DOCSLIB.ORG

What Is the Electron?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
What Is the Electron? What is the Electron? Edited by Volodimir Simulik Apeiron Montreal Published by C. Roy Keys Inc. 4405, rue St-Dominique Montreal, Quebec H2W 2B2 Canada http://redshift.vif.com © C. Roy Keys Inc. 2005 First Published 2005 Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication What is the electron? / edited by Volodimir Simulik. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-9732911-2-5 1. Electrons. I. Simulik, Volodimir, 1957- QC793.5.E62W48 2005 539.7'2112 C2005-902252-3 Cover design by François Reeves. Cover graphic by Gordon Willliams. Table of Contents Preface ................................................................................................. i Jaime Keller – A Comprehensive Theory of the Electron from START.................................................................................... 1 Hidezumi Terazawa – The Electron in the Unified Composite Model of All Fundamental Particles and Forces .................. 29 Thomas E. Phipps, Jr. – Prospects for the Point Electron ................ 43 Martin Rivas – The Spinning Electron ............................................. 59 Claude Daviau – Relativistic Wave Equations, Clifford Algebras and Orthogonal Gauge Groups.............................. 83 H. Sallhofer – What is the Electron? .............................................. 101 Volodimir Simulik – The Electron as a System of Classical Electromagnetic and Scalar Fields...................................... 105 Malcolm H. Mac Gregor – What Causes the Electron to Weigh?................................................................................ 129 Paolo Lanciani and Roberto Mignani – The Electron in a (3+3)-Dimensional Space-Time ......................................... 155 Vesselin Petkov – Can Studying the Inertial and Gravitational Properties of the Electron Provide us with an Insight into its Nature?.................................................................... 169 Horace R. Drew – The Electron as a Periodic Waveform of Spin ½ Symmetry ............................................................... 181 Fabio Cardone, Alessio Marrani and Roberto Mignani – A Geometrical Meaning of Electron Mass from Breakdown of Lorentz Invariance ...................................... 195 Paramahamsa Tewari – On the Space-Vortex Structure of the Electron............................................................................... 207 Milo Wolff and Geoff Haselhurst – Solving Nature’s Mysteries: Structure of the Electron and Origin of Natural Laws....................................................................... 227 William Gaede – Light: Neither Particle nor Transverse Wave..... 251 Françoise Tibika-Apfelbaum – A Matter of Life… or Hypothesis on the Role of Electron Waves in Creating “Order out of Chaos”.......................................................... 269 Adolphe Martin – The Electron as an Extended Structure in Cosmonic Gas..................................................................... 273 Preface The electron is the first elementary particle, from both the physical and the his- torical point of view. It is the door to the microworld, to the physics of elemen- tary particles and phenomena. This book is about electron models. The year 1997 marked the centenary of the discovery of the electron as a particle by J.J. Thomson. We have already passed the centenary of Planck’s great discovery and the beginning of quantum physics; 2001 marked the 75th anniversary of Schrödinger’s equation and the beginning of quantum mechan- ics, while the year 2003 was the 75th anniversary of the Dirac equation and Dirac’s model of the electron. Today the most widely used theoretical approaches to the physics of the electron and atom are quantum mechanical and field theoretical models based on the non-relativistic Schrödinger and the relativistic Dirac equations and their probabilistic interpretation. This is the basis of modern quantum field theory. More than 75 years is a long time for a physical theory! This theory is the basis for all contemporary calculations of physical phenomena. After 75 years most physical theories tend to be supplanted by new theo- ries, or to be modified. The theory’s successes, as well as its difficulties, are now evident to specialists. There is no proof of the uniqueness of the quantum field theory approach to the model of the electron and atom. Are other ap- proaches possible? Quantum field theory may be sufficient to describe the elec- tron, but is it necessary? This theory and its mathematics are very complicated; can we now propose a simpler construction? Is the electron an extended struc- ture, a compound object made up of sub-particles, or is it a point-like elemen- tary particle, which does not consist of any sub-particles? What is the limit of application of modern classical physics (based either on the corpuscular or wave model) in the description of the electron? These and many other ques- tions remain without definitive answers, while experiments on quantum entan- glement have given rise to new discussion and debate. New high-precision ex- perimental data, e.g., on the electric and magnetic dipole moments of the elec- tron, may prove decisive. This book, What is the electron?, brings together papers by a number of authors. The main purpose of the book is to present original papers containing new ideas about the electron. What is the electron? presents different points of view on the electron, both within the framework of quantum theory and from competing approaches. Original modern models and hypotheses, based on new principles, are well represented. A comparison of different viewpoints (some- times orthogonal) will aid further development