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A Review of Development Methods and EOR Technologies for Carbonate Reservoirs

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A Review of Development Methods and EOR Technologies for Carbonate Reservoirs Petroleum Science https://doi.org/10.1007/s12182-020-00467-5 REVIEW A review of development methods and EOR technologies for carbonate reservoirs Zheng‑Xiao Xu1 · Song‑Yan Li1,2 · Bin‑Fei Li1,2 · Dan‑Qi Chen1 · Zhong‑Yun Liu3 · Zhao‑Min Li1,2 Received: 21 April 2020 © The Author(s) 2020 Abstract Carbonate reservoirs worldwide are complex in structure, diverse in form, and highly heterogeneous. Based on these char- acteristics, the reservoir stimulation technologies and fuid fow characteristics of carbonate reservoirs are briefy described in this study. The development methods and EOR technologies of carbonate reservoirs are systematically summarized, the relevant mechanisms are analyzed, and the application status of oil felds is catalogued. The challenges in the development of carbonate reservoirs are discussed, and future research directions are explored. In the current development processes of carbonate reservoirs, water fooding and gas fooding remain the primary means but are often prone to channeling problems. Chemical fooding is an efective method of tertiary oil recovery, but the harsh formation conditions require high-performance chemical agents. The application of emerging technologies can enhance the oil recovery efciency and environmental friendli- ness to a certain extent, which is welcome in hard-to-recover areas such as heavy oil reservoirs, but the economic cost is often high. In future research on EOR technologies, fow feld control and fow channel plugging will be the potential directions of traditional development methods, and the application of nanoparticles will revolutionize the chemical EOR methods. On the basis of diversifed reservoir stimulation, combined with a variety of modern data processing schemes, multichannel EOR technologies are being developed to realize the systematic, intelligent, and cost-efective development of carbonate reservoirs. Keywords Carbonate reservoir · Reservoir stimulation · Flow characteristic · Development method · EOR technology 1 Introduction deposition. The main rock types of carbonate reservoirs include limestone (grainstone, reef limestone, etc.) and Carbonate rocks are sedimentary rocks composed of sedi- dolomite, and their storage space is usually comprised of mentary carbonate minerals (calcite, dolomite, etc.). Most pores, karst caves and fractures (Wang et al. 2012). Gener- carbonate rocks were deposited in warm and clean shal- ally, pores and karst caves are the main storage spaces, and low sea environments, primarily as a result of endogenous fractures serve as both storage spaces and the main fow channels in reservoir rocks. Globally, carbonate reservoirs Handling Editor: Kun Ma have become the main oil and gas production resources due to their ubiquity, uniform thickness, and large scale. Middle Edited by Yan-Hua Sun East oil production accounts for approximately two-thirds of global production, and 80% of Middle East oil-bearing * Song-Yan Li [email protected] formations are carbonate rocks (Nairn and Alsharhan 1997). Oil production in carbonate reservoirs in North America * Zhao-Min Li [email protected] accounts for approximately 1/2 of all North American oil production (Wilson 1980a, b). There are nearly 3 × 106 km2 1 School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of carbonate rocks in China, accounting for approximately of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, Shandong, 1/3 of the China’s land area. These data illustrate the impor- China tance of carbonate oil and gas felds in the world. 2 Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil and Gas The distribution of carbonate rocks accounts for 20% of Development, China University of Petroleum (East China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, Shandong, China the total area of global sedimentary rocks; carbonate oil and gas resources account for approximately 70% of the world’s 3 Sinopec Group, Beijing 100728, China Vol.:(0123456789)1 3 Petroleum Science oil and gas resources, and proven recoverable reserves than 3500 m. Among them, the oil felds under development account for approximately 50% of the world’s oil and gas with a burial depth of more than 5000 m are mainly concen- resources (Li et al. 2018c). The oil and gas production in trated in North America, Russia, Italy and other regions. In global carbonate reservoirs accounts for approximately recent years, China has made an important progress in the 60% of global oil and gas production (Roehl and Choquette development of deep carbonate rocks in the Tarim Basin 2012). Marine carbonate oil and gas resources account for (Ma et al. 2011). Carbonate rocks are easily fractured. With 90% of global oil and gas resources, as