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Legalization of Marijuana and the Conflict with International Drug Control Treaties
Legalization of Marijuana and the Conflict with International Drug Control Treaties Biju Panicker* Independent Study Spring 2015 Professor Jalila Jefferson-Bullock Abstract The present system of worldwide drug control is based upon three international conventions: the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs as amended by the 1972 Protocol, the 1971 Convention on Pyschotropic Substances, and the 1988 Convention Against Illicit Trafficking of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. These treaties require participating nations to limit and even criminalize the possession, use, trade, and distribution of drugs outside of medical and scientific purposes, and work together to stop international drug trafficking. This paper argues that the recent move toward legalization of use, possession, and sales of marijuana in the United States (U.S.) and other foreign nations is in conflict with international treaty obligations. While each state in the U.S. has its own drug laws and controlled substances acts, the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution places international treaties on the same legal footing as federal law. Under this argument, Alaska, Colorado, Oregon, Washington, Washington D.C., as well as Uruguay and The Netherlands’ legalization of marijuana for recreational use, allowance of possession and sales, is in contravention of U.S. federal law and international treaties. Finally, this paper will also look at Portugal’s 2001 decision to decriminalize all drug use to answer the question as to whether the international drug treaties place a “firm limitation” on the legal, “non-medical” sale of schedule drug or truly obligate countries to penalize drug use. Keywords: Marijuana Legalization, International Conventio * © Biju Panicker, J.D. -
Religious Use of Marijuana Cases
Summaries of Religious Use of Marijuana Cases Alabama regulate was conceivable, only that none had Rheuark v. State (1992) 601 So.2d 135 been proposed. Statutes prohibiting possession of marijuana and controlled substances did not violate freedom of California: religion rights of defendant claiming that he People v. Mullins (1975) 50 Cal. App 3d 61 worshipped plants as gods and used marijuana Facts: A deputy sheriff had gone to defendant's and psilocybin as religious practice. premises at night at the invitation of a man who Court compared Defendant’s argument to a past lived in a teepee on the property and who had told ruling on polygamy and quoting the cases the officer there were marijuana plants growing Reynolds v. United State 98 U.S. 145 and there. The officer took two plants as samples to Cleveland v. United States 329 U.S. 14 which in be tested and, three days later, went back to the sum says that morality is defined by statute and property with a search warrant. Defendant's Congress and not the individual’s perceptions of property is not enclosed or surrounded by a morality. Therefore because the possession of fence. From Ten Mile Creek Road there is a marijuana is unlawful, it doesn’t matter that the driveway that leads onto defendant's property. Defendant used it for religious use. There is no gate at the entrance to the property. At the entrance there is a sign reading “Universal Arizona: Life Church of Christ Light.” Defendant's wife People v. Hardesty (2009) 214 P.3d 1004 testified that on and prior to May 30, 1972, there FACTS: Hardesty was driving his van at night was a “no trespassing” sign at the entrance to the when an officer stopped him because one property; that a church known as “Universal Life headlight was out. -
The Advisability and Feasibility of Developing USP Standards for Medical Cannabis Gabriel I
