DOCSLIB.ORG

Roof Construction

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

ROOF CONSTRUCTION The overall appearance of a building is greatly affected by the roof lines and the roofing materials. The designer has many standard designs to choose from and should be able to find one that will complement or add aesthetics to the building. Roof Styles • Gable Roof Popular design, easy to construct, sheds water well, easily ventilated and is applicable to a variety of house shapes and designs • Hip Roof Popular design, complex to construct, easily ventilated when a ridge vent is used, sheds water well, creates an increased chance for leaks because of the hips and valleys • Gambrel Roof Sometimes referred to as a “Barn Roof”, has been used mostly on barns & sheds, provides lots of head room, easily ventilated, sheds water well • Flat Roof Most economical, does not add much aesthetic appeal to the building, requires a “built-up”(layers of roofing felt and tar or other similar materials) or a membrane roof covering rather than conventional shingles, actually pitched 1/8” - 1/2” per foot for drainage, popular in warm areas of the country and on large buildings • Shed Roof Similar to flat roof, used on additions or in combinations with other roof styles, a built-up is required unless roof pitch is more than 3:12 Roof Truss Terminology • Roof Truss An assembly made from 2 X 4’s that form one rigid roof component, spaced 2’ O.C., and can span distances of up to 32’ or more. Commonly used truss designs; King-post, W, & the Scissor o Information needed to purchase the proper truss: span, roof pitch, spacing of trusses and anticipated roof load (a load of 40lbs. per square foot is adequate for most applications) • Clear Span The horizontal distance from the inside of one studded wall to the inside of the opposing studded wall • Rise The vertical distance measured from the top of the double top-plate to the underside of the rafters • Run Half of the clear span • Gussets Metal plates or pieces of plywood added to the truss’s joints to provide extra strength Stick Framed Roof Terminology • Ridge Board Horizontal component positioned on its edge at the ridge (middle) of the roof & is an anchor place for the upper ends of the rafters • Common Rafter Diagonal component spaced 16” or 24” O.C. spanning from the ridge to the double top plate of an exterior wall o Cut to proper dimension by locating the ridge cut, seat cut, plumb cuts, and tail cut. The precise layout of these cuts is determined by the slope or pitch of the roof and the inside width or clear span of the building. • Collar Tie Horizontal component connecting two opposing rafters • Hip Jack Rafter (for hip roofs only) Same as common rafter except it does not extend all the way to the double top plate of an exterior wall • Hip Rafter (for hip roofs only) Diagonal support spanning from the end of the ridge board to the double top plate of an exterior wall corner • Hip Jack Rafter (for hip roofs only) Same as a common rafter except it extends from the hip to the double top plate of an exterior wall General Roof Terminology • Overhang/Cornice The overhang of the roof at the eaves line that forms a connection between the roof and the side wall • Closed Cornice No overhang, just the trim that finished out the roof • Open Cornice/Wide Box with Lookouts Requires additional support members (lookouts) for fastening the soffit • Rake or Gable End The extension of a gable roof beyond the end wall of the house, which should be equal to the overhand at the eaves line • Ventilation Proper air flow throughout the underside of a roof so moisture/mold does not form and help preserve the life of the shingles • Gutters Troughs that carry water runoff from the roof to the downspouts, preventing water from running directly off the eaves and splattering the house and running down the foundation wall potentially causing leaks in the basement o Are generally pitched 1” to 1-1/2” in a 20’ span Downspout Copper, vinyl, aluminum, and galvanized sheet metal rectangular shaped pipe used for carrying rainwater from the gutters down to the ground and away from the building Roof Sheathing The board or sheet material fastened to the roof rafters/trusses providing strength to the roofing system and a surface for the roofing materials • Sheets must be staggered so that two sheets side-by-side do not end on the same rafter Roofing Material used on top of the roof sheathing which provides a waterproof barrier. • The most common type of roofing material is asphalt shingles • A square of shingles covers 100sq.ft. • Other materials used for roofing include: wood shingles, tile, slate, roll roofing, copper/aluminum/galvanized steel, layers of felt and tar and rubber membrane roofing • Factors that influence the selection of the roofing material are: cost, local codes, roof pitch, design of house and individual preference • Ice Guard then Building Paper should be placed on top of the sheathing first to act as an ice barrier and moisture barrier Works Cited Kicklighter, Clois E., Ronald J. Baird, and Joan C. Kicklighter. Architecture: Residential Drawing and Design. South Holland, IL: Goodheart-Willcox, 1995. Print. "Owens Corning 30 Year Architectural Shingles." Owens Corning 30 Year Architectural Shingles. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2012. "San Diego Roofer and General Contractor: Why San Diego Roofs Love Asphalt Shingles." San Diego Roofer and General Contractor: Why San Diego Roofs Love Asphalt Shingles. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2012. "Types of Prefab Roof Trusses." Types of Prefab Roof Trusses. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2012. "Walker Roofing & Exterior." Walker Roofing Exterior. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2012. https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/dhe-180-midterm-2/deck/2329721 http://www.hungryarchitect.com/blog/?p=901 http://roofing.lifetimewarrantyfence.com/frisco/layers-of-a-roofing-system/ http://www.designroofingwv.com/residential.html.
Recommended publications
  • BUILDING CONSTRUCTION NOTES.Pdf

