Topological Amplitudes and the String Effective Action

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Topological Amplitudes and the String Effective Action Topological Amplitudes and the String Effective Action Ahmad Zein Assi Ph.D. Dissertation Palaiseau, 2013 arXiv:1402.2428v2 [hep-th] 24 Apr 2014 Amplitudes Topologiques et l’Action Effective de la Th´eorie des Cordes Th`ese de doctorat pr´epar´ee par Ahmad Zein Assi ∗ en vue d’obtenir le grade de Docteur De L’Ecole´ Polytechnique Sp´ecialit´e: Physique Th´eorique Soutenue le 11 D´ecembre 2013 devant la commission d’examen compos´ee de Ignatios Antoniadis Directeur de th`ese Emilian Dudas Pr´esident du jury Albrecht Klemm Examinateur Jose Francisco Morales Morera Examinateur Kumar Shiv Narain Examinateur Nikita Nekrasov Rapporteur Boris Pioline Rapporteur ∗ Centre de Physique Th´eorique - UMR 7644 D´epartement de Physique - Division Th´eorie Ecole Polytechnique CERN Bat. 6, RDC, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France CH-1211 Gen`eve 23, Suisse Phone +33 (0)1 69 33 42 01 Phone +41 (0)22 767 42 22 Fax +33 (0)1 69 33 49 49 Fax +41 (0)22 767 38 50 www.cpht.polytechnique.fr wwwth.cern.ch Z@Q« B@ ë@ úÍ@ ú Î To my loved ones Contents . Remerciements xi . R´esum´e xiii . Abstract xv . Summary xvii I. Introduction 1 1. Elements of String Theory and Conformal Field Theory 3 1.1. TheBosonicString ........................... 3 1.2. SuperstringTheory ........................... 17 1.3. Compactification ............................ 30 1.4. Dualities................................. 47 II. N=2 Topological String Theory and Gauge Theory: an Overview 51 2. Topological Field Theories 55 2.1. Generalities ............................... 56 2.2. Chern-SimonsTheory. 56 2.3. Cohomological Field Theories . 57 3. Topological Sigma Models 61 3.1. = (2, 2)SupersymmetricSigmaModels . 61 3.2. TopologicalTwist............................N 64 3.3. Type-AModel.............................. 66 3.4. Type-BModel.............................. 68 4. Topological String Theory 69 4.1. Coupling to Topological Gravity . 69 4.2. HolomorphicAnomalyEquations . 72 vii Contents 5. Topological Amplitudes and Higher Derivative Couplings 75 5.1. TST Partition Function from Type II Amplitudes . 75 5.2. EffectiveFieldTheory ......................... 81 5.3. HeteroticDual ............................. 83 6. N=2 Gauge Theory from String Theory 85 6.1. D-braneboundstates. 86 6.2. ADHMinstantons............................ 87 6.3. String theory realisation of ADHM instantons . 90 6.4. N=2gaugetheoryintheΩ-background . 101 III. Refined Amplitudes as Generalized F-terms 105 7. Generalised Supersymmetric Effective Couplings 111 8. Heterotic Realisation of the Refinement 113 8.1. SetupandGeneratingFunctions. 113 8.2. EvaluationoftheCouplings . .116 8.3. Field Theory Limit and the Nekrasov Partition Function . 119 8.4. Radius Deformations and the Nekrasov-Okounkov Formula . 121 9. Type I Refined Amplitudes 123 9.1. VertexOperators . .. .. .. .123 9.2. AmplitudeandSpin-StructureSum . 125 9.3. Path Integral Evaluation of The Amplitudes . 131 10.Deformed ADHM Instantons and the Topological String 139 10.1.StringTheorySetup . .140 10.2.RefinedInstantonEffectiveAction . 143 10.2.1.VertexOperators . .143 10.2.2. D D discdiagrams .....................145 5 − 5 10.2.3. D5 D9 discdiagrams .....................150 10.2.4. ADHM− Action and Nekrasov Partition Function . 