marine carbonate oil increased burial depth, dissolution has a great infuence on and gas resources are vast. There are 389 oil and gas basins the pore structure of carbonate reservoirs. Through organic in the world engaged in commercial production, among acid dissolution, hydrothermal dissolution, thermochemical which 208 basins are located in marine carbonate strata. By sulfate reduction (TSR) and other processes, corrosion pores the end of 2013, the proven plus probable (2P) recoverable are formed in the buried environment. Geologists who have reserves of oil, natural gas and condensate that had been long engaged in marine carbonate research are focusing on the discovered worldwide were 3.534 × 1011 t, 3.27 × 1014 m3 development of corrosion pores. These newly discovered deep and 2.24 × 1010 t, respectively, and their oil equivalent was and ultradeep carbonate rocks are all afected by fractures and 6.383 × 1011 t. Among them, the 2P recoverable reserves vugs, forming fractured reservoirs with fractures as the main of petroleum, natural gas, and condensate in marine car- storage spaces, which usually contain abundant reserves that bonate formations were 1.296 × 1011 t, 1.2 × 1014 m3, are amenable to large-scale development. and 1.22 × 1010 t, respectively. The oil equivalent was Compared with sandstone reservoirs, carbonate reservoirs 2.382 × 1011 t. The recoverable reserves of oil, natural gas have notable diferences in geological structure character- and condensate in marine carbonate rock series account for istics and reservoir displacement mechanisms that require 36.7%, 36.7% and 54.5% of the total discovered oil and gas certain particularities in development methods. There are in the world, respectively, accounting for 37.3% of the total many development methods utilized in carbonate reservoirs based on oil equivalence calculations. Figure 1 shows a sum- because depletion is inexpensive, the formations are adapt- mary of the recoverable reserves of marine carbonate reser- able, and natural energy can be fully utilized. For reservoirs voirs in the world. It can be seen that oil and gas are mainly with low stress sensitivity, depletion production is generally concentrated in four oil and gas regions: the Middle East, the used. However, depletion production causes the formation former Soviet Union, North America, and the Asia–Pacifc pressure to drop, thus hindering stabilized reservoir pro- region (Wang et al. 2016). duction; the premise of adopting this method is the lack of With the continuous advancement of oil and gas exploration supplementary formation measures and corresponding EOR throughout the world, the development of deep and ultradeep technologies. Therefore, because of these unique character- oil and gas has become a topic of interest. More than 10% istics, it is important to efciently develop carbonate reser- of carbonate oil and gas felds have a burial depth of more voirs by formulating ideal potential tapping countermeasures and adopting appropriate development methods. This review focuses on the related technical problems in 1020 the development processes of carbonate reservoirs in the 1006 Oil, 108 t world. This study combines the results of laboratory experi- 1000 12 3 Natural gas, 10 m ments and practical applications in oil felds, explains the 140 Condensate, 108 t technological measures for the stimulation of carbonate 120 reservoirs, analyzes the fow characteristics of formation 101 fuid in fractured vuggy carbonate reservoirs, and details 100 95 92 the various development methods such as water fooding, 82 80 gas fooding, chemical fooding, and emerging oil production Reserves technologies. The EOR mechanisms for carbonate reservoirs 60 are summarized, and the challenges of carbonate reservoir 42 40 development and the directions of future development tech- 25 20 19 nologies are discussed. 20 14 17 9 4 4 0 2 111 2 1 0 rica rope 2 Stimulation of carbonate reservoirs Pacific Af Eu America - tral South Middle EastSoviet Union Asia n North Ce America The porosity and permeability of carbonate reservoirs in Fig. 1 The proven plus probable recoverable reserves of marine car- the world are generally low; approximately 80% of reser- bonates in the world (Energy 2008; Gautier et al. 1995; USGS 2000) voir porosity values range between 4% and 16%, and the 1 3 Petroleum Science permeability ranges from 1 to 500 mD. When the matrix However, due to its strong reservoir sensitivity and high permeability of carbonate reservoirs is low, dissolution cost, the economic benefts need to be considered before structures such as pores, fractures and karst caves are devel- using a VES (Barati and Liang 2014). In low-pressure res- oped, and the heterogeneity of these formations is strong. ervoirs, the efect of foam acid fracturing is better than that Natural microfractures and dissolved pores, as the main stor- of conventional acid fracturing.
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