    BUILDING CONSTRUCTION NOTES.Pdf

    10/21/2014 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION RIO HONDO TRUCK ACADEMY Why do firefighters need to know about Building Construction???? We must understand Building Construction to help us understand the behavior of buildings under fire conditions. Having a fundamental knowledge of buildings is an essential component of the decisiondecision--makingmaking process in successful fireground operations. We have to realize that newer construction methods are not in harmony with fire suppression operations. According to NFPA 1001: Standard for FireFighter Professional Qualifications Firefighter 1 Level ––BasicBasic Construction of doors, windows, and walls and the operation of doors, windows, and locks ––IndicatorsIndicators of potential collapse or roof failure ––EffectsEffects of construction type and elapsed time under fire conditions on structural integrity 1 10/21/2014 NFPA 1001 Firefighter 2 Level ––DangerousDangerous building conditions created by fire and suppression activities ––IndicatorsIndicators of building collapse ––EffectsEffects of fire and suppression activities on wood, masonry, cast iron, steel, reinforced concrete, gypsum wallboard, glass and plaster on lath Money, Money, Money….. Everything comes down to MONEY, including building construction. As John Mittendorf says “ Although certain types of building construction are currently popular with architects, modern practices will be inevitably be replaced by newer, more efficient, more costcost--effectiveeffective methods ”” Considerations include: ––CostCost of Labor ––EquipmentEquipment
  • Gable Shed Building Guide by John Shank, Owner of Shedking, LLC 2016

    Gable Shed Building Guide by John Shank, Owner of Shedking, LLC 2016

    Shedking's Gable Shed Building Guide by John Shank, owner of shedking, LLC 2016 This shed building guide should be used in conjunction with the gable shed plans available at my website shedking.net . These sheds can be used to build storage sheds, chicken coops, playhouses, tiny houses, garden sheds and much more! I have tried to make this guide as simple as possible, and I have tried to make my building plans as comprehensive and easy as possible to follow and understand. If at any time anything presented in the plans or building guide is not clear to you please contact me at [email protected]. As I always advise, please get a building permit and have your plans inspected and gone over by your local building inspector. Many counties in the United States do not require a permit for structures under a certain square footage, but it is still very wise to get the advise of your local building department no matter what the size of the structure. Email: [email protected] 1 Copyright 2016shedking.net If after purchasing a set of my plans and you want to know if they are good for your county, I won't be able to answer that question! All my plans are written utilizing standard building practices, but I cannot write my plans so that they satisfy every local building code. Safety is and should be your number one concern when building any outdoor structure. Table of Contents Disclaimer....................................................................................................................3 Wooden Shed Floor Construction.....................................................................................4
  • Weights and Measures

