FLORIDA S'rATh UNIVERSITY

mt LITI::RARl: CAREER LF EUDORA WELTY AND AN ANALl:TICAL Sl'IlDY OF 1lIE APPRAISAlS

OF HER WORKS 01' FICTlOli

By EVIE LEE WlII TE

A Paper Submitted to the Graduate Council of Florida state University in partlal fulf1llment of the reqUirements tor tne degree of ~,BS ter of Arts.

Approved ',-:-::===:-;;===:-=-==;:-Professor Directing Faper ___

Representative, of Gr11duate CouncIl

Augull t, 1955 " Dean of the Graduate 'Sonool TABLE OF COIl1EN:IS Page INTRODUCTION 0 0 0 0 0 • • · • • • · • • • • • • • • 1 Che.pter

1 0 MISS WELTY ' S LITERARY CAREER 0 • • • • • 0 6 II. loUSS WELTY'S WORKs OF FICTION . AB AHNOTATIlD BIBLICGRAPHY 0 • 0 • • • • • • • 29

III. AB ABALYSIS OF AHRl.lSAL • • • • • 0 • • • 49 IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION • • • • • • • • • • 62

APPENDIX • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • • 68

BIBLIOGRAPlIY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 72

11 INTRODUCTION

For the preservation of the culture and traditions of a region and of a country, fresh wit1.ngs of new and promising young artiats must be given recognition and broul!tlt to the attention of the public. )Jec!luse the bool<­ trade is often reluctant to risk publication of the \KIrk of !lIl unknown writer, artistic talent may rellll\in undis­ covered. In this connection Foro Madol< Ford, author, editor, critic, once severely criticized publishers for their failure to accept the work of new writers, illustrating wit!l the case of ~iBS Eudora .Ielty, whose work had been characterized by a publisher as "higAly developed, sensitive, elusive, tense, and extremely beeutiful." 1 In the light of Miss ,·:elty' 8 later acceptance end recognition as a writer of distinction, it Seem! of interest to review the circums.tences under which her literal')' efforts gained for her the confidence of the publishing world, both in America and in England, noting various aspects of her success tram a popular as well as tram a critical point of view. In addi tioll, it seems of value to consider the appraisal ot her writings according to the cr1teria of

Irord ~,adol< Ford, "Travel Notes I Publishers end UIl­ published Writers," Saturday Hevia" of Literature, XX (June 10, 1939), 14. 1 2 professional tools used in libraries for the selection and purchase of new books with the purpose of detel'lDln'ng to what extent the writing. appear to have merit for inclusion

in library collections for young and adult readers. It also seems of interest to examine the appraisals with the view of obServing what position in American letters Miss Welty appears to have gained according to the critical reception of her worl

In the second pl~~e, the paper Shows by means of e formal annoteted listing the extent and nature of the writings published to date. In the third place, it attempts to ex­ amine the approi.al at her works of fiction in the light ot the standards ot book-selection media used in libraries with the purpose of determining the worth of the writings for 3ustifying their inclUSion in library collection. It elsa attempts to pOint out indications as to the place held by

~liss "elty in the field of Americen literature. The peper consists of four chapters. Chapter I deals with the literary aspects of Mis. -Ielty'. life, emphasizing significant indications of succe.. through her 3 efforts and aenieveaents and evidenoes of recognition in both the literal';' and publishing world. Since an earUer .t00y2 presented material giving to same extent a personalized account of IUse Welty, this chapter containS only such b1ographl.cal data lIS seem directly related to her wrltings and brings up to date material pertelning to hal' l1tel'al';' career. Chapter II ls an annotated bibliography ot M1.ss Welty'S works ot fiction, presented tor the purpose of ' bringing together he" wr1tings in such a way as to show the extent of her 11teral';' achievements and to indicate by means of short summaries the nature of the contents ot the writings. :!he list 1s div1ded into tlro sections according to torm, namely: books and short storles. :!he f1rst sroup, l1atint! all books pubUshed to date as indicated by the standard tools for 1dentity1ng an author's works, 1! arranged chronolOgically and indicates varioU! editions and reprintings. :!he second sectlon 1s en alphabetical liSting of the short stories w1th information as to the earliest appearance of each ato~ and all known sourCes for loce.ting the indiVidual stor1es. 'lbe anno1:jltions of both books and short etories are based upon the reading of the works aided bT appropriate quotations from rev1ews of recognized critics. Cbapter III 1s concerned with an analysis of the

I1cBtharine Powell HindS, "'lbe Lite and Works ot Eudora WeltT" (UnpubliShed M... ter'. theSiS, Department of EngliSh, Duke UniverSity, 1954), pp. 1-79. " appraiSal o~Miss Welty's works of fiction as reflecte~ by the 1mme~te critical reaction of reviewers in llbrpry aidS for selecting current books and by the i'z'equencl ot inolusion in retrospective gul~es for the selection and , purchase of older end stenderd books for library oolleo­ tions. In addition, various reoomme~d lists and reCognized

Bllthologies for oultural reading and .~ heve been con- sulted !IS a l!I8anB or reveall;nc rurther evidences of value of Miss Welty'$ writingS for justifying representation on library .helves. In so far as it is possible, it attempts to indicate the position in American letters held by MiSs lielty at present. For the purpose of this paper the analysis has been ll.m1 ted to the appraisals of the sU works of fiction appearing in the BQOk R~view Digest, 1941-1954, inclusive. Chepter IV g1ves a resume of the s1gn1flaent pOints thet heve been observed in making the brief investigation and compliation. It s~rlzes the evidences of recogni­ tion gained by Miss Welty throu~ her achievements as a wri tel' of fiction lllld points out indications as to her literary reputat1on. It sums up the findings r

Miss Welty' 9 collections . lhe first section of th& Bibl1ograI>h¥ containS an alphabetical listing of sources which ..are consulted in malr1ng the compilation. The second section 18 a selected list of articles included in boOks and perIodicals conoerning Miss Welty and her writings which were used for the facts presented in this paper. lhe list is divIded into two groups . lhe first group containS biographical informat1on; the .econd, cr1tical mater1al. The articles in both groups are arranged alphabaticall¥ by author WIlen the euthor was known and by title wilen the author vas not given. For the purpose of this compilat1on tile list i9 :l;itmited to mater1als avail­ able in the Florida State University fecilities and to publications appearing through May, 1955. CHAPTER I

MISS lI'ELl'I'S LITERAllY CAREER

Until Enders welty's Cltor1es were iSlued in book form, they were practically unknown exoept to readers of several small magazines I and like IIIIUly other 11terary art1sts, Miss ,;elty experienced certain diffioult1es in securing book publication. During the lalIt year of hu Ufe, Ford lIadOl< Ford, editor, author, and critic, failing to find a market for her work, ch1ded pubUshers for their neglect of promising young wr1ters. In v1ew of tbe later ecceptance and recogn1tion of Miss Welty'S writingS, 1t 18 interesting to note a recent comment concern1n& her position in the contemporary scene: In recent years, the name of ll:Udora Welty hall virtually become synonymous with artistry, integrity, and intellIgence in AmerIcan fictIon; any full-length book by the '!leS19SipPI Marvel' 1s a lite~ event of magnitude. In addition, 1419S 1(alty' s ow remarkS regarding the situat10n are .1gn1fIcant, When I think of Ford MadOl< Ford • • • how ha tried to find a publ1sher for my book at: stories all that lalIt year of hls lUe . • • • And bere I myselt: have turned out to be not at ell the mar"tyred prOOlie1ng

lw1lUam Peden, "The Inoomparable Welty,' saturday Review, XXXVIII (Apr11 9, 1955), 18. B 7 wri ter, but bave bad all the good luck and all the good things Ford chided the world for w1 thholding from me and my ldnd.2 MUs lielty, Who has lived most of her lire in Jaclalon, MissiJIsippi, where she was bom on April 13, 190\1,3 bas been writing since early childhood. It haS been said that her literary act1vity began at the age of five with a sort of sociological study, "Why We Have IlaSter,' illuatrated by the author with a somewhat puzzling drawing of a rabbit USing a telephone. Bound in shirt cardboards, the copies ot the story sold for five cents each.4 In a home where there were boolal of man,y types, ranging from ancient Greek and Roman poetry to contemporary literature, Miss Welty early developed the habit of readillg widsly. Katharine Anne Porter, a friend and literary con­ fidante, in oommenting upon Miss welty's reading tillites, stated that • • • always trom the beginning until now, she lived folk tales, fairy tales, old legends, and she 11keS to listen ~o the songs and stories of people who 11ve in old communitieg whose culture is recollected and bequeathed orally. It was therefore natural that ¥OilS lIelty should

i1tatharine Anne Porter, • EUdora IIelty and 'A Curtain of Green," *fe ~s ]lefore (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 95 ,p. l615. 3jjarry R. Warfel, Americao Novelists pf Today ()/ew York: J\IIlerican Book Company, 19(1), p. 447. 4. New Writers," Publishers' Weekly, en. (December 6, 1941), Inaa. 5Porter, 9p. Cit., p. 103. 8 .tore up, even though unconsciously, material dealing With

tile folklore of a region whose Pell t she has portrayed in a legendary manner in ID8l1Y ot her storie.. With l'II!'erence to her later use ot the follt-tale a8 a be.ckground tor present1ng a univaraal truth, e. recent COIlIIDODt IIU!.7 be noted.

'J.'he trad1tion of the follt-tale 10 almost as old ell the south itself. It has become soph1st1cated, or at least hall been made more complex, through generap tiona of translation into l1terary torm •.• the p9nnanent truths at the human cond1tion are · g1ven in a rich context of follt superstition, follt humor, follt pathos. :lb.e best writers transcend follt lII&ter1als without too obviously abowing the transcendence I the wr1tingS of Faulkner ••• Eudora Welty ••• and others transmute the follt narrative in~ en examina­ tion of a universal moral c1reUlllSte.nee. For her formal educat1on, MiSs Welty firSt attended Mississippi State College for Women, where she participated in var10us literary activities. From here she went to tile

Un1vers1 ty of lIisconSin, from wh1ch she Well graduated in 1929. Going next to Dew York, she enrolled in the School of Advertising at Columbia Un1versity. Atter completing the couraes, ehe tried a few jobs in the advertising field but did not work at this very long, explaining tIlet it was • too much l1ke sticking p1n5 into people to make them buy thing. the,. <1idn't need or rea1.ly mueh went." 7

£,. A Land and Its Interpreters," ""h",e"7~1m~e"s~""'=*,'--'''''-'",-,"~L.>"",,,,,,,I,,em,,,e,,,'n,,,,t, September 17, 1964, p. xvi. 7:1ohn K. Hutchens, 'On an Author," New )Cork Herald :J;ribune Weel

Baobert Van Gel<1er, "An Interview with MiSS Eudora Welty," New York TimeS »ook Review, June 14, 1942, p. 2. 10 which led in the lete spring ot 1936 to a showing at the Lugen. Gallery in New York ot approximately three hundred unposed studies ot Mlssissipp1 lfegroes. !lhe most important aspect ot this 'lenture, Which proved to be coatl¥ and not ..... ry succ8sItul tra.. a co=erclal point ot vl..... , was the etteat upon her \tr1ting. Flnding that the subject-matter in the photographs was much more interesting than that at the Pari.l.... type she had been using in her stor1es, abe realized that "right in Miss1ss1ppi there W85 stUl a lot to be written.,9 !lhus, the next step was to sound out her bearings

....d to begin to \trl te about the thingS with whlch she wall tam1liar. In this connection, IUss welty remarked. I want home and started wrIting about what I kneW. I was older and I guess I bad a little more sens., enough sense so that I could see the great rift ~oween what 1 wrote and what was the real thing. AlthoUgh Miss welty had continued to write during the years, she had seemed in no hurry to have her work come to the attention ot the public. It was not until June, 1936, when John Rood, editor of a little magazine, "'anl!ScriRt, gledly accepted her story, "lbe Death ot a Traveling Salesman," that her real literary career began. For her next story, "A Piece ot Ie""," she tried a publica­ tion at Louisiana etate University, 4he eouthern Review,

~ Eudora Welty, · wllson Library Bulletin, XVI (Februarr, 1942), 410. lOyan Gelder, OPt cit. •• U whose editor, Albert Erskine, accorded her a va". veleoma and regarded her as his personal discover)". Between 19116 and 1941 he publ1shed five additional stories; end in the meantime one of her stories came out in a smal.l magazine, R1yer, published at Oxf'ord, Missisdppi. In addition, two storles appeared in the Prairle Schooner, a publication at the University of' Nebraska. By this time Miss Welty had succeeded in be1ng recognized by several leading magazine., three stories having been accepted by the Atlgpt1C Monthly and one by Harper" 1!af,Ml'. :rile critics Were beginning to have sm1able arglDents as to Just wIlo had actuallY d1scovered M1s. "elty, 19noring the fact that she had "discovered herself', emerging as a ek1lled end sensit1ve writer ••• vithout the help of' critical counse1."il Miss Porter ex­ preSsed her opinion regarding Mis. ~lelty ' S natural gUt f'or wr1ting by stat1og. I 1>el1eve in the r1ghtness of'M1as Welty'S instinctlve knOltledge that vrit1nr; cannot be taugnt. but onlY learned, and learned by the individual in i~s own var, at hIs own pace. end in his OWn time. , Miss Welty'S interest 10 wri tlng, moreover, had led h~r to partICipation in various Writers' Conferences such &II the Breadloat writers' Conf'erence at M1ddlebUr)" College, Vermont, where she attended as a Fellov in 1940.

