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Music and the American Civil War
“LIBERTY’S GREAT AUXILIARY”: MUSIC AND THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR by CHRISTIAN MCWHIRTER A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of The University of Alabama TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA 2009 Copyright Christian McWhirter 2009 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT Music was almost omnipresent during the American Civil War. Soldiers, civilians, and slaves listened to and performed popular songs almost constantly. The heightened political and emotional climate of the war created a need for Americans to express themselves in a variety of ways, and music was one of the best. It did not require a high level of literacy and it could be performed in groups to ensure that the ideas embedded in each song immediately reached a large audience. Previous studies of Civil War music have focused on the music itself. Historians and musicologists have examined the types of songs published during the war and considered how they reflected the popular mood of northerners and southerners. This study utilizes the letters, diaries, memoirs, and newspapers of the 1860s to delve deeper and determine what roles music played in Civil War America. This study begins by examining the explosion of professional and amateur music that accompanied the onset of the Civil War. Of the songs produced by this explosion, the most popular and resonant were those that addressed the political causes of the war and were adopted as the rallying cries of northerners and southerners. All classes of Americans used songs in a variety of ways, and this study specifically examines the role of music on the home-front, in the armies, and among African Americans. -
Fort Sumter National Monument Visitor Study
Social Science Program National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Visitor Services Project Fort Sumter National Monument Visitor Study 2 Fort Sumter National Monument Visitor Study OMB Approval: #1024-0224 (NPS #05-029) Expiration Date: 01/31/2006 United States Department of the Interior NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Fort Sumter National Monument 1214 Middle Street Sullivan's Island, SC 29482 IN REPLY REFER TO: July 2005 Dear Visitor: Thank you for participating in this important study. Our goal is to learn about the expectations, opinions, and interests of visitors to Fort Sumter National Monument. This information will assist us in managing this site and serving you, our visitor. This questionnaire is only being given to a select number of visitors, so your participation is very important! It should only take about 20 minutes after your visit to complete. When your visit is over, please complete the questionnaire. Seal it with the stickers provided on the last page and drop it in any U.S. mailbox. If you have any questions, please contact Margaret Littlejohn, NPS VSP Coordinator, Park Studies Unit, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, P.O. Box 441139, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1139, phone 208-885-7863, email: [email protected]. We appreciate your help. Sincerely, John Tucker Superintendent Fort Sumter National Monument Visitor Study 3 DIRECTIONS One person, at least 16 years of age, in your personal group should complete the questionnaire. It should take about 20 minutes. When you have completed the questionnaire, please seal it with the stickers provided and drop it in any U.S. -
The Battle of Midway
OVERVIEW ESSAY: The Battle of Midway (Naval History and Heritage Command, NH 73065.) One of Japan’s main goals during World War II was to THE BATTLE remove the United States as a Pacific power in order Early on the morning of June 4, aircraft from four to gain territory in east Asia and the southwest Pacific Japanese aircraft carriers attacked and severely islands. Japan hoped to defeat the US Pacific Fleet and damaged the US base on Midway. Unbeknownst to the use Midway as a base to attack Pearl Harbor, securing Japanese, the US carrier forces were just to the east of dominance in the region and then forcing a negotiated the island and ready for battle. After their initial attacks, peace. the Japanese aircraft headed back to their carriers to BREAKING THE CODE rearm and refuel. While the aircraft were returning, the Japanese navy became aware of the presence of US The United States was aware that the Japanese naval forces in the area. were planning an attack in the Pacific (on a TBD Devastator torpedo-bombers and SBD Dauntless location the Japanese code-named “AF”) because dive-bombers from the USS Enterprise, USS Hornet, Navy cryptanalysts had begun breaking Japanese and USS Yorktown attacked the Japanese fleet. The communication codes in early 1942. The attack location Japanese carriers Akagi, Kaga, and Soryu were hit, and time were confirmed when the American base at set ablaze, and abandoned. Hiryu, the only surviving Midway sent out a false message that it was short of Japanese carrier, responded with two waves of fresh water. -
Guide to a Microfilm Edition of the Alexander Ramsey Papers and Records
