8.3 Introduced genetic material - - 9. Pollution 9.1 Household sewage and urban wastewater 1 1 9.2 Industrial and military effluents 1 1 9.3 Agriculture and forestry effluents 3 3 9.4 Garbage and solid waste - - 9.5 Airborne pollutants 2 2 9.6 Excess energy - - 10. Geological events 10.1 Volcanoes - - 10.2 Earthquakes/tsunamis - - 10.3 Avalanches/landslides - - 11. Climate change and severe weather 11.1 Habitat shifting and alteration 2 3 11.2 Droughts - - 11.3 Temperature extremes - - 11.4 Storms and flooding - - 12. Information gaps 12.1 Observers 3 3 12.2 Academic and conservation research 3 3 12.3 Surveys and monitoring 3 3 12.4 Data 3 3

10 Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, A. Turak, Ö. Balkız and G. Welch. 2011. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey. Ankara: Doğa Koruma Merkezi. Available from: [www.dkm.org.tr] 11 Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey for Butterflies in Strategy Conservation Gold mine at Demirkaynak, Gümüşhane: this has largely destroyed the Gold Demirkaynak, mine at destroyed Gümüşhane: this has largely false argus. Turkish type locality of the endemic and Endangered Irrigation, Bursa: this facilitates intensification and results in landscape and Irrigation, intensification Bursa: this facilitates scale changes which almost no butterfly species can survive. in the a problem considered nomad flocks is Over-grazing by Mountains PBA, Erzurum. Palandöken Greenhouses cover almost the whole of the Finike plain, Antalya: very plain, Antalya: the Finike almost the whole of cover Greenhouses butterfliesfew in this environment. can live ©Hilary & Geoff Welch ©Hilary & Geoff Welch ©Bosse van Swaay ©Hilary & Geoff Welch national impact. national impact. see Forest Management see Forest Note that despite the fact that activities such as hydro- The main threats to butterflies are summarised below. summarised below. to butterflies are The main threats [www.dkm.org.tr] from: Merkezi. Available Ankara: Doğa Koruma Turkey. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in 2011. and G. Welch. Ö. Balkız A. Turak, Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch,

information available to allow the threat to be assessed eg. to be assessed eg. the threat available to allow information which conservation for this left 26 threats invasive species; all cases, it was considered In almost action is required. in increase the same or will remain of threat that the level is expected to decrease only threat the next 10 years. The to recent of logging and wood harvesting due the effects management forest of preparing changes in the process that biodiversity conservation plans which now requires the plan ( is an integral part of Legislation, 2008). electric power plants are considered to provide renewable renewable to provide considered electric power plants are scale and large because they lead to irreversible energy, Within this threat, mining and quarrying are considered considered mining and quarrying are this threat, Within impact, principally as the result to be having the greatest to species which have of habitat loss. This is a major threat (Aricia false argus distributions eg Turkish very restricted quarries and open Airborne pollution from torulensis). A at some sites. cast mines is also thought to be a problem lack of biodiversity conservation considerations and weak the main causes. implementation of existing legislation are 3. Energy production and mining: 2. Agriculture and aquaculture: is loss of habitat, with the underlying The principal threat use of eg increased causes being: agricultural intensification mortality and/ in direct pesticides and herbicides resulting resulting or loss of larval foodplants; land consolidation monocultures; mosaics of habitats to large in a shift from of steppe grasslands; and loss of habitat afforestation a shift from In some areas, due to overgrazing. structure of livestock to cross-breeds grazing with native breeds may also be causing habitat breeds commercial or more changes as the ‘new’ livestock is not adapted to the terrain (alpine and sub-alpine meadows) or to grazing the native to the Red Book (Karaçetin and According vegetation. threatened species are threatened one in three 2011) Welch, or chemical either by the intensification of agriculture and pollution. National policy on agricultural production development and the changing economics of farming rural key issues that need to be addressed. are 1. Residential and commercial development: national 1. Residential and commercial impact. urban, uncontrolled from result The principal threats expansion, leading to the industrial and tourism-related parts of the loss and fragmentation of habitat. In some for example the particularly high, are country the affects and mountain development of second homes in coastal the mass tourism developments along increasing and areas population largest Aegean and Mediterranean coasts. The (Maniola halicarnassus) in the world of Halicarnas brown peninsula and is in danger of occurs on the Bodrum A continuing urbanisation due to tourism. extinction from planning in considerations conservation biodiversity of lack legislation existing of implementation weak and procedures causes. the main are See Appendix 7 for more detailed information. detailed more Appendix 7 for See 7. local impact. ), collecting places . Drilling and other renewable other renewable . Drilling and ) may be a greater threat and be having more of and be having more threat ) may be a greater changes in natural systems they are discussed under discussed are natural systems they changes in Modification Natural System energy production activities are also resulting in habitat resulting also are activities production energy a much smaller scale. loss but at and service corridors: national impact. 4. Transportation of the disturbed habitats along The plant communities and nectar for adult butterflies provide roadsides wet Roadsides also provide foodplants for caterpillars. (male) butterflies can the (mud-puddling sites) where areas minerals they need to bring them into find the dissolved widening condition. The national policy of road breeding habitat loss in widespread is resulting and improvement for species with and is a major threat Turkey throughout ) blue (Plejebus rosei distributions eg Rose’s restricted a is known to have destroyed construction road where location. Poor road of habitat at its only known area large likely to are techniques and planning of routes construction of as the result some species in mountain areas be affecting such as mud-puddling a loss of small-scale habitat features is resulting of utility infrastructure sites. The construction in habitat fragmentation. 5. Biological resource use: local impact. be having an impact The illegal collection of butterflies may sites – such on local populations at well-known butterfly – or on rare as Palandöken and the Kaçkar Mountains to be a and localised species, but this is not considered species for very scarce However, at present. major threat by habitat loss, such as threatened already which are Mesoptamian blue (Polyommatus dama small populations. on their a further negative pressure or sale eg rhubarb Collection of foodplants for subsistence (Rheum ribes) used by Miller’s (Callophrys hairstreak green mystaphia an impact. 6. Human intrusions and disturbance: more of living and mobility, standards increased With by recreational of the countryside is likely to be affected driving, activities such as picnicking, camping and off-road leading to a loss or damage of foodplants and larval or of such pupal stages of butterflies. The cumulative effect dispar), copper (Lycaena damage may be important. Large and other species which occur in small patches of restricted most habitat near settlements and other built habitats, are at risk. 7. Natural system modification: national and local impact. for hydro-electric The national policy on dam construction fragmentation and loss significant in resulting is production It is a particular threat of habitat nationally and locally. River Basin in the species-rich South in the Çoruh (Sucu and 27 dam projects are there where Kaçkars PBA power small scale hydro-electric Dinçer 2008) and 117 of plants planned (Akpınar et al. 2009). The construction and powerlines will such as roads associated infrastructure in a significant loss and fragmentation of habitat, and result rivers will be canalised and diverted through in some areas power mountains via tunnels. The dam and hydro-electric threat comprise the major Valley in the Çoruh constructions

©Didem Ambarlı ©Hilary & Geoff Welch ©Hilary & Geoff Welch [www.dkm.org.tr] from: Merkezi. Available Ankara: Doğa Koruma Turkey. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in 2011. and G. Welch. Ö. Balkız A. Turak, Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, 12 Artvin Dam under construction on the Çoruh River, Artvin.Artvin River, Dam under construction on the Çoruh ) caterpillar on its foodplant: the period on its foodplant: ) caterpillar (Archon apollinus Apollo False an adult butterfly it becomes particularly is when all species are before or damage. disturbance habitat to vulnerable Road building, Palandöken Mountains PBA, Erzurum. Palandöken Road building, Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey for Butterflies in Strategy Conservation 13 Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey for Butterflies in Strategy Conservation Studying the life cycles of Marsh and Steppe Fritillaries, METU Campus cycles Fritillaries, of Marsh the life and Steppe Studying PBA, Ankara. Spring spraying of crops in Adana: pesticides have a negative effect on a negative pesticides have Adana: in of crops Spring spraying to farmers. beneficial which are including those all invertebrates, been carried model out to no study has yet Yozgat: weather, Stormy Turkey. butterflies will affect changes in the climate how in Abandoned meadows in the Küre Mountans, Kastamonu: Mountans, without in the Küre meadows Abandoned and the returning is gradually the forest cutting and grazing regular butterflyare disappearing. species which need the flowery meadows Photos ©Hilary & Geoff Welch ), Land abandonment and changes in land management in land management and changes Land abandonment [www.dkm.org.tr] from: Merkezi. Available Ankara: Doğa Koruma Turkey. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in 2011. and G. Welch. Ö. Balkız A. Turak, Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, 11. Climate change and severe weather: national impact. 11. of changing Habitat shifting and alteration as the result in this to be the main threat climate patterns is considered mofidii For example, Mofidi’s Fritillary (Brenthis category. 12. Information gaps: national impact. limitations in the number and ability of currently are There Turkey which limits our knowledge butterfly watchers in of most distribution and population trends of the precise on is little research At the academic level, there species. many species, for example are result there As a butterflies. the precise , where those in the subgenus Agrodiaetus taxonomic situation of species and subspecies is unknown Without is very little knowledge of their ecology. and there and up to date information on species, it is difficult reliable for planners Additionally, conservation. to plan effective and decision makers much of the existing information on butterflies is either unavailable or in a format Turkey’s accessible, and this makes it difficult to that is not readily policy and relevant included in that butterflies are ensure legislation. 10. Geological events No known impact on butterflies. on relies province, a near endemic species found in Hakkari its summer moist snow melt in the mountains to support may water supplies is less snow, grassland habitat. If there With the changing climate, be insufficient in the future. expected to move to alternative areas migratory species are localised, sedentary species of suitable habitat. However, if local conditions may be unable to move to new areas being developed on models which are are change. There precipitation climate changes which consider temperature and rain, however no study has yet been carried out on Turkey. butterflies in how these changes will affect 9. Pollution: national impact. and industrialisation both lead Population increase industrial to higher concentrations of household and major impacts due to the widespread are pollution. There and and often excessive use of pesticides, herbicides disposal of surplus fertilisers and the unregulated in a loss chemicals and their packaging. This is resulting numbers of foodplants, and serious declines in species’ to especially for those species restricted and diversity, and their surroundings. agricultural areas 8. Invasive and other problematic species and genes 8. Invasive and other butterflies. No known impact on to the South Kaçkars PBA. In the Çoruh Valley PBA it is PBA Valley the Çoruh Kaçkars PBA. In to the South changes associated be localised climate will also likely there lakes created. with the new is also grazing to cutting from techniques eg a change The rural areas. impact in many having a significant a combination of dwindling this are underlying causes of especially in mountain populations, and ageing rural a change in the economics of due to migration, and areas, traditional grazing and hay farming, making small-scale, uneconomic. production Number of species affected 10 15 20 25 0 5 Conservation Strategy in forButterflies Turkey species categorisedasCR,EN,VUorNTinTurkey Figure 1.Analysisofthethreatstogloballythreatened 14 Residential and commercial development Karaçetin, E., H.J.Welch, A. Turak, Ö.BalkızandG.Welch. 2011. ConservationStrategy forButterfliesin Turkey. Ankara:DoğaKoruma Merkezi. Available from: [www.dkm.org.tr] Agriculture and aquaculture

