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Turbidity Current Flow Over an Erodible Obstacle and Phases of Sediment Wave Generation Moshe Strauss1,2 and Michael E
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 117, C06007, doi:10.1029/2011JC007539, 2012 Turbidity current flow over an erodible obstacle and phases of sediment wave generation Moshe Strauss1,2 and Michael E. Glinsky2,3,4 Received 24 August 2011; revised 21 March 2012; accepted 20 April 2012; published 7 June 2012. [1] We study the flow of particle-laden turbidity currents down a slope and over an obstacle. A high-resolution 2-D computer simulation model is used, based on the Navier-Stokes equations. It includes poly-disperse particle grain sizes in the current and substrate. Particular attention is paid to the erosion and deposition of the substrate particles, including application of an active layer model. Multiple flows are modeled from a lock release that can show the development of sediment waves (SW). These are stream-wise waves that are triggered by the increasing slope on the downstream side of the obstacle. The initial obstacle is completely erased by the resuspension after a few flows leading to self consistent and self generated SW that are weakly dependant on the initial obstacle. The growth of these waves is directly related to the turbidity current being self sustaining, that is, the net erosion is more than the net deposition. Four system parameters are found to influence the SW growth: (1) slope, (2) current lock height, (3) grain lock concentration, and (4) particle diameters. Three phases are discovered for the system: (1) “no SW,” (2) “SW buildup,” and (3) “SW growth”. The second phase consists of a soliton-like SW structure with a preserved shape. -
Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (2012)
FGDC-STD-018-2012 Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard Marine and Coastal Spatial Data Subcommittee Federal Geographic Data Committee June, 2012 Federal Geographic Data Committee FGDC-STD-018-2012 Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard, June 2012 ______________________________________________________________________________________ CONTENTS PAGE 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Objectives ................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Need ......................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Scope ........................................................................................................................ 2 1.4 Application ............................................................................................................... 3 1.5 Relationship to Previous FGDC Standards .............................................................. 4 1.6 Development Procedures ......................................................................................... 5 1.7 Guiding Principles ................................................................................................... 7 1.7.1 Build a Scientifically Sound Ecological Classification .................................... 7 1.7.2 Meet the Needs of a Wide Range of Users ...................................................... -
Sediments, Fauna and the Dispersal O Radionuclides at the N.E. Atlantic Dumpsite for Low-Level Radioactive Wast
NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR SEA RESEARC Sediments, fauna and the dispersal o radionuclides at the N.E. Atlantic dumpsite for low-level radioactive wast INIS-mf--11394 Report of the Dutch DORA program **? M.M. Rutgers van der Loeff & M.S.S. Lavaleye Front cover: Physiographic Diagram of the North Atlantic by B. C. Heezen and M. Tharp, Copyrighted © 1984 by Marie Thpro, published by permission of Marie Tharp. The posi- tion of the dumpsite is indicated. Tl.e deep water in the eastern basin is ventilated from the south. Back cover: Rat-tail fish Coryphaenoides armatus caught at the dumpsite. Sediments, fauna, and the dispersal of radionuclides at the N.E. Atlantic dumpsite for low-level radioactive waste Report of the Dutch DORA program M.M. Rutgers van der Loeff & M.S.S. Lavaleye Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59,NL 1790 AB DEN BURG, TEXEL 1986 SEDIMENTS, FAUNA, AND THE DISPERSAL OF RADIONUCLIDES AT THE NE ATLANTIC DUMPSITE FOR LOW-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE Final report of the Dutch DORA program MM. RUTGERS VAN DER LOEFF AND M.S.S. LAVALEYE NIOZ, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands. CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1.1. Research at the NEA dumpsite: CRESP and the DORA project 1.2. Acknowledgments 1.3. Source term: the radionuclides of interest 2. Material and methods 2.1. Cruises to the dumpsite 2.2. Sampling scheme 3. Geochemistry 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Methods 3.3. Recent sedimentological history 3.4. Elemental and mineralogical composition of the sediment 3.4.1. -
Deep Sea Drilling Project Initial Reports Volume 5