-~-----', Guide to a Microfilm Edition of The Alexander Ramsey Papers and Records Helen McCann White Minnesota Historical Society . St. Paul . 1974 -------~-~~~~----~! Copyright. 1974 @by the Minnesota Historical Society Library of Congress Catalog Number:74-10395 International Standard Book Number:O-87351-091-7 This pamphlet and the microfilm edition of the Alexander Ramsey Papers and Records which it describes were made possible by a grant of funds from the National Historical Publications Commission to the Minnesota Historical Society. Introduction THE PAPERS AND OFFICIAL RECORDS of Alexander Ramsey are the sixth collection to be microfilmed by the Minnesota Historical Society under a grant of funds from the National Historical Publications Commission. They document the career of a man who may be charac terized as a 19th-century urban pioneer par excellence. Ramsey arrived in May, 1849, at the raw settlement of St. Paul in Minne sota Territory to assume his duties as its first territorial gov ernor. The 33-year-old Pennsylvanian took to the frontier his family, his education, and his political experience and built a good life there. Before he went to Minnesota, Ramsey had attended college for a time, taught school, studied law, and practiced his profession off and on for ten years. His political skills had been acquired in the Pennsylvania legislature and in the U.S. Congress, where he developed a subtlety and sophistication in politics that he used to lead the development of his adopted city and state. Ram sey1s papers and records reveal him as a down-to-earth, no-non sense man, serving with dignity throughout his career in the U.S. -
T's Astonishing Just How Small Fort Sumter, S.C., Is. Five Minutes at A
Some interiors and gun emplacements of the Fort Sumter National Monument, Charleston, S.C., have been restored by the National Park Service to depict their Civil War state, but the overall look of the fort is far different today. t’s astonishing just how small Fort Sumter, S.C., is. ings are gone. Any brickwork not bashed to smithereens things tighter. Dwindling hope of reinforcement or res - pers, and news of it was disseminated worldwide by Five minutes at a saunter will take most who walk when Union forces returned to reclaim the fort in 1865 cue made things even worse. telegraph taps. It was the story of the day almost every it across its breadth, from the entrance gate to the was downed by later upgrades. Anderson’s garrison Gone are the vestiges of how the soldiers endured, day and became the public focal point in a high-stakes far gun line. burned most of the wooden structures as the artillery - but at the fort’s seaward side, Confederate state flags test of wills—national and personal. Great political and A dark gray blockhouse impedes those who stroll men ripped them apart one by one for fuel to survive— now fly atop a ring of flagstaffs around a taller central strategic questions came to be embodied by the struggle there today. It encased the command-and-control the cook shack consumed last in the desperation to flagstaff bearing the U.S. colors. Memorializing the over Sumter. center during World War II. Fort Sumter was an opera - hang on. losses on both sides, its design symbolizes restored alle - Newspapers, magazines and, uniquely, battlefield tional part of the Charleston Harbor defenses from its At the end of Anderson’s occupation of the fort, the giance under one flag. -
Independent Republic Quarterly, 2010, Vol. 44, No. 1-2 Horry County Historical Society
Coastal Carolina University CCU Digital Commons The ndeI pendent Republic Quarterly Horry County Archives Center 2010 Independent Republic Quarterly, 2010, Vol. 44, No. 1-2 Horry County Historical Society Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.coastal.edu/irq Part of the Civic and Community Engagement Commons, and the History Commons Recommended Citation Horry County Historical Society, "Independent Republic Quarterly, 2010, Vol. 44, No. 1-2" (2010). The Independent Republic Quarterly. 151. https://digitalcommons.coastal.edu/irq/151 This Journal is brought to you for free and open access by the Horry County Archives Center at CCU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in The ndeI pendent Republic Quarterly by an authorized administrator of CCU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Independent Republic Quarterly A Publication of the Horry County Historical Society Volume 44, No. 1-2 ISSN 0046-8843 Publication Date 2010 (Printed 2012) Calendar Events: A Timeline for Civil War-Related Quarterly Meeting on Sunday, July 8, 2012 at Events from Georgetown to 3:00 p.m. Adam Emrick reports on Little River cemetery census pro- ject using ground pen- etrating radar. By Rick Simmons Quarterly Meeting on Used with permission: taken from Defending South Carolina’s Sunday, October 14, 2012 at 3:00 p.m. Au- Coast: The Civil War from Georgetown to Little River (Charleston, thors William P. Bald- SC: The History Press 2009) 155-175. win and Selden B. Hill [Additional information is added in brackets.] review their book The Unpainted South: Car- olina’s Vanishing World. -
Ladies and Gentlemen