U Cberle• Poore, "A Fine Novel of the Deep South,' New t9rk Times BOOk Review, Apr1l 14, 1946, p. 1. 12porter. op. Cit., p . 103. 12 She also worked at Yaddo, f aratoga Springs, New York, in 1941. At the latter, she bee..,... interested in the work at a modem soul.ptor, Jose de Creert, aboUt WOIIl she later contributed an article appearing in the I!!gazine at Art, hbl'll&l'7, 111". In 1941 11119 a Welty's story, "A Worn Path," which had been published in the Atlantic Monthly, won aecond place in the O. HeDrf Melllorlal Award Contest. I:!! When, in the seme y...r, her tint collection or storie., It CurtAin at Green, was published by Doubleday, Doran, and Compall¥,

Inc., the critics agreed that ~1s. Welty had arrived aa a - tine e.rul distinguished craftsman at tile short story.-I" In the foreword, written by Katharine Anne Porter, approval e.rul encouragement were e.xpressed in these vords I "Bile [Mlss "elty] can very weU become a master ot the ahort story! there are almost pertect stories in A Curtain or Green .. " 15 liMn Mlss Welty went to New York tor the publica­ tion of the boo\<, people who lIIet her wara iIIIpressed by her sinoerity at purpose as B writer and by her deep interest in people. On the occasion or the publ1oation, she waS honored by the publishers at a perty, at which were present

130 0. HeDrf Prize Winners," Publishers' Weekly, (Hovelllber e, 1941), 1840. I4current Bi0Kl'!!.l>hz, III (January, 1942), 67. 15porter, op. cIt., p. 105. 13 as guos ts about seventy members of the trade and 1'riends of the author.16 From the commercial pOint of vlew, even though the publishers did not regard the collection as a potential "best-seller," they "ere highly pleased with its reception, especlally in view of the fact that attar three ""elal it went baclt to press for repr1oting. The pubUshers considered

~iss Welty an important new figure on the literary scene end regarded the book as • both a significant record of achievement end a br1lliant promis .. for the future.· 17 In commenting upon the success of the collection, one critic made the following prediction. I feel certain thet her [ Miss Welty'.] sto1'1es will live for a long time. Her talent is of that rare kind whlch holds even at its strongest moments, a hidden wealth of still greater strength, unexpressed as yet. This is why I bel1eV8 that we can axpact much from her 10 the future.'J. a A s1milar op1olon ,,"s expressed by Gladys Graham Bate., who wrote, "Ml.s Welty i. an author who is bound to taka her place with the best 10 the short stOl'y field.,,19 On the other hand, lt .... felt by some that the

16. Among the Publishers," Publishers' ,.eeltl,y, CXL (November E2, 1941), 1962. 17jlUdora Welty (Garden City, N. Y.. Doubled8,y, Doran, and Company, Inc., 1941), p. 3. ll\terienn.. Hauser, •. A Curtain of Green • • •• New York Time. »OOK Review, November 16, 1941, p. 6. 19G1adyS Graham Bates, "Two Southerners," .,turdel Review of Literature, XXIV (November ~2, 1941), 10. stories were too preoocupied witn tne grotesque and ab­ normal. AS an explallation of Miss WeltY'1! use of this

type of material, OIle critic felt that even though tnere was a sense of cruel humor pervading the collection of stories, tne autner remained a • dIstinguIshed artist, 80metning of a poet, an ironic, savage observer of the human comedy.neG

~e year 1942 waS a&a1n B prize-winning one for

Miss Welty. :mIs t1llle her story, • ~e Wide Net," published in Harper' g Masa!ine, won tne .first prize of tnree hundred dollars in tne annual O. Hell1'7 Memorial Award Contest. 21. In gIving her vote, one ot tne jUdges, Marjorie KInnan Rawlings explained Il.Br choice by saying ot the story, It not only has all the requis1 tee for a good story­ sustained narrative, a well-bu1lt cllmax, character­ izat10n, and overtones, but a completely lWatiat1ng qua11ty tnat makes the story 1rres1st1ble. In the tall of the seme year, Miss Welty's second book, 'lIle Robber Bridegroom, was publ1shad br Doubleday, Doran, and Company, Inc. This novelette, .. modern1&ed version ot an old German retry tale, reflected the author' a , interest in folltlore, especially in tne legeD.dlU7 c!larac- ters of the romantic and historic NatCbez Trace Country in

200rvi11e Prescott, "A Handful of RIsing Stars,' New York T1IIIes Book Review. March 21, 1943, p. 13. 2l. Miss Weltr Wina Top O. Hell1'7 Prize.' ."" york T1IIIes, Bovember 13, 19~, p. 21, col. 1. 22aersChe1 Brickell (ed.). 0 Henry Memorial Award Prize Stories of 194e (Garden CIty, •• x., 00 Ubreaay. Doran. and Company. Inc., 1942). p. ix. , 15 It.i •• iasippi. Mlss Welt)' herseU expressed her interest in the book by saying, «Ever)'thlng in it i. so... thing I've liked for as long lIB I esn remember and Just now Pllt down." 23 When the book appeared, varring opinions s-e­ d1etel)' fOllowed. In general, it received favorable acclaim, part1aularl)' with respect to evidence 1t ottered ot Miss Walt)". talent as a writer of imagination and art1atrr. There were those, however, who felt that 1t wa. too fan­ tast1c and daring in 1ts use of legend and therefore con­ s1dered the fsntesy somewhet disappointing.

By th1s time lI1ss ~elt)' was beginning to be con­ s1dered a regionalist writer. as she turned more end more to nat1ve materiele. Her concern w1th the tolklore of the CO\Ultry had been demonstrated in The Robber Bridegroom, in which reference 1s mode to M1ke Pink, the keelboat k1ng otM1s.i •• ipp1 legend, and to B1g Harp and Little Harp, storied bandits of the Natchez Trace Era. In spite of diverse opiniOns, however, 1t was on the basls of th1s boOk that Mls8 Welt)' was awarded in 1942 a John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship for a project to continue a series of stor1e. centering 1U'0\Uld the Iiatchez Trace

Countrr. That the proJect appealed to Miss ~eltl 1s in­ dicated b)' her comment: Wh1. Just to wr1te about ..nat m1ght happen along some little road like the Natchez Trace--whlch

23van Gelde~, op. c1t. 16 reaenes so far back 1nto the pes t and has been the tra11 for so maD¥ k1ndsiif peop1e--i. enougn to keep you busy for life. As a result, M15S Welty's second cOllection of short stories, " Wide Net and other stories, waS publ1shed in 1943 by Harcourt, Brace, and Company. As a background for the stories, the Natchez Trace locale was again used, the t1llle element varying from that of wilderness deys to modern city life. Both praise and diSapproval t'oUowed the appearance of the new collection. praise t'or the author's unique talent as a pro". styUst, diu.pproval t'or her use of horror. In defense ot'M1ss O'elty'. tendency toward the bizarre and grotesque, one critic mad. this explanation: • • • she is not interested 1n the abnormal a8 such. She is interested in people--their lives. their dest1nies, the irony attendant upon the1r comings and g01n6S~and she writes of the unusual in terms of the usual. For the second year in succeSSion, M1ss Welty re­ oeived in 1943 " t'irst prize 1n the o . Henry Memorial Award ContestB6 for her story, • Livvie i8 Back," which appeared in the Atla!!t!9 Monthly. One of the judges, Carl Van Doren, praiSed the story in the t'oUowing statement:

24van Gelder, op. cit. e5ueo Lerman. "Daughter of Mississippi," New fork Herald Tribune Weekly Book Review, XX (September ~6 ,943). 4. 2e. Eudora Welty WinS o. Henry Short Story Prize," Pybl1sners' weekly, CXLIV (December 4, 1943), 209B. 17 It 10 beautitully written. the characters heve d1lllen­ slon and sub.tanee, the locallty t. presented witll vivldness, and there is in the stDry __ short as it 1s-­ a convincing sense of tile paslaga of tillie, which gift. body to tile narrative.2"1 By 1943 M1ss Welty had begun to flnd a public in England witll the publlcation by Jobn Lane of A Curtaln of Green. Immediately regal'ded as " gii"ted writer, she was pra1sed for her abUlty to ·penetrate beneatll the surface of tile harsh ••• spectacle with quick pUe10nate Sympathy.·28 In 1944, !he RobbQr llridegroom aLoo appeared in a John l.ane edition, with illustrations suggestive of Captain Hook of English legend. !hough Miss Welty received praise for her use of the fane1ful and fairy-tale symbolism, the book was not oonsidered Tery sueeass!'Ul.. When 'J,'I\e Wide Net and Other Stories was published by John Lane in London, it was not regarded comparable to A curtain of Green, tile EnSllsh revi... ers feeling that the noticeably studied dictIon caused tile stories to seem lifeless though they admitted that here and there appeared "a brUliant glow of indIvidual senslbll1ty.·29 Jo1ning tile editorlal staff of the New YorK fillies

~;~~~~B~rit~ckell(Garden (ed.), City, O.N. HenrYY.I MemorIalDoubleday, Award :; , , 1944), p. xi. 28" An OrIginal Newcomer,' !he Times (London) Literary Supplement, July 10, 1943, p. 341. rL 29'In tile Deep South," The Times [London] Litere17 Supplement, January 2e, 1944, p. 41. 16 Book Rev1ew in 1944.3Q Miss >elty contributed a number of revi.... , of various types of bookS. Another honor which oame to her in 1944 was an award of one thousand dollars by ths American Acadell!f of Arts and Letters "in reoosnitlon of her sk1l1 in the short stOl'J' and her artistry in the subtle portrayal of character . ·~l

During the years MJ~s Welty had appeared to resIst tha pressure of the publishers to produce a nevel as the conventional next .tap. Mls8 Porter had cOllllllented upon this posslb1lity by expressing lIer opin10n in thIs state. mantI Thare 1. nothing to hinder her [ MisS Welty] from writing novel! it she wishe. or believes ehe can. I can only s ..y that lIer good gift Ju.t as it i. nov, alive and nourishing, should not be retarded by a perfectly arti~2c18.l demand upon lIer to do the conventional thing. Nevertheless, Miss Welty vas to come to this type of fiction in her own time and in her own war; end it va. in pelt~ ~edd1ng, publ1.hed by Hercourt, Brace and CompBn7 in 1946, that she vas to .how hal' ability in producing her first full. length novel. This story of a Mississippi Delta family, the Fairchilds, and the event. concemlng them, found favor with a wider public than hed her preceding workS, appealing particularly to readers tn the South. :rhere vere

30. Eooora Welty Join. /lev York Times Book Review,' Publisher.' lOeei

Eudora ~:elty' s keen perception and D~l.u"'Q menshipher prevlous are notable.storles, realisticSh.~;c~o~mfbj[~l;:"":~S~~~~~;: vr1 ting to a remo.rkabll' 3 represents. in DlY opinion, . " Harnett Kane, a Southern writer of note, voiced his op1ll10n 0.8 to Miss Welty's talent and orig1llallty by , stating in a review, Miss welty" writing Sho"" heightened rishness of color, a clar1ty and preoiaion--and al.o restraint-­ that are "",rkS of a mester. She handles her toola with sensibility and delicacy at times 0108e to the poetic. Always a magn11'1cent ob ••rver, Mlss Welty hall an eye for gesture, an ear for 1Ilflectlon, and a_heart tor the subtlet1es of human w111 and motive.;?b Diana Trilling, a oritic with whom Mis. WeltJ hes fatled to find favor, expressed her objection to the book in this atetemen t: I find lt d1tficult to determine how much my distaste tor Eudora lielty's new novel Delta Wedding

33John EI1"ard Hardy, Ragion and Symbol,· Sewanee Reyiew. LX • ~1zabeth P. N1chol!l, "New Books AppraiSed," Library Journal, LXXI (April ~, 1946), 687.

35t!arne tt T. Kane, • Eudora Welty' 8 Authentic SlId V1tal Talent,' lIeW;J"rl< Herald Tribune 1;ee1<11 Bool< Ravi ..... , XXII (A~ril 14, 19 ~, 3. is cUslike for its 11 terary manner and how muoh 1s resistance to the oulture out3gf which it gro~_ and which it describes 50 foOOlr . At a Pacific Northwest Writers' Confirence held at the University of W8Sllington in Seattle in August, 1947. 141ss Welty vas one of the principal speakers. For the occasion she used an or1g~ e6S&r. 'Some Vle.. s on the ReacUng and wrIting of Short Stories," later published in the Atlantip MonthlY, appearing also &S a separate volume under the title, Short stories, published by Harcourt,

Braca and Canpany . During the conference Mias Welty vas honored vitil an autographing party and an 1n!'ormal. luncheon. 37 In a cUs(luSSlon concerning the relationship of the oraft of ..rlting to her reading public. ~lss Welty expressed her views by remarking: I certeinlr never think of who'. going to read it. I don't see how anyone could. I don't think of m:t­ self either. At least, I don't bel1eve I do--I .1usZs think whet it is I'm wnt1ng. That'. enough to do . On the retum trip from Seattle, lIis_ Welty spent some time in San Franc1sco, where She gathered material for her story. 'MUSic from Spain,· which was published in a 11llited ecUtion in 1948 b17 the Levee Press in Greenville, Mississippi. According to the publisher all or the seven

36piana Trilling, • Fiction in Review," The nation, CLXII (May 11, 1946). 578. 37, Autographing Party for Eudora Wel t17." Pub1.ishers' eLII (September 6, 1947), 1047. 3Bautohens, op. cit. 21 hWldre d and fifty copies that were printed sold out in a very ahort time. The stOI')' was later incluMcl. in a collec. , tion of stories, The Golden APPbe •. In 1949 Miss Welty served on the comm1ttee as one of the judges f:or the selection of: prize winners in the O.