of the physics of the electron. More than ten different models of the electron are presented here. More than twenty models are discussed briefly. Thus, the book gives a complete pic- What is the Electron? i edited by Volodimir Simulik (Montreal: Apeiron 2005) ii Preface ture of contemporary theoretical thinking (traditional and new) about the phys- ics of the electron. It must be stressed that the vast majority of the authors do not appeal to quantum field theory, quantum mechanics or the probabilistic Copenhagen in- terpretation. The approaches adopted by these authors consist in using “lighter” mathematics and a “lighter” interpretation than in quantum theory. Some of them are sound approaches from the methodological point of view. The editor will not presume to judge the models or the authors. We will not venture to say which model is better, and why. The reasons are simple. (i) Readers can reach their own conclusions themselves. (ii) Investigation of the electron is by no means finished. (iii) My own point of view is presented in my contribution to the book. So I want my paper to be on an equal footing with other new models of the electron presented here. The general analysis of the electron models presented here shows that they can be classified as follows: corpuscular and wave, classical and quantum, point and extended, structureless and with structure. The reader can compare and ponder all these approaches! I would like to thank the authors for their con- tributions. It is my hope that this volume will prove worthwhile for readers, and en- courage them to pursue further investigation of electron models. Volodimir Simulik Senior Research Associate Institute of Electron Physics Ukrainian National Academy of Science. Uzhgorod, Ukraine A Comprehensive Theory of the Electron from START Jaime Keller Departamento de Física y Química Teórica Facultad de Química Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México AP 70-528, 04510, México D.F., MEXICO E-mail: [email protected] and [email protected] Space and Time are primitive concepts in science, used to describe material ob- jects in relation with other material objects and the evolution of those relations. Mathematical description of those relations results in an observer’s geometric frame of reference. To describe the object’s behaviour, we add one more geo- metric element: the Action attributed to the system of objects. A fundamental concept is that of action carriers. The resulting Theory has a deductive character. A comprehensive (mass, charge, weak charge, spin, magnetic moment) theory of the electron is presented from this point of view. The main emphasis is given to the mathematical structures needed and the epistemological issues of the theory. PACS number(s): 01.55.+b, 31.15.Ew, 71.10.-w, 71.15.Mb Keywords: Space-Time-Action, Electron, Neutrino, Magnetic Interaction, Weak Interaction, START. 1. Introduction: space, time and material objects – mathematical structures This paper contributes to the construction of a deductive theory of matter, start- ing from first principles and using a single mathematical tool, geometric analy- sis. We present a comprehensive theory, where the analysis is centered in the theory of the electron. It represents a logical continuation of the material presented in the volume The Theory of the Electron, A theory of matter from START and a series of pub- lications [1-5]. We recast here our fundamental philosophical and methodological re- mark. The theory of the electron developed in the above mentioned book is based on two main theoretical considerations: the nature of a scientific theory and the elements used to describe nature. The basic purpose of the theory pre- sented here is a description of what can be observed, inferred, related and pre- dicted within the fundamental limitations of experimental and theoretical sci- ence. We do not go
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Arxiv:1803.11480V3 [Cond-Mat.Str-El] 23 May 2020 Submitted To: J
    Interacting Dirac Materials S. Banerjee1;2;3, D.S.L. Abergel2, H. Ågren3;4, G. Aeppli5;6;7, A.V. Balatsky2;8 1 Theoretical Physics III, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg Germany 2Nordita, KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, Roslagstullsbacken 23, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden 3Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden 4 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden 5 Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland 6 Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, CH-8093, Switzerland 7 Institut de Physique, EPF Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland 8 Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA E-mail: [email protected] 26 May 2020 Abstract. We investigate the extent to which the class of Dirac materials in two-dimensions provides general statements about the behavior of both fermionic and bosonic Dirac quasiparticles in the interacting regime. For both quasiparticle types, we find common features for the interaction induced renormalization of the conical Dirac spectrum. We perform the perturbative renormalization analysis and compute the self-energy for both quasiparticle types with different interactions and collate previous results from the literature whenever necessary. Guided by the systematic presentation of our results in Table 1, we conclude that long- range interactions generically lead to an increase of the slope of the single-particle Dirac cone, whereas short-range interactions lead to a decrease. The quasiparticle statistics does not qualitatively impact the self-energy correction for long-range repulsion but does affect the behavior of short-range coupled systems, giving rise to different thermal power-law contributions.