    Weights and Measures

    Schedule of Values Yadkin County 2009 Architectural Terms Apartment hotel a building designed for non-transient residential use, divided into dwelling units similar to an apartment house, but having such hotel apartment hotel accommodations as room furnishings, lounges, public dining room, maid service, etc. Apartment house a multi-family residence containing three or more non-transient residential living units and generally providing them with a number of common facilities and services. Attic An unfinished or semi-finished portion of a building lying between the highest finished story and the roof and wholly within the roof framing. Basement a building story which is wholly or partly below the grade level. Bay (1) a horizontal area division of a building usually defined as the space between columns or division walls. (2) an internal recess formed by causing a wall to project beyond its general line. Bay window a window, or group of continuous windows, projecting from the main wall of a building. Beam a long structural load-bearing member which is placed horizontally or nearly so and which is supported at both ends or, infrequently, at intervals along its length. Beam, spandrel a wall beam supporting the wall, above, as well as the floor. Building any structure partially or wholly above ground which is designed to afford shelter to persons, animals, or goods. See also construction. Building, fireproof a building in which all parts carrying loads or resisting stresses and all exterior and interior walls, floors, and staircases are made of incombustible materials, and in which all metallic structural members are encased in materials which remain rigid at the highest probable temperature in case its contents are burned, or which provide ample insulation from such a temperature.
  • Roof and Gutter De-Icing Cable

    Roof and Gutter De-Icing Cable

    ROOF AND GUTTER DE-ICING CABLE Design and Installation Guide Industrial Residential CommeWhat are Ice Dams? How Ice Dams are formed 1 Rising heat from the house melts the blanket of snow and ice on the roof from the bottom up, sending water trickling down the roof. 2 When water arrives at the cold eaves, it refreezes and forms a dam, preventing drainage. 3 Water is trapped behind the dam and backs up under the shingles. 4 The melted water can leak into the house through the windows or ceiling Snowmelt Principles and Application: Electrical Heat Trace Cable is intended to provide drain paths for the melted or flowing water to be carried away from the roof, gutters, and down spouts. This system is not intended to provide a snow free surface. Roofs in General Sun and building heat combine to melt accumulated snow at the roof/snow interface. Snow is porous and allows water to flow. Ice is not porous and will trap water. Water will flow as long as the roof surface stays above freezing. When the water runs to the roof edge it freezes, starting an “ice dam” that continues to grow and trap more water, leading to leakage problems. The objective of a snowmelt system is to ensure the water is drained off and not allowed to freeze at the roof edge forming a dam. Gutter Damage from Ice The water that enters into your rain gutters can freeze and build up an enormous amount of weight many times causing water to leak into soffits and entering into the building.
  • Elevation Drawings EXTERIOR HOUSE FAÇADE Elevations

    Elevation Drawings EXTERIOR HOUSE FAÇADE Elevations

    Elevation drawings EXTERIOR HOUSE FAÇADE Elevations Elevation – Drawing of the exterior of a structure. Typically front, back an side views. Elevations Terms & Definitions Grade line – the spot where the soil surface strikes the building; the reference point for most elevations Cornice – the part of the roof that extends out from the wall, sometimes referred to as the eave Eave – the lower part of the roof that projects from the wall, sometimes referred to as the cornice ElevationsTerms & Definitions Roof ridge – the uppermost area of two intersecting roof planes Roof ridge – the uppermost area of two intersecting roof planes Rail – decorative barriers and supports typically used to enclose porches and decks Roof Plans Terms & Definitions •Flat roof – common in areas with little rain or snow •Shed roof – offers the same simplicity and economical construction methods as a flat roof but does not have the drainage problems associated with a flat roof Roof Plans Terms & Definitions •Gable roof – one of the most common roof types in residential construction; constructed with two sloping sides that meet to form a ridge •Gambrel roof – a traditional shape that dates back to the colonial period; the lower level is covered with a steep roof surface, which connects into the upper roof system with a slighter pitch Roof Plans Terms & Definitions •Mansard roof – similar to a gambrel roof with the angled lower roof on all four sides rather than just two •Dutch hip roof – a combination between a hip roof and a gable roof Exterior Elevations Two-dimensional, flat, orthographic representations of the building’s exterior Each elevation shows the final appearance of one side of the building Exterior Elevations Four exterior elevations are shown Elevations are drawn at the same scale as the floor plan Labeled as Front, Rear, Right, and Left Side Elevations Compass directions are often used to label elevations (North, South, East, West Elevations) Exterior Elevations Bungalow commonly, a one-story house with a low-pitched roof.
  • Mitek Guidefor ROOF Trussinstallation