reaching the limits of their search area, ENS Reid and his navigator, ENS Swan decided to push their search a little farther. When he spotted small specks in the distance, he promptly radioed Midway: “Sighted main body. Bearing 262 distance 700.” PBYs could carry a crew of eight or nine and were powered by two Pratt & Whitney R-1830-92 radial air-cooled engines at 1,200 horsepower each. The aircraft was 104 feet wide wing tip to wing tip and 63 feet 10 inches long from nose to tail. Catalinas were patrol planes that were used to spot enemy submarines, ships, and planes, escorted convoys, served as patrol bombers and occasionally made air and sea rescues. Many PBYs were manufactured in San Diego, but Reid’s aircraft was built in Canada. “Strawberry 5” was found in dilapidated condition at an airport in South Africa, but was lovingly restored over a period of six years. It was actually flown back to San Diego halfway across the planet – no small task for a 70-year old aircraft with a top speed of 120 miles per hour. The plane had to meet FAA regulations and was inspected by an FAA official before it could fly into US airspace. Crew of the Strawberry 5 – National Archives Cover Artwork for the Program NOTES FROM THE ARTIST Unlike the action in the Atlantic where German submarines routinely targeted merchant convoys, the Japanese never targeted shipping in the Pacific. The Cover Artwork for the Veterans' Biographies American convoy system in the Pacific was used primarily during invasions where hundreds of merchant marine ships shuttled men, food, guns, This PBY Catalina (VPB-44) was flown by ENS Jack Reid with his ammunition, and other supplies across the Pacific. -
Decision at Fort Sumter
-·-~• .}:}· ~- ·-.:: • r. • • i DECISION AT FORT SUMTER Prologue In 1846 Congressman JeffeLson Davis of Mississippi presented to the House of Representatives a resolution calling for the replace- ment of Federal troops in all coastal forts by state militia. The proposal died in committee and shortly thereafter Davis resigned from Congress to lead the red-shirted First Mississippi Rifles to war and (~~-ll glory in Mexico. Now it was the morning of April 10, 1861, and Davis was President of the newly proclaimed Confederate States of America. As he met with his cabinet in a Montgomery, Alabama hotel room he had good reason to regret the failure of that resolution of fifteen years ago. For had it passed, he would not have had to make the decision he was about to make: Order Brigadier General P. G. T. Beauregard, commander of Confederate forces at Charleston, South Carolina to demand the surrender of the Federal garrison on Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor. But before Davis made this decision, other men had made other decisions -- decisions which formed a trail leading to that Montgomery hotel room on the morning of April 10, 1861. The War Department'~cision In a sense the first of those decisions went back to 1829 when the War Department dumped tons of granite rubble brougi1t from New England on a c.andspit at the mouth of Charleston harbor. On the foundation so formed a fort named after the South Carolina r - 2 - Revolutionary War hero, Thomas Sumter, was built. However it was built very slowly, as Congress appropriated the needed money in driblets. -
BATTERY JASPER I HISTORIC STRUCTURES REPORT - PART II I Historical Data Section FORT SUMTER NATIONAL MONUMENT I I Sullivan's Island, South Carolina by I I EDWIN C
.,. ' I 19 I •BATTERY JASPER I HISTORIC STRUCTURES REPORT - PART II I Historical Data Section FORT SUMTER NATIONAL MONUMENT I I Sullivan's Island, South Carolina By I I EDWIN C. BEARSS I DIVISION OF HI STORY I Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation .ational Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior ~ I! I ,J le I FOREWORD This report has been prepared to satisfy the research needs I as enumerated in Historical Resource Study Proposal, FOSU-H-3, Historic Structures Report, Part II, Battery Jasper, 1897-1948. As proposed by I Superintendent Paul Swartz this report is aimed to provide "information I pertaining to Battery Jasper; its casemates, bombproofs, armament, etc . to insure that the proposed restoration of Battery Jasper to its I 1898-1918 appearance is accurate." The Historical Data Section of the subject report besides furnishing information to guide the Architectural I Historians in preparing their measured drawings and specifications will I provide data needed for interpretive specialists to present the story of Battery Jasper to the area's visitors. 19 A number of persons have assisted in the preparation of this report. Particular thanks are due to Superintendent Paul Swartz and I Historian John Dobrovolny for their assistance at the site; to Archi I tectural Historians Henry Judd and Fred Gjessing for sharing their knowledge of the battery's architectural intricacies; to Dr. Raymond I Lewis of System Development Corporation, Falls Church, Virginia, for sharing his encyclopedic knowledge of American seacoast fortifications; I to Carlton Brown, James O. Hall, and Miss Nadine Whelchel of the Federal Records Center in East Point, Georgia, for the outstanding service pro I vided in making available records of the Charleston Engineer District; I to Frank Sarles for proof-reading the final draft; and especially to Mrs. -