STIMULI TO THE REVISION PROCESS Stimuli articles do not necessarily reflect the policies of the USPC or the USP Council of Experts The Advisability and Feasibility of Developing USP Standards for Medical Cannabis Gabriel I. Giancaspro, Nam-Cheol Kim, Jaap Venema, Susan de Mars, Jennifer Devine, Carlos Celestino, Christine E. Feaster, Ben A. Firschein, Mary S. Waddell, Stephen M. Gardner, and Earl Jones Jr.a ABSTRACT This Stimuli article analyzes the need for public quality standards for medical cannabis (defined herein as marijuana used for medical purposes under state laws) and the potential role of the U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention (USP) in addressing that need.1 Following legalization of the medical use of cannabis in several U.S. states and internationally, USP has received requests to investigate the advisability and feasibility of developing quality standards for medical cannabis. Development of quality standards for medical cannabis requires consideration of a wide range of scientific, legal, and policy issues that reach far beyond its classification as a botanical drug or herbal medicine. This article discusses the current regulatory and scientific landscape regarding medical cannabis, identifies issues related to the lack of quality standards for medical cannabis, and explores potential options for developing quality standards. USP seeks input from stakeholders on whether USP should proceed with development of quality standards for medical cannabis and if so, what approaches should be utilized to establish such standards. LEGAL AND REGULATORY LANDSCAPE The federal and state regulatory environment surrounding the medical use of cannabis involves many federal agencies and various different state laws. The evolving legal environment is an important consideration when evaluating the advisability and feasibility of USP developing a public standard for cannabis. -
The Rise and Decline of Cannabis Prohibition the History of Cannabis in the UN Drug Control System and Options for Reform
TRANSNATIONAL I N S T I T U T E THE RISE AND DECLINE OF CANNABIS PROHIBITION THE HISTORY OF CANNABIS IN THE UN DruG CONTROL SYSTEM AND OPTIONS FOR REFORM 3 The Rise and Decline of Cannabis Prohibition Authors Dave Bewley-Taylor Tom Blickman Martin Jelsma Copy editor David Aronson Design Guido Jelsma www.guidojelsma.nl Photo credits Hash Marihuana & Hemp Museum, Amsterdam/ Barcelona Floris Leeuwenberg Pien Metaal UNOG Library/League of Nations Archives UN Photo Printing Jubels, Amsterdam Contact Transnational Institute (TNI) De Wittenstraat 25 1052 AK Amsterdam Netherlands Tel: +31-(0)20-6626608 Fax: +31-(0)20-6757176 [email protected] www.tni.org/drugs www.undrugcontrol.info www.druglawreform.info Global Drug Policy Observatory (GDPO) Research Institute for Arts and Humanities Rooms 201-202 James Callaghan Building Swansea University Financial contributions Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP Tel: +44-(0)1792-604293 This report has been produced with the financial www.swansea.ac.uk/gdpo assistance of the Hash Marihuana & Hemp Museum, twitter: @gdpo_swan Amsterdam/Barcelona, the Open Society Foundations and the Drug Prevention and Information Programme This is an Open Access publication distributed under (DPIP) of the European Union. the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which of TNI and GDPO and can under no circumstances be permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction regarded as reflecting the position of the donors. in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. TNI would appreciate receiving a copy of the text in which this document is used or cited. -
A Baseline Review and Assessment of the Massachusetts Adult-Use Cannabis Industry: Market Data and Industry Participation
A Baseline Review and Assessment of the Massachusetts Adult-Use Cannabis Industry: Market Data and Industry Participation February 2020 Massachusetts Cannabis Control Commission: Steven J. Hoffman, Chairman Kay Doyle, Commissioner Jennifer Flanagan, Commissioner Britte McBride, Commissioner Shaleen Title, Commissioner Shawn Collins, Executive Director Prepared by the Massachusetts Cannabis Control Commission Research and Information Technology Departments: Samantha M. Doonan, BA, Research Analyst David McKenna, PhD, Chief Technology Officer Julie K. Johnson, PhD, Director of Research Acknowledgements External Collaborators Alexandra F. Kritikos, MA, Brandeis University Cannabis Control Commission Communications Cedric Sinclair, Director of Communications Maryalice Gill, Press Secretary Kirsten Swenson, Communications Specialist Management Alisa Stack, Chief Operating Officer Erika Scibelli, Chief of Staff Legal Christine Baily, General Counsel Allie DeAngelis, Associate General Counsel Enforcement and Licensing Yaw Gyebi, Chief of Enforcement Paul Payer, Enforcement Counsel Kyle Potvin, Director of Licensing Patrick Beyea, Director of Investigations Derek Chamberlin, Licensing Analyst Anne DiMare, Licensing Specialist Government Affairs David Lakeman, Director of Government Affairs 2 Suggested bibliographic reference format: Doonan SM., McKenna, D., Johnson JK., (2020, February). A Baseline Review and Assessment of the Massachusetts Adult-Use Cannabis Industry— A Report to the Massachusetts Legislature. Boston, MA: Massachusetts Cannabis -