Energy production and mining

Transportation and service corridors Main threats Biological resource use

Human intruions and disturbance

Natural system modification

Pollution

Climate change and severe weather

Information gaps long waytoreducing manyofthesethreats. Improving andenforcing existinglegislationwould goa conservation are absentorgivenaverylowpriority. development goals,whilstbiodiversityandenvironmental high importancegiventopolicieswitheconomicand the majorthreats tobutterfliesin Turkey stemfrom the is notavailable. in Turkey but forthemajorityoftaxadetailedinformation Ideally suchananalysisshouldbecarriedoutforallspecies Butterflies (Karaçetin and Welch, 2011) is shown in Figure 1. and NearThreatened) includedintheTurkish RedListof species (CriticallyEndangered, Endangered, Vulnerable analysis ofthe37nationallythreatened andnearthreatened To illustratetherelative importanceofthesethreats, an As theresult ofthethreats assessmentwecanseethat 15 Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey for Butterflies in Strategy Conservation Balkan) larissa (Melanargia marbled white Proposed Proposed conservation actions in for butterflies Turkey Hilary Welch Senior Conservation Officer (DKM) Centre Conservation Nature ©Hale Binay et and 4. Education and to the threats and drivers analysis, to the threats . The result was a list of 95 potential conservation The result Each solution has been assigned to one of eight Assigning each action to one category was not The research carried out for the Turkish Red Book, and the out for the Turkish carried The research and Areas analysis involved in identifying the Prime Butterfly Using all this has prioritised species, sites and threats. threats how and and target information it is now possible to categorise butterflies can most effectively be conserved. where [www.dkm.org.tr] from: Merkezi. Available Ankara: Doğa Koruma Turkey. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in 2011. and G. Welch. Ö. Balkız A. Turak, Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, Methodology in Salafsky et al. (2008) and The methodology presented continued to be used to identify the threats the process set of draft conservation followed. Thus a preliminary experts together actions was developed internally by DKM and then with selected academics and conservationists, one-to-one meetings with through discussed and refined of the source stakeholders. In drawing up the actions (the ‘driver’)the threat and the needing to be addressed The considered. conservation needs of butterflies were valuable and participation of key experts was extremely and additions. facilitated many improvements drivers and actions (see the full table in Appendix 7: Threats, process, despite the careful conservation actions). However, the conservation actions list should only be considered indicative, not exhaustive. It is expected that a greater and on the understanding of the issues to be addressed ideas and more implementation will generate more ground solutions. and effective targeted Salafsky by presented those are seven first The categories. simple. Many actions would fit into several categories, depending on which phase of the action was considered; facilitation, implementation or outcome. For example, the action ‘Establish a demonstration site for conservation is placed in 8. Information and in Turkey’ and research , because the principal use of the site will be for research the action also has the However, conservation research. , 2. Land potential to deliver benefits under 1. Land protection management, 3. Species management al. (2008) and, following the need to add the extra category of Information gaps is similarly added as an eighth Information and research conservation action category at the end of table 2 (overleaf). awareness Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey

Table 2. Conservation action categories

Category Subcategory 1. Land protection 1.1 Site / area protection 1.2 Resource and habitat protection 2. Land management 2.1 Site / area management 2.2 Invasive / problematic species control 2.3 Habitat and natural process restoration 3. Species management 3.1 Species management 3.2 Species recovery 3.3 Species reintroduction 3.4 Ex-situ conservation 4. Education and awareness 4.1 Formal education 4.2 Training 4.3 Awareness and communications 5. Law and policy 5.1 Legislation 5.2 Policies and regulations 5.3 Private sector standards and codes 5.4 Compliance and enforcement 6. Livelihood, economic & other incentives 6.1 Linked enterprises and livelihood alternatives 6.2 Substitution 6.3 Market forces 6.4 Conservation payments 6.5 Non monetary values 7. External capacity building 7.1 Institutional and civil society development 7.2 Alliance and partnership development 7.3 Conservation finance 8. Information and research 8.1 Conservation Research 8.2 Academic research / desk study 8.3 Collect and share data ©Hilary & Geoff ©Hilary Welch Results A summary of the conservation actions by category 1. Land protection – 3 potential actions The main focus here is on identifying a way to provide the Prime Butterfly Areas with effective protection from damaging developments whilst at the same time allowing and promoting the continuation of land management practices which maintain the vegetation composition and structure needed by butterflies. Designation as protected areas may not be the best answer for this as, although this would potentially provide the best protection, management of habitats for wildlife is not a common practice on protected areas in Turkey, and there is a lack of infrastructure on protected areas to undertake it. However, butterflies are species which need habitat management, for example controlled grazing pressure. For this reason, not only in protected areas but also in the wider landscape, having sustainable use (not protection) as the Balalan valley, South Kaçkars PBA: finding effective ways to encourage priority is preferable as it would ensure the conservation local people to continue to manage meadows traditionally is key to outcomes required by butterflies. A system of support and conserving the value of this area for butterflies. control, through mechanisms such as well-designed agri-

16 Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, A. Turak, Ö. Balkız and G. Welch. 2011. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey. Ankara: Doğa Koruma Merkezi. Available from: [www.dkm.org.tr] 17 Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey for Butterflies in Strategy Conservation ) butterfly, an fritillary steppe orientalis) butterfly, emerged A freshly (Euphydryas model of a butterfly with her and a girl species (above) and Endangered its chrysalis (below). Forests with a varied age and species structure, together with a variety together with a varied age and species structure, Forests to in Bolu is home forest This rich in butterflies. are of openings, ). (Zerynthia caucasica festoon Caucasian Photos ©Hilary & Geoff Welch

through providing providing through – 16 potential actions – 3 potential actions – 31 potential actions To encourage academic study To knowledgeable public develop a caring and more To stakeholders through of specific raise the awareness To providing develop butterfly watchers committed to To [www.dkm.org.tr] from: Merkezi. Available Ankara: Doğa Koruma Turkey. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in 2011. and G. Welch. Ö. Balkız A. Turak, Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, 5. Law and policy main categories; a) identifying The actions fall into three needed, b) in legislation are improvements where public money of legislation, and c) directing enforcement in greener to support changes in policy which result initiatives. 4 . Education and awareness campaigns, posters and popular articles which through of the value and variety of butterflies. raise awareness • to tackle specific threats training in order targeted more data for conservation by training them in fieldcraft, identification and ecology. Sharing the knowledge we have of the threats to butterflies, threats Sharing the knowledge we have of the that and ecology will ensure their population trends be ameliorated as far as possible damaging actions can can be designed. and beneficial conservation measures Action Species Developing authoritative science-based species and habitat Plans – especially for threatened particularly vulnerable to specialists, both of which are knowledge with others change – would enable us to share and their keen to do what they can to conserve butterflies of the national Red habitats. It would also support updates feedback on the state of the regular List, thus providing conservation nation’s butterflies and indicating whether having an effect. are measures at many Actions in this category have been identified academic study and technical publications, to levels, from raising: public and stakeholder awareness • a text books on butterfly ecology and providing Turkish platform for the publication of papers on conservation in Turkey. research • of steppes, excessive and unnecessary such as afforestation and unnecessary use of chemicals in the environment, damage due to insensitive developments. environmental • 3. Species management – 4 potential actions 2. Land management under of areas to the management This category refers the actions presented management; or controlled protection In all areas. and public recreation thus in forests are here of butterflies cases the aim is to include consideration In forests, and other biodiversity in site management. in hand to incorporate wildlife-friendly work is already management plans. into forest management prescriptions environment measures, would allow local communities to allow local communities would measures, environment provide and manage the land sympathetically continue to and sustainable conservation scale landscape the large would not this however, habitats needed; use of grassland With damaging developments. from protection provide solutions such as a designation this in mind alternative traditional lifestyles, and development aimed at conserving site for conservation and research of a demonstration also included in the ) are (see 8. Information and research list. conservation actions Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey Photos ©Hilary & GeoffPhotos ©Hilary Welch Improvements in legislation: to develop and restore effective legal instruments for protecting important sites and species from damaging developments, ensuring that the active protection of biodiversity – particularly of threatened species – is firmly embedded in legislation. Examples of ways in which this could be achieved are through recognising Species Action Plans and Red Lists as legal documents, ensuring that the qualifying criteria for Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) are appropriate for effective protection of sites important for butterflies and biodiversity, and including delivery of biodiversity conservation in organic farming legislation. Enforcement of legislation: to ensure that existing legal instruments which have the power to deliver positive benefits for biodiversity, such as the Rangeland Act, are effectively enforced, and that their impact on biodiversity is monitored through scientifically sound compliance mechanisms developed and implemented by qualified ecologists. Greener policies: these include developing and enforcing stricter controls which consider the effects of emissions on biodiversity, promoting wise water use, pollution-free public transport, basin-scale planning for dams and hydro- electric power plants, and energy efficiency.

6. Livelihood, economic and other incentives – 14 potential actions For butterfly and biodiversity conservation to be effective it is important to reduce the likelihood of local or regional extinctions by maintaining connectivity between populations. This category addresses the issue of fragmentation of natural habitats by delivering landscape scale conservation management of habitats rich in butterflies. It promotes use of agri-environment schemes to promote landscape mosaics (as opposed to monocultures) and supports traditional grazing and haying practices – two basic tenets of High Nature Value farming which are both of direct benefit to butterflies and biodiversity. At the same time it promotes rural development and sustainable use initiatives which aim to keep local communities together and thus ensure there are people present to continue managing the land, and uses market forces to put a value on the products of wildlife-friendly, traditional land use practices.