HenI')' tlomor1al Award Contest, an honor which seemed appro­ priate in view ot the fact that ane herBell: had been a winner on several oocasions. Appearing in 1949 waS MiSS Welty's third collection of: short .tories, me Golden Apples, published by Harcourt, Brace and CompallJ'. In thiS volume the stor1es are related, some ot the Che1'acters appearing throughout to give a piCture of: a small town in Mississippi over a period of ro~ty years. AS had happened in the case ot eacll at tile preceding publica­ tions, both tavorable and adverse co""""nt. were made by the critlcs who reviewed the book. Again 1 t WIIS pOinted out that one defect in Miss Wel ty' s wrl ting wu in her over- use ot the IIl¥th, but the seme critio regarded the collection as "e work ot art, ..t once eloquent and entertaining, whos .. very 1'01"11\ is ••• the original creation ot an invaluable art19t~39 The editor at the Atlantic Month61, EdWllrd

Weeks, felt that the book estebUshed Mlss Welty Ill! the best writer of short storie. in the South. 40

3~ranc1s steegmuller, "Small Town Lite," New Yorl!: rime. Book Review, August 21, 1949, p. 5. ~dward weeD • Eudora welty ot the Delta,· The Atllllltic I'onth61, ci.XX1av (September, 1949), 80. - 22

The English point or view coneern1ng the co~ction vas indicated in this cOl:IIIEInt: Her ( Mlsa tleltY'sJ prose is hi&lU7 pollshed, nu1d, and et the 9I1I1II time sharply appeals to eye and ear •••• Miss tieltv' poss.sses in a441tlon a tine control ot tlrst-person 1410lIl and this "ft book d1aplays her singular gitta at her best. It ..... predicted, however, that the reeding publlo would be a limited one . This was indicated by a crltlc, who had conSistently glven Mlss Welty a steunoh .upport, in thill .tat... nt , lllis 1. not a book tor all readers, but tollov.rs ot Miss ".111y'. "",rl< will tind lt one ot her t1Doult m:h1e_e:lts th.t will rlchly reward the dUct"'Ulinating. ~l: Awarded a G_meill Fellowship in 1949, the second tille tor this honor to be receiveoi, Jo\iss wel t.J made her tirst trip to Europf'. spending ablost a year in Franc., Italy, and areece. During this trip ahe gathered material which .he was to use in stories later appearing in the !lew

XprKer, the Atlantic Monthll, and Harper" Balt.r • In 1951 MilS Welt)' was a prize wL;ner tor the tourtll time in tile O. Henry )I.8IIIJrial Award Contest, her story, 'The Burning,' receiving tile second prize ot two hundred dollars . In co=anting upon the story, one ot the judges called it "a pertect e"""'ple ot her genius tor sugge.ting

4L Tales tro. France,' me R:es [ London] Lite1'll1'7 5uppl..,ent, september 8, 1950, p . 5 ~ 4fH.rschel BriCkell, "Oragonl in Ml.lls11ppi," SaturdaY Revlew, XXIII (August f7, 1949), 9. so much more than her words actually say, which 1. what poetry does.lI43 An outstsnding honor which ceme to JIliSs Welty in

1952 was electIon to member~hip in the National lnOtltute of Arts and Letters, a. one of the fourteen persons "whose creative works are considered mo.t likely to win a permanent place in American culture •• 4', It l1li' in 1962, "lao, that Mis! Welty made a second trip to Europe, spending most ot: her time in England and Ireland, where she collected "",teria1 for stories appearing in _gezine. and later in book form. Appearing in the December 5, 1953 iSsue of the 1!.!!l! Yorker was Mis. Welty's long fIctitious story, !he Ponder Heart, c!ealing with the Ponder family in a .mall Miss1ss1ppi town. .1c!ely adVertised by the publishers, Harcourt, Brace and Company, the story came out in book form in .ranuary, 1954. illis vork wes destined to bring to Miss Welty a SIgnal honor, for in May, 1955, she receIved the William

Dean Howell. ~iedel of the ACademy of Arts and Letters for "the most distinguiShed work of American f1ctIon" publiShed within a period of five yoars.45

43aerschel Brickell (ed.), prIze StorIes of 1951 (Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1951), p. x. 440 InstItute Elects Fourteen New Mambers,' New lork T1me., February 6, 1952, p. lB, col. 1. 45.rohn It. Hutchens, '~a5S Welty· s Somewhat Puzzling Art,· 'ew York ~erald Tribune weekl,y Book Review, XXXI (April 10, f§5S , 2. Il4 Critics immed1ately pointed out that the book onoe again demonstrated Miss Welty's unusual gift of versatll1ty. Coleman Rosenberger expressed his opinion in the following comments Miss welty, one of the most acoomplished of modern Southern writers, 1s also one of the most versatile. 'The Ponder Heart' is as unlike her previous five vollDes 88 theY'4.eave in their excellence. are un­ like each other. 6 Mies Welty vas praised for ner use 01' humor, one critlc stating that she thought the story "the most amusing piece of Amerlcan humor since Mark 1'vain.· 47 In England, however, the book was regarded as a minor work though the critios continued their praise 01' Niss Welty'S talent.48 In Septamber, 1954, a new editlon 01' MiSs welty's earller works appeared under the t1tle, Selected Stories of E,\ldol'!! Weltz, publ1shed by The Modern L1bre.ry. This etUtlon, containing all ot A Curtain 01' Green and Other stories and 1he Wide lIet and Qther Stories, was praiSed bl the publ1shers, who asserted: A."l¥ one or the stories in th1s volume by ltael1' would ldentity Eudora Welty as ons of the most unusual short-sto.ry writers ot our time •••• The basic material of Miss Welty's stories 1s her Obzervstion of human experiences in her not!ve South, but with

4tScolemen Rosenberger, • Eudore. Welty :rellS a :rens. and Comic story ot a M1ssissippi Town," New York Herald Trlbuoe Weekly Book Review, XXX (January 10, 1954), 1. 47Shlrlsr Barker, "New Books Appra1sed," Library JOurnal, LXVIII (December 15, 1953), 2213. 48.The Human Comedy," The~1meS [ London] Literary Supplement, October 26, 1954, p.5. creat technioal skill end psyohologioal subtlety, she sueoeeda not only in recreating that experience, but in ...... suring its lIlpact on the persons involved. 49 In April, 1966, Miss Welty'. seventh volume of fiotion, 1M Bride of the Innler!!l' n and Oth!r Stories, was pubUshed by Harcourt, Brace end Company. With their settings renging from MUs IIe1 t:r' 8 nat! Va south to Ireland, Italy, end Ancient Greece, the seven stories in the collec­ tion we .... consldered eS further ovid~ce of the author' 8 talent tor diversity end variety. Mis .. Welty herself commented on her use ot locations outside the Southern scene by stating. I tried sCme stories laid in locations new and strange to me (result of a Guggenlleim that let me go to Europe), end tackled wlth some pleasure the problem the stories set me of writing from the outside, where my honest Vie"'POint had to look in trom. The inslde kind of story, where tha outside world i. given, I'll always come back to, as I do in a number of stories in the new book; for the interlo world is endlessly new, mysteriOUS, end alluring. eo In addition, a comment conoerning Mia. Welty'. abl11t:r in tha use of both native end foreign locales may be noted. With her netive South, she haJI naturally a speciel authority. Its heat r1ses up through her pagee to strike you in the tace, the languorous m;ythms ot 1ts speech come softly and convincingly to the eer, ita time-heuntad ritual1sm 1s ..live and clesr, even to the ouos1der. And abroad, sS at home, Miss Welty'. eye for the revealing detail 1s a sharp, select1ve, all but unerring instl'UllKtnt, .and so, for that matter is her ear.

49Quotad from Book-Jacket. SOaerne.rd Kalb, ·The Autnor,· seturdaY ReView, XXXVIII (April 9, 1955), 18. 26 Furthermore, no wrl ter on his home grounds or afield, could be more sensitive to the mgient-to­ IIlOment relationships with a SIven scene. Another favorable op1nion regarding her variety of sett1nss was expressed 1n the comment. '11188 Welty's talents, 1nvested 1n these foreign ventures, have, how­ ever, suffered no adverse see_cbenge.,52 In this connectIon it is 1nteresting to reflect upon the similarIty of an observation made several years earlIer with respect to Miss Welty a8 a regionalist writer. Miss Welty is, to be sure, a Southern writer, 1n sense that the South is her subject-matter • • • • She is a writer with roots, a tact sIgnificantly reflected 1n all her worlt, but 1£ she shares 1n the heritage of the South, she also sCares 1n the lIterary traditions of western ciVilization •••• Sbe proves, a8 all good regionalists have always proved, that the deeper one goes into tbe heart of a reSion, ~e more one transcends its geographicel boundaries. Immediate critical reception of the new collection appeared to be favorable as 1ndicated 1n the follow1ng appraisal, Seven stories • • • now are compIled as evidence of one of the f1nest, most orlg1nel Short story writ1ng talents tode.)'. Here Is the poet's abIlity to capture a time and an emotion almost transcending verbal description; but Miss welty makes the most of incident,

51JOhn K. Hutchens, 'Miss Welty' 8 Somewhat I>uzZl1ng Art," New York Herald TribUne .eekly Book Rev1ew, XXXI (April la, 1955), 2. 5~rances Gaither, 'or the south and Beyond," Nev York limes Book Rev1ew, Apr11 la, 1955, 4. --- 530ranville Hicks, • Eudora Welty," College EngliSh, XIV (Iovember, 1952), 76. humor. compassion, and that uniqu. ability to catoh individuals 0'1;:ih& wing to tit hel' themes to th1a literary form. The Southern Observar, a pub11cation of recent appearance, in a review of the book _de this .OIllIII9nt: All of the collection 1s written with typical Welty w1t and f1nesse. IinethiOr she 18 wr1ting ot Europe or of her own M18g~sSlPpi baToU country. aile is alwaTS eXoellent. . That this book. like its predeoeloors. would have lim1ted reading appeal ~s indicated by Virg1n1a KirkuS, who character1zed the collection &8 tollowsl A new collection ot short stories has wider margins--not 8trietly regional--but it is stIll the intense sense ot place end time whie h gives this writing 1 to spec1al charscter. ellIptI0 as web. ot 1 t is • • • • All in all, a special telent 5~1.-­ stylized and senaitlve__ tor spec1al testes. In tha light ot Mi5s "'elty' a latest addition to the list of achievements as a wr1ter ot distinct1on, it seems evident that she Ilas aecUl'ed an establ1shed position in the literary \'01'ld ot modern American culture, as indicated by a recent comment appearing in the Saturday R§yiew, ••• MUs Welty has more than lived up to the expeotetion of her earl1ellt admirers. In an age • Ma1va T. Bresler, • New BookS Appraised,' LibrarY Journal. LXXX (April 1, 1955). 793. 55. Southern BookS and Authors," BOl>thern Observer. III (May, 1965), 148. 56virg1n1a K1rlrus' Service, Bulletin. XXIII (Feb­ r~ 1, 1955), 98. 28 Or 1ncr881ling literary sensat10nal1ell, em1b1t1ona1ism, eo_re1ailslIt, ~VUlger1t7' her vork h4& been ."""'­ thIn, to oher1Sh. Another statement which appears to indicate her place in the contellporal7 ...,

57WUl1am Pedant "1b.e Incomparable "elty,' SaturdJY Review, XXXVIII (AprU ~, 1955), 18. 68'1b.e Art ot ticea in the United Supplement, September • 69 Porter, op. Cit., p. 108. CHAPTER II

MISS W.t.LTY'S WORKS OF FICTION: AN ANNOXATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

TIle first chapter of this paper presented somB ot tne event. of Miss Welty'. life which seemed significant as related to her literary career and evidences of the reception of her writings as refleoted by the opinions of leading critic.. It seems logical to show next the extent of her works in e formal list indicating various editions and reprintings and, in addition, to summarize brietly by means ot annotations the nature and content or each work. 1'Il1s cnapter therefore brings together allot the worD of fiction that heve been located t.b.rough the standard tools for the ident1tication and verification ot t1tles, namely: llooks in Print, 1954:; the CUJl1u1atlve llook Index, 1938-1955; the Eng11sh Catalog of Books, 1943-190.; the Library of Congress Author catalog, 1948-195e; the Librery of Congress Catalog of Printed Cards. 190&6-1954; Publishers' WeeklY. 1941-1955; and the Reference Cate10g of Current Literature, 1951. It "Iso indicates the general tneme at each bool< and • tory through short annotatIons based upon the reading of the books end stories aided by quotations

29 30 from reviews by outstanding crltics. 11'01' t tli. purpose, the following revlewing source. were consulted. the ~ RWew P!gest, The l!ooldlot, goUege EngliSh, ;rhe EM118h JOurnal. the Library JQIll"Il!\l. the II"" York Herald Tribune ftekl.y Book Review, tile New York Times Book 8ev1ew, end the s&turgay Rev~ew. The annotated bi bliogrephy i8 41vi4ed into two sectlon.. TIle tlret groupIng, arr8llged chronologlcally, consists of the works of flctlon which heve &ppeared in book form. The entries appe&r under tile t1tles with blbllogr&PhI­ c&l 1n!ormatlon. The second group 1s a list of the short stories entered undel' the latest title, alphabetlcall¥ arr&nged. The earliest publication in wnich the story appeared ls given. AddItional information gaine4 tIlrougll various indexes 10 given for locating the stories; ani! in­ cluded al80 1. Information perteining to 8n7 reooSQition won by indiv1dual stor1es.