    [Show full text]
  • Axial Magnetoelectric Effect in Dirac Semimetals
    PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 126, 247202 (2021) Axial Magnetoelectric Effect in Dirac Semimetals Long Liang ,1 P. O. Sukhachov ,2 and A. V. Balatsky1,3 1Nordita, KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, Roslagstullsbacken 23, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden 2Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA 3Department of Physics and Institute for Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA (Received 13 December 2020; revised 1 March 2021; accepted 18 May 2021; published 17 June 2021) We propose a mechanism to generate a static magnetization via the “axial magnetoelectric effect” Ã (AMEE). Magnetization M ∼ E5ðωÞ × E5ðωÞ appears as a result of the transfer of the angular momentum of the axial electric field E5ðtÞ into the magnetic moment in Dirac and Weyl semimetals. We point out similarities and differences between the proposed AMEE and a conventional inverse Faraday effect. As an example, we estimated the AMEE generated by circularly polarized acoustic waves and find it to be on the scale of microgauss for gigahertz frequency sound. In contrast to a conventional inverse Faraday effect, magnetization rises linearly at small frequencies and fixed sound intensity as well as demonstrates a nonmonotonic peak behavior for the AMEE. The effect provides a way to investigate unusual axial electromagnetic fields via conventional magnetometry techniques. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.247202 — Ã Introduction. We are now witnessing a surge of interest M ∼ E5ðωÞ × E5ðωÞ: ð1Þ in quantum matter with an unusual relativisticlike dis- persion relation [1–4]. We mention bosonic (acoustic Therefore, we call this phenomenon the “axial magneto- waves, photonic crystals, and magnons) and fermionic electric effect” (AMEE).
    [Show full text]
  • Dirac Fermion Optics and Plasmonics in Graphene Microwave Devices
    This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Dirac fermion optics and plasmonics in graphene microwave devices Graef, Holger 2019 Graef, H. (2019). Dirac fermion optics and plasmonics in graphene microwave devices. Doctoral thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. https://hdl.handle.net/10356/143704 https://doi.org/10.32657/10356/143704 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution‑NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY‑NC 4.0). Downloaded on 10 Oct 2021 13:04:16 SGT Dirac fermion optics and plasmonics in graphene microwave devices Holger Graef School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering A thesis submitted to Sorbonne Universités and to the Nanyang Technological University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2019 Statement of Originality I hereby certify that the work embodied in this thesis is the result of original research, is free of plagiarised materials, and has not been submitted for a higher degree to any other University or Institution. 25/07/2019 . Date Holger Graef Supervisor Declaration Statement I have reviewed the content and presentation style of this thesis and declare it is free of plagiarism and of sufficient grammatical clarity to be examined. To the best of my knowledge, the research and writing are those of the candidate except as acknowledged in the Author Attribution Statement. I confirm that the investigations were conducted in accord with the ethics policies and integrity standards of Nanyang Technological University and that the research data are presented honestly and without prejudice. 23/07/2019 .
    [Show full text]
  • Strained Hgte: a Textbook 3D Topological Insulator Cl´Ement Bouvier, Tristan Meunier, Philippe Ballet, Xavier Baudry, Roman Kramer, Laurent L´Evy
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by HAL-CEA Strained HgTe: a textbook 3D topological insulator Cl´ement Bouvier, Tristan Meunier, Philippe Ballet, Xavier Baudry, Roman Kramer, Laurent L´evy To cite this version: Cl´ement Bouvier, Tristan Meunier, Philippe Ballet, Xavier Baudry, Roman Kramer, et al.. Strained HgTe: a textbook 3D topological insulator. 2011. <hal-00650046> HAL Id: hal-00650046 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00650046 Submitted on 9 Dec 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. HgTe-low-field Strained HgTe: a textbook 3D topological insulator Cl´ement Bouvier, Tristan Meunier, Roman Kramer, and Laurent P. L´evy Institut N´eel, C.N.R.S.- Universit´eJoseph Fourier, BP 166, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France Xavier Baudry and Philippe Ballet CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, DOPT, 17 rue des martyrs 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France (Dated: December 9, 2011) Topological insulators can be seen as band-insulators with a conducting surface. The surface carriers are Dirac particles with an energy which increases linearly with momentum. This confers extraordinary transport properties characteristic of Dirac matter, a class of materials which elec- tronic properties are “graphene-like”.