7. External capacity building – 5 potential actions This category targets nonfinancial support and capacity building, forming and facilitating partnerships and networks, and raising or providing funds for conservation. Without the necessary capacity and infrastructure in organisations, business, government and local communities, it will not be possible to deliver effective conservation. Included in this category is establishing an organisation specialising in butterfly conservation.

8. Information and research – 19 potential actions The main target is to find ways to obtain a sustainable stream of reliable data on species’ distributions, ecology Developing agri-environment measures which deliver both biodiversity and population trends. This requires developing both and secure livelihoods for farmers requires extensive consultation and field methodologies and the size and commitment of the the involvement of stakeholders at all levels. workforce to collect the data. The actions in this category

18 Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, A. Turak, Ö. Balkız and G. Welch. 2011. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey. Ankara: Doğa Koruma Merkezi. Available from: [www.dkm.org.tr] 19 Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey for Butterflies in Strategy Conservation Conservation actionConservation category Law and policyLaw Information and research Information and other incentives economic Livelihood, Species management and awareness Education Land protection External capacity building Land management Conservation action Conservation category Law and policyLaw and research Information and awareness Education and other incentives economic Livelihood, External capacity building Land protection Land management Species management ACTIONS TOTAL 4 45 27 27 22 15 10 123 5 3 4 3 31 19 16 14 95 scores action Total of Total No. of No. actions occurrence occurrence ), made available (see Appendix the PBAs 5), made available for land use map layers The General the Ministry with a collaboration through of Agriculture’s will be very and Development, Production of Agricultural Directorate and defining the boundaries of PBAs. planning fieldwork for valuable Table 4. League table of conservation action categories Table based on individual action occurrence scores League table of conservation action categories 3. League table of conservation action categories Table category based on the number of actions in each

Photo ©Hilary & Geoff Welch – appears ). This was done in two different ways. ). This was done in two different where there is a disproportionate concentration is a disproportionate there where Using the occurrence scores of the individual actions scores Using the occurrence Visit all core Prime Butterfly all core For example, the action – Visit Using the available data to direct conservation action to conservation available data to direct Using the of information, to and feedback the provision Through action, to support conservation Conservation research [www.dkm.org.tr] from: Merkezi. Available Ankara: Doğa Koruma Turkey. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in 2011. and G. Welch. Ö. Balkız A. Turak, Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, see Table to prioritise the conservation action categories (see Table 4. League table of conservation action categories using ), the top two scoring scores individual action occurrence increased unchallenged and with greatly categories remain – further emphasising their importance. scores against 13 different threats in seven different threat threat in seven different threats against 13 different categories. If the number of times an action appears of its conservation a measure on the list is considered another can be used as scores these occurrence efficiency, prioritisation tool. Areas to determine continued presence of key species, compile to determine continued presence Areas define practical species lists, identify threats, comprehensive conservation opportunities boundaries and research 2. The ‘occurrence score’ of each action 2. The ‘occurrence score’ Appendix Looking down the list of conservation actions in 7 it can be seen that some actions appear on the list several categories. and in different threats times – against different a range of Thus some actions have the potential to address making them efficient for delivering conservation. threats, . Additionally, only in the top Additionally, of activities in Law and policy. two categories – Law and policy and Information and research every category of actions needed to address there – are Thus work in the top action categories in table 3 threat. use of resources the most effective could be considered in more threats more will address as work in these areas categories. Priority conservation categories and actions Priority conservation categories to identify the The final phase of the assessment was complete actions conservation priorities by analysing the list (see Appendix 7 category 1. Number of actions in each conservation that there the actions assigned to categories it is clear With actions in some categories than others. This far more are 3. League table of conservation actions can be seen in Table by category are focused on: are • for agri-environment to target priority areas identify the be done by by overlapping example this could support. For and important grassland Areas data on Prime Butterfly with agricultural/rangeland land butterfly communities use data layers. • and butterfly watchers to collect encourage academicians fill temporal and spatial gaps and new data which will of trends. a picture provide • order of climate change in effects for example into the at vulnerable species; on conservation effort to target practices and regimes traditional land management to guide the development of optimal habitat in order to ascertain the impact management prescriptions; changes in of pollutants on invertebrates and guide legislation. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey

Table 5. Top scoring conservation actions in each category, in occurrence score order Score Conservation action description Category Notes 19 Enable the implementation of legislation and procedures Law and Policy which benefit butterflies and biodiversity. 13 Provide Prime Butterfly Areas with a conservation Land protection ‘umbrella’ status which provides protection from damaging developments and supports the continuation of traditional agricultural practices which maintain the value of the sites for butterflies. 13 Draw up Species Action Plans for threatened species Species management on the Turkish Red List, and use them as a resource in working together with nature conservationists, planners, investors and other stakeholders and land users. 13 Visit all core Prime Butterfly Areas to determine continued Information and presence of key species, compile comprehensive species research lists, identify threats, define practical boundaries and research conservation opportunities. 4 Raise awareness of the vital role of invertebrates, and of Education and the value of butterflies as visible indicators ecosystem awareness health, selecting regional flagship species to tackle specific issues. 4 Together with Ministry of Food, Agriculture & Animal Livelihood, economic Husbandry and other experts, and drawing on the and other incentives experience of EU member states, define the prescriptions for inclusion in agri-environment measures which will benefit butterflies, promoting landscape mosaics, High Nature Value farming and organic farming practices. 3 Work together with the Ministry of Food, Agriculture External capacity & Animal Husbandry and other relevant bodies to use building ÇATAK and IPARD funding opportunities creatively to support the development of agri-environment and rural development initiatives, adding a criteria to the project selection process whereby actions which aim to manage or improve habitats for butterflies and/or other biodiversity are given priority. 1 Develop and disseminate conservation action Land management All the actions in this category recommendations for the management of grasslands and scored 1 so the most generic action forests which benefit butterflies. has been selected as the priority.

For the prioritisation of the conservation actions the occurrence scores were the principal tool used. Table 5 presents the top scoring conservation actions in each category i.e. the actions which are identified as addressing the most threats. Overall, these are considered the eight most conservation efficient actions and thus the priorities for implementation. Nevertheless, it should be remembered that every conservation action listed in Appendix 7 has been identified as important and necessary for the effective conservation of butterflies in Turkey. It is recommended that this assessment be updated in 2021 (i.e. after a 10 year interval), using new, up-to- date data. An update will make it possible to assess what progress has taken place and to redefine the priorities in the light of the new information. It is hoped that this document will be used collaboratively by all individuals and organisations responsible for and interested in conserving butterflies in Turkey. By working together significant steps for their conservation can be made.

20 Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, A. Turak, Ö. Balkız and G. Welch. 2011. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey. Ankara: Doğa Koruma Merkezi. Available from: [www.dkm.org.tr] 21 Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey for Butterflies in Strategy Conservation Male butterflies feed on minerals to bring them into peak condition Male peak butterfliesto bring them into feed on minerals underside and green common Amanda’s, are there Here breeding. for ). alexis and Glaucopsyche icarus amandus, P. blues (Polyommatus Acknowledgements ©Hilary & Geoff Welch DKM is extremely grateful to the following individuals DKM is extremely of the Ministry of Forestry very appreciative are We the we thank the photographers who provided Finally, [www.dkm.org.tr] from: Merkezi. Available Ankara: Doğa Koruma Turkey. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in 2011. and G. Welch. Ö. Balkız A. Turak, Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, In developing this conservation strategy, the authors the authors strategy, In developing this conservation it would be objective and credible keen to ensure were widely tested and accepted by following a systematic, and followed by which could be replicated approach facilitated that the process others. It was also important of a range participation and effective the transparent and conservation actions of specialists. The threats et al. (2008) classification system developed by Salafsky only small and required just such an approach provided it applicable adaptations to the classification to make resulting Turkish context. The to butterflies and the their drivers and the potential solutions table of threats, to be a very useful, (conservation actions) proved a range of experts informative tool for obtaining input from on specific issues. for their time and the valuable and organisations and suggestions they contributed to the development of this fine-tuning of the table which is the foundation Association – an NGO Buğday Aydemir, Strategy: Güneşin and Agriculture working closely with the Ministry of Food, and Value particularly on High Nature Animal Husbandry, of the Union Ümit Özcan, Secretary Dr. farming; organic and Architects, Chambers of Engineers and of Turkish Yıldıray Lise, United Nations Development City Planners; Aygün Beyhan Koorberg, Pille (UNDP) Turkey; Programme and module leaders for the and Pınar Hışır – coordinator EU twinning and Countryside under IPARD Environment Strategic Planning Department of the Ministry of project, and Livestock; Bahar Bilgen, butterfly Agriculture Food, butterfly watcher watcher and civil engineer; Onat Basbay, conservation nature Işık Ezer, Ayse and mining expert; and expert. and of Forestry General Directorate Affairs, and Water Management and Planning Department’s support Forest and of their willingness to incorporate the for the project would also practices. We outcomes into forestry project and Agriculture Ministry of Food, like to thank the Turkish Agricultural of Animal Husbandry’s General Directorate sharing with and Development, for generously Production Areas. us land use information for the Prime Butterfly Atahan, Bahar Bilgen, Ali Baytaş, Ahmet photographs: Ambarlı, Dominique Dumont, Didem Bosse van Swaay, Matt Rowlings, Fatih Köleli, Frédéric Carbonell, Hale Binay, Süleyman Mustafa Sözen, Oktay Subaşı, Onat Başbay, Arda. Ekşioğlu and Tamer Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey Bibliography

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22 Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, A. Turak, Ö. Balkız and G. Welch. 2011. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey. Ankara: Doğa Koruma Merkezi. Available from: [www.dkm.org.tr] Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey Appendix 1: Gazetteer of Prime Butterfly Areas ©Tamer Arda

Map butterfly (Araschnia levana) Marmara

PBA no. Name MA01 Istranca Mountains / North Kırklareli

Province (District) Kırklareli (Kırklareli)

Square codes & Central coordinates Priority species Endemicity Turkish red list status Natura NG12 27°10’47.64 E, 41°46’30.36 N 2000 NG22 27°18’00.72 E, 41°46’29.28 N Endemic Near End CR EN VU NT DD NG23 27°18’02.52 E, 41°51’53.64 N Zerynthia polyxena • NG34 27°25’18.12 E, 41°57’16.56 N Parnassius mnemosyne • Lycaena ottomana • Altitudinal range of records Lycaena dispar • • 180–600 m Scoltitantides orion • Number of priority species Apatura metis • 7 Aricia anteros