30. LITHOLOGIC SUMMARY Oscar E. Weser, Chevron Oil Field Research Company, La Habra, California INTRODUCTION Using this added distinction, one can account for the seeming contradiction that some pelagic sediments A broad spectrum of terrigenous and pelagic sedi- had a higher sedimentation rate than some terrigenous ments was encountered on Leg 5. The terrigenous sediments. The former contained significant amounts sediments occur only in those sites drilled closest to (up to 95 per cent) of siliceous and/or calcareous tests land masses. The more distant drill sites penetrated of planktonic microorganisms. It is obvious that when pelagic sediments. Pelagic deposits were also found in employing a system of dividing sediments into pelagic two nearshore sites at Holes 32 and 36. The distribu- and terrigenous deposits based on the rate continental tion of these two classes of sediment for the Leg 5 detritus accumulates, the products of plankton pro- drill sites is shown on Figure 1. duction act as a biasing diluent. By compensating for the biogenous constituents, one can generalize that Of the 1808 meters1 of sediment penetrated on Leg 5, most terrigenous sediments found on Leg 5 did have a 1344 meters (75 per cent) are terrigenous2 and 464 higher sedimentation rate than the pelagic sediments. meters (25 per cent) are pelagic. Table 1 lists the sedimentary constituents encountered In this inquiry, the main criterion used to differentiate in the terrigenous and pelagic deposits of the various pelagic from terrigenous deposits was color: pelagic holes on Leg 5. This table includes only those con- sediments typically were red, brown or yellow; green, stituents which were recognized while making visual blue and black characterized the terrigenous sediments. -
Particle Size Distribution and Estimated Carbon Flux Across the Arabian Sea Oxygen Minimum Zone François Roullier, L
Particle size distribution and estimated carbon flux across the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone François Roullier, L. Berline, Lionel Guidi, Xavier Durrieu de Madron, M. Picheral, Antoine Sciandra, Stephane Pesant, Lars Stemman To cite this version: François Roullier, L. Berline, Lionel Guidi, Xavier Durrieu de Madron, M. Picheral, et al.. Particle size distribution and estimated carbon flux across the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone. Biogeosciences, European Geosciences Union, 2014, 11, pp.4541-4557. 10.5194/bg-11-4541-2014. hal-01059610 HAL Id: hal-01059610 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01059610 Submitted on 30 Oct 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License Biogeosciences, 11, 4541–4557, 2014 www.biogeosciences.net/11/4541/2014/ doi:10.5194/bg-11-4541-2014 © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Particle size distribution and estimated carbon flux across the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone F. Roullier1,2, L. Berline1,2, L. Guidi1,2, -
Measuring Currents in Submarine Canyons: Technological and Scientifi C Progress in the Past 30 Years
Exploring the Deep Sea and Beyond themed issue Measuring currents in submarine canyons: Technological and scientifi c progress in the past 30 years J.P. Xu U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefi eld Road, MS-999, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION processes, and summarize and discuss several future research challenges constructed primar- The development and application of The publication of the American Association ily for submarine canyons in temperate climate, acoustic and optical technologies and of of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology 8: such as the California coast. accurate positioning systems in the past Currents in Submarine Canyons and Other Sea 30 years have opened new frontiers in the Valleys (Shepard et al., 1979) marked a signifi - 2. TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES submarine canyon research communities. cant milestone in submarine canyon research. IN CURRENT OBSERVATION IN This paper reviews several key advance- Although there had been studies on the topics of SUBMARINE CANYONS ments in both technology and science in the submarine canyon hydrodynamics and sediment fi eld of currents in submarine canyons since processes in various journals since the 1930s 2.1. Instrumentation the1979 publication of Currents in Subma- (Shepard et al., 1939; Emory and Hulsemann, rine Canyons and Other Sea Valleys by Fran- 1963; Ryan and Heezen 1965; Inman, 1970; Instrument development has come a long way cis Shepard and colleagues. Precise place- Drake and Gorsline, 1973; Shepard, 1975), this in the past 30 yr. The greatest leap in the tech- ments of high-resolution, high-frequency book was the fi rst of its kind to provide descrip- nology of fl ow measurements was the transition instruments have not only allowed research- tion and discussion on the various phenomena from mechanical to acoustic current meters. -
Proceedings: Twentieth Annual Gulf of Mexico Information Transfer Meeting
