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Toward Sustainability for Missouri Forests Susan L United States Department of Agriculture Toward Sustainability For Forest Service Missouri Forests North Central Research Station General Technical Report NC-239 The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDAÕs TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Published by: North Central Research Station Forest Service U.S. Department of Agriculture 1992 Folwell Avenue St. Paul, MN 55108 2004 Web site: www.ncrs.fs.fed.us CONTENTS Page Introduction Toward Sustainability for Missouri Forests Susan L. Flader . .1 Part I. The Nature of Missouri Forests 1. Missouri’s Forests: An Ecological Perspective Tim A. Nigh . .6 2. History of Missouri Forests and Forest Conservation Susan L. Flader . .20 Part II. Elements of Sustainability 3. Ecological Sustainability Alan R.P. Journet and Christine E. Logan . .60 4. Missouri’s Timber Resources: Finding a Sustainable Balance Among Growth, Harvest and Consumption Stephen R. Shifley . .84 5. Non-Timber Forest Products: Potential for Sustainable Forest Income Shelby Jones . .98 6. Watershed Sustainability: Downstream Effects of Timber Harvest in the Ozarks of Missouri Robert B. Jacobson . .106 7. Social and Economic Sustainability in the Missouri Ozarks Bernard J. Lewis . .129 Part III. Sustainable Silviculture in the Missouri Ozarks 8. Sustainable Silviculture for Missouri’s Oak Forests W. Dustin Walter and Paul S. Johnson . .173 9. Pioneer Forest: A Case Study in Sustainable Forest Management Greg F. Iffrig, Clinton E. Trammel, and Terry Cunningham . .193 Part IV. The Human Factor in Resource Sustainability 10. Trends in Demands for Missouri Forest Lands William B. Kurtz . .205 11. Missouri Citizen Attitudes Toward Forest Resources Sandy Rikoon and Douglas Constance . .211 12. Chip Mills and Missouri Forests: A Case Study in Policy Development Bernard J. Lewis . .228 Appendix A. The Montreal Process Criteria and Indicators for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Temperate and Boreal Forests . .249 Figures and Tables Figures Cover Missouri land cover 1.1 Ecological provinces of the eastern United States 1.2 Schroeder’s (1981) presettlement prairie of Missouri 1.3 Louis Houck 1.4 Henry Rowe Schoolcraft 1.5 Curtis Fletcher Marbut 1.6 ECS hierarchy in Missouri 1.7 Missouri ecological subsections and forest cover 1.8 Landtype associations in the Current River Hills 1.9 Ecological landtype phases in the Current and Black River Breaks LTAs 2.1 Forests as a percent of land area, 1600 and 2000, U.S. and Missouri 2.2 Missouri timber production in selected years, 1860-2000: sawlogs and all products 2.3 Lumber production, 1889 and 1909, by state; lumber surplus and shortage, 1920, by state 2.4 Human population, hog population, cattle population, improved farmland in acres, and land in row crops in acres, 1850-1992, for certain Ozark counties [cf. Jacobson, fig. 5-5] 2.5 Land use problem areas, Missouri State Planning Board, 1935 2.6 Free range for livestock, 1935 2.7 Missouri public lands, 2000 2.8 Missouri protected areas—state parks, natural areas, and wilderness areas, 2000 2.9 Timberland area by ownership class, U.S. and Missouri, 1989 3.1 Model of biomass accumulation during forest succession 3.2 Model of increasing species richness during forest succession 3.3 Model of equilibrium species number on islands in relation to island size and distance from colonizing source 3.4 Species area relationships comparing species richness on islands with mainland sites of equivalent area 3.5 The impact of reducing the size of the habitat island on the species richness supported by the island 3.6 The impact of fragmentation of a one square kilometer habitat patch by two perpendicu- lar 100-m-wide road easements bisecting the patch with an edge effect of 100 m 4.1 Missouri inventory regions showing percent forest cover, standing volume, mean volume per acre, and mean site index, 1989 4.2 Forest cover types in Missouri, 1989 [pie-chart] 4.3 Acres of forest by stand age class in Missouri, 1989 4.4 Mean annual growth and removals by owner group on timberland in Missouri, 1972-1989 4.5 Volume of growing stock in Missouri and the United States, 1952-1992 4.6 U.S. consumption of timber products by product type, 1997. 