PBA no. Name MA02 Babaeski Province (District) Kırklareli (Babaeski, Pekmezli)

Square code & Central coordinates Number of priority species NF08 27°03’33.48 E, 41°24’53.64 N 0: this square selected because it is the only known location in Turkey for safflower skipper (Pyrgus carthami). Altitudinal range of records 40–40 m

PBA no. Name MA03 Düğüncübaşı Province (District) Kırklareli (Tekirdağ, Lüleburgaz, Hayrabolu)

Square code & Central coordinates Priority species Endemicity Turkish red list status Natura NF27 27°17’53.52 E, 41°19’28.20 N 2000 Endemic Near End CR EN VU NT DD Altitudinal range of records Apatura metis • -

Number of priority species 1

Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, A. Turak, Ö. Balkız and G. Welch. 2011. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey. Ankara: Doğa Koruma Merkezi. Available from: [www.dkm.org.tr] 23 • • • 2000 2000 Natura Natura Natura Natura Marmara DD DD • • • NT NT Aegean VU VU • EN EN Turkish red list status red Turkish Turkish red list status red Turkish CR CR • • Near End Near End Endemicity Endemicity • • Endemic Endemic Name Uludağ Name Bodrum-Gökova Priority species Priority Archon apollinus Archon mnemosyne Parnassius dispar Lycaena Zerynthia cerisy Zerynthia polyxena Aricia hyacinthus Aricia anteros cornelia Polyommatus ottomana Erebia Zerynthia cerisy mersina Hipparchia Maniola halicarnassus Priority species Priority no. PBA MA04 (District) Province Kestel) Nilüfer, Bursa (Osmangazi, EG01 (District) Province Muğla (Bodrum) no. PBA Swallowtail machaon) (Papilio 27°23’34.08 E, 36°59’56.04 N 27°23’34.08 E, 36°59’54.60 N 27°30’18.72 E, 37°05’18.96 N 27°30’20.88 E, 29°03’12.96 E, 40°08’07.80 N 29°03’12.96 E, 40°08’00.24 N 29°10’15.24 E, [www.dkm.org.tr] from: Merkezi. Available Ankara: Doğa Koruma Turkey. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in 2011. and G. Welch. Ö. Balkız A. Turak, Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, Number of priority species 3 Square codes & Central coordinates & Central codes Square NA39 records of range Altitudinal 0–159 m NA49 NB40 Number of priority species 9 Altitudinal range of records range Altitudinal 450–2,400 m Square codes & Central coordinates & Central codes Square PE74 PE84 24 Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey for Butterflies in Strategy Conservation ©Onat Başbay 25 • • • • • • 2000 2000 2000 Natura Natura Natura Natura Natura Natura DD DD DD NT NT NT • • • VU VU VU Black Sea EN EN EN Turkish red list status red Turkish Turkish red list status red Turkish Turkish red list status red Turkish CR CR Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey for Butterflies in Strategy Conservation CR Near End Near End Near End Endemicity Endemicity Endemicity Endemic Endemic Endemic Düzce Name Name Bolu Mountains Name Abant Lake Abant

Zerynthia caucasica Zerynthia polyxena Parnassius mnemosyne Parnassius nogelii Tomares Aricia anteros aurinia Euphydryas Priority species Priority Zerynthia caucasica Zerynthia polyxena Priority species Priority Priority species Priority Zerynthia caucasica Zerynthia polyxena Parnassius mnemosyne Parnassius no. PBA KA03 (District) Province (Yığılca)Bolu Mengen) (Bolu, : Düzce no. PBA KA01 (District) Province Çılımlı) (Düzce, Düzce

no. PBA KA02 (District) Province Kaynaşlı) (Düzce, Bolu : Düzce (Murdurnu) Caucasian Festoon Caucasian ) (Zerynthia caucasica 31°45’12.96 E, 40°52’03.72 N 31°45’12.96 E, 31°09’37.80 E, 40°51’35.28 N 31°09’37.80 E, 31°17’09.96 E, 40°35’29.40 N 31°17’09.96 E, Number of priority species 3 Altitudinal range of records of range Altitudinal 1,000–1,700 m Square code & central coordinates & central code Square UL92 Number of priority species 2 Altitudinal range of records range Altitudinal 800–1,000 m Square code & central coordinates & central code Square UL42 [www.dkm.org.tr] from: Merkezi. Available Ankara: Doğa Koruma Turkey. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in 2011. and G. Welch. Ö. Balkız A. Turak, Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, Number of priority species 6 Altitudinal range of records range Altitudinal 1,000–1,700 m Square code & central coordinates & central code Square UK59 ©Tamer Arda ©Evrim Karaçetin • • 2000 2000 2000 Natura Natura Natura Natura Natura Natura • Black Sea Black DD DD DD • • • • NT NT NT VU VU VU • EN EN EN Turkish red list status red Turkish Turkish red list status red Turkish Turkish red list status red Turkish CR CR CR • • • • • Near End Near End Near End Endemicity Endemicity • • Endemicity Endemic Endemic Endemic Name Şebinkarahisar Name Name Zigana Pass Artabel Lakes Aricia torulensis Pseudophilotes bavius Pseudophilotes Aricia anteros sigberti Polyommatus Priority species Priority Erebia ottomana Erebia Phengaris arion Phengaris Aricia anteros Boloria caucasica hewitsonii Erebia melancholica Erebia Priority species Priority Boloria caucasica melancholica Erebia Priority species Priority Erebia ottomana Erebia no. PBA KA04 (District) Province (Şebinkarahisar)Giresun no. PBA KA06 KA05 (District) Province Kürtün) : Gümüşhane (Torul, (Alucra) Giresun no. PBA Province (District) Province Gümüşhane (Torul) Alpine ringlet Alpine ) melancholica (Erebia 39°03’31.32 E, 40°25’26.40 N 39°03’31.32 E, 39°17’42.72 E, 40°36’13.68 N 39°17’42.72 E, 39°28’12.00 E, 40°19’57.72 N 39°28’12.00 E, [www.dkm.org.tr] from: Merkezi. Available Ankara: Doğa Koruma Turkey. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in 2011. and G. Welch. Ö. Balkız A. Turak, Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, Number of priority species 3 Altitudinal range of records range Altitudinal 1,965–2,300 m Square code & central coordinates & central code Square EE07 Number of priority species 6 Altitudinal range of records of range Altitudinal 900–2,000 m Square code & central coordinates & central code Square EE29 Number of priority species 4 Altitudinal range of records range Altitudinal 1,300–1,670 m Square code & central coordinates & central code Square DE56 26 Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey for Butterflies in Strategy Conservation Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey Black Sea

PBA no. Name KA07 Gümüşhane

Province (District) Gümüşhane (Gümüşhane, Torul)

Square codes & central coordinates Priority species Endemicity Turkish red list status Natura EE37 39°24’44.28 E, 40°25’23.88 N 2000 EE38 39°24’46.44 E, 40°30’48.24 N Endemic Near End CR EN VU NT DD Parnassius apollo • Altitudinal range of records Aricia torulensis • • 1,100–1,650 m Aricia anteros Number of priority species Polyommatus poseidon • 4

PBA no. Name KA08 Tersundağı Pass

Province (District) Gümüşhane (Gümüşhane, Torul, Sıran)

Square code & central coordinates Priority species Endemicity Turkish red list status Natura EE26 39°17’38.76 E, 40°20’00.96 N 2000 Endemic Near End CR EN VU NT DD Altitudinal range of records Parnassius apollo • 1,500–1,800 m Aricia anteros Polyommatus bilgini • * Number of priority species 5 Polyommatus poseidon • Polyommatus wagneri • •

PBA no. Name KA09 Sipikör Pass

Province (District) Erzincan (Çayırlı, Erzincan) : Gümüşhane (Kelkit)

Square code & central coordinates Priority species Endemicity Turkish red list status Natura EE51 39°38’34.80 E, 39°52’54.12 N 2000 Endemic Near End CR EN VU NT DD Altitudinal range of records Polyommatus eros • 2,100–2,400 m Polyommatus bilgini • • Polyommatus poseidon • Number of priority species Polyommatus wagneri • • 9 Polyommatus tankeri • • Polyommatus ninae • Polyommatus turcicus • Polyommatus erzindjanensis • • Satyrus parthicus •

Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, A. Turak, Ö. Balkız and G. Welch. 2011. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey. Ankara: Doğa Koruma Merkezi. Available from: [www.dkm.org.tr] 27 ©Hilary & Geoff Welch • • • • • • • • • 2000 2000 Natura Natura Natura Natura • • Black Sea Black • DD DD • NT • NT VU VU • • • EN EN Turkish red list status red Turkish Turkish red list status red Turkish CR CR • • • • • • • • • • Near End Near End Endemicity • • • • Endemicity Endemic Endemic Name Kop Mountain Name Ovit Mountain Priority species Priority Pseudophilotes bavius Pseudophilotes diana Polyommatus Parnassius mnemosyne Parnassius Polyommatus myrrha Polyommatus Parnassius apollo Parnassius alexanor Papilio bowdeni Pieris arion Phengaris nausithous Phengaris eros Polyommatus menalcas Polyommatus Polyommatus hopfferi Polyommatus wagneri Polyommatus Polyommatus tankeri Polyommatus Euphydryas aurinia Euphydryas graucasica Erebia Satyrus parthicus Polyommatus turcicus Polyommatus Parnassius apollo Parnassius Erebia graucasica Erebia hewitsonii Erebia melancholica Erebia Pieris bowdeni Pieris Boloria caucasica Priority species Priority no. PBA KA10 (District) Province Bayburt (Bayburt) : Erzurum (Aşkale) no. PBA KA11 (District) Province Erzurum (İspir) : Rize (İkizdere) 49°50’02.04 E, 40°40’46.92 N 49°50’02.04 E, 40°27’55.08 E, 40°03’15.84 N 40°27’55.08 E, Plebejus dardanus and Melitaea diamina) dardanus (Plebejus [www.dkm.org.tr] from: Merkezi. Available Ankara: Doğa Koruma Turkey. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in 2011. and G. Welch. Ö. Balkız A. Turak, Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, Gavarnie blue and false heath fritillary blue and false heath Gavarnie Number of priority species 6 Altitudinal range of records of range Altitudinal 2,800–3,170 m Square code & central coordinates & central code Square FF50 Number of priority species 18 Altitudinal range of records range Altitudinal 1,750–2,900 m Square code & central coordinates & central code Square FE23 28 Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey for Butterflies in Strategy Conservation Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey Black Sea