OCS Study MMS 2001-082 Proceedings: Twentieth Annual Gulf of Mexico Information Transfer Meeting December 2000 U.S. Department of the Interior Minerals Management Service Gulf of Mexico OCS Region OCS Study MMS 2001-082 Proceedings: Twentieth Annual Gulf of Mexico Information Transfer Meeting December 2000 Editors Melanie McKay Copy Editor Judith Nides Production Editor Debra Vigil Editor Prepared under MMS Contract 1435-00-01-CA-31060 by University of New Orleans Office of Conference Services New Orleans, Louisiana 70814 Published by New Orleans U.S. Department of the Interior Minerals Management Service October 2001 Gulf of Mexico OCS Region iii DISCLAIMER This report was prepared under contract between the Minerals Management Service (MMS) and the University of New Orleans, Office of Conference Services. This report has been technically reviewed by the MMS and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Service, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. It is, however, exempt from review and compliance with MMS editorial standards. REPORT AVAILABILITY Extra copies of this report may be obtained from the Public Information Office (Mail Stop 5034) at the following address: U.S. Department of the Interior Minerals Management Service Gulf of Mexico OCS Region Public Information Office (MS 5034) 1201 Elmwood Park Boulevard New Orleans, Louisiana 70123-2394 Telephone Numbers: (504) 736-2519 1-800-200-GULF CITATION This study should be cited as: McKay, M., J. Nides, and D. Vigil, eds. 2001. Proceedings: Twentieth annual Gulf of Mexico information transfer meeting, December 2000. -
Patterns of Suspended Particulate Matter Across the Continental Margin in the Canadian Beaufort Sea Jens K
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2018-261 Manuscript under review for journal Biogeosciences Discussion started: 21 June 2018 c Author(s) 2018. CC BY 4.0 License. Patterns of suspended particulate matter across the continental margin in the Canadian Beaufort Sea Jens K. Ehn1, Rick A. Reynolds2, Dariusz Stramski2, David Doxaran3, and Marcel Babin4 1Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. 2Marine Physical Laboratory, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A. 3Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefanche, Villefranche-sur-mer 06230, France. 4Joint International ULaval-CNRS Laboratory Takuvik, Québec-Océan, Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada. Correspondence: Jens K. Ehn ([email protected]) Abstract. The particulate beam attenuation coefficient at 660 nm, cp(660), was measured in conjunction with properties of suspended particle assemblages in August 2009 within the Canadian Beaufort Sea continental margin, a region heavily influenced by sediment discharge from the Mackenzie River. The suspended particulate matter mass concentration (SPM) 3 ranged from 0.04 to 140 g m− , its composition varied from mineral to organic-dominated, and the median particle diameter 5 ranged determined over the range 0.7–120 µm varied from 0.78 to 9.45 µm, with the fraction of particles < 1 µm highest in surface layers influenced by river water or ice melt. A relationship between SPM and cp(660) was developed and used to determine SPM distributions based on measurements of cp(660) taken during summer seasons of 2004, 2008 and 2009, as well as fall 2007. -
Particulate Organic Carbon Fluxes on the Slope of the Mackenzie Shelf
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Journal of Marine Systems 68 (2007) 39–54 www.elsevier.com/locate/jmarsys Particulate organic carbon fluxes on the slope of the Mackenzie Shelf (Beaufort Sea): Physical and biological forcing of shelf-basin exchanges ⁎ Alexandre Forest a, , Makoto Sampei a, Hiroshi Hattori b, Ryosuke Makabe c, Hiroshi Sasaki c, Mitsuo Fukuchi d, Paul Wassmann e, Louis Fortier a a Québec-Océan, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, G1K 7P4 b Hokkaido Tokai University, Minamisawa, Minamiku Sapporo, Hokkaido 005-8601, Japan c Senshu University of Ishinomaki, Ishinomaki, Miyagi 986-8580, Japan d National Institute of Polar Research, 9-10, Kaga 1-chome, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8515, Japan e Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway Received 27 July 2006; received in revised form 25 October 2006; accepted 27 October 2006 Available online 12 December 2006 Abstract To investigate the mechanisms underlying the transport of particles from the shelf to the deep basin, sediment traps and oceanographic sensors were moored from October 2003 to August 2004 over the 300- and 500-m isobaths on the slope of the Mackenzie Shelf (Beaufort Sea, Arctic Ocean). Seasonal variations in the magnitude and nature of the vertical particulate organic carbon (POC) fluxes were related to sea-ice thermodynamics on the shelf and local circulation. From October to April, distinct increases in the POC flux coincided with the resuspension and advection of shelf bottom particles by thermohaline convection, windstorms, and/or current surges and inversions. Once resuspended and incorporated into the Benthic Nepheloid Layer (BNL), particles of shelf origin were transported over the slope by the isopycnal intrusion of the BNL into the Polar-Mixed Layer off-shelf. -