Colorado's Legalization of Marijuana and the Impact on Public Safety: A
COLORADO'S LEGALIZATION OF MARIJUANA AND THE IMPACT ON PUBLIC SAFETY: A Practical Guide for Law Enforcement COLORADO’S LEGALIZATION OF MARIJUANA AND THE IMPACT ON PUBLIC SAFETY: A Practical Guide for Law Enforcement This report was prepared by the Police Foundation and the Colorado Association of Chiefs of Police. The opinions and findings in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the Colorado Association of Chiefs of Police, the law enforcement agencies named in the report, or the State of Colorado. Any products, services or companies mentioned in this report are used for illustrative purposes only and are not endorsed by the Police Foundation or the Colorado Association of Chiefs of Police. Websites and sources referenced in this publication provided useful information at the time of this writing. The authors do not necessarily endorse the information of the sponsoring organizations or other materials from these sources. Police Foundation 1201 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C., 20036 www.policefoundation.org Twitter: @policefound [email protected] (202) 833-1460 (202) 659-9149 (fax) The Colorado Association of Chiefs of Police Greenwood Village Police Department 6060 South Quebec Street Greenwood Village, Colorado 80111 Email: [email protected] © 2015 by the Police Foundation All rights, including transfer into other languages, reserved under the Universal Copyright Convention, the Berne Convention for Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, and the International and Pan American Copyright Conventions. Table of Contents Foreword ....................................................................................................................i Letter From President Jim Bueermann, Police Foundation .......................... i Letter From Chief Marc Vasquez, Erie Police Department ........................ -
Amicus Brief
SUPREME COURT OF ARIZONA STATE OF ARIZONA, Arizona Supreme Court No. CR-18-0370-PR Appellee, Court of Appeals v. Division One No. 1 CA-CR 16-0703 RODNEY CHRISTOPHER JONES, Yavapai County Appellant. Superior Court No. P1300CR201400328 AMICUS CURIAE BRIEF OF ARIZONA DISPENSARIES ASSOCIATION IN SUPPORT OF APPELLANT (Filed with consent of all parties) Eric M. Fraser (027241) OSBORN MALEDON, P.A. 2929 North Central Avenue, Ste. 2100 Phoenix, Arizona 85012 602-640-9000 [email protected] Attorneys for Amicus Curiae Arizona Dispensaries Association TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TABLE OF AUTHORITIES .................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 5 INTEREST OF AMICUS CURIAE ........................................................................ 5 REASONS TO GRANT REVIEW .......................................................................... 6 I. The Opinion warrants review because it will have an enormous impact across Arizona. .............................................................. 6 II. The Opinion upends the industry’s settled expectations. ...................... 7 III. Dispensaries manufacture concentrates using well-known, long-established processes that yield products that satisfy a wide range of patient requirements and preferences. ..........................11 A. Concentrates can be made using extremely simple processes. ...........................................................................................11 -
Kief USA, LLC D/B/A Hui