PBA no. Name KA12 İspir

Province (District) Ezurum (İspir)

Square codes & central coordinates Priority species Endemicity Turkish red list status Natura FE68 40°56’48.84 E, 40°29’51.72 N 2000 FE78 41°03’53.28 E, 40°29’44.52 N Endemic Near End CR EN VU NT DD Parnassius mnemosyne • Altitudinal range of records Parnassius apollo • 1,300–2,000 m Papilio alexanor • Lycaena euphratica • • Number of priority species 19 Phegaris arion • Scolitantides orion • Aricia teberdina • Polyommatus antidolus • • Polyommatus menalcas • Polyommatus hopfferi • Polyommatus wagneri • • Polyommatus tankeri • • Polyommatus ninae • Polyommatus turcicus • Polyommatus merhaba • • Euphydryas aurinia • Erebia hewitsonii • Erebia melancholica • • Hyponephele urartua • •

PBA no. Name KA13 South Kaçkars

Province (District) Artvin (Yusufeli)

Square codes & central coordinates Priority species Endemicity Turkish red list status Natura FF92 41°18’47.16 E, 40°51’04.68 N 2000 GF02 41°25’53.76 E, 40°50’55.68 N Endemic Near End CR EN VU NT DD GF03 41°26’05.64 E, 40°56’19.68 N Parnassius mnemosyne • Parnassius apollo • Altitudinal range of records Colius caucasica • 750–2,500 m Phengaris arion • Number of priority species Pseudophilotes bavius • 14 Polyommatus eros • Polyommatus ninae • Polyommatus turcicus • Boloria caucasica • Melitaea aurelia • Euphydryas aurinia • Erebia graucasica • Erebia melancholica • • Coenonympha symphyta • •

Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, A. Turak, Ö. Balkız and G. Welch. 2011. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey. Ankara: Doğa Koruma Merkezi. Available from: [www.dkm.org.tr] 29 Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey Black Sea

PBA no. Name KA14 Çoruh Valley

Province (District) Artvin (Yusufeli) : Erzurum (Uzundere)

Square codes & central coordinates Priority species Endemicity Turkish red list status Natura GF01 41°25’41.88 E, 40°45’31.68 N 2000 GF10 41°32’35.88 E, 40°39’58.68 N Endemic Near End CR EN VU NT DD GF11 41°32’48.12 , 40°45’22.68 N Satyrium hyrcanicum • Phengaris nausithous • • Altitudinal range of records Scolitantides orion • 671–1,972 m Polyommatus artivinensis • • Number of priority species Polyommatus mithridates • • 11 Polyommatus hopfferi • Polyommatus poseidon • Polyommatus wagneri • • Polyommatus ninae • Polyommatus merhaba • • Euphydryas aurinia • ©Onat Başbay

Steppe fritillary Central Anatolia (Euphydryas orientalis)

PBA no. Name OA01 Karagöl

Province (District) Ankara (Çubuk)

Square code & central coordinates Priority species Endemicity Turkish red list status Natura VK97 32°56’26.16 E, 40°25’26.40 N 2000 Endemic Near End CR EN VU NT DD Altitudinal range of records Parnassius mnemosyne • 1,100–1,300 m Tomares nogelii Aricia anteros Number of priority species Euphydryas aurinia * 5 Euphydryas orientalis •

30 Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, A. Turak, Ö. Balkız and G. Welch. 2011. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey. Ankara: Doğa Koruma Merkezi. Available from: [www.dkm.org.tr] ©Hilary & Geoff Welch 31 • • • • 2000 2000 Natura Natura Natura Natura • DD DD • NT • NT VU VU • EN • EN Turkish red list status red Turkish Turkish red list status red Turkish Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey for Butterflies in Strategy Conservation CR CR • Near End Near End Endemicity • • Endemicity • • • • Endemic Endemic Name Ankara Name Middle East Technical University Campus University Technical Middle East Euphdryas aurinia Euphdryas orientalis Euphydryas Polyommatus menalcas Polyommatus Archon apollinus Archon alexanor Papilio eupheme Zegris bavius Pseudophilotes ossmar Polyommatus cornelia Polyommatus myrrha Polyommatus wagneri Polyommatus Priority species Priority Archon apollinus Archon eupheme Zegris nogelii Tomares bavius Pseudophilotes Priority species Priority Polyommatus cornelia Polyommatus menalcas Polyommatus orientalis Euphydryas OA03 (District) Province Mamak)Ankara (Çankaya, no. PBA no. PBA OA02 (District) Province Altındağ) Keçiören, Ankara (Yenimahalle, Tomares nogelii) (Tomares Anatolian vernal copper vernal Anatolian 32°49’27.12 E, 39°52’59.88 N 32°49’27.12 E, 32°49’26.04 E, 39°58’24.24 N 32°49’26.04 E, Central Anatolia Central Number of priority species 7 Altitudinal range of records range Altitudinal 800–1,200 m Square code & central coordinates & central code Square VK81 [www.dkm.org.tr] from: Merkezi. Available Ankara: Doğa Koruma Turkey. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in 2011. and G. Welch. Ö. Balkız A. Turak, Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, Number of priority species 11 Altitudinal range of records of range Altitudinal 800–1,200 m Square code & central coordinates & central code Square VK82 • • 2000 2000 Natura Natura Natura Natura ©Oktay Subaşı • • DD DD • • NT NT Central Anatolia Central VU VU EN EN Turkish red list status red Turkish Turkish red list status red Turkish CR CR Near End Near End Endemicity Endemicity • • • • • • • • • Endemic Endemic Name Name Geyik Mountains Sultan MountainsSultan Pseudochazara lydia Pseudochazara Polyommatus guezelmavi Polyommatus Polyommatus hopfferi Polyommatus wagneri Polyommatus Polyommatus menalcas Polyommatus Parnassius apollo Parnassius Polyommatus cornelia Polyommatus sigberti Polyommatus Papilio alexanor Papilio taygetica Turanana Aricia hyacinthus Aricia anteros ossmar Polyommatus Priority species Priority Priority species Priority no. PBA OA05 (District) Province Akseki) (Bozkır) (Ahırlı, : Antalya Konya no. PBA OA04 (District) Province : Isparta Sultandağı) (Yalvaç) (Çay, Afyon ) alexanor (Papilio Southern swallowtail 30°59’32.65 E, 38°30’52.56 N 30°59’32.65 E, 38°30’59.40 N 31°06’25.20 E, 32°02’31.56 E, 37°10’33.60 N 32°02’31.56 E, 37°10’36.48 N 32°09’16.92 E, 37°10’39.35 N 32°16’02.64 E, [www.dkm.org.tr] from: Merkezi. Available Ankara: Doğa Koruma Turkey. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in 2011. and G. Welch. Ö. Balkız A. Turak, Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, Number of priority species 12 Altitudinal range of records range Altitudinal 1,200–2,000 m Square codes & central coordinates & central codes Square UH26 UH36 Number of priority species 1 Altitudinal range of records of range Altitudinal 1,100–1,350 m Square codes & central coordinates & central codes Square VG11 VG21 VG31 32 Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey for Butterflies in Strategy Conservation ©Hilary & Geoff Welch 33 • • 2000 2000 Natura Natura Natura Natura • • • • • • DD DD NT NT VU VU EN EN Turkish red list status red Turkish Turkish red list status red Turkish CR Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey for Butterflies in Strategy Conservation CR • • Near End Near End Endemicity • • • • • • • • • • Endemicity • • • • • • • • Endemic Endemic Name South Karaman Name Sertavul Pass Turanana taygetica Turanana ossmar Polyommatus cornelia Polyommatus cilicius Polyommatus wagneri Polyommatus lydia Pseudochazara Glaucopsyche astraea Glaucopsyche sertavulensis Polyommatus menalcas Polyommatus mersina Hipparchia Priority species Priority Papilio alexanor Papilio astraea Glaucopsyche bavius Pseudophilotes ossmar Polyommatus cornelia Polyommatus sertavulensis Polyommatus Priority species Priority Polyommatus menalcas Polyommatus mithridates Polyommatus Polyommatus hopfferi Polyommatus poseidon Polyommatus wagneri Polyommatus Pseudochazara lydia Pseudochazara Hipparchia mersina Hipparchia no. PBA OA06 (District) Province Karaman (Karaman) no. PBA OA07 (District) Province ] (Mut) : Karaman İçel (Karaman)Mersin [was

Turkish furry blue Turkish ) menalcas (Polyommatus 33°16’51.24 E, 37°05’21.84 N 33°16’51.24 E, 33°16’48.72 E, 36°54’32.76 N 33°16’48.72 E, Central Anatolia Central Number of priority species 13 Altitudinal range of records range Altitudinal 1,100–1,900 m Square code & central coordinates & central code Square WG20 Number of priority species 10 Altitudinal range of records of range Altitudinal 700–1,650 m Square code & central coordinates & central code Square WF28 [www.dkm.org.tr] from: Merkezi. Available Ankara: Doğa Koruma Turkey. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in 2011. and G. Welch. Ö. Balkız A. Turak, Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, ©Hilary & Geoff Welch 2000 2000 Natura Natura Natura Natura DD DD NT NT Central Anatolia Central • VU VU EN EN Turkish red list status red Turkish Turkish red list status red Turkish CR CR Mediterranean Near End Near End Endemicity Endemicity • • • Endemic Endemic Name Güneykent Name Kurtlukaya Polyommatus lycius Polyommatus Priority species Priority Polyommatus menalcas Polyommatus naricoides Hyponephele Priority species Priority no. PBA AK01 Province (District) Province Isparta Keçiborlu) Uluborlu, (Gönen, no. PBA OA08 (District) Province Altınyayla) (Ulaş, Sivas Little tiger blue ) balkanicus (Tarucus Tessellated skipper Tessellated ) (Muschampia tessellum 36°58’00.84 E, 39°24’54.72 N 36°58’00.84 E, 30°26’18.24 E, 37°57’47.52 N 30°26’18.24 E, [www.dkm.org.tr] from: Merkezi. Available Ankara: Doğa Koruma Turkey. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in 2011. and G. Welch. Ö. Balkız A. Turak, Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, Number of priority species 2 Altitudinal range of records range Altitudinal 1,475–1,535 m Square code & central coordinates & central code Square CD26 34 Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey for Butterflies in Strategy Conservation Number of priority species 1 Altitudinal range of records of range Altitudinal - Square code & central coordinates & central code Square TH70 ©Onat Başbay ©Hilary & Geoff Welch 35 2000 2000 2000 Natura Natura Natura Natura Natura Natura • • • • DD DD DD NT NT NT • VU VU VU EN EN EN Turkish red list status red Turkish Turkish red list status red Turkish Turkish red list status red Turkish CR Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey for Butterflies in Strategy Conservation CR CR Near End Near End Near End Endemicity Endemicity • • • • • Endemicity • Endemic Endemic Endemic Name Name Name Yassıgüme Korkuteli Aksu Priority species Priority Polyommatus schuriani Polyommatus Priority species Priority Priority species Priority Zerynthia cerisy apollinus Archon ossmar Polyommatus sertavulensis Polyommatus wagneri Polyommatus iphicarmon Polyommatus Callophrys herculeana no. PBA AK04 (District) Province (Korkuteli) Antalya no. PBA AK03 (District) Province (Burdur) Burdur no. PBA AK02 (District) Province Isparta Eğirdir) (Aksu, African ringlet African ) asterope (Ypthima 30°02’15.72 E, 37°03’08.64 N 30°02’15.72 E, 30°06’40.68 E, 37°35’42.72 N 30°06’40.68 E, 31°07’32.16 E, 37°47’45.24 N 31°07’32.16 E, Mediterranean Number of priority species 1 Altitudinal range of records of range Altitudinal 1,600–1,700 m Square code & central coordinates & central code Square TG30 Number of priority species 1 Altitudinal range of records range Altitudinal - Square code & central coordinates & central code Square TG46 Number of priority species 6 Altitudinal range of records range Altitudinal 1,200–2,100 m Square code & central coordinates & central code Square UG38 [www.dkm.org.tr] from: Merkezi. Available Ankara: Doğa Koruma Turkey. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in 2011. and G. Welch. Ö. Balkız A. Turak, Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey Mediterranean