    Mitek Guidefor ROOF Trussinstallation

    TIMBER ROOF TRUSSES MiTek GUIDE for ROOF TRUSS Installation The Timber Roof Trusses you are about to install have been manufactured to engineering standards. To ensure that the trusses perform, it is essential that they be handled, erected and braced correctly. 2019 - Issue 1 mitek.com.au TABLE OF CONTENTS Fixing & Bracing Guidelines For Timber Roof Trusses General .....................................................................................................................................................................................3 Design ......................................................................................................................................................................................3 Transport..................................................................................................................................................................................3 Job Storage ..............................................................................................................................................................................3 Roof Layout .............................................................................................................................................................................4 Erection and Fixing ...................................................................................................................................................................4 Girder and Dutch Hip Girder Trusses .......................................................................................................................................7
  • Flat Roof Design Guide

    Flat Roof Design Guide

    FLAT ROOF DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS CONTENTS 1 Flat Roof Construction Types 04 2 Insulation and Condensation 06 3 Deck Types 07 4 Fire Protection 08 5 Wind Load Design 09 6 Falls and Drainage 10 7 Locating Equipment 11 8 Safe Access 12 Refurbishment Roofs 9 Assessing Requirements 13 10 Improving Drainage Falls 14 11 Improving Thermal Properties 15 03 bauder.co.uk 1 FLAT ROOF CONSTRUCTION TYPES Thermal Design Thermal design is concerned with the flow of both heat and water vapour through the roof construction and their subsequent effect on the performance of the roof and the various components in the system. The designer therefore needs to consider the amount of insulation required to control both heat loss and condensation. In the case of a flat roof, insulation is usually in the form of either a rigid board above the deck, or a fibrous quilt immediately above the ceiling, depending on the type of roof construction. There are three main recognised designs of flat roof construction; warm, cold and inverted. Manchester University Warm Roof In a warm roof construction the principal thermal insulation 1 layer is located above the structural decking, resulting in the structural deck and support structure being at a 2 temperature close to that of the interior of the building. It is necessary to incorporate a vapour control layer beneath 3 the insulation in order to prevent moisture vapour being 4 forced into the insulation through thermal pressure from within the building. The waterproofing membranes are placed over the insulation to completely encapsulate it. 5 7 There is no requirement for roof void ventilation, and cold bridging through the system is easier to eliminate because 6 there are no interruptions from the structural supports as there is in a cold roof construction.
  • The Householder's Guide to Flat Roofing

