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Laterality in the Power Five and Group of Five Conferences in Women's College Softball Jon C

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Laterality in the Power Five and Group of Five Conferences in Women's College Softball Jon C University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs Education ETDs Summer 7-13-2018 Laterality in the Power Five and Group of Five Conferences in Women's College Softball Jon C. Nachtigal Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/educ_hess_etds Part of the Health and Physical Education Commons, Psychology of Movement Commons, Sports Sciences Commons, and the Sports Studies Commons Recommended Citation Nachtigal, Jon C.. "Laterality in the Power Five and Group of Five Conferences in Women's College Softball." (2018). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/educ_hess_etds/97 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Education ETDs at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Jon Nachtigal Candidate Health, Exercise & Sport Sciences Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Dr. John Barnes , Chairperson Dr. Alfredo Martinez Dr. Todd Seidler Dr. Alan Nathan LATERALITY IN THE POWER FIVE AND GROUP OF FIVE CONFERENCES IN WOMEN’S COLLEGE SOFTBALL by JON C. NACHTIGAL B.A., English University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1996 MBA, Business Administration Colorado Technical University, 2004 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Physical Education, Sports & Exercise Science The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico July, 2018 ii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to the memory of my parents, Glen and Doreen Nachtigal. Mom and Dad, you raised five intelligent, open-minded, and kind-hearted children. You instilled in us your hopes to leave the world a better place than you found it. You taught us that it is not whether we win or lose in sport and in life, but how we play the game. For that lesson in sportsmanship and so much more, I am grateful and lucky to have had you as my parents. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Melissa, thank you for your incredible encouragement, patience, and love. Like Michael Franti put so well, life is better with you. To my wonderful family, I am grateful for your unconditional support in this endeavor. To my dissertation committee of Dr. John Barnes, Dr. Todd Seidler, Dr. Alfredo Martinez, and Dr. Alan Nathan, thank you for your assistance, expertise, and insight, which greatly improved my dissertation. To the friends I made at UNM, thank you for some of the greatest years of my life and helping me along the way. Thank you to the many coaches and players who helped me to better understand the game of softball. This dissertation is part of my attempt to give back to the game that has given me so much. iv LATERALITY IN THE POWER FIVE AND GROUP OF FIVE CONFERENCES IN WOMEN’S COLLEGE SOFTBALL by Jon C. Nachtigal B.A., English University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1996 M.B.A, Business Administration Colorado Technical University, 2004 Ph.D., Physical Education, Sports & Exercise Science University of New Mexico, 2018 ABSTRACT Females in sport are under-represented in data and analysis when compared to their male counterparts. This disparity also applies to women’s softball in comparison to men’s baseball. To help fill this gap, this study evaluated the extent and impact of laterality in women’s college softball’s Power Five and Group of Five conferences from 2015-2017. This study focused on the extent of a left-sided lateral preference in women’s college softball, possible interactions between throwing hand and batting preference, to what extent the platoon effect exists in the sport, and the extent of positional bias in the sport. As one of the largest studies on the laterality of women in sport, with a sample size of over 3,000 women’s college softball players, this study contributes to the understanding of the manual act of throwing and the bimanual act of batting by females. The results from this study indicated that a left-sided lateral preference occurred more often in women’s softball than in the public, with slap hitters a possible cause. v However, without a method to identify which batters in softball are slap hitters, it was difficult to draw as rich of conclusions about laterality in women’s softball as those drawn for men’s professional baseball. The study also provided an assessment of performance variables that could impact the way the game is played and how coaches make recruiting decisions. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... xi LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 1 Purpose Statement ........................................................................................................... 5 Justification for Research ................................................................................................ 5 Research Questions.......................................................................................................... 6 Hypothesis ....................................................................................................................... 7 Significance of Study....................................................................................................... 7 Assumptions .................................................................................................................... 9 Limitations ....................................................................................................................... 9 Delimitations ................................................................................................................. 10 Definition of Terms ....................................................................................................... 10 Baseball/Fastpitch Softball Pitch Types ..................................................................... 11 Baseball/Fastpitch Softball Terms and Statistics........................................................ 11 CHAPTER II – LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................... 14 Research on Women’s Fastpitch Softball ...................................................................... 14 A Historical Perspective of Laterality Research ............................................................ 14 Biological Theories of Handedness ............................................................................... 15 Genetic Theories of Laterality ....................................................................................... 18 Genetic Models of Laterality ...................................................................................... 18 Genome-Wide Association Studies ............................................................................ 22 Sport Theories of Laterality ........................................................................................... 24 vii Laterality in Indirect-Interactive Sports ........................................................................ 28 Badminton .................................................................................................................. 29 Baseball ...................................................................................................................... 31 Non-Peer Reviewed Baseball Research .................................................................. 31 Peer Reviewed Baseball Research ........................................................................... 42 Cricket ........................................................................................................................ 54 Fastpitch Softball ........................................................................................................ 55 Ice Hockey .................................................................................................................. 57 Table Tennis ............................................................................................................... 58 Tennis ......................................................................................................................... 59 Volleyball ................................................................................................................... 61 A Brief History of Fastpitch Softball ............................................................................ 61 CHAPTER III - METHODOLOGY ............................................................................. 64 Research Design ............................................................................................................ 64 Data Sources .................................................................................................................. 65 Population ...................................................................................................................... 65 Data Assembly ............................................................................................................... 66 Research Questions........................................................................................................ 67 Research Question 1 – Frequency of a Left-Sided Lateral
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