:lhua. at a glance, the extent of 11118. Welty' 8 works of fict10n m&1 be seen ani! some indicatlon as to the nature and content of the writings m&1 be ea&l11 deto1'lll1ned by means of th" annot"ted listing.

Books" A Curta1n of Green; w1th an introduct10n by Katbarine Anne Porter. tlarden City. N. Y •• Doubleday, Doran and Company, Inc., 1941.

*Four orMls. w elty'~ books are ~oll.et1ons of short stories • . A story appearing both in a collectlon and as a separate 10 tills li.t will be annotated under the entry as a separate. An asterlsk in front of a tltle lndicate. that the title was not avaIlable for reading. 31 A Curtain of Green. London: John Lane, 1943. lIew York: Harcourt, • A Curtain .f Green and Other Stories. Toronto. (lsorge J. McLeod, Ltd., 1947. Contents: Lily o..w and the Three Ladies; A Plece of News; The Petrifled Man; The Key; Keela, the outcast Indian Maiden; Wb¥ I L1ve at the P. 0.; The Whlstle; The Hltch-Hlkers; A Memory; Clytie; powerhouse; A Worn Path; Old Mr, Marblehall; Flowers for MarJorie; A Curtain of Green; A Vis1t of Cllarlty; Death of • Traveling sele.men • • The storles in A Curtain of Grew offer an extra­ orcUnary range of mood, pace, tone, ana verlety of material. The scene is limited to a town the author knows well; the farthest reaches of that scene never go beyon'" the boundarles of her own s tate, and many of the characters are of the sort that caused a Bostonian to remark that he would not care to meet th~ soc181]y.· l ·Conclse, well-written short stories about trus­ trated people who do fantastic things. Miss Welty's manDer of telling her stories is unusual. A f~ dls­ cr1Ju1nating readers ,,111 enjoy them very much."

Indexed in ~~~~ camp. Dorotb¥ E. Cook! and Isabelle ~ H. W. Wl1son Company, 1953), p. 1349-1350.

Aha Robber Bridegroom. N.... York, Doubleday, Doran and Company, rnc . .. 1942. , The Robber Brilte~room. roronto. McClelland and Stewart, Ltd., 19 2. The Robber Bridegroom. IUustl'!lted by James Holland. Lon­ don, John Lane, 1944. The Robber Bridegroom. ReiSsue. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1948.

~ tharlne Anne POl"ter, • Eudo 1'8 Welty end • A Curtain ot Green, In ile Woe: Before (New York: Harcourt, Braee and Company, 95~ , p. 106. ~e Bookllst, XXXVIII (December 15, 1941), 132. 32 ru Robber Br1degroom. rorontol Georg. J. MeLeod, Ltd., 1948. "A long short story with fa1ry-tale elements and qual1t1es. The setting 18 the Natchez Country on the Mississipp1 in the early nineteenth century. Jamie Lockhart 1s the bandit wno takes his bride by robbery. It is • d1vertin§, fanta.tie story that will, however, have limited appeal.- • Reproduces in an Americen setting the III&tter-or­ fect naivete of an old belle4 in e tale of violent deeds end unreel situations. Del1ghtf\ll entertainment for readers who will enter the spirit or make-bel1eve. Some passage. of beeutlf\1l writing." "It is a modern fairy tale, were irony, humor, outrillht nonsense, deep wisdom and surrealist1e extrava­ ganzas become a pgetic unity through the power of a pure, exquisite style." llie Robber Bridegroom appear. in Robert Van Gelder, IJlld Dorothy Van Gelder (eds.), A Treasury of Our Country's Yeeterdeys ton-Centurr Comp8ll¥, 1946), pp. 110-193.

:!:he Wide N~t and other Storie8. New York: Hareourt, Brace IJlld Company. 1943. lbe Wide Net and Other Stories. London: John Lane, 1945. The W1de Net end Other Stories . Toronto: George J. McLeod, Ltd., 1948.

Contents I A Still Moment; AsphOdel; At the Lending; Livvie; First Love; The Purple Hat; The Wide Net; Th. lfind•. "Eight short stories of Natchez, the Trece, necrees, and "'hi tes, and the old Southam arie tocracy fallen trom glory. 6The title story won the 1942 O. Henry Jilemorial Prize.-

3The Bookl1st, XXXIX (November 15, 1942), 103. 'Emily Garnett, "New BookS Appraised,· Library ~Qurnal, LXVII (September 15, 1942), 795. ~ariano. Hauser, "Miss Welty" Fairy Tale,' New Xork Times Book Review, November 1, 1942, p. 6. SaoOk Review Digest, 1943 (New York: H. W. Wileon Companf, 1944)t p. 856. 33 "Most or the stories are laId 1n MIssIssIppI along the old lIatchez Trace, wbich wIndS through aU but one a8 a kind or connecting 11nk • • • .The people are d19arm1n1!l¥ Ord1ne~ and the events heve an aIr or casualness • . . ." Indexed 1n Short StOry Index. pelta wemng. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, ~ 4il, Delta Wedd1ng. Toronto: Tbomas Nelson and Sons, 1947. jle),ta Wedding, London. John Lane, 1947, !?elta Wedding, London. The Bodley Head, 1952, suI Delta; romanzo, Traduzleme dull. 1nglese di Vez10 Melgar!. JiLlleno I Longened, 1947, ·The Fairchild family, planters or the Delta Coun­ try 1n Miseissippl, Is sbaWD 1n the week berore the marrIage of Debney, the second or Cous1n Bettle's JIla.tl,Y chUdren, in September, 1923. The FaircblldS are a large, gay and c!leming fem1ly, closely bound by blood ties and slow to accept those 'Who marry 1nto It, Tbe novel bes no plot and even the wedding ceremollY 19 not a grand olimax, but the sbirt1ng of vl8W]lo1nt rrom oharacter to eberacter gIves the story varIety as well a8 r1lling out the pIcture or tbe ramily, and the under­ standing portrayal of chIldren and chUdhood Is cbeI'ming.·a "Tbe book 19 a triumpb of sensltivity. the atmosphere or the Delta in September; the exc1tement and commotIon of a household preparing for a wedd1ng; the feel­ ing of a crowded house; the feel1ng or a home full or children; the spec1el quality of a partIcular and unusual tem1ly, the Fairch!lds, It Is a teohnical triUllph too, the constant. subtle sbirt1ng or the ~1nt or view to render the most that can be rendered."

TIle """ al appeared serially 1n The At~tiC MonthlY, CLXXVII (January-AprIl, 1945), 113-132; 11a:I~ 121-134; 179-194.

7£ugene Arm1'le1d, 'SbOrt Stories by Eudora Welty,· New York T1mes Book Revi..... september 26, 1943, p. 3. arbe Booklist, XLII (June I, 1946), 318. 9Granv1Ue H1cks, "Elnora Welty," Colla&" 1>n!O.1sh, XIV (November, 1952), 73. 34

Mude l'~m Spain. Greenville, Ml •• illsippl, La.,.e Pres., 9i8. Thill story, tirst published as a ••parate, l1m1ted to Seven Ilundred and ntty copills, wu included later in in Whlcll 1 t tormed a pert ot a senes ot picture of " fiat1 tious town, lI.organa,

• ~ellotl MacLain ls jolted out or 111. rout11lot1 and into a state ot llelg1ltened senalb111ty by an arbltrary acto-slapping hla wite's tace ae it Ilappens--and spendS a romarkable day is the company ot B Spanish muslcian in San Francisco."

'!he Golden epple.. New York. lIaroourt, Brae. and Company, 194 • The Golden Apples. London: Jolln Lane, 1950. '!he Golden IIppl!l8. London: Tbe llodley Head, 1950. Contents: Shover ot Gold; June Reeltel; Sir Rabblt; Moon Lake; The Whole World KooItsl Music from Spain; The Wanderers. 'Seven short stories ot varying length reveal rela­ t1onsll1ps as they changed during .0 years in a small tovn and se. almost a continuous narratlve. Wrl tten with artistry in the lndirect characterization of people as they are seen by eaell other. end with some sugges tion of folk quellty .'Il.

• ~ Golden APrles unite. IIWI¥ ot tile themes and ••tt1ngst dlstlngu all Eudora Welty's earlier stories. It It laake tile broad comedy of Iler best bumorous pieces and makes little use ot her l

l~., p. 74. 11m. Bookllst, XLVI (september 15, 1949), 35. 12Robart Daniel, "TIle world of Eudora Welty," ~ Hopkins RevIew, VI (Winter, 1953), 56. 35

7:he Pon~ fu/!).rt; drawings by Joe Krush. New Yorl<. Har­ court, J}race and Company, 1954. 7:he Ponder Heart. London. Hsmlsh Ham1lton, 1964. "M1ss Edna Earle Ponder, who runs the J}eulsh Hotel 1n Clay Miss1ssippi, wh!les away the tedium of a long afternoon by telling a guest the story of her"Vncle Daniel, warm of heart, but weal< 1n the head. Uncle Daniel took himself e Child bride, Bonnie Dee Pescock, who milked him of the fl!llllly fortune, and expelled him from the hOUlle. When Bonnie Dee died of heart failure, Uncle Daniel _s cherged with murder. He established his innocence before the jury, but not befol"! he handed out the rest of the Ponder fortune to the bangers-on at the trial. A Southern folk comedy, which ex£s.es tile sunnier side of th" Faulkner Country . ". • • " Appeared as a sIngle instalment in the December 6, 1953, Ne>1 Xorker. selected Stories of l!iudoreY,ylty. 1st ed1tlQll. Modern Library ot th" Io'orld S Best BookS. New York: lb.. Modem LIbrary, 1954. :Ih.Is edition conteins all of A Ourtain of Green and other stories, and A Wid.. N~t 8lld Other stOries 0 '"lhe twenty-f1 ve • tor ies in this volume may range from the quietlY understated Mrl'&tlve of 'A Worn Path' to the breezily vulgar dIalogue or 'I'etr1fied Man' 01' the thematic counterpoint of 'powerhouse' but all &l1l

The Bride or the Innisfallen and Other 5~Ories. New York, Harcourt, Br8Ce ana Company, 19B • Contents, No Place for You, My Love. lhe Burning; The Bride of the Innlsfallenl Ladies in Spring; Circe; Kin. Geing to Naples. "lb... S01lth (once historieally) 19 the setting for rour of the stories, E\m>pe (once mythologically) for th.. other. • • • 0 Recommended for discriminating readers in all libraries 0" 15

laThe BoO!

Short Stories "Asphodel," BlIf Xale Review, XlCXII (September, 1942), 146- •

n 'Asphodel' Is, perhaps, Eudora Welty's most beautiful tale to date. This 1s the history or Miss Sel>ina, wIlo had three children and a husband but was sUll called Mis.. And thi. is the tale of ASphodel ••• 'a golden ruin: six Doric Columns, with the entablature unbroken over the first two • • • • Cora, Phoebe, and Irene, three old maids, tell this story, having come to picniC among the ruina or Asphodel, after ':iS8 Sabina'S death •••• 'Asphodel' i. a tragedy. the tragedy of loneliness and despair, the tral!lOdy or the unwanted and the jealous, the .trong over the Jleek. It is a tral!

"At the Landing," Tomorrow, II (April, 1943), 15f.

~arooned in a house 10 which pride and tradition have made for well-ordered lives, Jennie finds that the nood bringS dl.aa te r to all the 1nma teo of the home.

161he ]looklist, LI (}lay I, 1955), 368. 17Leo Leman, "Daughter or Mississippi,' New York Herald Tribune weekly ]look Review, XI (september M, 1943), 4. 37 "The Bride of the Innisfall.en," lIew Yorker, XXVII (Dec_bel' I, 1951) , 53-84. • • • • about a girl-- introduced alllpl,y as an American 'leaving London without her husb, nd'. knowledge' - ­ wbe baSks anoD¥lllously in the ""rm Irish voic.. in the crowded compartment of a boat train coursing vast th:01ll\ll the rain- drenched dark. ,16 1'he young woman becomes avere of the atmosphere of glBllor that seems to surround the bride lobo i8 a"'" of the PBSsenger. on the vessel, "The rnni.rallen,· and she reflects as to her own decision concerning the future.

No. 2873 (March, 1951), • During the Civ1l O'ar, an 0111 I!l8nsion, the home of Miss Mpa and Miss 1'h80, is burned by the Northern soldiers, and onl,y Florebel, a young negro shv., survives to tell 1

~C1rce,' ~ent, X (Autumn, 1949), 3.10. under the title • )0\0 In the SkY.'

A group of drunken sallors spend the. night at the home of a woman living alone on an island. It "is a pure cameo of an impure goddess at her old addreS8 in Homer's demeane.,,1.9

• Clytie," 1'he SOIltheFtl Review, VII (5=<11', 1941), 52- 64. 'l'his ston "seems to present its once prominent famll¥ as a museum of Southern decadence. ona son hsa committed suic1da; another is alcoho11o; one daughter is mad; and the da1ll\llter who has been the ma1nstaT of the

l8~C •• Ga1ther, ·Of the South and Beyond,' New lork Times Book Review, April 10, 1955, p. 4. 19Ib1d. raJl1l.y drowns herself in a rain ~rrel . vell be called soutnern Gothic . -

"A Curtain or Green," ;!'he Southern Review, IV (rall, 1938), 291l-298. ....

"Following the accident in whiCh her husband was Idlled, IIrs . Larldn has withdrawn herselr !'rom ber neil!hOOrs and from the world to the extent that the ur. in her ",roan is tbe only ure toward which she puts out &lIT interest."?l.