    The Householder's Guide to Flat Roofing

    THE HOUSEHOLDER’S GUIDE TO FLAT ROOFING CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 2 BASIC DESIGN 3 WARM AND COLD ROOFS 3 ESSENTIALS FOR A SUCCESSFUL FLAT ROOF 4 MAINTENANCE 5 INSPECTION CHECKLIST 5 WILL A REPAIR BE SUFFICIENT? 6 RE-ROOFING – THE OPTIONS 6 CHOOSING THE RIGHT MATERIALS 7 FOR THE STRUCTURAL DECK 7 FOR THE VAPOUR CONTROL LAYERS 7 FOR THE INSULATION MATERIALS 8 WATERPROOF COVERING 9 REINFORCED BITUMEN MEMBRANES (RBM) 9 SINGLE PLY 10 LIQUID APPLIED SYSTEMS 11 FINDING A CONTRACTOR 13 OBTAINING QUOTATIONS 13 BEFORE THE WORK STARTS 13 GUARANTEES 14 FURTHER INFORMATION 15 Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information in this publication. The National Federation of Roofing Contractors (NFRC), Single Ply Roofing Association (SPRA) and the Liquid Roofing and Waterproofing Association (LRWA) have not verified the information by independent testing nor has any control over the circumstances in which it will be used. They, their officers, employees or members cannot therefore accept any liability arising out of its use. INTRODUCTION This guide has been produced by the Industry for Householder’s with minimal roofing knowledge. By providing information on the design, materials, construction and maintenance of successful flat roofs; we hope it will assist to a satisfactory roof renewal. Traditionally, domestic flat roofs use two or more built up layers of bituminous felt as their weather proofing. Liquid applied systems such as glass fibre were introduced and are now quite widely used. Single Ply membranes are also used but are particularly suitable for larger roofs. Bitumen membranes are still the most used system and are of much higher quality than those used in previous decades and are now known as Reinforced Bitumen Membranes (RBM).
  • 4.9 Roof Design Guidelines

    4.9 Roof Design Guidelines

    4.9 Roof Design Guidelines 4.9.1 INTRODUCTION shingles and shakes as well as the detailing of the shingle roof differed according to regional practices. Commonly in urban areas, wooden roofs were replaced with more fire resistant materials, but in rural areas this was not a major concern. On many Victorian A weather-tight roof is basic in the country houses, the practice of wood preservation of a structure, regardless of its shingling survived the technological age, size, or design. In the system that allows a advances of metal roofing in the 19th building to work as a shelter, the roof sheds century, and near the turn of the century the rain, shades from the harsh sun, and enjoyed a full revival in its namesake, the buffers the weather. Shingle Style. The Bungalow styles in the 20th century assured wood shingles a During some periods in the history of place as one of the most fashionable, architecture, the roof imparts much of the domestic roofing materials. architectural character. It defines the style and contributes to the building's aesthetics. The hipped roofs of Georgian architecture, the turrets of Queen Anne and the graceful slopes of the Bungalow designs are examples of the use of roofing as a major design feature. But no matter how decorative the patterning or how compelling the form, the roof is a highly vulnerable element of a shelter that will inevitably fail. A poor or unmaintained roof will permit the accelerated deterioration of WOOD SHINGLES historic interior building materials - masonry, wood, plaster, paint - and will cause general Metal roofing in America is principally a disintegration of the basic structure.
  • Dutch Gable Carport Recommended Instruction Manual

    Dutch Gable Carport Recommended Instruction Manual

    DUTCH GABLE CARPORT RECOMMENDED INSTRUCTION MANUAL This document remains the property of FBHS (Aust) Pty Ltd September 2015 Table of Contents Introduction 2 Components 3 Step 1a – Marking out the Perimeter of the Carport with Footing only 4 Step 2a – Footing Set-Out for Concrete Block Pad Footing 5 Step 1b – Marking out the Perimeter of the Carport with Slab 6 Step 2b – Footing Set-Out for Concrete Slab 7 Step 3 – Preparation of Carport Posts 8 Step 4a – Post Sleeve on Base Plate Set-out on Footing only 9 Step 4b – Post Sleeve on Base Plate Set-out on Slab 10 Step 5 - Fitting of Intermediate Rafters with Apex Bracket 11 Step 6 - Fitting of End Rafters with Apex Bracket and Cross Beam Assembly 12 Step 7 - Fitting of Columns with Haunch Bracket 14 Step 8 - Fitting of Sidewall Eave Purlin (SW) to Post 15 Step 9 – Fixing of Cover Flashing to Sidewall Eave Purlin (SEP) 16 Step 10 - Gutter 16 Step 11 - Sidewall Frame Assembly 18 Step 12 - Other Sidewall Frame Assembly 18 Step 13- Standing First Sidewall Frame Assembly 18 Step 14 - Standing Second Sidewall Frame Assembly 19 Step 15- Fixing of Endwall Eave Purlin(EEP) to Sidewall Eave Purlin (SEP) on the Rear Endwall 19 Step 16- Installation of Rear Endwall Rafter 20 Step 17- Fixing of Dutch Cross Beam 21 Step 18 - Fixing of Rafter Frame Bracket to Cross Beam End Bracket 21 Step 19 - Fixing of Internal Hip Bracket 22 Step 20 - Fixing of Dutch Hip Rafter 23 Step 21- Fixing of Dutch Hip Rafter to the opposite corner 25 Step 22 - Fixing of Crown Rafter 26 Step 23 - Installation of Intermediate Rafters
  • Dutch Gable Freestanding Carport