153 10.3. Channel Factorisation and Auxiliary Fields . 154 10.4. Interpretation and the Refined Topological String . 158 IV. Towards a Worldsheet Definition of the Refined Topological String 161 11.Concluding Remarks 163 Appendix A. Spinors, Gamma Matrices 169 viii Contents Appendix B. OPEs and CFT Correlators 171 Appendix C. Modular forms 173 C.1. ThetaFunctionsandPrimeForms. 173 C.2. TheGenusOneCase . .. .. .175 C.3. Application of Theta Function Identities . 178 Appendix D. On Regularisation of Functional Determinants 181 D.1. Zeta-Function Regularisation . 181 D.2. FunctionalDeterminants . 185 D.2.1. Heterotic Functional Determinants and Poincar´eSeries . 185 D.2.2. TypeIFunctionalDeterminants . 189 ix Remerciements Cette th`ese n’aurait jamais pu voir le jour sans l’implication de toutes les per- sonnes `aqui je d´edie tous mes remerciements ci-bas. Leurs soutien, expertise et encadrement durant mes trois ann´ees d’´etudes doctorales ont ´et´eessentiels au bon d´eroulement de mon travail. Tout d’abord, je remercie mon directeur de th`ese, Ignatios Antoniadis, pour m’avoir initi´eaux divers aspects de la recherche en physique th´eorique. Nos multi- ples discussions ont forg´emon intuition et mes connaissances en th´eorie des cordes. Son soutien continu m’a permis d’avancer et de garder ma motivation, et ce pen- dant les p´eriodes les plus difficiles mˆeme. Je lui suis extrˆemement reconnaissant. Je voudrais ´egalement remercier Kumar Narain, mon collaborateur, pour sa disponibilit´e, son accueil chaleureux `al’ICTP, Trieste et nos discussions fructueuses. Son regard critique et ses r´eflexions profondes m’ont inspir´etout au long de mon doctorat. Ce fut un honneur de pouvoir travailler `ases cˆot´es et je lui serai toujours reconnaissant. Mes sinc`eres remerciements vont aussi `aEmilian Dudas, Albrecht Klemm, Fran- cisco Morales, Nikita Nekrasov et Boris Pioline pour avoir accept´ede faire partie de mon jury de th`ese. Par ailleurs, je suis tr`es reconnaissant `ala Division Th´eorique du CERN qui m’a accueilli durant mon doctorat. La qualit´eexceptionnelle de ses chercheurs et leur disponibilit´em’ont permis de diversifier mes connaissances. Je remercie tout particuli`erement Neil Lambert et Sir John Ellis pour les discussions stimulantes que j’ai pu mener avec eux. De plus, tout au long de mon s´ejour, j’ai b´en´efici´e du soutien administratif, informatique et moral exceptionnel de Michelle Connor, Nanie Perrin, Jeanne Rostant, Elena Gianolio et Myriam Soltani. Je les remercie du fond du cœur. Au sein du CPhT, je voudrais remercier Florence Auger, Fadila Debbou, Malika Lang et Jeannine Thomas pour leur disponibilit´e`achaque fois que j’ai eu besoin de les solliciter. Tout au long de ma th`ese, j’ai pu b´en´efier d’un ´echange constant avec Ioannis Florakis, mon ami et collaborateur. Nos discussions interminables m’ont permis d’apprendre et d’avancer dans mes projets. Son intuition et sa pers´ev´erance ont ´et´eune constante source d’inspiration pour moi. Je le remercie infiniment. Je voudrais ´egalement remercier Stefan Hohenegger, mon collaborateur, pour son regard exp´eriment´eet son soutien constant. Je tiens ´egalement `aremercier Dieter L¨ust, Stefanos Katmadas, Piotr Tourkine et Daniel Arean pour m’avoir permis de pr´esenter mon travail `al’Institut de xi Remerciements Max Planck, Munich, au Centre de Physique Th´eorique de l’Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, `al’Institut de Physique Th´eorique du CEA, Saclay et `al’ICTP, Tri- este respectivement. De plus, je remercie Stefan Stieberg et les organisateurs de l’atelier ‘Beyond the Standard Model’ au Physikzentrum, Bad Honnef ainsi que George Zoupanos et les organisateurs de l’institut d’´et´ede Corfu 2013 pour m’avoir invit´e`apr´esenter mon travail lors de ces deux rencontres tr`es stimulantes. Tout au long de mon s´ejour au CERN, j’ai eu le plaisir de cˆotoyer des jeunes physiciens talentueux. Je remercie Emanuele, Andrei, Sung, Ehsan, Fabian, Imtak, Sandeepan, Kwangwoo, Matthijs, Miki, David, Rob, Marius, Navid, Christine et Jean-Claude pour leur amiti´eet leur sympathie. Nos diverses discussions m’ont permis d’´elargir mes connaissances et nos sorties ont ´et´ele meilleur moyen de se changer les id´ees lorsque cela a ´et´en´ecessaire. Aujourd’hui, je ne peux nier le rˆole pr´epond´erant que le Master `a l’Ecole Normale Sup´erieure a jou´edans ma formation, et ce d’autant plus que mon contact, mon amiti´eavec mes camarades de classe ont ´et´eformidables. Je remercie Adrien, Axel, Benjamin, Fabien, Filippo, Flora, J´er´emie, Julius, Konstantina, Lorenzo, Marta, Maxime, M´elody, Nicolas, Π-loop, Romain, Swann, Victor, et surtout Gogu, Lay- D, Federico, Piotr et Gautier pour cette ann´ee qui restera inoubliable. De plus, j’adresse ma plus grande reconnaissance `aMouche sans qui, toute ma vie durant, aurais-je ´et´einnocent, forminable. Dans la vie, il y a la physique et le reste, tout aussi important. Certaines amiti´es et autres recontres ont ponctu´emes derni`eres ann´ees et garderont dans ma personnalit´eune marque ind´el´ebile. Kostas, Nikos, Remie, Evi, Thanasis ainsi que tous les vlaxos de la Terre et de l’Univers, vous m’avez prouv´eque, crise ou pas crise, votre cœur est grand. Je remercie aussi Daria, Anastasia, Jos´e, Dino et l’ami de Dino qui ont ´et´e, pour moi et tant d’autres, une grande source d’inspiration. Pour Nabil, Fran¸cois, Annis, Adrien, Petra, Mael, Maxence et Mehdi aussi avec j’ai partag´eplus qu’un appartement. Dans ce contexte assaillant, c’est grˆace `a Jean, le plus grand chef de tous les temps, que je suis parvenu `amaˆıtriser les aspects les plus subtils de la th´eorie des cordes. Enfin, je remercie ma famille, mes parents, mes fr`eres et mes sœurs. Leur pr´esence a toujours ´et´ele plus grand tr´esor pour moi et leur soutien tout au long de mon doctorat a ´et´eprimordial dans l’accomplissement de mon travail. Ja- mais n’arriverai-je `atrouver les mots pour leur exprimer, `aleur juste valeur, mon respect et ma reconnaissance. R´esum´e Cette th`ese est d´edi´ee `al’´etude d’une classe de couplages dans l’action effective de la th´eorie des cordes qui se trouvent au croisement entre la th´eorie des cordes topologique et les th´eories de jauge supersym´etriques. Ces couplages g´en´eralisent un ensemble de couplages gravitationnels qui calculent la fonction de partition de la th´eorie des cordes topologique. Dans la limite de th´eorie des champs, ces derniers reproduisent la fonction de partition de la th´eorie de jauge dans le fond Ω lorsque l’un des param`etres de ce dernier, ǫ+, est ´egal `az´ero.
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