IDL-What You Need to Know
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Object Pascal Language Guide
Object Pascal Language Guide Borland® Object Pascal Borland Software Corporation 100 Enterprise Way, Scotts Valley, CA 95066-3249 www.borland.com Borland Software Corporation may have patents and/or pending patent applications covering subject matter in this document. The furnishing of this document does not give you any license to these patents. COPYRIGHT © 1983, 2002 Borland Software Corporation. All rights reserved. All Borland brand and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of Borland Software Corporation. Other brand and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders. Printed in the U.S.A. ALP0000WW21000 1E0R0102 0203040506-9 8 7654321 D3 Contents Chapter 1 Qualified identifiers . 4-2 Introduction 1-1 Reserved words . 4-3 Directives. 4-3 What’s in this manual? . 1-1 Numerals. 4-4 Using Object Pascal . 1-1 Labels . 4-4 Typographical conventions . 1-2 Character strings . 4-4 Other sources of information . 1-2 Comments and compiler directives. 4-5 Software registration and technical support . 1-3 Expressions . 4-5 Part I Operators. 4-6 Arithmetic operators . 4-6 Basic language description Boolean operators . 4-7 Logical (bitwise) operators . 4-8 Chapter 2 String operators . 4-9 Overview 2-1 Pointer operators. 4-9 Program organization . 2-1 Set operators . 4-10 Pascal source files . 2-1 Relational operators . 4-11 Other files used to build applications . 2-2 Class operators. 4-12 Compiler-generated files . 2-3 The @ operator . 4-12 Example programs. 2-3 Operator precedence rules . 4-12 A simple console application . 2-3 Function calls . 4-13 A more complicated example . -
Syntactic Sugar and Obfuscated Code: Why Learning C Is Challenging for Novice Programmers
TECHNICAL REPORT Syntactic sugar and obfuscated code: Why learning C is challenging for novice programmers Michael Wirth School of Computer Science University of Guelph Sally sold C shells by the C shore. But should she have? C is an inherently complex language, not from the perspective of the language, because it is a small language in comparison to the likes of Ada or C++. However there is an inherent complexity to learning the language because of its assembly-like heritage. This white-paper overviews some of the more challenging aspects of C from the perspective of the novice programmer, and offers alternatives from other languages, where the usability may be improved. 1. Introduction 2. C - Language Synopsis 3. Datatypes 4. Symbolic confusion 5. Permissiveness 6. Incoherent control structures 7. Lack of consistency 8. Arrays 9. Pointers and memory 10. Functions and parameter passing 11. Failure to build on existing knowledge 12. Code brevity and condensation 13. Input snaffus 14. Hoodwinking the compiler 15. C code is just plain crazy 16. Conclusion June 2018 TECHNICAL REPORT 1. Introduction The debate over the choice of programming language use in CS1 (the core introductory programming course) has been going on as long as languages have been used to teach programming. Fundamentally CS1 has three basic goals. The first involves disseminating the basic principles of programming, such as decision statements, repetition, modularity, testing, readability etc. The second involves teaching how the basic principles are implemented in a specific programming language. The third involves showing how programming can be used to solve problems. It is the latter which spurs interest in programming - taking a problem, and deriving a solution which can then be turned into a program. -
Release 3.8 the Clang Team
Clang Documentation Release 3.8 The Clang Team Aug 19, 2017 Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 What’s New in Clang 3.8? 5 3 Additional Information 13 4 Using Clang as a Compiler 15 5 Using Clang as a Library 257 6 Using Clang Tools 283 7 Design Documents 299 8 Indices and tables 347 i ii Clang Documentation, Release 3.8 • Introduction • What’s New in Clang 3.8? – Improvements to Clang’s diagnostics – New Compiler Flags – Alignment – C Language Changes in Clang – OpenCL C Language Changes in Clang – OpenMP Support in Clang – CUDA Support in Clang – Internal API Changes – AST Matchers – Static Analyzer – Clang-tidy • Additional Information Written by the LLVM Team Contents 1 Clang Documentation, Release 3.8 2 Contents CHAPTER 1 Introduction This document contains the release notes for the Clang C/C++/Objective-C frontend, part of the LLVM Compiler Infrastructure, release 3.8. Here we describe the status of Clang in some detail, including major improvements from the previous release and new feature work. For the general LLVM release notes, see the LLVM documentation. All LLVM releases may be downloaded from the LLVM releases web site. For more information about Clang or LLVM, including information about the latest release, please check out the main please see the Clang Web Site or the LLVM Web Site. 3 Clang Documentation, Release 3.8 4 Chapter 1. Introduction CHAPTER 2 What’s New in Clang 3.8? Some of the major new features and improvements to Clang are listed here. Generic improvements to Clang as a whole or to its underlying infrastructure are described first, followed by language-specific sections with improvements to Clang’s support for those languages. -
Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERL(1)
PERL(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERL(1) NAME perl − The Perl 5 language interpreter SYNOPSIS perl [ −sTtuUWX ][−hv ][−V[:configvar]] [ −cw ][−d[t][:debugger]][−D[number/list]] [ −pna ][−Fpattern ][−l[octal]][−0[octal/hexadecimal]] [ −Idir ][−m[−]module ][−M[−]’module...’ ][−f ][−C [number/list] ][−S ] [ −x[dir]] [−i[extension]] [[−e|−E] ’command’ ][−− ][programfile ][argument ]... Formore information on these options, you can run perldoc perlrun. GETTING HELP The perldoc program givesyou access to all the documentation that comes with Perl. Youcan get more documentation, tutorials and community support online at <http://www.perl.org/>. If you’re newtoPerl, you should start by running perldoc perlintro,which is a general intro for beginners and provides some background to help you navigate the rest of Perl’sextensive documentation. Run perldoc perldoc to learn more things you can do with perldoc. Forease of access, the Perl manual has been split up into several sections. Overview perl Perl overview (this section) perlintro Perl introduction for beginners perlrun Perl execution and options perltoc Perl documentation table of contents Tutorials perlreftut Perl references short introduction perldsc Perl data structures intro perllol Perl data structures: arrays of arrays perlrequick Perl regular expressions quick start perlretut Perl regular expressions tutorial perlootut Perl OO tutorial for beginners perlperf Perl Performance and Optimization Techniques perlstyle Perl style guide perlcheat Perl cheat sheet perltrap Perl traps for -
Computer Arithmetic
APPENDIX A Computer Arithmetic In the chapters of this book, I've deliberately kept discussion of arithmetic to a minimum. However, it's important, so I'm going to quickly go over the subject in this appendix. If you feel confident in your math skills, this review will be old hat to you. If you find the math parts tough, this section should show you how easy it really is. Binary Numbers First, let's consider exactly what you intend when you write a common, everyday decimal number such as 324 or 911. Obviously what you mean is three hundred and twenty-four oi nine hundred and eleven. Put more precisely, you mean the following: 324 is 3 X 102 + 2 X IQl + 4 X 10^, which is 3 x 10 x 10 + 2 x 10 + 4 911 is 9 X 102 + 1 X 10^ + 1 X 10^, which is 9 x 10 x 10 + 1 x 10 + 1 We call this decimal notation because it's built around powers of 10. (This is derived from the Latin decimalis, meaning "of tithes," which was a tax of 10 percent. Ah, those were the days ...) Representing numbers in this way is very handy for people with 10 fingers and/or 10 toes, or indeed 10 of any kind of appendage. However, your PC is rather less handy, being built mainly of switches that are either on or off. It's OK for counting up to 2, but not spectacular at counting to 10. I'm sure you're aware that this is the primary reason why your computer represents numbers using base 2 rather than base 10. -
Building IDL Applications
Building IDL Applications IDL Version 6.1 July, 2004 Edition Copyright © Research Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved 0704IDL61BLD Restricted Rights Notice The IDL®, ION Script™, and ION Java™ software programs and the accompanying procedures, functions, and documentation described herein are sold under license agreement. Their use, duplication, and disclosure are subject to the restrictions stated in the license agreement. Research Systems, Inc., reserves the right to make changes to this document at any time and without notice. Limitation of Warranty Research Systems, Inc. makes no warranties, either express or implied, as to any matter not expressly set forth in the license agreement, including without limitation the condition of the software, merchantability, or fitness for any particular purpose. Research Systems, Inc. shall not be liable for any direct, consequential, or other damages suffered by the Lic- ensee or any others resulting from use of the IDL or ION software packages or their documentation. Permission to Reproduce this Manual If you are a licensed user of this product, Research Systems, Inc. grants you a limited, nontransferable license to reproduce this particular document provided such copies are for your use only and are not sold or distrib- uted to third parties. All such copies must contain the title page and this notice page in their entirety. Acknowledgments IDL® is a registered trademark and ION™, ION Script™, ION Java™, are trademarks of Research Systems Inc., registered in the United States Patent and Trademark Office, for the computer program described herein. Numerical Recipes™ is a trademark of Numerical Recipes Software. Numerical Recipes routines are used by permission. -