"Death or a Tra.... ling Salesman," ~anu.cript, III (June, 1938), 21- 29 . A saleslllllll WIlo 1. ill comes to a .habb)" cottell. where Uves a couple 1n abject povert)". However, in the upectetion or a camine cb1ld, the)" see,. quite content; and the salesman, disco'l8r1ng bow apt)" h18 Ure ...... 1n contrest, 1s rilled with regret in having l1is ••d a creative home s1tuation.

Inlier!< Scharer (ed. ), ThhStr£X' A Crit1cal AIltholo!!), (lie. Xork. l-rentice-ila ,nc. , 1950) .

f Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa] "The Doii'"(, Jtiiit""fi , 11- 14. . "First Love ," llar.er'S nr.r' 110 . 2761 (r.brual')', 1942), pp. 51l-5 , 11 - •

Joel lI&)"e8, a deaf 00)" who works 1n • tevern 1n lIatchu, 1s entranced by the gJalDOl' or Aaron Burr, who .. tr1al 18 to take place the ne",t day.

In W1n11'l"Od L,ynSke,~y~'l£~ York: Charles Scribner's ~ •

2oaickl, op. cit. , p. 70. 2lJOhn ~11.on, 'Delte Rev1val," the Engl18h fournel, XXXVIII ()larch, 1949), 121. 39

• Flower. tor Mar3orie," Pl'Iirie Schooner, XI (SUl!lIIIer, ) ~_ 19~7). 1ll~120. V" Under the pressure ot econom1c conditions in a large e1ty. a young man in desperatIon murders hls vita and unborn Child. When he walks on the street, someone gives him an armful of flowers, an ironic gesture, since it is too late to e(l.d Ille"sure to their (l.rab Uve.s.

"Going to /laples," a~~r&;;'~ =tt3.NO. 2912 (July, 1954), pp. 54-56. I This story de.cr1bes a boat trip made bl a group ot Ite.lo~AlI1ericans going to Naples tor the Holy Year. • • • • Gabriella, who hail. from ,uffelo and makes her animal spir1ts heard and felt from stem to stem ot the little ship l'ollOma, bas IIll even larger supporting cast of lively 1Ill(l. voluble c~racters, mQstly, 11ke herself, ItalIan bl descant." , "aalio and Goodble,' The At1'l'.'tic Monthly. CLXIX (July, 1947), 3740. This 1. e. storl dealin&.nth the participants in s beautl contest held in a .mall town an

"The Hitch-H1kers," The s9uthem Review, V (Fall, 1939), V· 293-307. Tom Harris, a salesman, piCks up two negroes, one ot whom baa a guitar wh1ch he plays constantly. After melting prov1.ion for their food and lodging, Harris returns the next morning to find tIlat the guitar player baa been murdered bl 111. compan1on.

194Q (BosIn ;;~'wa~i~t>~t~~B:·~1~~ r.-:t~~· c~i~ iY't!-~~~I; Burrell, ~:;~~I:zn1:;!

"Ide M'Tol," ACcent, II (SUl!lIIIer, 1942), 214-222.

22GBlther, op. cit. An old negro woman who has been" lIIidwlte and .econd-hand clotnee de"ler rec"lls incidents in the live. at severel generations ot people. In Accent Anthology, 1940-1945. lIew York, Har- court, Brace, and Company~940.

"June Recital," H!~r'S !8zaar No. 2829 (september 1947), pp. 216-2 ; 286- 7; 3h -320, under the tit"i 'Golden Apple s .' " ••• story ot the German piano teacher, Miss Eckhert, and Virgie, the student of talent. 'Both Miss Eckhart and Virgie Rainey were human beings terribly at lerge, roaming on the face of the earth. And tnere were others of them--human beings, roaming like lost beasts.' Here Iil1s. I'elty'. symbols seem fairly eXpliclt, the artist 1n Morgana, the searcher of the golden apples ot her title.' 200

'Keel,., the Outcast Ind1an Maiden,' New Directions in ...--- h'ose l!!!d Poetry, ed. Jame. taugJiliri (ilorl'olk, Connecilcut. New Directions, 1937), pp. 109-117. A young white man searches for a little crippled Negro whom he had explOited in a circus. lbe story 18 told 1n a manner to l118ke tha reader feel that the untortunate person Is not the victim of the hollX but the young man who flnds that no reparation 1s possible.

(eds.), .~~~~~~DoJ,uglaS, , RoyPoem., Lamson, Storles, 8Ild Hallstt ESSays Slllth (New York, N .l.~,,~) •

"The Keh' Har~er's BA!Ml', No. 2754 (August, 1941), pp. 711, r~-134. In " railway station, a young man accidentally drops a key whlch falls at the !'eet of a couple ot dear mutes. They happily regsro it as a taUsman of hope, a symbol or better days ahead for th.... U "Kin." New Yorker. XXVIII (HoveJllber 15. 1952). 39-42. Dicey Bastings. who hes been living in tAe Harth tor ~ years. revisits Mingo. a small community in Mississippi. where nearly everyone 1s related by bleod or by marriage. She teels the bonds ot kinship but t1nc18 ditrtcul ty in makIng adjustments after her long absence.

"Ladies in Spring." Pt Sewanee Review. LXII (January. 1954). 101-11 • UIlder the title "Spring." ". • • Mise welty i. at her best in this portrayal .ot a small boy and his dad and Mlss Hattie. the P. ia lady and the girl the dad hes baen playing around vith."

"Llly Daw and the Three Ladles!' Prairie schooner. XI (Winter. 1937). 266_27~ • • 'Lily Dew' .ho.... tAe author at her typical best. Lily Daw 1s a belt-wi t g1r~ whc has been tree to roam about unquestloned. but suddenly' the strong tore"" of respectabUi ty take .. hend In Lily's fate. She i. allligned to a retom school and the Ladies' Comal. tt.e visits the g1rl and works upon h~ vague understandina through cupidity. She eOnBen.ts to go tor a bribe. gi"ing up her belt-tormed draams ot .... rrying the little I\1aI1 in the traveling show who e!llayed the x,ylophone. The ending surprises the Ladies.' ~~on:

.. Livvie," XLXX (Nov.... ber. 1942), 57~~ -Livvie 1s Back." Livvie. a young woman married to an old man, i. cut ott trom the lite suitable for her years. ntouah she is kind to her husband, she rejoice. in her freedom when he dies.

24w1l11am Peden, • nte Incoml arable Welty," Satl.\!'4!ur Review, XXXVIII (Apr11 ~, 1955). lB. 25Gladye Graham Bate•• "Two Southerners,' §aEFdaf Review of Literature. XXIV (November £2. 1941), 10. 42 7he stol')' liOn the first prize in the O. Hellr)' Memorial Award Contest in 1943. It is found in Herechel Brickell (ed.), l1y~;~~)~~~~~~~~ (Garden City, II.~ ~ ., 1944), pp. 3-16.

'A ~emol')',' ±he Southern Review, III (Fall, 1937), 317-322. ~ "In the little but exceedingly dimensional .tory, 'A Memory,' Miss Welty brings the whole world of impression­ able childhood up against the adult world, with all its sordidness. 7he child, estranged from a~~ts, can look upcn them only as observer and dreamer.'

"Moon Lake," The Sewanee Review, LVII (July, 11149). 464- 508. While spending a week as a Scout Camp neer Moon Lake, one of the girl. from en orphanage almost drowns and i" revived by the efforts of a life-guard.

'110 Place for You, My Love," lIew Yorker, XXVIII (Sept.... bar 20, 1952), 37-~. , • • • factually "hews tliO chence-met Jlorthern&re, visitors in New Orleans, a man end a girl, going tor a drive down into the bayou country upcn a hot SUnday afternoon. But the exoursion, by necromancy. casts on the reader a peculiar, hYPnotic spell from start to finish, the \me,,"y sUence, mile after m11e, betwaen these two sophisticated, certainly not articulate, people; the flat, secret land, creatures oozing from palmetto margins onto the higliny, human signs late appearing in churchyard tombs set with 'zinniss ••• quite fresh, in fruit jars, like nlce welcomes on bureaus'; the road' 5 abrupt end among .hacks on pilings rooted in water hYaCinths I a boat landing, a sllrimpere' bar and dance-ball, neon-lighted at dusk where local folk drift in after vespers and two spectral strangers formally circle over rough, loose planks to the strains of a chorus in heartf patOiS • • • • It i. all palpably real, yet eerie. After the girl's troubled whispers while daneing, the odd pair Silently set in 1"e 2 Oar again; and t going back, the ride was wordless .' tI

Z6Eun1ce Glenn, "Fantasy in the Fietion of indora j,ielty ,", southern V8nmJdt ed. Allen Tate (New Yorks Prentice-Hall, mc., 194 ,p. 87. 27Qaither, op. cit. • Old • ~fFe~: III (,spring, L--- G Old 1It1'. Grenada." The story fIrst appeared under the tlt19, 'Old Mr. Qrenada. " It is considered' one of the be~t examples of Iiia. Welty's ~sque device In interweaving fantalY and surface realIty.- Mr . Marblehsll lives in a drel1lll world and oannot distinguish the real from the imagined. In Richmond Croom Beatty, et a1 (ede.), The Lltsl'llture of the South (Atlanta: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1952), pp. 921-927; Cleanth Brooks, IUld Robert .. ann warren (ads.), onderstandin, F~ion (llew York: F. S. Croft. and Company, 1943), pp. 4 e: ; .alter Havighurst (ed.), tasters of the I~odern Short 6to~ (New York, Harcourt, race ana COJ:lp&ny, 1945), pp. 6-535.

"The Petrified )Ian," The southern Review, IV (Spring, 19311), L- 682-695. A group of women in a beauty parlor gossip about e crlmlnal' 8 evasion of the law by his dread1'Ul imposture • • The little stone man symbolizes the pettiness, hypocrisy, and the shallowness in the lives of the beauty parlor women in the story. Formidable and hsrd'2~. stone i. their obdurataness, their death-in-life.'

,

Tate,0>0."" and ; John B19hop (ede. , 'tii~~~~~~ten Twenty Years Creative writlng in (Garden City, Ii. Y.: Garden City ubl.i.:tt1r.,g 1946).

"A Plece of News," ±he Southern Review, III (Summer, 1937), <-- 80-64. A salesman leaves a bag of coffee wrapped in a Tannes.ee news paper in the small home ot Ruby and Clyde

25G~, op, Cit., p. 52. 29Ibid., p. 61. 44 FiBher. Ruby heS been having secret meetings vith the salesman; and when she see. an itell in the paper referring to a person vi th a name the same as hers, she concludes that her hushend has discovered her un!ei thfulnes8. WIlen the husband returns, however, and point. out the fact that the item i. in a Tennessee paper, she realizes that he lmows about whet has been going on • . 'HIey ..ccept the situatlon and the1r life remainS the .ame. In Cleanth Brooks, and Robert Penn Warren (eds.), ¥nderstandinll Nctlon (New York: F. S. Crofts and Company, 943).

"Powerhouse," ~e Atlantic Monthly, CLXVII (June, 1941), 707-71 • ' ••• an enigmatic storY3sf a Negro orchestra wlth a strong wild rhythm in it."

2flrr.7,~ (llew York: RinehartIn Richard and S~:;~;, !~~rl'~ iiii Robert Wooster stallman (8ds.), (New York: Rinehert and ComJl9ll¥,

I

*'Retreat," River (March, 1937), 10-12.

'Shower of Gold," 'HIe Atlantic Monthly, CLXXXI (Ma,y, 1948), 37-4.2. Mi •• Katie tells the story of Sn"",dla Hudson, an albino WoO ls .... rried to King ~i acLain and is the mothar of

3OHlcks, op. cit., p. 72. 31Armfield, op. cit. 3201enn, op. clt., p. 82. 45 twin boys, Ran and Eugene. King never stays long in Morgana, the little Mlssissippl town, and brings ~uch sorrow to hls wite .

"Slr Rabbit," The Hudson Review, II (Spring, 1949), 24-36. While hunting in the woods, King M&elain meets Martha Will, the young wife of Junior Holifield, and plays ' .:'116 to hi9 character by making love to her.

"A Sketohlng Trip," The AtlaIltic ~onth:j,Y, CLXXV (June, 1945), 62. 70. With her painting equipment, Della Farrar revisite an old spot, Ferguson's Woods , end as stle sketches she re­ calls happy days of her childhood spent there and envislons people whom she Ilad known. In Herschel Brickell (ed. ), Prize ~r~e, of 1946 (Garden Clty, Doren ompany, 1946) .

"A Otill Moment,­ XL (March, • ••• has • distinctly legendary flavor. It concerns three persons who at the same moment come across a snow white heron in the woods: the evangellst, Lorenzo, rlding in the wilderness, crying for souls to .aV81 Murrel, the bandlt, who too wlshes to solve the mystery of 11fe, but by laying hold of men and murdering them' and Audubon, the student who seekS only radiance and beauty from h18 art. For one brief moment the snowy shy bird lays Quie oVer them and unburdens them of their furious desires . " 53 In Americen Wri tins, 1943: the Anthology and Yearbook of the American Non-Commercial Magazines, ed. Alan Swallow (Boston: Bruce Humphries, Inc. , 1944>. pp. 85-97; Whit Burnett (ed. ), SJas of God; Great stories of the Human Spirit (New York, • 1' . Lippincott and Company, 1944), pp. 317-328; R. W. Stallman, and R. E. Watters (eds . ), TIle Cr<:tt1ve Reader: An Anthology of Fiction. Drama, and PoetryN6w York, The Ronald Press Company, 1954), pp. 134- 141.