    Dutch Gable Freestanding Carport

    DUTCH GABLE FREESTANDING CARPORT STRATCO OUTBACK® ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS. Your complete guide to building a FREESTANDING Outback DUTCH GABLE CARPORT BEFORE YOU START Carefully read these instructions. If you do not have all the necessary tools or information, contact Stratco for advice. Before starting lay out all components and check them against the delivery docket. The parts description identifies each key part, and the component location diagram indicates their fastening position. PARTS DESCRIPTION RIDGE KNUCKLE FOOTING PLATE EAVES KNUCKLE FOOTING COLUMNS AND Slots inside the gable rafters to Slots inside column Slots inside gable rafter and KNUCKLE RAFTERS form connection at the ridge to form on concrete column to form connection at Slots inside Pre cut 120 outback footing connection. eaves. column to form beam make up an in ground rafters and columns footing connection PURLINS HIP PLATE RIDGE CAP BARGE CAP INFILL PANELS Purlins provide support for Connects purlins to This flashing covers the roof The barge cap covers Sufficient number of sheets are cladding the hip rafter. sheets at the gable ridge. the area where the provided, from which the required deck finishes at portal dutch gable infill panels can be HIP FLASHING frame cut. Covers the roof sheet ends along the hip rafter. WEATHER STRIP HEX HEAD SELF DRILLING BOLTS AND RIVETS 68 mm PURLIN Weather strip supports infill SCREWS Bolt types vary depending BRACKET panel and covers the sheet Screw types vary depending upon upon the connection, ensure This bracket ends at the collar
  • The Receptivity of Roofs for Solar Panels

    The Receptivity of Roofs for Solar Panels

    Title: The Receptivity of Roofs for Solar Panels Author/Corresponding Author: Ian Shapiro, P.E. President Taitem Engineering, P.C. 110 S. Albany Street Ithaca, NY 14850 [email protected] v: (001) 607-277-1118 x115 f: (001) 607-277-2119 Abstract: The importance of roof design to host solar panels is increasingly recognized. Orientation, roof pitch, roof type, and a variety of obstructions all work to either make a roof receptive to solar panels, or difficult for solar panels to be installed, or something in between. This paper proposes a roof property which might be called receptivity, to characterize the degree to which a roof is or is not well-suited for solar panels. The characteristics of a receptive roof are explored. A scoring system is proposed for this property of receptivity. A variety of roof types are evaluated with the proposed scoring system, and a number of real roof examples are scored and examined. Best practices to encourage roof receptivity are offered. Keywords: solar, panel, roof, obstacle, receptivity The Receptivity of Roofs for Solar Panels 1. Introduction Roofs are a logical location for solar panels. Elevation reduces the risk of shading by the building itself, adjacent buildings, vegetation, or other sources of shadow. Limited access on a roof reduces the risk of vandalism and theft. Roofs can provide a ready- made structural support. However, roofs are generally not designed or built to host solar panels. Roof orientation, relative to the sun, is often poor. Roof-mounted building components such as chimneys, plumbing vents, and fans often interfere with a good potential solar panel location.