    [Show full text]
  • Formulation of the Relativistic Quantum Hall Effect And" Parity
    Formulation of the Relativistic Quantum Hall Effect and “Parity Anomaly” Kouki Yonaga1, Kazuki Hasebe2, and Naokazu Shibata1 1Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan 2Sendai National College of Technology, Ayashi, Sendai, 989-3128, Japan (Dated: March 8, 2018) We present a relativistic formulation of the quantum Hall effect on Haldane sphere. An explicit form of the pseudopotential is derived for the relativistic quantum Hall effect with/without mass term. We clarify particular features of the relativistic quantum Hall states with the use of the exact diagonalization study of the pseudopotential Hamiltonian. Physical effects of the mass term to the relativistic quantum Hall states are investigated in detail. The mass term acts as an interpolating parameter between the relativistic and non-relativistic quantum Hall effects. It is pointed out that the mass term unevenly affects the many-body physics of the positive and negative Landau levels as a manifestation of the “parity anomaly”. In particular, we explicitly demonstrate the instability of the Laughlin state of the positive first relativistic Landau level with the reduction of the charge gap. I. INTRODUCTION (a) Massless Dirac matter has attracted considerable attention in condensed matter physics for its novel properties and recent experimental realizations in solid materials. In contrast to normal single-particle excitations in solids, Dirac particles exhibit linear dispersion in a low energy region and continuously vanishing density of states at the charge-neutral point [1]. These features are actually re- alized in graphene [2, 3] and on topological insulator sur- face [4]. Besides, in the presence of a magnetic field, the relativistic quantum Hall effect was observed in graphene (b) Massive [5–7] and also on topological insulator surface recently [8, 9].
    [Show full text]
  • Origin of Mott Insulating Behavior and Superconductivity in Twisted Bilayer Graphene
    PHYSICAL REVIEW X 8, 031089 (2018) Origin of Mott Insulating Behavior and Superconductivity in Twisted Bilayer Graphene Hoi Chun Po,1 Liujun Zou,1,2 Ashvin Vishwanath,1 and T. Senthil2 1Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA 2Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA (Received 4 June 2018; revised manuscript received 13 August 2018; published 28 September 2018) A remarkable recent experiment has observed Mott insulator and proximate superconductor phases in twisted bilayer graphene when electrons partly fill a nearly flat miniband that arises a “magic” twist angle. However, the nature of the Mott insulator, the origin of superconductivity, and an effective low-energy model remain to be determined. We propose a Mott insulator with intervalley coherence that spontaneously breaks Uð1Þ valley symmetry and describe a mechanism that selects this order over the competing magnetically ordered states favored by the Hund’s coupling. We also identify symmetry-related features of the nearly flat band that are key to understanding the strong correlation physics and constrain any tight- binding description. First, although the charge density is concentrated on the triangular-lattice sites of the moir´e pattern, the Wannier states of the tight-binding model must be centered on different sites which form a honeycomb lattice. Next, spatially localizing electrons derived from the nearly flat band necessarily breaks valley and other symmetries within any mean-field treatment, which is suggestive of a valley- ordered Mott state, and also dictates that additional symmetry breaking is present to remove symmetry- enforced band contacts. Tight-binding models describing the nearly flat miniband are derived, which highlight the importance of further neighbor hopping and interactions.
    [Show full text]
  • Artificial Graphenes: Dirac Matter Beyond
    C. R. Physique 19 (2018) 285–305 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Comptes Rendus Physique www.sciencedirect.com Grand Prix Servant 2017 de l’Académie des sciences Artificial graphenes: Dirac matter beyond condensed matter Graphènes artificiels : matière de Dirac au-delà de la matière condensée Gilles Montambaux Laboratoire de physique des solides, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: After the discovery of graphene and of its many fascinating properties, there has been Available online 7 November 2018 a growing interest for the study of “artificial graphenes”. These are totally different and novel systems that bear exciting similarities with graphene. Among them are lattices of Keywords: ultracold atoms, microwave or photonic lattices, “molecular graphene” or new compounds Graphene like phosphorene. The advantage of these structures is that they serve as new playgrounds Ultracold atoms Microwaves for measuring and testing physical phenomena that may not be reachable in graphene, Polaritons in particular the possibility of controlling the existence of Dirac points (or Dirac cones) Phosphorene existing in the electronic spectrum of graphene, of performing interference experiments in Bloch oscillations reciprocal space, of probing geometrical properties of the wave functions, of manipulating edge states, etc. These cones, which describe the band structure in the vicinity of the two Mots-clés : connected energy bands, are characterized by a topological “charge”. They can be moved Graphène in the reciprocal space by appropriate modification of external parameters (pressure, twist, Atomes ultra-froids sliding, stress, etc.).