6.1 The Ozarks of Missouri and adjacent states; Little Piney Creek and Current River drainage basins 6.2 Late Pleistocene loess distribution in the Ozarks 6.3 Correlations of Holocene allostratigraphic units, numbers of radiocarbon dates, and paly- nological data, Ozarks of Missouri 6.4 Representative stratigraphic sections from Little Piney Creek and Jacks Fork (Current River basin) showing Holocene allostratigraphic units and relative quantities of gravel and fine sediment 6.5 Timber harvest data for Missouri, and land use data for four counties in southeastern Missouri (US Census, 1850-1992) 6.6 Land use changes, seasonal precipitation, and runoff for Little Piney Creek Basin, Missouri, 1928-94 6.7 Relation of major water-quality parameters to land use in the Ozarks 6.8 Differing role of roots on a convex-upward bank and concave-upward bank 6.9 Record of channel changes in a dynamic stream system over 50 years, Little Piney Creek, Missouri 6.10 Channel cross sections at the Burnt Cabin reach showing the morphologic change dur- ing March 1991 – March 1995 6.11 Mean streambed elevation changes for streamgages in the Current River Basin, showing variations in aggradation responses 6.12 Longitudinal plots of gravel-bar area and moving average of gravel-bar area along the Current River 6.13 Conceptual model of landscape hysteresis in the Ozarks 7.1 Ideas and context of the evolution of the concept of sustainability in U.S. forest policy and management 7.2 Percent population change in Missouri counties: 1990-2000 7.3 Per capita income growth (1970-1990) and persistent poverty counties (1960-1990) among Missouri Ozark NMNF counties 7.4 Missouri Ozark counties identified as significant for timber, minerals, and travel 7.5 Key dimensions of social relations among people in a locality, region, or society as a lens for understanding social and economic sustainability 7.6 Elements of a pathway to social and economic sustainability for rural areas and commu- nities in the Missouri Ozarks 7.7a The extractive model of the local economy 7.7b The quality-of-life model of the local economy 8.1 Estimated proportion of the land area of the United States in forest and non-forest in 1600 and 1992 8.2 The Central Hardwood Region 8.3 Oak seedlings and seedling sprouts growing beneath a forest canopy 8.4 Change in relative volume of merchantable trees in managed even-aged and uneven- aged stands 8.5 The diameter distributions of uneven-aged stands can assume many different shapes 8.6 Successful application of uneven-aged silviculture requires sustaining the regeneration process 8.7 Some potential edge effects associated with group openings in Missouri oak forests 9.1 Pioneer Forest 9.2 Multiple layers of the forest as a result of single-tree selection management techniques 9.3 Diagram of the single-tree selection harvest technique using forestwide averages from the 45-year dataset from Pioneer Forest, following the 1997 measurement of the continu- ous forest inventory 9.4 Selected prices for standing trees sold from Pioneer Forest during the period 1950-1999 10.1 Proportions of NIPF ownerships, by ownership objectives, in the northern United States 10.2 Proportions of NIPF owner types and forest land holdings in the Missouri Ozarks 10.3 NIPF owner decisionmaking framework 11.1 Ratings of reasons why forest land is important, by total sample 11.2 Ratings of reasons why forest land is very important, by respondent group 11.3 Ratings of reasons why public forest land is very important, by respondent group 11.4 Environmental protection and economic development can go hand in hand or we must choose, by respondent group 11.5 Preference between contrasting statements on ability to combine environmental/ economic objectives or need to curtail human activity to meet environmental goals, by respondent group 11.6 If unable to reach a compromise, do you believe environmental protection or economic development is more important, by respondent group 11.7 Agree with statement that public forest land in Missouri is wisely managed, by respon- dent group 11.8 Agree that private forest land in Missouri is wisely managed, by respondent group 11.9 Agree that forest management on private land should be regulated by the state, by respondent group 12.1 Location of high capacity chip mills and source areas in Missouri 12.2 Important factors in the decisionmaking process of the chip mill committee Tables 2.1 Amount of land cleared by decade, Missouri 1850-1910 2.2 Decline of Missouri’s southeastern lowland forest, 1870-1975 2.3 Extent of forest lands in acres and status of state forestry, 1936 2.4 Comparison of Missouri’s lumber production and estimated timber growth, normal wood
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