University of the Philippines Los Baños University Knowledge Digital Repository
Undergraduate Theses Theses and Dissertations
10-2008
Comparative analysis of the leaf architecture of Malvaceae sensu APG.
Allen Anthony P. Laraño
Follow this and additional works at: https://www.ukdr.uplb.edu.ph/etd-undergrad
Recommended Citation Laraño, Allen Anthony P., "Comparative analysis of the leaf architecture of Malvaceae sensu APG." (2008). Undergraduate Theses. 230. https://www.ukdr.uplb.edu.ph/etd-undergrad/230 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE LEAF ARCHITECTURE OF MALVACEAE SENSU APG
ALLEN ANTHONY P. LARAÑO
SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LOS BAÑOS, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN BIOLOGY (Systematics)
OCTOBER 2008
The thesis manuscript attached hereto, entitled “COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE LEAF ARCHITECTURE OF MALVACEAE sensu APG” prepared and submitted by ALLEN ANTHONY P. LARAÑO in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Biology, major in Systematics, is hereby accepted.
______INOCENCIO E. BUOT JR. Adviser
______Date Signed
______NERISSA K. TORRETA Head, Plant Biology Division Institute of Biological Sciences
______Date Signed
______CLEOFAS R. CERVANCIA Director, Institute of Biological Sciences
______Date Signed
Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Biology, major in Systematics.
______ASUNCION K. RAYMUNDO Dean, College of Arts and Sciences
______Date Signed
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE i
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ii
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF APPENDICES x
ABSTRACT xi
INTRODUCTION 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
History of Classification of Malvaceae, Core Malvales 4
The Linnean Sexual System 5
The Use of Asexual or Vegetative Characters in Taxonomy 6
Leaf Architecture 7
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Selection of Herbarium Specimens 13
Examination of Leaf Architecture 14
Construction of Dichotomous Key 19
Cluster Analysis 19
v
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
General Characteristics of Malvaceae sensu APG 21
Descriptions of Selected Taxa Examined through Leaf Architecture
Bombacaceae 26
Malvaceae 31
Sterculiaceae 37
Tiliaceae 42
Dichotomous Key of Selected Taxa of Malvaceae sensu APG 48
Cluster Analysis 51
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 60
LITERATURE CITED 61
APPENDIX 64
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 The ranges of areas for the different leaf 15 classes (Webb, 1955)
2 The leaf form categories and its subclasses 16 with their L:W ratios (Hickey,1973)
3 The range of values of the 1° vein size 17 category (Hickey, 1973).
4 The ranges of values of the angle of 18 divergence category (Hickey, 1973).
5 Leaf Architecture Characters of Ten 52 Selected Species of Traditional Family Bombacaceae
6 Leaf Architecture Characters of Ten 53 Selected Species of Traditional Family Malvaceae
7 Leaf Architecture Characters of Ten 54 Selected Species of Traditional Family Sterculiaceae
8 Leaf Architecture Characters of Ten 55 Selected Species of Traditional Family Tiliaceae
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 Typical leaf architectural features 10 of Psychotria
2 Leaf blade of Durio zibethinus 22 (Bombacaceae) Gruezo 23968 (CAHUP)
3 Leaf blade of Pachira aquatica 22 (Bombacaceae) Hernaez 1159 (PBDH)
4 Leaf blade of Ceiba pentandra 22 Gruezo 23956 (CAHUP)
5 Leaf blade of Hibiscus-rosa sinensis 23 (Malvaceae) Manimbo and Tenorio 55318 (CAHUP)
6 Leaf blade of Urena lobata 23 (Malvaceae) Escobin 41742 (CAHUP)
7 Leaf blade of Hampea trilobata 23 (Malvaceae) Croat 26980 (CAHUP)
8 Leaf blade of Theobroma cacao 24 (Sterculiaceae) Pancho 20204 (CAHUP)
9 Leaf blade of Heritiera javanica 24 (Sterculiaceae) Tandang 501 (PBDH)
10 Leaf blade of Theobroma glauca 24 (Sterculiaceae) Croat 24460 (CAHUP)
viii
11 Leaf blade of Grewia multiflora 25 (Tiliaceae) Baker 1771 (CAHUP)
12 Leaf blade of Grewia rhombifolia 25 (Tiliaceae) Resurrecion 6043 (CAHUP)
13 Leaf blade of Berrya cordifolia 25 (Tiliaceae) Hernaez 28197 (CAHUP)
14 Dendrogram showing relationships 56 Among species under Malvaceae sensu APG constructed based on leaf architecture characters
ix
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix
A Similarity Matrix used in 64 Cluster Analysis of Selected Taxa of Malvaceae sensu APG
x
ABSTRACT
LARAÑO, ALLEN ANTHONY PABUSTAN. 2008. Comparative Analysis of the Leaf Architecture of Malvaceae sensu APG. University of the Philippines Los Baños. B.S. Biology, major in Systematics.
Adviser: Dr. Inocencio E. Buot Jr.
The leaf architecture of Malvaceae sensu APG was examined and characterized to determine if it can be used in classification of the family and the identification of its species. Forty species were observed, measured and described. A dichotomous key was constructed based solely on leaf architecture characters. Phenetic investigation using cluster analysis with the aid of PC-ORD ver. 4.14 program was later done. The dichotomous key indicated that leaf architecture characters can be used in distinguishing some species of Malvaceae sensu APG. Cluster analysis showed heterogeneity of the clusters formed, thus, it supported the APG classification of Malvaceae as a family consisting of the four traditional families in the core Malvales namely Malvaceae, Tiliaceae, Bombacaceae and Sterculiaceae. It is recommended that specimens are collected personally instead on relying on available specimens in the herbarium. Preparation of leaf skeletons through clearing method can also be done in future studies. Increase of sample size is also recommended.
xi