Release 3.9 the Clang Team
Clang Documentation Release 3.9 The Clang Team Aug 19, 2017 Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 What’s New in Clang 3.9? 5 3 Additional Information 9 4 Using Clang as a Compiler 11 5 Using Clang as a Library 275 6 Using Clang Tools 303 7 Design Documents 321 8 Indices and tables 371 i ii Clang Documentation, Release 3.9 • Introduction • What’s New in Clang 3.9? – Major New Features – Attribute Changes in Clang – Windows Support – C Language Changes in Clang – C++ Language Changes in Clang – OpenCL C Language Changes in Clang – OpenMP Support in Clang – AST Matchers – Static Analyzer • Additional Information Written by the LLVM Team Contents 1 Clang Documentation, Release 3.9 2 Contents CHAPTER 1 Introduction This document contains the release notes for the Clang C/C++/Objective-C frontend, part of the LLVM Compiler Infrastructure, release 3.9. Here we describe the status of Clang in some detail, including major improvements from the previous release and new feature work. For the general LLVM release notes, see the LLVM documentation. All LLVM releases may be downloaded from the LLVM releases web site. For more information about Clang or LLVM, including information about the latest release, please check out the main please see the Clang Web Site or the LLVM Web Site. 3 Clang Documentation, Release 3.9 4 Chapter 1. Introduction CHAPTER 2 What’s New in Clang 3.9? Some of the major new features and improvements to Clang are listed here. Generic improvements to Clang as a whole or to its underlying infrastructure are described first, followed by language-specific sections with improvements to Clang’s support for those languages. -
Hands On: C Programming and Unix Application Design: UNIX System Calls and Subroutines Using C
Hands On: C Programming and Unix Application Design: UNIX System Calls and Subroutines using C c A. D. Marshall 1998-2004 ii Contents 1 C/C++ Program Compilation 1 1.1 Creating, Compiling and Running Your Program . 1 1.1.1 Creating the program . 1 1.1.2 Compilation . 2 1.1.3 Running the program . 3 1.2 The C Compilation Model . 3 1.2.1 The Preprocessor . 3 1.2.2 C Compiler . 5 1.2.3 Assembler . 5 1.2.4 Link Editor . 5 1.2.5 Some Useful Compiler Options . 5 1.2.6 Using Libraries . 6 1.2.7 UNIX Library Functions . 7 1.2.8 Finding Information about Library Functions . 7 1.3 Lint | A C program verifier . 8 1.4 Exercises . 9 2 C Basics 11 2.1 History of C . 11 2.2 Characteristics of C . 12 2.3 C Program Structure . 14 2.4 Variables . 16 2.4.1 Defining Global Variables . 17 2.4.2 Printing Out and Inputting Variables . 19 2.5 Constants . 19 2.6 Arithmetic Operations . 20 2.7 Comparison Operators . 21 2.8 Logical Operators . 22 iii iv CONTENTS 2.9 Order of Precedence . 22 2.10 Exercises . 24 3 Conditionals 27 3.1 The if statement . 27 3.2 The ? operator . 28 3.3 The switch statement . 29 3.4 Exercises . 31 4 Looping and Iteration 33 4.1 The for statement . 33 4.2 The while statement . 34 4.3 The do-while statement . 36 4.4 break and continue ....................... 37 4.5 Exercises . -
Beginning Perl
www.it-ebooks.info www.it-ebooks.info ffirs.indd ii 8/9/12 2:02 PM BEGINNING PERL INTRODUCTION . xxiii CHAPTER 1 What Is Perl? . .1 CHAPTER 2 Understanding the CPAN . 25 CHAPTER 3 Variables . .41 CHAPTER 4 Working with Data . 83 CHAPTER 5 Control Flow . 125 CHAPTER 6 References . 157 CHAPTER 7 Subroutines . 175 CHAPTER 8 Regular Expressions . 219 CHAPTER 9 Files and Directories . 249 CHAPTER 10 sort, map, and grep . 287 CHAPTER 11 Packages and Modules . 315 CHAPTER 12 Object Oriented Perl . 353 CHAPTER 13 Moose . 399 CHAPTER 14 Testing . 439 CHAPTER 15 The Interwebs . 481 CHAPTER 16 Databases . 523 CHAPTER 17 Plays Well with Others. 545 CHAPTER 18 Common Tasks . 567 CHAPTER 19 The Next Steps . .611 APPENDIX Answers to Exercises . 655 INDEX . 695 www.it-ebooks.info ffirs.indd i 8/9/12 2:02 PM www.it-ebooks.info ffirs.indd ii 8/9/12 2:02 PM BEGINNING Perl www.it-ebooks.info ffirs.indd iii 8/9/12 2:02 PM www.it-ebooks.info ffirs.indd iv 8/9/12 2:02 PM BEGINNING Perl Curtis “Ovid” Poe John Wiley & Sons, Inc. www.it-ebooks.info ffirs.indd v 8/9/12 2:02 PM Beginning Perl Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 10475 Crosspoint Boulevard Indianapolis, IN 46256 w w w.wiley.com Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada ISBN: 978-1-118-01384-7 ISBN: 978-1-118-22187-7 (ebk) ISBN: 978-1-118-23563-8 (ebk) ISBN: 978-1-118-26051-7 (ebk) Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600.