PBA no. Name AK05 Elmalı-Gölova

Province (District) Antalya (Elmalı, Korkuteli)

Square codes & central coordinates Priority species Endemicity Turkish red list status Natura QA67 29°57’22.68 E, 36°46’55.92 N 2000 TF37 30°02’34.08 E, 36°46’55.92 N Endemic Near End CR EN VU NT DD TF38 30°02’27.96 E, 36°52’20.28 N Polyommatus menalcas • Polyommatus lycius • • Altitudinal range of records Polyommatus schuriani • • 1,250–1,600 m Psuedochazara lydia • Number of priority species 4

PBA no. Name AK06 South Beydağlar

Province (District) Antalya (Kumluca, Elmalı, Finike)

Square code & central coordinates Priority species Endemicity Turkish red list status Natura TF45 30°08’55.32 E, 36°36’17.64 N 2000 Endemic Near End CR EN VU NT DD Altitudinal range of records Polyommatus menalcas • 1,800–2,950 m Hyponephele kocaki • • Number of priority species 2

PBA no. Name AK07 Alanya and North

Province (District) Antalya (Alanya, Gündoğmuş)

Square codes & central coordinates Priority species Endemicity Turkish red list status Natura VF05 31°56’13.20 E, 36°38’03.12 N 2000 VF14 32°02’59.64 E, 36°32’42.00 N Endemic Near End CR EN VU NT DD Altitudinal range of records Zerynthia cerisy 0–600 m Archon apollinus Papilio alexanor • Number of priority species Lycaena ottomana • 7 Pseudophilotes bavius • Polyommatus cornelia • Maniola megala •

36 Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, A. Turak, Ö. Balkız and G. Welch. 2011. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey. Ankara: Doğa Koruma Merkezi. Available from: [www.dkm.org.tr] Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey Mediterranean

PBA no. Name AK08 Gülnar

Province (District) Mersin [İçel] (Gülpınar, Aydıncık)

Square code & central coordinates Priority species Endemicity Turkish red list status Natura WF31 33°23’21.48 E, 36°16’39.72 N 2000 Endemic Near End CR EN VU NT DD Altitudinal range of records Zerynthia cerisy 600–650 m Melanargia wiskotti • •

Number of priority species 2

PBA no. Name AK09 Limonlu Basin

Province (District) Mersin [İçel] (Erdemli, Silifke)

Square code & central coordinates Priority species Endemicity Turkish red list status Natura XF03 34°10’16.68 E, 36°27’10.44 N 2000 Endemic Near End CR EN VU NT DD Altitudinal range of records Zerynthia cerisy 0–50 m Archon apollinus Number of priority species Melanargia wiskotti • •

3

PBA no. Name AK10 Bolkar Mountains

İProvince (District) Konya (Halkapınar) : Mersin [İçel] (Tarsus) : Niğde (Ulukışla)

Square codes & central coordinates Priority species Endemicity Turkish red list status Natura XG13 34°17’53.16 E, 37°21’10.80 N 2000 XG44 34°38’19.32 E, 37°26’20.04 N Endemic Near End CR EN VU NT DD

Altitudinal range of records Polyommatus cornelia • 1,300–3,150 m Polyommatus eros • Polyommatus cilicius • • Number of priority species Polyommatus sertavulensis • • 6 Psuedochazara lydia • Pyrgus bolkarienis • •

Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, A. Turak, Ö. Balkız and G. Welch. 2011. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey. Ankara: Doğa Koruma Merkezi. Available from: [www.dkm.org.tr] 37 Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey Mediterranean

PBA no. Name AK11 Çaykavak Pass

Province (District) Niğde (Ulukışla)

Square code & central coordinates Priority species Endemicity Turkish red list status Natura XG36 34°31’45.48 E, 37°37’14.16 N 2000 Endemic Near End CR EN VU NT DD Altitudinal range of records Archon apollinus 1,400–2,200 m Polyommatus cilicius • • Polyommatus poseidon • Number of priority species Polyommatus wagneri • • 4

PBA no. Name AK12 Aladağlar

Province (District) Niğde (Çamardı) : Kayseri (Yahyalı)

Square codes & central coordinates Priority species Endemicity Turkish red list status Natura XG88 35°06’02.52 E, 37°47’31.56 N 2000 XG89 35°06’11.52 E, 37°52’55.56 N Endemic Near End CR EN VU NT DD Archon apollinus Altitudinal range of records Parnassius mnemosyne • 1,200–3,100 m Parnassius apollo • Glaucopsyche astraea • Number of priority species Aricia anteros 15 Pseudophilotes bavius • Polyommatus ossmar • Polyommatus syriacus Polyommatus cornelia • Polyommatus actis • • Polyommatus sigberti • • Polyommatus mithridates • • Polyommatus poseidon • Polyommatus wagneri • • Pyrgus aladaghensis • •

PBA no. Name AK13 Northeast Adana

Province (District) Adana (Yüreğir, Ceyhan)

Square code & central coordinates Priority species Endemicity Turkish red list status Natura YG21 35°31’59.52 E, 37°09’10.08 N 2000 Endemic Near End CR EN VU NT DD Altitudinal range of records Melanargia wiskotti • • 50–50 m Hipparchia mersina • Maniola megala • Number of priority species 3

38 Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, A. Turak, Ö. Balkız and G. Welch. 2011. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey. Ankara: Doğa Koruma Merkezi. Available from: [www.dkm.org.tr] ©Ali Atahan ©Özge Balkız 39 2000 2000 Natura Natura Natura Natura DD DD NT NT VU VU EN EN Turkish red list status red Turkish Turkish red list status red Turkish Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey for Butterflies in Strategy Conservation CR • CR Near End Near End Endemicity Endemicity • Endemic Endemic Name Name Samandağ South Mountains Amanos Polyommatus bollandi Polyommatus Zerynthia cerisy apollinus Archon Priority species Priority Priority species Priority AK15 (District) Province (Samandağ) Hatay no. PBA no. PBA AK14 (District) Province İskenderun) (Hatay, Hatay Brown argus Brown (Aricia agestis) Bolland’s blue Bolland’s Polyommatus bollandi) (Polyommatus 36°03’05.04 E, 36°19’54.84 N 36°03’05.04 E, 35°56’40.56 E, 36°09’06.48 N 35°56’40.56 E, Mediterranean Number of priority species 1 Altitudinal range of records range Altitudinal 1,400–1,600 m Square code & central coordinates & central code Square BA32 [www.dkm.org.tr] from: Merkezi. Available Ankara: Doğa Koruma Turkey. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in 2011. and G. Welch. Ö. Balkız A. Turak, Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, Number of priority species 2 Square code & central coordinates & central code Square YF60 records of range Altitudinal 0–300 m • • • • • 2000 2000 Natura Natura Natura Natura • • • DD DD NT NT Eastern Anatolia Eastern VU VU • EN EN Turkish red list status red Turkish Turkish red list status red Turkish CR CR Eastern Anatolia Eastern • Near End Near End Endemicity • • • • • • • • Endemicity • • • • • • • Endemic Endemic Name Name North Saimbeyli Gökpınar Psuedochazara lydia Psuedochazara Hipparchia mersina Hipparchia Polyommatus wagneri Polyommatus Parnassius apollo Parnassius nogelii Tomares bavius Pseudophilotes ossmar Polyommatus syriacus Polyommatus cornelia Polyommatus menalcas Polyommatus poseidon Polyommatus theresiae Polyommatus Parnassius mnemosyne Parnassius Glaucopsyche astraea Glaucopsyche bavius Pseudophilotes ossmar Polyommatus menalcas Polyommatus mithridates Polyommatus hopfferi Polyommatus poseidon Polyommatus wagneri Polyommatus naricoides Hyponephele Papilio alexanor Papilio Priority species Priority Priority species Priority no. PBA DA02 (District) Province : Kahramanmaraş (Elbistan) (Gürün) Sivas no. PBA DA01 (District) Province (Saimbeyli) Adana