Kief USA, LLC d/b/a Hui, LLC Community Outreach Meeting Proposal for Marijuana Establishment at Presentation July 7, 2021 1 Turner Street, Attleboro, MA (fka 330 Turner Street, Attleboro, MA) LEADERSHIP Hui Zhang, President, Owner Tucker Cole, Master Grower - Women, Minority Entrepreneur - Over ten years of growing experience in the - First Generation Immigrant Entrepreneur horticulture industry - B.S. in Information Technology from - Over five years of experience in the Cannabis University of Wuhan and Master’s in Industry Financial Accounting from Renmin University - Experience in consulting, facility design, account of China management, research, and breeding of Cannabis Project Team - Managed ten thousand square feet greenhouses - Ali Lee, COO - Legal Advisors: Adam Braillard, Ashley Tan, and Ashfin Islam of Prince Lobel Tye LLP - CSI Engineering LLC, James R. O”Brien, LEED, AP BD+C - Keenan + Kenny Architects LTD, Antonia Kenny CANNABIS IN MASSACHUSETTS Massachusetts Industry Snapshot: ● 8,464 Applications, 794 Licenses ● Total gross sales: $1.47B ● 13,005 Agent Registrations PROPOSED FACILITY ● Marijuana Cultivation and Marijuana Product Manufacturing Establishment ● 1 Turner Street, Attleboro, MA (fka 330 Turner Street) ● Approximately ~84,000 SF on second floor ● Hours: 24/7 hours of cultivation ● 15-20 employees; commitment to use best efforts to hire locally and hire diversity ● At least 21 exclusive Parking Spaces for Hui LLC immediately next to the entrance of the Facility ● Product pickup from secure side loading dock ZONING/LOCATION 1 Turner Street, Attleboro, MA (fka 330 Turner Street) • Industrial Zoning District • Second floor of Existing ~84,000 SF building • 21 exclusive Parking Spaces for the proposed Facility (more available on site) • Building is not within 500 feet of any school (grades K-12), day care, public park, etc. -
Sample Tokyo Kief CAN+
170418-001 page 1 of 1 QA Testing PharmLabs San Diego Certificate of Analysis 3421 Hancock St, Second Floor, San Diego, CA 92110 | License: C8-0000098-LIC ISO/IEC 17025:2017 Certification L17-427-1 | Accreditation #85368 Sample Tokyo Kief Sample ID 170418-001 (21576) Matrix Concentrate (Inhalable Cannabis Good) Tested for MANKIND COOP Sampled - Received Apr 18, 2017 Reported May 16, 2017 Analyses executed CAN+ CAN+ - Cannabinoids Analysis Sample photography | Instrument HPLC-VWD | Method SOP-001 Measurement Uncertainty at 95% confidence 7.806% LOD LOQ Result Result Analyte mg/g mg/g % mg/g Cannabidivarin (CBDV) 0.002 0.16 NT NT Cannabidiolic Acid (CBDA) 0.001 0.16 NT NT Cannabigerol Acid (CBGA) 0.001 0.16 NT NT Cannabigerol (CBG) 0.001 0.16 NT NT Cannabidiol (CBD) 0.001 0.16 0.03 0.29 Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) 0.001 0.16 NT NT Cannabinol (CBN) 0.001 0.16 0.34 3.39 Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) 0.003 0.16 17.24 172.38 Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC) 0.004 0.16 NT NT Cannabicyclol (CBL) 0.002 0.006 NT NT Cannabichromene (CBC) 0.002 0.16 NT NT Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid (THCA) 0.001 0.16 NT NT Total THC (THCa * 0.877 + THC) 17.24 172.38 Total CBD (CBDa * 0.877 + CBD) 0.03 0.29 TOTAL CANNABINOIDS 17.61 176.10 ND Not Detected Authorized Signature N/A Not Applicable NT Not Reported LOD Limit of Detection LOQ Limit of Quantification <LOQ Detected Jaclyn Mauser - Lab Director >ULOL Above upper limit of linearity CFU/g Colony Forming Units per 1 gram Tue, 16 May 2017 14:25:44 -0700 Accreditation #85368 Scan the QR code to TNTC Too Numerous to Count verify authenticity. -
Download the Patient's Guide To
PATIENT’S GUIDE TO CBD PATIENT'S GUIDE TO CBD AMERICANS FOR SAFE ACCESS 2019 AmericansForSafeAccess.org 1 PATIENT'S GUIDE TO CBD AMERICANS FOR SAFE ACCESS 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ...............................................................5 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................8 DEFINITIONS ..............................................................9 CANNABIS SATIVA L.. ......................................................11 AVAILABLE FORMS FOR USE .............................................13 INDICATED USES ..........................................................16 TALKING TO YOUR DOCTOR ABOUT CANNABINOIDS ....................18 FINDING THE RIGHT DOSE. .19 WHAT TO KNOW ABOUT PACKAGING, LABELING, AND HANDLING .....22 THE SUPPLY CHAIN ......................................................30 CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND ACTIVITY ..................................34 UNDERSTANDING THE ENDOCANNABINOID SYSTEM ...................35 CANNABINOIDS, TERPENES, AND THE ENDOCANNABINOID SYSTEM ...38 FULL-SPECTRUM MEDICINE AND THE ENTOURAGE EFFECT ............38 CERTIFICATIONS AND THE NEED FOR STANDARDS .....................40 CURRENT RESEARCH .....................................................41 CBD ON A GLOBAL SCALE ...............................................42 CONCLUSION ............................................................44 REFERENCES ............................................................45 AMERICANS FOR SAFE ACCESS PATIENT’S GUIDE TO CBD That situation began to change in 1998, however, -