Charleston Archives, Libraries, And
Note: Names of contact people may have changed. A GUIDE TO CHARLESTON AREA ARCHIVES, LIBRARIES AND MUSEUMS “More than forty miles of shelves…” by Donald Macbeth, ca. 1906 Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Online Catalog http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2014650185/ 5th Edition 2015 CALM Directory 2015 The Charleston Archives, Libraries and Museums Council (CALM) was organized in 1985 with the goal to start cooperative disaster preparedness planning. David Moltke-Hansen (at that time Director of the South Carolina Historical Society) coordinated 22 local cultural organizations into a group that could provide mutual assistance after storms or other disasters. The organization helped foster communication, local efforts of recovery, sharing of resources and expertise. CALM helped agencies, organizations, and institutions write disaster plans; sponsored workshops; and in general, raised consciousness about preservation and disaster preparedness and recovery needs. The statewide Palmetto Archives, Libraries and Museums Council on Preservation (PALMCOP) was then formed in Columbia in 1986 based on the successful model of CALM. CALM now provides an opportunity for participants in the archives, library, museum and records communities to interact in a supportive environment for the exchange of ideas and information. In 2001, CALM members created the Guide to Charleston Area Archives, Libraries and Museums to assist librarians, archivists, curators, and records managers in knowing “who has what,” and also to assist local researchers and scholars in their educational and academic pursuits. It was updated in 2004, 2008, and 2011, however, significant staffing and other changes have occurred in the last four years and this 5th edition reflects those changes. -
Seawall Evaluation and Study
SEAWALL EVALUATION AND STUDY PHASE I CONDITION ASSESSMENT PHASE II HISTORIC RESEARCH PHASE III DETAILED INVESTIGATION PHASE IV COMPREHENSIVE ENGINEERING ANALYSIS AND REPAIR RECOMMENDATIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 Authority, Purpose, Scope and Limitations 1 Terminology 3 Seawall Descriptions 4 High Battery Seawall 4 Low Battery Seawall 5 Marina Seawall 6 Seawalls Surrounding Colonial Lake 6 Phase I General Condition Assessment 7 High Battery Seawall 9 Low Battery Seawall 11 Marina Seawall 14 Seawalls Surrounding Colonial Lake 15 Phase II Historic Research 17 Construction of the Seawalls 17 High Battery Seawall 17 Low Battery Seawall 19 Marina Seawall 21 Seawalls Surrounding Colonial Lake 22 General Conclusions 23 Stone Masonry Portion of the High Battery Seawall 23 The Low Battery Seawall and the Concrete Extension of the High Battery Seawall 23 The Marina Seawall and the Seawalls Surrounding Colonial Lake 24 Conclusion 24 Phase III Detailed Investigation Geotechnical Investigation 25 Observation Pits 26 Additional Resources 26 Specific Locations Selected 27 General Results Stone Masonry Portion of the High Battery Seawall 27 Low Battery Seawall 29 Concrete Extension of the High Battery Seawall 34 Marina Seawall 36 General Conclusions Stone Masonry Portion of the High Battery Seawall 38 Low Battery Seawall 38 Concrete Extension of the High Battery Seawall 39 Marina Seawall 39 Phase IV Comprehensive Engineering Analysis and Repair Recommendations Terminology 40 Service Life 40 Extension of Service Life 41 Categories for Maintenance -
Name: Edhelper Battles - Fort Sumter
Name: edHelper Battles - Fort Sumter Every war has a starting point. The event may not seem important by itself, but the timing can make it significant. The shots which began the American Civil War occurred in the Charleston, South Carolina harbor on April 12, 1861. When South Carolina first seceded from the Union, there was a question about the Union forts and weapons arsenal within her territory. A commission was sent to Washington, D.C. to work out answers to these and other questions. On December 9, 1860, an agreement had been reached. They would eventually be ceded to the state but for now would remain as they were in both condition and ownership. It seemed pretty straight forward. Fort Moultrie was accessible by land and was garrisoned. Fort Sumter, on an island in the middle of the harbor, was incomplete and ungarrisoned. Major Robert Anderson commanded Fort Moultrie. Born and raised in Kentucky and married to a Southern woman, he sympathized with the South, but he served and was loyal to the Union army. His orders were to maintain his current position. Fort Moultrie was not in the most favorable position. It was situated on low ground, while hills and buildings in the area were higher. Anderson and his officers saw troops being moved out of the harbor and were afraid they would be attacked. If riflemen were on the hilltops and buildings, they could pick off soldiers inside the fort without ever showing themselves. Anderson decided to take action on his own. On December 26, 1860, Anderson and his men took boats across the harbor and took over the unfinished fort during the dead of night.