Wagner’s steppe brown steppe Wagner’s ) (Hyponephele wagneri 36°05’38.04 E, 38°02’43.08 N 36°05’38.04 E, 37°13’10.56 E, 38°36’30.24 N 37°13’10.56 E, [www.dkm.org.tr] from: Merkezi. Available Ankara: Doğa Koruma Turkey. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in 2011. and G. Welch. Ö. Balkız A. Turak, Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, Number of priority species 13 Altitudinal range of records range Altitudinal 900–2,200 m Square code & central coordinates & central code Square BC41 40 Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey for Butterflies in Strategy Conservation Number of priority species 10 Altitudinal range of records of range Altitudinal 1,500–1,700 m Square code & central coordinates & central code Square CC47 ©Oktay Subaşı 41 • 2000 2000 2000 Natura Natura Natura Natura Natura Natura • • • DD DD DD NT NT NT ©Süleyman Ekşioğlu VU VU VU • • EN EN EN Turkish red list status red Turkish Turkish red list status red Turkish Turkish red list status red Turkish Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey for Butterflies in Strategy Conservation CR CR CR • Near End Near End Near End Endemicity Endemicity • • • Endemicity • • • • Endemic Endemic Endemic Name Name South Aşkale Nemrut Mountain Name Yeşilyurt Polyommatus mithridates Polyommatus Polyommatus dama Polyommatus hopfferi Polyommatus Zerynthia cerisy alexanor Papilio cornelia Polyommatus Polyommatus dama Polyommatus egina Chazara Lycaena euphratica Lycaena Priority species Priority Priority species Priority Priority species Priority Polyommatus interjectus Polyommatus no. PBA DA05 (District) Province Erzurum (Aşkale) Province (District) Province (Kahta, Sıncık) : MalatyaAdıyaman (Pötürge) no. PBA DA04 no. PBA DA03 (District) Province Malatya) Malatya (Yeşilyurt, left right: to Mud-puddling blues in Yeşilyurt. Mud-puddling blues in smallest blue in Turkey, Least Concern. Least Turkey, smallest blue in 40°41’34.80 E, 39°46’51.60 N 40°41’34.80 E, 38°42’54.00 E, 37°59’26.52 N 38°42’54.00 E, 38°04’51.24 N 38°42’52.92 E, 38°15’24.48 E, 38°15’32.76 N 38°15’24.48 E, small Anatolian blue small Anatolian and Endangered; Polyommatus dama) Mesopotamian blue (Polyommatus – endemic and Least ) – endemic and Least cornelia (Polyommatus one of the largest blues in Turkey, endemic Turkey, blues in – one of the largest ) – the blue (Chilades trochylus jewel Concern; Eastern Anatolia Eastern Number of priority species 1 Altitudinal range of records of range Altitudinal - Square code & central coordinates & central code Square FE40 Number of priority species 6 Altitudinal range of records of range Altitudinal 400–2,250 m Square codes & central coordinates & central codes Square DC70 DC71 Number of priority species 3 Altitudinal range of records range Altitudinal 900–1,532 m Square code & central coordinates & central code Square DC33 [www.dkm.org.tr] from: Merkezi. Available Ankara: Doğa Koruma Turkey. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in 2011. and G. Welch. Ö. Balkız A. Turak, Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, ©Erim Karaetin • • • • • • • 2000 2000 Natura Natura Natura Natura • • • • • DD DD • • • • NT NT Eastern Anatolia Eastern VU VU • • • EN EN Turkish red list status red Turkish Turkish red list status red Turkish • CR CR • • • • • • • Near End Near End Endemicity Endemicity • • • • • Endemic Endemic Name Name Dumlu Mountains Palandöken Pyrgus cirsii Pyrgus Phengaris arion Phengaris eros Polyommatus anticarmon Polyommatus ninae Polyommatus Polyommatus turcicus Polyommatus Priority species Priority nausithous Phengaris diana Polyommatus wagneri Polyommatus Parnassius apollo Parnassius Pieris bowdeni Pieris eupheme Zegris arion Phengaris eros Polyommatus menalcas Polyommatus wagneri Polyommatus tankeri Polyommatus ninae Polyommatus turcicus Polyommatus Boloria graeca Melitaea aurelia aurinia Euphydryas Satyrus parthicus symphyta Coenonympha Priority species Priority no. PBA DA07 (District) Province Erzurum (Erzurum) no. PBA DA06 Province (District) Province Erzurum (Erzurum) Apollo Parnassius apollo) (Parnassius 41°16’46.20 E, 39°51’39.96 N 41°16’46.20 E, 41°24’20.52 E, 40°07’43.68 N 41°24’20.52 E, [www.dkm.org.tr] from: Merkezi. Available Ankara: Doğa Koruma Turkey. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in 2011. and G. Welch. Ö. Balkız A. Turak, Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, Number of priority species 16 Altitudinal range of records range Altitudinal 1,400–3,200 m Square code & central coordinates & central code Square FE91 Number of priority species 8 Altitudinal range of records range Altitudinal 1,900–2,200 m Square code & central coordinates & central code Square GE04 42 Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey for Butterflies in Strategy Conservation ©Hilary & Geoff Welch 43 • • • 2000 2000 2000 Natura Natura Natura Natura Natura Natura • • DD DD DD • NT NT NT VU VU VU EN EN EN Turkish red list status red Turkish Turkish red list status red Turkish Turkish red list status red Turkish Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey for Butterflies in Strategy Conservation CR CR CR • • • Near End Near End Near End Endemicity • • Endemicity Endemicity • Endemic Endemic Endemic Name Name Name Göle Taşlıyurt Posof Phengaris arion Phengaris Phengaris arion Phengaris myrrha Polyommatus Parnassius apollo Parnassius Priority species Priority Priority species Priority Polyommatus menalcas Polyommatus wagneri Polyommatus turcicus Polyommatus Priority species Priority Polyommatus putnami Polyommatus Coenonympha symphyta Coenonympha no. PBA DA10 (District) Province : Erzurum (Göle) (Şenkaya)Ardahan Province (District) Province (Posof)Ardahan no. PBA DA09 no. PBA DA08 (District) Province Karayazı) Erzurum (Pasinler, Lederer’s heath Lederer’s ) symphyta (Coenonympha 42°34’16.68 E, 40°45’31.68 N 42°34’16.68 E, 41°44’47.76 E, 39°51’03.24 N 41°44’47.76 E, 42°46’51.24 E, 41°43’25.32 N 42°46’51.24 E, Eastern Anatolia Eastern Number of priority species 7 Altitudinal range of records of range Altitudinal 1,900–2,200 m Square code & central coordinates & central code Square KL91 Number of priority species 1 Altitudinal range of records range Altitudinal 1,850–1,850 m Square code & central coordinates & central code Square GE31 Number of priority species 1 Kayıtların yükseklik aralığı Kayıtların 1,600–1,850 m Square code & central coordinates & central code Square LM10 [www.dkm.org.tr] from: Merkezi. Available Ankara: Doğa Koruma Turkey. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in 2011. and G. Welch. Ö. Balkız A. Turak, Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey Eastern Anatolia

PBA no. Name DA11 Sarıkamış

Province (District) Kars (Sarıkamış)

Square code & central coordinates Priority species Endemicity Turkish red list status Natura KK96 42°35’15.00 E, 40°18’31.68 N 2000 Endemic Near End CR EN VU NT DD Altitudinal range of records Parnassius mnemosyne • 1,950–2,300 m Parnassius apollo • Papilio alexanor • Number of priority species 10 Zegris eupheme • Phengaris nausithous • • Polyommatus diana • • Polyommatus ninae • Euphydryas aurinia • Coenonympha symphyta • • Pyrgus cirsii •

PBA no. Name DA12 Duranlar

Province (District) Kars (Kağızman) : Iğdır (Tuzluca) : Ağrı (Ağrı)

Square code & central coordinates Priority species Endemicity Turkish red list status Natura LK53 43°17’60.00 E, 40°03’04.32 N 2000 Endemic Near End CR EN VU NT DD Altitudinal range of records Zegris eupheme • 1,300–3,000 m Satyrium hyrcanicum • Polyommatus ninae • Number of priority species 4 Melitaea aurelia •

PBA no. Name DA13 North Ağrı

Province (District) Ağrı (Ağrı)

Square code & central coordinates Priority species Endemicity Turkish red list status Natura LK31 43°04’14.52 E, 39°52’02.64 N 2000 Endemic Near End CR EN VU NT DD Altitudinal range of records Polyommatus ninae • - Polyommatus putnami • • Number of priority species 2

44 Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, A. Turak, Ö. Balkız and G. Welch. 2011. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey. Ankara: Doğa Koruma Merkezi. Available from: [www.dkm.org.tr] Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey Eastern Anatolia

PBA no. Name DA14 Erek Mountain

Province (District) Van (Edremit, Van)

Square codes & central coordinates Priority species Endemicity Turkish red list status Natura LH55 43°20’19.32 E, 38°25’47.64 N 2000 LH66 43°27’04.68 E, 38°31.17.76 N Endemic Near End CR EN VU NT DD LH76 43°33’57.60 E, 38°31’23.16 N Parnassius mnemosyne • Papilio alexanor • Altitudinal range of records Zegris eupheme • 1,800–2,300 m Callophrys mystaphia • • Number of priority species Phengaris arion • 17 Pseudophilotes bavius • Plebejus rosei • • Polyommatus haigi • • Polyommatus dantchenkoi • • Polyommatus kurdistanicus • • Polymmatus menalcas • Polyommatus wagneri • • Polyommatus baytopi • Polyommatus ninae • Polyommatus turcicus • Hyponephele kocaki • • Hyponephele naricoides • ©Hilary & Geoff ©Hilary Welch

Marsh fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia)

PBA no. Name DA15 Güzelsu

Province (District) Van (Gürpınar)

Square code & central coordinates Priority species Endemicity Turkish red list status Natura LH84 43°41’02.40 E, 38°20’39.12 N 2000 Endemic Near End CR EN VU NT DD Altitudinal range of records Polyommatus baytopi • 1,900–2,400 m Polyommatus ninae • Polyommatus pierceae • • Number of priority species Hyponephele naricoides • 4

Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, A. Turak, Ö. Balkız and G. Welch. 2011. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey. Ankara: Doğa Koruma Merkezi. Available from: [www.dkm.org.tr] 45 Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey Eastern Anatolia

PBA no. Name DA16 Artos Mountain

Province (District) Van (Çatak, Gevaş)

Square code & central coordinates Priority species Endemicity Turkish red list status Natura LH43 43°13’42.96 E, 38°14’53.16 N 2000 Endemic Near End CR EN VU NT DD Altitudinal range of records Parnassius mnemosyne • 1,800–2,400 m Papilio alexanor • Zegris eupheme • Number of priority species 18 Phengaris arion • Pseudophilotes bavius • Polyommatus buzulmavi • • Polyommatus haigi • • Polyommatus dantchenkoi • • Polyommatus kurdistanicus • • Polyommatus hopfferi • Polyommatus wagneri • • Polyommatus baytopi • Polyommatus anticarmon • • Polyommatus ninae • Polyommatus turcicus • Chazara egina • Satyrus parthicus • Hyponephele naricoides •