    [Show full text]
  • Dirac Magnons in Honeycomb Ferromagnets
    PHYSICAL REVIEW X 8, 011010 (2018) Dirac Magnons in Honeycomb Ferromagnets Sergey S. Pershoguba,1 Saikat Banerjee,1,2,3 J. C. Lashley,2 Jihwey Park,4 Hans Ågren,3 Gabriel Aeppli,4,5,6 and Alexander V. Balatsky1,2,7 1Nordita, Center for Quantum Materials, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, and Stockholm University, Roslagstullsbacken 23, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden 2Institute for Materials Science, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA 3Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden 4Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland 5Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland 6Institut de Physique, EPF Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland 7Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA (Received 11 June 2017; published 23 January 2018) The discovery of the Dirac electron dispersion in graphene [A. H. Castro Neto, et al., The Electronic Properties of Graphene, Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 109 (2009)] led to the question of the Dirac cone stability with respect to interactions. Coulomb interactions between electrons were shown to induce a logarithmic renormalization of the Dirac dispersion. With a rapid expansion of the list of compounds and quasiparticle bands with linear band touching [T. O. Wehling, et al., Dirac Materials, Adv. Phys. 63, 1 (2014)], the concept of bosonic Dirac materials has emerged. We consider a specific case of ferromagnets consisting of van der Waals-bonded stacks of honeycomb layers, e.g., chromium trihalides CrX3 (X ¼ F, Cl, Br and I), that display two spin wave modes with energy dispersion similar to that for the electrons in graphene.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:1908.07082V1 [Cond-Mat.Str-El] 19 Aug 2019 Guage, the Tilt Deformation Can Be Encoded Into a Spacetime Variety of Systems [13–18]
    Electrodynamics of tilted Dirac/Weyl materials: A unique platform for unusual surface plasmon polaritons Z. Jalali-Mola1, ∗ and S.A. Jafari1, y 1Department of Physics; Sharif University of Technology; Tehran 11155-9161; Iran (Dated: August 21, 2019) The electrodynamics of Weyl semimetals (WSMs) is an extension of Maxwell’s theory where in addition to µ field strength tensor Fµν , an axion field enters the theory which is parameterized by a four-vector b = (b0; b). In the tilted Weyl matter (TWM) an additional set of parameters ζ = (ζx; ζy; ζz) enter the theory that can be encoded into the metric of the spacetime felt by electrons in TWM. This allows an extension of Maxwell’s electrodynamics that describes electric and magnetic fields in TWMs and tilted Dirac material (TDM) when bµ = 0. The tilt parameter ζ appearing as off-diagonal metric entries mixing time and space components mingles E and B fields whereby modifies the inhomogeneous Maxwell’s equations. As an example of the application of the electrodynamics of TWMs, we study the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) in these systems. The peculiarity of SPP on the surface of TWM or TDM is that it is not merely the propagation of electromagnetic modes on the surface of a conductor. It also describes the propagation of electromagnetic waves at the interface of two different spacetime geometries. In the case of TDM, we find a characteristic dependence of SPP spectrum on the tilt parameter ζ which can be used map ζ from SPP measurements. In the case of TWM, depending on whether the interface with vacuum supports a Fermi arc or not, and whether the propagation direction is along the Fermi arc or transverse to it, we find many unusual spectral features for SPP modes.
    [Show full text]
  • A Newly Developed Dispersive Interaction Approach, DFT-D3, to the Three-Dimensional Topological Host Material Sb2te3
    A Newly Developed Dispersive Interaction Approach, DFT-D3, To The Three-Dimensional Topological Host Material Sb2Te3 Nishant Shukla ( [email protected] ) Tezpur University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2845-770X Pawan Chetri Debraj Roy College Gazi A. Ahmed Tezpur University Research Article Keywords: Sb2Te3, DFT, DFT-D3, quintuple layers, Dirac cone Posted Date: July 8th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-595852/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/12 Abstract Antimony Telluride (Sb2Te3), a topological insulator is a layered semiconductor material with hexagonal unit cell similar to graphene. The characteristic presence of their conducting edges or surfaces with self- induced protection, promise for remarkable future applications. In this exertion based on the rst principle approach, the structural and electronic properties of Sb2Te3 compound have been investigated for both without and with spin orbit coupling (SOC). Lattice structure, band structure, total density of states (TDOS), partial density of states (PDOS), energy bands of surface states are determined within Quantum Espresso simulation package. Furthermore, dispersive interactions, induced due to the presence of van- der-Waals forces have also been taken care of. The newly developed method of DFT-D3 has been incorporated for accurate predictions of band gap and lattice parameters. A procient model, The Slab Model, has been used to observe the presence of single Dirac cone on the surface. To our knowledge, our theoretical investigations are valid and are found to be congruous with the observed data. Introduction Topological Insulators (TI) [1]-[6] are a new class of narrow band gap materials with their wave functions that describe their electronic states, spanning a Hilbert space with a non-trivial topology [7]-[9].