33Gleml, op. Cit. , p. 83. 46 "A Visit of Chl!ll'ity," Decision, I (June, 1941), 17- 21. hom .. 8ens. of dutr, .. Campf1re g1rl visits an Old Ladies' Home anll feels a helplessness 1n her effort to b~ cheer to the inmate• • In American ,;riting, 1942: the Anthology anll Year­ book of the American Non-Commerc18.1 Magazine, ed. Alan Swallow (Pra1rie City, Ill1nois: James A. Decker, 1942); Whit Burnett (ed. ), 4ime to Be Youn&, Great Stories of tile Grow1ng Years (New 'lork: 3. P. Lippincott, 1945), pp. 220-225 .

" Toe wanderers," !!arp~'s Bazaar, /10 . 2847 (March, 1949), pp . 196-196, 7-?34, 246-262, under the title, ":!he Humming Birds." :!h1s story relates the death and burlal of Miss Kat1e and sllows the completion of the cycle of 1lUIII8XI con­ flicts over a number of years .

":!he Whistle," Prair1e Schooner, XII (Fall, 1938), 210-215 • • • • • pr1lllarily the story of an agad couple" effort. to preserve their crop and their land at the expense of their lives . But the crop is tomatoes, not cotton, sugges t1ng here t~4new economic life introduced by tile canning indus try."

In Lowry Charles Wimberly (ed. ), ~ld countR.; Wri tinge fro. the Heart of America (LincolD, lIebras I Un1versity of NebraSkn Press, 1945), pp . 142-146.