Deep-Sea Research Part I
Deep–Sea Research I 161 (2020) 103300 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Deep-Sea Research Part I journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/dsri Direct evidence of a high-concentration basal layer in a submarine turbidity current Zhiwen Wang a, Jingping Xu b,c,*, Peter J. Talling d, Matthieu J.B. Cartigny d, Stephen M. Simmons e, Roberto Gwiazda f, Charles K. Paull f, Katherine L. Maier g, Daniel R. Parsons e a College of Marine and Geosciences, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Rd., Qingdao, Shandong, 266100, China b Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Rd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China c Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266061, China d Department of Earth Sciences and Geography, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom e Department of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom f Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Rd., Moss Landing, CA, 95039, USA g Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 2885 Mission St., Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Submarine turbidity currents are one of the most important sediment transfer processes on earth. Yet the Turbidity currents fundamental nature of turbidity currents is still debated; especially whether they are entirely dilute and tur Sediment concentration bulent, or a thin and dense basal layer drives the flow. This major knowledge gap is mainly due to a near- Seawater conductivity complete lack of direct measurements of sediment concentration within active submarine flows. -
Turbidites in a Jar
Activity— Turbidites in a Jar Sand Dikes & Marine Turbidites Paleoseismology is the study of the timing, location, and magnitude of prehistoric earthquakes preserved in the geologic record. Knowledge of the pattern of earthquakes in a region and over long periods of time helps to understand the long- term behavior of faults and seismic zones and is used to forecast the future likelihood of damaging earthquakes. Introduction Note: Glossary is in the activity description Sand dikes are sedimentary dikes consisting of sand that has been squeezed or injected upward into a fissure during Science Standards an earthquake. (NGSS; pg. 287) To figure out the earthquake hazard of an area, scientists need to know how often the largest earthquakes occur. • From Molecules to Organisms—Structures Unfortunately (from a scientific perspective), the time and Processes: MS-LS1-8 between major earthquakes is much longer than the • Motion and Stability—Forces and time period for which we have modern instrumental Interactions: MS-PS2-2 measurements or even historical accounts of earthquakes. • Earth’s Place in the Universe: MS-ESS1-4, Fortunately, scientists have found a sufficiently long record HS-ESS1-5 of past earthquakes that is preserved in the rock and soil • Earth’s Systems: HS-ESS2-1, MS-ESS2-2, beneath our feet. The unraveling of this record is the realm MS-ESS2-3 of a field called “paleoseismology.” • Earth and Human Activity: HS-ESS3-1, In the Central United States, abundant sand blows are MS-ESS3-2 studied by paleoseismologists. These patches of sand erupt onto the ground when waves from a large earthquake pass through wet, loose sand. -
Breaching Flow Slides and the Associated Turbidity Current
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Article Breaching Flow Slides and the Associated Turbidity Current Said Alhaddad * , Robert Jan Labeur and Wim Uijttewaal Environmental Fluid Mechanics Section, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands; [email protected] (R.J.L.); [email protected] (W.U.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 6 December 2019; Accepted: 14 January 2020; Published: 21 January 2020 Abstract: This paper starts with surveying the state-of-the-art knowledge of breaching flow slides, with an emphasis on the relevant fluid mechanics. The governing physical processes of breaching flow slides are explained. The paper highlights the important roles of the associated turbidity current and the frequent surficial slides in increasing the erosion rate of sediment. It also identifies the weaknesses of the current breaching erosion models. Then, the three-equation model of Parker et al. is utilised to describe the coupled processes of breaching and turbidity currents. For comparison’s sake, the existing breaching erosion models are considered: Breusers, Mastbergen and Van Den Berg, and Van Rhee. The sand erosion rate and hydrodynamics of the current vary substantially between the erosion models. Crucially, these erosion models do not account for the surficial slides, nor have they been validated due to the scarcity of data on the associated turbidity current. This paper motivates further experimental studies, including detailed flow measurements, to develop an advanced erosion model. This will improve the fidelity of numerical simulations. Keywords: flow slide; breaching; turbidity current; sediment entrainment; sediment pick-up function; erosion velocity 1.