PBA no. Name DA17 Güzeldere Pass

Province (District) Van (Gürpınar, Başkale)

Square code & central coordinates Priority species Endemicity Turkish red list status Natura MH02 43°54’55.44 E, 38°09’58.68 N 2000 Endemic Near End CR EN VU NT DD Altitudinal range of records Parnassıus mnemosyne • 2,000–3,400 m Pieris bowdeni • • Zegris eupheme • Number of priority species 14 Lycaena euphratica • • Polyommatus fatima • Polyommatus haigi • • Polyommatus mithridates • • Polyommatus wagneri • • Polyommatus baytopi • Polyommatus pierceae • • Polyommatus turcicus • Satyrus parthicus • Hyponephele kocaki • • Hyponephele naricoides •

46 Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, A. Turak, Ö. Balkız and G. Welch. 2011. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey. Ankara: Doğa Koruma Merkezi. Available from: [www.dkm.org.tr] Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey Eastern Anatolia

PBA no. Name DA18 Çatak Valley

Province (District) Van (Çatak)

Square codes & central coordinates Priority species Endemicity Turkish red list status Natura LH30 43°07’16.68 E, 37°58’33.96 N 2000 LH31 43°07’08.40 E, 38°03’58.32 N Endemic Near End CR EN VU NT DD Parnassius mnemosyne • Altitudinal range of records Papilio alexanor • 1,500–2,500 m Zegris eupheme • Number of priority species Lycaena euphratica • • 20 Pseudophilotes bavius • Polyommatus buzulmavi • • Polyommatus fatima • Polyommatus dantchenkoi • • Polyommatus kurdistanicus • • Polyommatus hopfferi • Polyommatus wagneri • • Polyommatus baytopi • Polyommatus ninae • Polyommatus pierceae • • Polyommatus turcicus • Brenthis mofidii Euphydryas aurinia • Chazara egina • Satyrus parthicus • Pyrgus cirsii •

PBA no. Name DA19 Yüksekova

Province (District) Hakkari (Yüksekova)

Square code & central coordinates Priority species Endemicity Turkish red list status Natura MG26 44°08’60.00 E, 37°37’39.00 N 2000 Endemic Near End CR EN VU NT DD Altitudinal range of records Parnassius mnemosyne • 1,700–2,000 m Zegris eupheme • Apharitis cilissa • Number of priority species Lycaena euphratica • • 9 Pseudophilotes bavius • Polyommatus dezinus • • Polyommatus ciloicus • Brenthis mofidii Euphydryas aurinia •

Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, A. Turak, Ö. Balkız and G. Welch. 2011. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey. Ankara: Doğa Koruma Merkezi. Available from: [www.dkm.org.tr] 47 Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey Eastern Anatolia

PBA no. Name DA20 Buzul Mountain

Province (District) Hakkari (Hakkari, Yüksekova)

Square code & central coordinates Priority species Endemicity Turkish red list status Natura MG05 43°55’28.56 E, 37°32’07.80 N 2000 Endemic Near End CR EN VU NT DD Altitudinal range of records Zegris eupheme • 1,400–2,300 m Pseudophilotes bavius • Polyommatus buzulmavi • • Number of priority species 9 Polyommatus fatima • Polyommatus baytopi • Polyommatus anticarmon • • Polyommatus ninae • Polyommatus turcicus • Brenthis mofidii

PBA no. Name DA21 Zap Suyu Valley/Basin

Province (District) Hakkari (Hakkari, Yüsekova) : Van (Başkale)

Square codes & central coordinates Priority species Endemicity Turkish red list status Natura LG75 43°35’06.72 E, 37°31’55.20 N 2000 LG84 43°41’59.64 E, 37°26’35.16 N Endemic Near End CR EN VU NT DD LG95 43°48’41.40 E, 37°32’03.86 N Parnassius mnemosyne • MG06 43°55’23.88 E, 37°37’32.52 N Papilio alexanor • MG17 44°02’07.80 E, 37°43’00.48 N Zegris eupheme • Altitudinal range of records Callophrys mystaphia • • 1,100–3,120 m Apharitis cilissa • Pseudophilotes bavius • Number of priority species Polyommatus dezinus • • 24 Polyommatus buzulmavi • • Polyommatus fatima • Polyommatus cornelia • Polyommatus ciloicus • Polyommatus karacetinae • Polyommatus antidolus • • Polyommatus hopfferi • Polyommatus anticarmon • • Polyommatus ninae • Polyommatus pierceae • • Polyommatus turcicus • Brenthis mofidii Euphydryas aurinia • Hyponephele urartua • • Hyponephele naricoides • Muschampia plurimacula • Spialia osthelderi •

48 Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, A. Turak, Ö. Balkız and G. Welch. 2011. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey. Ankara: Doğa Koruma Merkezi. Available from: [www.dkm.org.tr] ©Oktay Subaşı 49 2000 Natura Natura DD NT VU • • EN Turkish red list status red Turkish Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey for Butterflies in Strategy Conservation CR Near End Southeast Anatolia Southeast Endemicity Endemic Name Name Halfeti Baykan Priority species Priority Archon apollinus Archon Apharitis cilissa Spialia osthelderi GD02 (District) Province Siirt (Baykan) Number of priority species for Turkey selectedonly known because it is the 0: this square in location skipper). lesliei Pakistani (Eogenes no. PBA no. PBA GD01 (District) Province Şanlıurfa (Nizip) : Gaziantep (Halfeti) Lebanese silver-line Lebanese ) (Apharitis acamas Ebert’s mirza Ebert’s Eupatura mirza) (Eupatura 37°55’41.88 E, 37°15’54.72 N 37°55’41.88 E, 41°47’42.72 E, 38°08’17.16 N 41°47’42.72 E, Southeast Anatolia Southeast Number of priority species 3 Altitudinal range of records range Altitudinal 400–1,200 m Square code & central coordinates & central code Square DB02 [www.dkm.org.tr] from: Merkezi. Available Ankara: Doğa Koruma Turkey. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in 2011. and G. Welch. Ö. Balkız A. Turak, Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, Altitudinal range of records of range Altitudinal 600–1,100 m Square code & central coordinates & central code Square GC42 ©Ali Atahan Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey

Appendix 2: PBA Index

Province Page PBA no. PBA name Province Page PBA no. PBA name Adana 38 AK13 Northeast Adana Hakkari 48 DA20 Buzul Mountain 40 DA01 North Saimbeyli 47 DA19 Yüksekova Adıyaman 41 DA04 Nemrut Mountain 48 DA21 Zap Suyu Valley/Basin Afyon 32 OA04 Sultan Mountains Hatay 39 AK15 Samandağ Ağrı 44 DA12 Duranlar 39 AK14 South Amanos 44 DA13 North Ağrı Mountains Ankara 31 OA03 Ankara Iğdır 44 DA12 Duranlar 30 OA01 Karagöl Isparta 35 AK02 Aksu 31 OA02 Middle East Technical 34 AK01 Güneykent University Campus 32 OA04 Sultan Mountains Antalya 36 AK07 Alanya and North Kahramanmaraş 40 DA02 Gökpınar 36 AK05 Elmalı-Gölova Karaman 33 OA07 Sertavul Pass 32 OA05 Geyik Mountains 33 OA06 South Karaman 35 AK04 Korkuteli Kars 44 DA12 Duranlar 36 AK06 South Beydağlar 44 DA11 Sarıkamış Ardahan 43 DA10 Göle Kayseri 38 AK12 Aladağlar 43 DA09 Posof Kırklareli 23 MA02 Babaeski Artvin 30 KA14 Çoruh Valley 23 MA03 Düğüncübaşı 29 KA13 South Kaçkars 23 MA01 İstranca Mtns / North Bayburt 28 KA10 Kop Mountain Kırklareli Bolu 25 KA02 Abant Lake Konya 37 AK10 Bolkar Mountains 25 KA03 Bolu Mountains 32 OA05 Geyik Mountains Burdur 35 AK03 Yassıgüme Malatya 41 DA04 Nemrut Mountain Bursa 24 MA04 Uludağ 41 DA03 Yeşilyurt Düzce 25 KA02 Abant Lake Mersin 37 AK10 Bolkar Mountains 25 KA03 Bolu Mountains 37 AK08 Gülnar 25 KA01 Düzce 37 AK09 Limonlu Basin Erzincan 27 KA09 Sipikör Pass 33 OA07 Sertavul Pass Erzurum 30 KA14 Çoruh Valley Muğla 24 EG01 Bodrum-Gokova 42 DA06 Dumlu Niğde 38 AK12 Aladağlar 43 DA10 Göle 37 AK10 Bolkar Mountains 29 KA12 İspir 38 AK11 Çaykavak Pass 28 KA10 Kop Mountain Rize 28 KA11 Ovit Mountain 28 KA11 Ovit Mountain Siirt 49 GD02 Baykan 42 DA07 Palandöken Mountains Sivas 40 DA02 Gökpınar 41 DA05 South Aşkale 34 OA08 Kurtlukaya 43 DA08 Taşlıyurt Şanlıurfa 49 GD01 Halfeti Gaziantep 49 GD01 Halfeti Van 46 DA16 Artos Mountain Giresun 26 KA05 Artabel Lakes 47 DA18 Çatak Valley 26 KA04 Şebinkarahisar 45 DA14 Erek Mountain Gümüşhane 26 KA05 Artabel Lakes 46 DA17 Güzeldere Pass 27 KA07 Gümüşhane 45 DA15 Güzelsu 27 KA09 Sipikör Pass 48 DA21 Zap Suyu Valley/Basin 27 KA08 Tersundağı Pass 26 KA06 Zigana Pass

50 Karaçetin, E., H.J. Welch, A. Turak, Ö. Balkız and G. Welch. 2011. Conservation Strategy for Butterflies in Turkey. Ankara: Doğa Koruma Merkezi. Available from: [www.dkm.org.tr] Karaçetin, E., H.J.Welch, A. Turak, Ö.BalkızandG.Welch. 2011. ConservationStrategy forButterfliesin Turkey. Ankara:DoğaKoruma Merkezi. Available from: [www.dkm.org.tr]

Marmara (MA) Black Sea (KA)

Eastern Anatolia (DA)

Central Anatolia (OA) Aegean (EG)

Southeast Anatolia (GD) 10xkmUTMgrid. biogeographical regions andthe their numbers,togetherwithprovinces, The mapshowsPBAslabelledwith Butterfly Areas Turkey’s Prime Mediterranean (AK) Conservation Strategy in forButterflies Turkey 51