":!he Whole World KnoW •• ·H~"r's~azMr, NO . 2823 ()larch, 1947) , pp . 198-199, $-3 . When Ran }lacLein is betrayed by lli8 wife whom b.e loves in spite of her faitb.lessnes. , he resorts to a sordid act as a means of escaping from hi. trage~.

~~~n"'), ~ Awards (Garden Oi ty , • pp . 257- 275.

34wilson, op. c1t., p . 122. 47 'Wb¥ I Llve at the P.O.,' Tn. Atlantlc MonthlY, CLXVII (Aprl1, 1941), 443-450. A :rOUllll woman, who Is the vlctim of dementla praecox, is •• tranged tram. her family ,,1 th whom ahe haS wrangled for :rears. In Caroline Gordon, and Allen Tate (eds.), 2t Fletlon: An Antholog:r of the Short Stor:r with {New York: Cherles Scrlbner's Son., 1953), pp. 57'S-l585.

" irhe "'ide Net,' lial')?el'!S Magsz1..,,,, CLXlXIV (May, 194.2), 682-0594. - When . llliam Wallace thinka thet hls vife haS drpvn.. ~ herself, he and .. group of ne1shbors drag -the river for t.1Ie body. He torget. hIs mission in the pleasures of the oecasion and returns home to find hie wife preparing B meal. It is a .tor:r on which Miss ",elty "lavishes beaut:r, vi t, deft characterization, and a gentle iron:r. It is a comm":'35upcn man versus woman, and the woman haS the last 'Word." 1'1e stOl':f von the .first prize in the o. Banr:r Memorial Award Contest in 1942. It appeal'll in B8l'8chel Brickell (ad.), o. H.nr:r Me!IIorial Award Prize Stories ot 1942 (Garden Cit:.', N. Y.: Doubleday, Doran and COllpan:r, 1942), pp. 3-30.

'Tn. Winds,' ~~r's Bazaar. No. 2768 (August, 1942), pp. 9 - • 121-125. • 1.1 ttle girl re-creates for llerself the small detail. of an experience during a wind eto..... " • • • an illUiltratlon of the author's ..cute insight into the perception of children, with all of the implication•• lIothing3~eem. Omitted that would illuminate their inner m1ncU.~

'A Worn Path,' Tne AtlantiC MonthlY. CLXVII (Februar:r, 1941), V 215-219.

3~rman, OR. cit. 36Glenn, op. Cit •• p. 87_ Phoenix an old Negro woman, trudges acrose tile t'ieldS to the cu;,;:c in town to get medicine t'or her small grendson and to buy " ChristmM toy for him. '!he story won the second pril:e in tile O. Henry M8IIlOri81 Contest in .1.941. It may be t'olllld in Herachel Brickell (ed.), Henr l'.emor1el rd Prize S ories ot' 1941 (Oarden City, Ii . Y.: Dou e ,Doran and OJIIP8nY, Inc., 1941), pp. 17-27; Harry wortllington HastingS (ed.), fOliege Short Story Reader Olaw York: Odyssey Press, 948); bUdley Howe Miles, and Robert Cecll pooley (eds.), ~!terature end Lit'S in America (New York, Scott, Foresman and Company, 1943); §chOlaIIt1e. XUVIII (March, 1941), 29-30. CHAPTER III

AN ANALYSIS 01' APPRAISAL

lhe preceding cbapters 01' this peper bave presented (1) a brier review of some 01' the events 01' Miss welty's ille in relation to her l1terarr achievements, and (2) an annotatad listing 01' her works 01' fiction, including both books and ahort a tories. With the purpose of attempting to adjudge the merit 01' Mis. Waltl'. works 01' fiction for representation in library collections and to determine her position in the American literary acene, this cbapter undertakes an anal,ysis at the appraIsals accordea. her writings. lhe anal,ysis is based upon the evidence of succe.. of the writing. as reflected by tha fl'equlNlcy of inclusion in (1) professIonal media, both current and rat.rospective, and other well-known book lists used for the selection and purchaSe of books 1'or llbrarr collections l and ( 2) recognized anthologies for cuItural read inS and study. In order to inSure a proper balance in book collec­ tion tor llbrary .ervice, it is necessarr to bave • some valId indication that a reasoned j~ent bas directed 49 50 selection.,l For information and guidance in making effac­ tive, satisfsctory selection, the librarian haS specific profes.ionsl tools. Acoording to Miss Haines, these tools resolve themselves into (1) those for selection or current books and (2) guide. for the selection ot older and standard literature.2 It is specifically pointed out and ...pha8ised that selection of current fiction demenda careful appraisal w1 th library standards in m1nd. For ascerta1ning the frequency of inclusion of Miss Welty'. works of fiction in guides for the selection of current books, nine tools were selected and checked, namely: (1) the Book Review Digest; (2) the A. L. A. Bookli8t; (3) 14brary Journal; (4) New York Herald Tribune Weekly Book Review; (5) New york Times Book Review; (6) tha SaturdaY

Review; (7) the Vnited States Quarterly Book List and ~ Review; (8) Virginia Kirkus' Service Bulletin; and (9) the Wisconsin Library Bulletin. In relation to inclusion 1n aids for the selection of older and standard literature, tour guides were oonsulted: (1) the A. L. 6. Oatalog; (E) Bessie Graham's Bookmpn'S

I~anuall (3) Flction Oatalog; and (4) the Standard Oatalog for Higb School Libraries. In addition, two well-knoWB

lHelan Elizabeth Haines, LiVin, wi th BOOk~: The Art of Book Select10n (2d ed., ·Oo~umb a OniveraI y Studies in Library Service"; Hew ¥ork. Oolumbia Universlt1 Press, 1950), p. 65. EIbid., p. 76. 51 book Ults ""re exam1nedl (1) Best BOOks ot the Decade, 1236-1946, complIed by Asa Don DIckinson; and (2) good R,ad1pa, A Guide to the World's Best Books, prepared by a oommittee on college reading sponsored by the NatIonal Councll of Teaohers of English.

IJJ a gllide to anthologle~ contain1ng Miss welty's ehort lto".les, Short story Iooex3 was ohecked. In addIt1on, a survey wes made ot mlsoellaneoua souroes, inoluding the holdings of the FlorIda state University L1bra1,"y and other 1'80111 ties. The first ot the tools tor the selectIon at current books tor a llbra1,"y collection to be oonsldered Is the Book Review Digest, whioh is used by librar1es or almost every type because of it. digest ot revle""rs' opinions and the deg ... e of fnvor or dI.fayor of the opinions indIoa ted by poslt1ve and negative symbols. Beoause of its condensed ellarks ot fictionl A curtain ot Green, 1941; The Robber I1ridegroom, 1942; The Wige /let, 1943; Delta lidding. 1946; The Golden Apples, 1949; and +he Ponder Heert, 1954.

3Short sto~ Index compo Dorothy Cook end Isabel M= (llew lark. ~ Ii'. \i'd.on Company, 1953). 1349-1350. 52 Annotations from the A. L. A. Booklist, "repre­ senting evaluation from the library point of view, are . generally accepted as decisive appraisal.,4 The Bookl1st, 1941-1954, includes annotations of five of Miss Welty's books: A Curtaip of Green, The Robber Bridegroom, Delta "edding, l'Ile Golden Apples. and The Ponder Heart. inclusion indicating definite acceptance. In its 'New Books Appraised," sectIon, the Library journal gives "valuable advance inf01'llllltion in the annota­ tions of forthcoming books, written by librarians with library values in mind." 5 Appraisals in this section are given of Delta Wedding, The Robber Bridegroom. The Golden Apples, and The Ponder Heart. each receiving definite approval. One of the mos t generally used re'l'lewing perIod1cals

for the seleotion of current books, the New York Rerald Tribune Weekly Book Review. is a reliable guide for making decisions regarding purchase of new fiction. Reviews in­ clude Miss Welty's six works of fiction: The Rpbter Brlde­ groo.. , Del til wed41na, 8lId l'Ile Ponder H.... rt. with favorable reception. A Curtain of Grean and l'Ile Golden Apples. divided opinions. and l'Ile Wide Net, opinion non-committal. "Regarded by the book-trade as one of the solid

'Raines. op. cit •• p. 558. 5llM,., p. U6. 53 factors in AmerIcan book dIstrIbutIon, covering mora books more promptly than &n1 other of the AmerIcan reviewing media,' 6 the New York Times Book Revie]!! alao contains review of siX books: A curtain of Green, ;L'he Robber Bride­ &room, l'he OItde Net, Delta Wedding and l'he Ponder H",rt, receiving posItIve approval; and l'he 901d,n Apples, a divided appraisal. Because of 1ts high critical standards, the Saturday Review is an important guide in alding selection of current fiction. Thi. tool indicates favorable receptlon ot ~ Robber BrIdegroom, !he Golden Apples, and Ahe Ponder Heart;

II divIded opinIon of A curtain of Green !lOd Qelta Wedding. A publlcatlon of foremost importance as lin aid in currant selectlon 18 the United states quarterly Book Llst, cbanged later to the Unlted stetes Quarterly Book Review, both published by the Llbrary of Congress. The appraisal glven by these publlc8tlons are authorltatlve !lOd scholarly, including "books that distinguished subject spaclaliats have Identified as contributions to the SUll of knowledge and experlence." 7 Reviews of Delta Wedding, The Uolden APplee, and The Ponder Hefrt are contained in the publicatIons. In estimating values and probable reading appe8l of current flction, librarians trequently USB as a guide

6xbld., p. 111'3. 7Llbrary of Congress The Unlted Stet,s Cuarterly Book Review, VII (Maroh, 1951), IV. 54 and forecast in bU¥ing Virginia Kirtus' Service pulletin, which gives a 'well-e1med quick-fire appraisal.,e Included in this guide are Delta wadd1nt;, The Golden Apple., and !he Fonder Heart, eaeh receiving a favorable opln1on.

AS an example of a publication commonl.Y used in book-selection on the principle that carefull.Y chosan books desirable for a library of a pert1cular type !Ire ,,180 sui table for others of sim1lsr kind is the I'Iisoonsin Library Bulletin, In this library publication are 10cluded reviews of Qelta Wedding and The Ponder Heart with !lpperent approval but without expressed symbols. The preceding paragraphs heve been concerned with showing the frequency of inclusion of Miss Welty's fiction 10 nine current select10n tools. The next point to be considered i8 in relstion to inclUSion in the four guides used for selecting older and Btandsrd boo\t.!l that were chosen for this pert of the ana1ys1s. The first tool to be oon­ sidered 1s the A. L. A. Catalog, which is 'prepered by librarians for librarians and intended as a pr1!llary guide 1n book selection." 9 The A. L. A. CatalPJl, 1942-1949, li.ts Delta weddine; and me Golden Apples, 1oclus1on in­ d10at~g approval. Mi88 Haines po1ots out the importance or BeSSie Qraham's Bookm!lJl's MSO)l!!l as an authoritative source for

Bfta1nes, op. c1t., p. 116. 9ll!S., p. 66. 55 lists or standard books for library collections and states that it is ·01' practical usefulness in builcl1n& a broad professional acquaintance with books .' 10 In poo~an's Manual, 1948, A Curtain 01' Green, The Wide Net, and Delta Wedding are listed, whUe the edit10n app""ring in 1954. include. the three books mentioned and add. The Robber

Bridegroom, Music 1'rom Spain, The Golden Apples, and ~ fonder l!eart. The Fiction Catalog 18 a useful tool used both ... a bu,ying guide and selective aid. Since it refiects the point or view of librarians who made the compilation, in­ clusion indicates approval. The Fiction CatalOg, 1942- 1954, contains Ahe Robber Bridegroom; and it lists Delta ,eddins, ?'he Golden Apples, and lhe Ponder Heart starred for first purcheBe. The Standard Catalog for High School Li;,raries was consul ted as a means of checking inclusion in a tool recognized for it. discrimination in selecting books for younger reader.. The Robber Bridegroom is the onlY one of Miss Welty's works contained in the 1947 and 1952 editions of the Standard Catalog for High School Libraries. Beoause recommended lists tor college reading and study are usuallY highlY selec1;ive, the inclusion of an author'. work on suCh lists offers another indication of value and approval for a library collection. Best pooks

10Ibid • • p . 73. 56 of the Decade, 1936-1945, compiled by ASa Don Dickinson, 1s aD example of such a 11st because of its Belective value. Though. nOM of M1.!Is Welty's bookS are listed in the first grouping, 1t may be po1nted. out thet A Curta1n of Green and The Robber Bridegroom are 1nOludad 1n the section, "The Runners-Up." Another valuable list of books for use 1n seleotion is Good Readlng: A Guide to the World's Beet Books, 1954, which serves a8 a "descriptive guide to one thousand books seleoted for solid worth and pleasant readability. ,II Included 1n this list i8 A CUrta1n of Green. The next consideration of M1s. welty's workS of fict10n is in relat10n to the inclus10n of her short stor1es 1n recognized anthologies. M1ss Raines points out that 1n order to meet the demand by groups des1ring recreational reading and a180 by studants ot 11 terature or ot the teCh­ n1que of Short-story writing, an adequate fiction collection should provide not only the best works of 1ndividual authors, but also a good range of anthologies. She emphaSizes again the necessity of e highly selective pract10e 1n this form of fict10n. In addition, she stetes that 1t 11 important that 'works wh1ch have received the dist1nct1on of national or speo1al l1terary prize awards should, whenever practicable,

llNat10nal Council of Teachers of Eng11.h, Committee on College Reading, Good Readlog: A Guide to the World's Best BookS (" A Mentor Boo~: New York: The liew American L1brary of World Literature, Inc., 1951), p. 557. 57 be given representation.·le In the group of annual anthologies whlch are of interest particularly to the 11terary student e.nd potential writer rather then to the general reader two of the most w1dely known are (1) Best Amer ican Short Stories, founded in 1914 by Edward J. O'Brien and edited since his death by

Marthe Foley; and ( C) the O. Henry Memorial Award Prise Stories, founded in 1919, and published for the Soclety of Arts 8 ".d Letters. An exam1nat10n of the two annual antholog1es re­ veals the inclusion of Mi~ Welty'. stories in the ~ American Short Stor1es of 1938, 1939, 1940, 1943, and 1948; and her eto1'7, • A Curtain of Green,· appear. as one of the twenty-five stories chosen for inclUSion in the llest of the Btst American Short Stories, 1915-1950. Her stories are also fowd in the O. Henry Memorial Award Prize stories of 1939, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1946, 1947, and 1951, the first pr1ze being won in 1942 end 1943, the second prize, in 1942 anl1 1951. By checking the Short Story Index, 1953, and by examining other available material, it he. been observed that, besides the antholog1es ment10ned, MiSs Welty'. stor1es have b'h>..; included in twenty-elsht additional collect10ns. An alphabetical bib1iographieal arrangement of the l1at of a total of forty anthologies may be found

l2Ha1nes, ·op. cit., p. 420. 58 in the ApperuUx at this paper. Ifith the completion of the analysIs of appra1Bals as indicated by inclusion in the pro1'ess10nal media for book selectlon, Which included nina guides 1'01' choosing current books, 1'our tools 1'01' the selection of older l1tera­ ture, two recognised book l1Bts, and forty antholosies containing individual stories, it seems in order at thls point to present in summary the results of the findlngs. In order to show the specUlc obServatlons which have resulted, the tindings have been analy£ed and _r1.. ed wlth the tollowing points in mind: (1) the mmber or re­ views indiceting the degree at approvel or disapproval as reneated in the Book ReView Digest, 1941-1954, inclusivel (2) the frequency ot inclusion or the six works or 1'iation in current and retrospective boOk- selection media and recognized book l1sts for cultural reading and stucly; and (3) representatlon or individual short stories in various anthologies . In conslderatlon of the receptlon of M1 •• Welty'S works as indiceted in the !look Review Digest, it baa been observed that excerpts fro", seventy-nine reViews haTe been recorded or the 8ix book., thirty-five at whioh are 1'avor­ able; one, unfsTOreble; thirteen, divided in opinion; and thirty, noncolJlllittel. It has been revealed also that :£!!!. Golden Apples, revlewed nineteen times, leads the llst in numerical count; D.elta Weddins, next, wlth e1l:hteen reviews; 59

Ill.. Ponder HAArt, thlrd, wlth fifteen reviews: 1)1e Robber Bridegroom, fourth, with ten reviews: A Curts1n of Green wIth n1ne reviews; and A Wlde Net, last with eight review. In relatlonship to the number of favorable reviews, it has been noted that Delta Wedding is in first place with nine positive approvals; Tbe Golden Apples and Tbe Ponder H,art, next, with each receIving eight favorable op1nion.; .ne Robber BrideS£oC!!l!, third, with six positive approvalS; A CUJ."ts1n of Green, fourth, with three def1nite approvals; and £be W~de Net, one favorable op1nion. On the basis of the f1ndings as cons Idered by 1n­ elusion 1n current and retrospective book-selection tools end recognized book llsts, it has been found that of the s:lx books, pelm Wedding has the greatest frequency, appear- 1ng 1n eleven of the ddS selected for the analys1' , the A.. L. A. Catslog. The Booklist, Bookman's Manual, Fictton Catalog, the L1brary Journal, the New York Herald Tribune

Weekly Book Review, the Ngw York Times Boo~ Review, the Saturday Review, the United States Quarterly »ook List, Virg1nia Kirlrua' BOOkshop Service Bullet1n and the Wisconsin Library Bullet1n. Bext in trequency of 1nclusion 1s The Ponder Heart, l1sted 1n ten .election guides, hbe Booklist, H00kman'. Manual, Fiction Catalog, Librarz lournal. the New York Herald Tribune Weekl,y Book Heview, the New 10* Times Hook Review, the BaturdaY Review, the United states Quarterlx 60 Book Review, Virginia Klrkus' Service Ilulletin, and the Wisconsin Library Bulletin. In third place is Tn. Golden Apples, which baa been ineluded in nine aids. A. L. A. Catalog, Tne Booklist, !!ool

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

'!hus far, thi. paper has been concemeci wi tb the presentation of 80me of the significant events of Mi•• Welty'. 111'e as related to her l1tera1'7 achievements, the extent of her published works of f1ction a8 shown in a formal l1.t, end an examlnation of the critical appraisal 01' hor wri tinge as indicated by frequency of inclusion in selected evaluative medis. For this final chapter, it se"",. in order to give a resume of the obs.rvations whleh have resulted from the findings of this brief investigst10n and compilat10n.