    [Show full text]
  • Thermoelectric Relations in the Conformal Limit in Dirac and Weyl Semimetals
    Thermoelectric relations in the conformal limit in Dirac and Weyl semimetals Vicente Arjona1, Juan Borge2, and Mar´ıa A.H. Vozmediano1∗ 1 Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, C/ Sor Juana In´esde la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain 2 Nano-Bio Spectroscopy group, Departamento de F`ısica de Materiales, Universidad del Pa´ısVasco UPV/EHU, E-20018 San Sebasti´an,Spain Dirac and Weyl semimetals are three-dimensional electronic systems with the Fermi level at or near a band crossing. Their low energy quasi-particles are described by a relativistic Dirac Hamiltonian with zero effective mass, challenging the standard Fermi liquid (FL) description of metals. In FL systems, electrical and thermo{electric transport coefficient are linked by very robust relations. The Mott relation links the thermoelectric and conductivity transport coefficients. In a previous publication, the thermoelectric coefficient was found to have an anomalous behavior originating in the quantum breakdown of the conformal anomaly by electromagnetic interactions. We analyze the fate of the Mott relation in the system. We compute the Hall conductivity of a Dirac metal as a function of the temperature and chemical potential and show that the Mott relation is not fulfilled in the conformal limit. PACS numbers: INTRODUCTION Dirac semimetals are three-dimensional (3D) crystals with band crossings near the Fermi level. In a low energy continuum description their quasi particles obey the massless Dirac equation and the interacting system is identical to massless quantum electrodynamics (QED). The low energy bands in Dirac semimetals are four fold degenerate (two spins, two chiralities). Breaking inversion or time-reversal symmetry gives rise to Weyl semimetals subjected to many interesting transport phenomena related to the chiral anomaly [1{3].
    [Show full text]
  • Emergent Gauge Fields and Topological Effects in Dirac Matter
    UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA´ DE MADRID Departamento de F´ısicade la Materia Condensada EMERGENT GAUGE FIELDS AND TOPOLOGICAL EFFECTS IN DIRAC MATTER Tesis doctoral presentada por Yago Ferreir´osBas Programa de Doctorado de F´ısicade la Materia Condensada y Nanotecnolog´ıa Directores: Alberto Cortijo Mar´ıa Angeles´ Hern´andezVozmediano Tutor: Nicol´asAgra¨ıt Madrid, Junio 2016 Agradecimientos Esta tesis no hubiera sido posible sin el incondicional apoyo de muchas personas. El principal motivo de que yo est´een este momento escribiendo estas l´ıneas,es el apoyo de Geli y Alberto, mis tutores de tesis. Siempre estar´eagradecido por la manera en la que me han apoyado, y por todo el tiempo que han dedicado para ayudarme en mi formaci´oncomo cient´ıfico,as´ıcomo en otros aspectos de la vida. Trabajar con ellos ha sido todo un placer, a la vez que un bonito reto, y cualquier logro que est´epor venir en mi carrera se lo deber´ea ambos. Quiero dar las gracias tambi´ena Tony, uno de los mejores f´ısicosque he conocido y una pieza fundamental en mi formaci´on,y a Nicol´aspor haber accedido a tutelar esta tesis y haberse mostrado tan accesible. Durante el transcurso de la tesis, he tenido el honor de colaborar con grand´ısimos cient´ıficos. La sabidur´ıay claridad de ideas de Karl ha sido un ejemplo para m´ı,y los consejos de Fito, Fernando y H´ector,tanto de f´ısicacomo de otros aspectos de la vida investigadora, han supuesto una ayuda inestimable. He podido aprender mucho de Paco, uno de los grandes, en especial de su inigualable intuici´onpara la f´ısica,as´ı como de Bel´en,Rafa y Pablo.
    [Show full text]