Legislative Bill 546
LB546 LB546 2021 2021 LEGISLATURE OF NEBRASKA ONE HUNDRED SEVENTH LEGISLATURE FIRST SESSION LEGISLATIVE BILL 546 Introduced by Wayne, 13. Read first time January 19, 2021 Committee: Judiciary 1 A BILL FOR AN ACT relating to marijuana; to amend sections 28-439, 2 43-292, 77-2701.02, 77-2701.48, 77-2704.09, 77-27,132, 77-4301, 3 77-4302, 77-4303, 77-4304, 77-4305, 77-4306, 77-4309, 77-4310.01, 4 and 77-4310.03, Reissue Revised Statutes of Nebraska, and sections 5 28-401, 28-405, 28-416, 28-476, 28-1354, 60-6,211.08, 71-5727, 6 81-2,239, and 81-2,263, Revised Statutes Cumulative Supplement, 7 2020; to adopt the Marijuana Control Act and Marijuana Conviction 8 Clean Slate Act; to remove marijuana as a controlled substance under 9 the Uniform Controlled Substances Act; to change provisions relating 10 to penalties for possession of a synthetic cannabinoid and drug 11 paraphernalia; to define, redefine, and eliminate terms; to change 12 provisions relating to termination of parental rights, visitation, 13 custody, and other parenting matters; to prohibit possession of an 14 open container of marijuana in a motor vehicle; to provide for the 15 applicability of the Nebraska Clean Indoor Air Act and the Nebraska 16 Pure Food Act; to impose a higher sales and use tax rate on sales of 17 marijuana; to provide for the distribution of tax revenue; to remove 18 marijuana from the marijuana and controlled substances tax; to 19 rename a fund; to eliminate obsolete provisions; to harmonize 20 provisions; to repeal the original sections; to provide 21 severability; and to outright repeal sections 28-463, 28-464, 22 28-465, 28-466, 28-467, 28-468, and 28-469, Reissue Revised Statutes of Nebraska.23 -1- LB546 LB546 2021 2021 1 Be it enacted by the people of the State of Nebraska, -2- LB546 LB546 2021 2021 1 Section 1. -
The Maryland Medical Cannabis Commission's Technical Authority
THE MARYLAND MEDICAL CANNABIS COMMISSION’S TECHNICAL AUTHORITY FOR MEDICAL CANNABIS TESTING REVISION 3.0 December 15, 2020 The Maryland Medical Cannabis Commission (MMCC) has developed this technical authority document to define contaminants and corresponding action limits associated with those contaminants in medical cannabis. This information is intended for use by the independent testing laboratories registered with the MMCC. Table of Contents Introduction 3 Sampling 4 Collection Procedure for Laboratory Samples 5 Potency 6 Pesticides 7 Residual Solvents 8 Microbiological Impurities 9 Heavy Metals 11 Excipients 13 Stability Testing 13 Appendix A - Medical Cannabis Testing Requirements 14 Appendix B - Definitions 15 Appendix C - Stability Testing Protocol- MMCC Licensed Grower 17 Appendix D - Stability Testing Protocol-MMCC Licensed Processor 19 Appendix E - Stability Testing Protocol-Edibles 21 Appendix F - Microbiological Quality Control 22 Appendix G- Pathogen Detection Storage Requirements 26 References 27 2 MMCC’s TECHNICAL AUTHORITY FOR MEDICAL CANNABIS TESTING 12/15/20 INTRODUCTION Analytical testing of medical cannabis for safety and potency is increasingly recognized as a critical and necessary component of the industry for several reasons (Freeman et al. 2016): ● Laboratory testing minimizes the risk of pesticides, microbes, heavy metals, toxins, and residual solvents from being consumed by an immunocompromised population; ● Quantification of cannabinoid profiles and potency becomes available for the consumer and aids in determining appropriate dosing for individual use; and ● Laboratory testing provides a sense of public safety and product quality for the medical cannabis tested. The Maryland Medical Cannabis Commission (MMCC), with the assistance of a scientific work group, has established this technical authority to serve as a reference guide for the independent testing laboratories (ITL) to follow when analyzing medical cannabis.