'!he obeervations have been analyaed and arranged w1th the purpose of pointing out pertinent facts from which may be drawn a few inferences relative to determ1n1ng to what extent Miss Welty'. workS of fiction seem to heve literary value for justifying representation in llbrar,r collections for both young and adult readers. It is in­ tended also to review indications of evidence. pointing to Miss Welty's reputation in the l1tera1'7 world and her posi­ tion in modern American culture. From the materiel which compris•• Chapter I 01' this paper, dealing with Mlss 1'lelty's l1terary career, certain 62 63 facts mll7 be reviewed in order to give same indications as to factors influencing her wrIting, characteristics that have been po1nted out, some of her experiences leading to acceptance, and tangible evidences of recosnition througn Yarlous honors awarded her. In the fIrst place, it is s1gnificant to note that Miss Walty's background and environment have been of cultural nature, conducive to the encouragement of her literary talent, which apparently developed at an early age. In addition, it mft7 be observed that her educational oppor­ tunities, both from study and also from travel in the United states and in Europe, have afforded experiances which are reflected in her writings. It haS been po1llted out that one definite 1n1'luence upon Mis. Weltl' s writ1llg has been her Barly and continued interest in painting and photography, many of her storles cont,\JDlng incidents inYolving these activities. Ber use of fantasl and symboUsm in much of her work reflects her intllllse interest in relklore and legendary tales gathered rrom her own reading and from her contacts with a wide varietl of people. This type or material is especially lllustrated in The Robber Bridegroom, in the collectlon, The Golden Apples, and in many other short sto r1es. Her familiarltl with plantation life in the Mlssissippi Delta country Is reflected in her full- length nonl, Delta l(§dcUne;. Her abillty 1ll depicting the comic side of 11fe and human 64 nature is shown in her story of the erratic lIellbers of the Ponder taaily in The Foeder HeArt.

Jileny kinds of people, both normal end abnormal, ha.... been described in her studies contained in the stories comprising the two collections, ... Cur!.J!in of, Green and TIle Wide lIet. In general Miss welty has plaoed most of her stories in her ·native Sou11l, but eha demonstrates h.~ ability in her use of foreign sett1ng. in her latest collec­ tion, The ~r1de of the Innisfellen, in which the be.ckground for three stories is England, Italy, and Ancient Greece respectively. It has been obserwd that Miss welty first achieved recognt tion 11lrougb publica tion in small 11 terary magazines, after wtUch acceptance by such outstanding pertodtcala as

Harper'. Bazaar and TIle Atlantic ~on~ led f1nelly to book publicat1on. Among the honors reoeived may be. mentioned rour o. lIenry Awarde, two Guggenheim Fellowships, and a William Dean Howells Medal. Included also i8 membership on the c. Henry ~. emorial AW!lrd Commt ttee, on the starf of the II .... york Times Book ReView, and in the National Institute of the Academy of Art. and Letters. In general, 101150 Welty' 8 work has had favorable reception. Both good IlIld bed features of her writing have been pointed out by leading critics. According to critical opinion, the Chief objection to ner writing has been in her 65 obscurity, in her over-USe of fantuy and the II,l'th, and in her preoccupation wi til the grotesque and aOO01'lll1l1. She has received pra1se for the artistry of her prose atyle and for har 'tersatile talent in characterizat10n. It has been indicated that from a popular point of view, her vr1tings ha.... had a limited reading appeal, her public confined for the most part to students of 11 terary forms and to would­ be writers rather than to the general reader. It may be mentioned that none of her book. to date has reached the status of a best-seller. Delta Weddtng appear. to have had the greatest popular1ty, while The Wide Net has been considered the most objectionable. The annotated listing of Mi •• Welty's works of fiction contained in Chapter II of this study, compiled from the standard tools for the identification and verifica­ tion of the author's work, indicates that her output has been relatively small, the writings consisting of nine published volum.. s. Of these, four are colleot10ns of short storieSI one i8 a tull-length novel; one i8 a limited edi­ tion of a story appearing first sa .. separate and later contained in a collection; one is 8 spaCial ed1tion of a collection of her eerlier short stories; and two are considered short novelS or novelettes. The list indicatas that there have been va "ious edi tiona of the works in the United States, in Cenada, and in England. The list of the ind1 v1dual short storie. indicates the wide acceptence by 66 leading periodicals. The annotations ot botll bool<8 and short .tories reveal in brief torm til

Review, include all six or the works ot flction: two, ~ Bookli.t and tile SlIturd"y Review, contain five of the books: two, the Llbf!\£f Journal and Flction Catalog, list four of the wrltings, three titles starred by the latter tor first purchase: two, the United states Quarterly Book Redew and tile Bulletin from Virginia Kirlrull' Bookshop 67 Service, give reviews of three of the w01'l<.; two, the A. L. A. Catalog and the WisconslIl Library Bulletin, contain two of the boOKS; and three, the standgd CatalOg for Him School Libraries, Vest BooltS of the pocade, 1936-1945, and Good-Readingl A Guide to the World's Best BooKs, 1954, lis t Dne book each. With reference to the 1ndiVidual short stories, it was observed that representation has been given 1n forty anthologies as indicated by Short Story Index, 1953, and by a survey of other available facilities. In clos1ng, it SeBlllS logical to state that on the basis of the findings adjudged f"rom a cr1t1cal, popular, and select1ve point of v1ew, Miss Welty's worKs of fiction on the whole appear to be boolts worthy of" representatIon in lIbrary collections for students of literery f"orms and cultural literature on hIgh school, coilege, and adult levels. It also appears evident that Miss Welty haS been considered by critios as an important writer in the con­ temporary scene and that she haS an establ1shed literary position among writers of modern fiction. It seems logical to infer, however, that it remainS tor tutura evaluations to dete1'l1l1ns her exact plsce in the field of American literary oulture. 68ttlologlee fontain;ne ~rt Stories o h'Udo5l e1 Accent Anttlologll A Quarterly of Ilew Literature, 1940- 1945. Editee. by K1rken end Charles SlIattuck. New York, Harcourt, Brace and COIlP8ll¥, 1946. American wr1ting, 19421 the AntholDgy and Yearbook of ttla AmerIcan Ilon::(:ollllllercial Magazine. E<1i tee. by Alan Swalloy. Prairie City, Illin01s, .18l11eS A. Decker, 1942 . Ame r ican >! r1ting, 1943: the Anthology and Yearbook of the AmerIcan Non-Commerc1e1 Magaz1no. EdIted by Alan Swallow. Boston: Bruce HumptlrI&s, Inc •• 1944. Beatty, Richmond Croom, et al.(eds.). The LIterature of the South. Atlanta: Scott, Foresman and aomP8ll¥, 1951'. est Short Stories of 1938 nd the Yearbook of the American S or Story. bd! te E ard.1. O'Br1en. Bos on: HO\l8hton. MUfiin and ComP8ll¥, 1938.

st Short stor es of 1939 nd the Yearbook of the ~.erican Short storz. tA1ted T E ward iI. O'Br1en. l:Ioston: Ho\l8hton. MUfiin and Comp8ll¥. 1939.

Best or ttla Best American Short Stories, 1915-1950. Edited by Marthll Foley. lloston: Houghton. MH'!"Iin and Comp8ll¥. 1952. 68 69

Broo~, Cleanth, and WlIl.'ren, Robert Penn (edS.). in" Fiction. New York: F. S. Crofto and 1943. Burnett, Wh1t (ed.). Seas of God: Great stories of the Human Spirit. Story Preso Book. lIew York: J. P. Lippincott and Comp8lIl' , 1944. Burnett, Whit (ed.). :rime to be Young: Great Stories of the GrOloling Years. New York: J. P. Lippincott and Company. 1945.

Burrell, Angus, and Cerf, Bennett (edS.). An Anthology or Femous Amerggan Stories. lIew YOrlt. ilia Modem Library, 19 • Carr, Bennett (ed.). An EneY<;loNdlLof AEerlea.'l Humor. lIlew York, Hanover Press, 19 •

Cert, Bennett Alfred (ed.). Modern ~rican Short stories. New York, The World PUbliSh ComP&n¥, 1945. Douglas. Wallace, I.an>8on, Roy, and Sm! tho Hallett (edS.). CrItIcal Reader: Poems, Stories, E8BayB. New York, Norton and ComP&n¥. 1949. First Prlze Storles, 1919-1954: trom the O. Henry Memorial Awards. Introduction by Harry Hansen. lIlew York: Garden Clty Books, 1954. Hasting;:!. Harry Worthington (ed.). College Short storz Rsmder. New York: Odyssey Press, 19411. Haydn, HIram Collins, and COurn09, John (eds.). World ot Great Storles. New York, Crown publishers, 1947. Havlghurst, vl"lter (ed.). Hastere of the Modern Short ~tor' New York: arcourt, Brace and ComP&n¥, 94 •

InglIs, Rewey Belle, et al. (edS.). Adventures 1p ~erican Literature. 4th ed. New York: Harcourt, race and ComP&n¥, 1951.

Klelty, Burnad1ne (ed.). Tre~ury at Short Stories. Bew York: Simon and Schus er, 1947. Bew :lork: • Maugham, Wl1118111 Somerset (ed.). Introduction to tlodem ~.h and American Litemture. SChool and .ry Edition. New York: The New Home Library , 70

MUes, DudleY1~~~~~~~~R~O~be!r~t~.cecll~ Bew YOrk.(8ds.). Scott,

O. HelU'Y MemorIal Award pri"'S Stories of 1~41. Edited by ltereChel Brickell. arden aity, II. Y.. Doubleday, Doran end Company, Inc., 1941.

~!~~!=~~~~~", GardenEdited City, by ! , Doran and Company, Ino., 1942. O. Henry Memor1al Al!!rdJ'rize StorIes of 1943. Edited by Herschel BrlckeII and MurIel FUller. Bew York. Doubleday and Com~, Inc., 1943. 9. HenrY "',,",oriel Award Prize Stories ot 1946. Edited by Herschel Brickell and Muriel FUller. New York, Double day end Company. Inc., 1946. Prize Stories of 1947, '!.'he G. Henry Aurds. Edited by Herschel BrIokell. New ~ork: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1947. Prize Stories of 1951. '!.'he O. Henry Awards. Bdlted by Herschel 'BrICkell. New ~ork. Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1951. Stallman, Robert wooster, and Watters, Reginald iYre (eds.). '!.'he Creative Reader. An Anthology of Flction, Dre.ma, end Poetry. New ~ork. :I'M Ronald Prese, 1954. Summer., Richard Aldrich. Craft of thQ Short Storz. College EdItion. lIew York, RLiebirt ana Company. 1948. :rate, Allen, and Bishop, John Peale (8da.). American Harvest. Twenty Year. of Creative llrl ting in the United states. Garden City, II. ~.: oarden City Publishing Company, 1945. Van Gelder, Robert, and Van Geldel', Dorothy S. (edl.). A Treasury of Our Country' a York. Appleton-Century Company, 1946. West, and Stallman, Robert lOooster. lIew ~ork: Rinehart ~, 71

W1mberl,y, LoWl')" Charles (00.). Mid ~unt8f;' Writings trom tile Heert ot America. Lfneo ,/Ie resl"''' Univers1tl ot /I.breaka Press, 1945. Wimberl¥, LoWl')" Charles (ed.). Pft1r1e Schooner Carsv\m: An Antllology. Lincoln, Ierssli.is uni vers1 ty ot /lebraska Pree., 1943. BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Sources Consult~d A. L. A. Catalog, 1942-1949. Edited by Florence Booehever. Chicago. American Library As.oeiation, 1952. Art Indell. New York. H. W. Wll10n Company, 1944.

11lollraphfnlndlS A C~ulative Index to B10graph1eal Materials Boo and Magaz1.nes. New York. H. W. Wilson Company, 1946-1954. BQok Review Dlse3t. iew York: H. W. Wtlson Company, 1941- 1954. lhe Bookl1st: A GUide to Current BookS. Chicago: American Llbre.ry ASsoc1etion, 1941-1945. Books inlrint: An Author, Title Index to the Publishers' ade L1£t Annual. Ifew Iork: R. R. Bowker Company, 1954. Cassell'. Encycloped1e of Literature. Edited by S. H. steIliberg. VOl. II. London. Cassell and COmpany, Ltd., 1953. Cumulative Book Index: A World List of BookS in the English Language. New Iork: EI. 'II . Wilson Company, 1938- 1954. Dickinson. Asa Don. The Best Books of the Decade, 1936- 1945. New Iork: H. w. WIlson dompany, 1948. Education Index. New York: EI. W. Wilson Canpany, 1950-1954.

The EngliSh Catalo~e of Books. London: l'he Publishers' CircUlar, td., 1943-1954. New York: H. " . Wilson • Fiction Catalog, 1942-1946; 1950. New Iork. H • • • Wilson CCllllpany, 1961. 72 73 Graham, Bessie. Bessie Graham's Bookman' M""rii!; A Guide to Literature. 7th ed. Revised e gad bf Hester R. Hortman. New York: R. R. Bowker, 1964. Ha.1nee, Helen ilizabeth. 1'he Art of Book selection. Uni""r.1ty Studi... in L1brary Sel,an"e Columbia Uni""rIO ity Press, nte tion 1 Index to Periodi a18: Devoted Chiefly to • es and Be ences. New Y01~: H. W. Wileon Company, 1943-1964.

Leary, L,~ew~i.~. ~~tl

Lil>rary of Congress. Author 9atalog, A Cumulative List of Worlel! Represented bf Libror1 of Congress Printed Cards, 1948-1952 . Ann Arbor, MiobJ.gan. J. W. Edwards, 1953. ____• CatJ!lol< of Printed Card.. Ann Arbor, MiebJ.gan: J. w. EdWAra., Bros., 1946-1953. ____,. Catelog of Printed cards: Books: Authors. lI'asll1ngton; Library or Congrooss, 1954. ____,. !he United states Quarterly Book List. Vol. II. W8Sh1iigton: Library of Congrooss, 1946. ____,. The United States Quarterly Book List. Vol. V. washlilgtonl Library of Congress, 1949. ____,. !he United states Quarterl,y Book Review. Vol. X. washlilgton: Library of Congress, 1954. Modern Humanitie. Research Associat10n. Annual B1bliography of EnS11sh Language and L1terature. Vol. XXIII. Cambr1dl!e, Mass.: Cambridge University Press, 1952. !he National COWlen of Teachers of English. Committee on College Reeding. A Guide to Good Reeding. Rew York: Hendricks House, 1948. ____• Committee on College Reading. Good Reedins: A Gu1de to the World's Best Books. New York: rile New American Library of World Literature, Inc., 1951. New York Time. Index. \!lew York: The New York TimeS Company, 19i2-1952. 74 I'\lbl18hers' eekly, 'l'he Aalerlcan Book Trade JOUl'Dal. lew York, R. R. Bowker, 1941-1955.

Reeders' Guide to periodlC~l Literature. New York: H. W. Wilson Company, 19 9-1955.

R.. rerence C~Og or Current Ll terature. London: J. Whi er & Sons, 1951.

Short r>~ry Index. Complled by Doroth)' E. Cook and Isabel ~I'lunro. New York, H. Vi. Wilson Company, 195~. 5th Ed. lIew

St8!)derd aatalo~ tor Hi£: School Lib'l%ie,. 6th ed. New Yorb • w. wi on Company, 62. Vlrginia Klrl

. n. A selected List ot Wr1tW. about MIss W@lty ana Her Work

Blographical "Among the Publ1shers,' fUbUsners' "'""kly, CXL (Nove1llber 22, 1941), 1962. "Autographing Party for Eudora Welty," publ1shers' Weekl.y, CLII (September 6, 1947), 1047. 'Awards," Wilson Library Bulletin, XXV (October, 1950), 106. Benet, Wllllam Rose (ed.). The R"eders' Encycloped!a. lew York: 'l'h01ll&S Y. Crowell Company, 1948 • .. Blographlcal Sketch," S,turday Revi"" or Literature, XXXII (August 27, 1949 , 9 • • Cloud-Guokco Symphony,' Time, XLVII (Aprll 22, 1946), 104.

Current PioJlrtlP~' Who's News and Why. New York, H. W. Wllson ompany, 1942. 75 "Eudora Welty," \Ips on Library Bullet1ll. XVI (February. 1942). 410. "Eudora Welty J01lls lIew York Times Book Revi.... • Publlshers' Weekly. ClCLV (July 8. 1944). 122.

'Eudora wel~Wins O. Henry Memorlsl Award.' ~bl18hers' Wee~. CXLII (November 21. 1942). 2 • "Eudora Welty Wins O. Henry Memorial Short story First Prize." ~e ~ York Times. NovElllber 19. 19~. p. 16. co. • "Eudora Welty Wins O. Henry Short story Prize.' Publishers' WsoelgY, OLXlV (December 4. 19~). 2096. "Four Womeo Oet o. Henry Awards.' !!he New );ork Time •• November 5. 1941, p. 26. 001. 6. 'Guggenheim FelloWShips Awarded." Publishers' Weekly. eXLI (April 11. 1942). 1408. "Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship.' Publ1shers ' wpelgY, CLV (April 2~. 1949), 1740.

'Guggenheim Fellows.' Time, XXXIX (April 1~, 1942). 48. Hart, James Devid. The OXford Companion to American h1terature. Ed edition "vised. NeWYork: Ifo University Press. 1948. Hutchens. John \1:. 'On en Author,' The New York Herald Tribune weekly Book Review. xxVi (August Ill. 1949), 2. Kalb. Bernard. 'The Author." Satumy Review. LXXX (April 9. 1955). 18. 'Literary Awards; John Simon Memoriel FellOWShips," fUbl1.hers' weekly. CLVII (Jenuary £1. 1950). 232.

"Miss Welty Wins Top O. Henry Prize." ~e New York TimeS, November 13. 19~, p. 21, col. • 'Nationsl Institute of Arts end Letters Elects Fourteeo New Members,- Abe New York Times, February 8, 1953, p. 18. col. 1. 'New Writers. " Publisher.' Weekly. eXL (December 6. 1941). 2G99-21oo.

"New Writers," ~, XXXVIII (November 24. 1941). 110-111. 7& '0. Henry Pr1ze lIinnel'll," Publishere' WetklY, CXL (IIov.. ber 8, 1941). 1840. Scherman, David Edward, and R8

Van Gelder, Robert. "An Interview with Eudora Welty-,' the New torI< ILoe. ~oQk Review, June 14, 19~. p . b, col. 2. .

".rfel, Ha~ RedcaT . · Amer.can Novelist. Todal . IIev York, American Book Companf~§51 .

W>o'. Who in ~erlo, . C!l1c.go: A. N. Mlrquil COIIlP8ll¥, 1950- 55 .

Critical John

Ara:tleld, Eupne. "Short stories by Eudora "liel ty," l!l!!. !If!' lork tlMs 110* lien,.., September 26, 194:>, p. 3 . '1'I\e Art or the Sbort Iltol'7" Th. Iill.8 [ London} L1 teng SUp£l.eoent, Devoted to American 'IrItIii8 'foiliY, september 17, 1954, p. %Vii. Barker, Shirley, "New Books Appraised,' Library Journal, LXXVIII (December 15, 1953), 2213. Basso, Hem11ton . "Books: Look AY&1 , Look AVaT, LOOk AWay," The N"", ¥orker, XXII (~,a7 ll, 1946), 89. ____ • "Books, )lorg8Jl8, Mini.sippi," The Ii"'" lorpr, XXV (September 3, 1949), 56- 57. Bates, Glady. Graham . "1"0 Southerners," e,turtlax Rey!"" or LlteratQre, XXIV (lIov_ber C, 19U);-TIj.

Bishop, John Peale. • The Violent COWltry • ~e New Bepub1ic, CVII (November 16, 194~i,t - 647 . Bogan, Louise. ,t!>a Gothic South .. The llition, CLIII (December 6, 1941) , 572. 77 Boyle, Kay. • Full-Length Portral t," The New Republic. CV (November 24, 1941), 707. Bresler, Riva. -Nev Books Appraised," Library Journs1, LXXX (April 1, 1955). 793. Brickell, Herschel. "Dragons 1n Mississippi. ' SaturW Review, XXXII (August ?7. 1949), 9. 'Briefly Noted: Fiction.' The New Yorker. XIX (September 25, 1943. 80 • • CloUd-Cuckoo Symphony," I!!!!!t. XLVII (April 22, 1946), 104. D811gertle1d, George. "A Family Rarely 1n Repose,· SAturdaY Review of Llterature, XXIV (A,rl1 20, 1946), 12 • D811iel, Robert. .. The World of Eudora welty," 11;le Hopldns Review, VI (W1nter, 1953). 49-58. Dolbier, Maurice. .. Looking Backward at the Booke Wh1ch Stood Out in 1954,' ~l1Shs!i'!l' ·,~eeltlY . CLXVII (January 22, 1955), -317. 'EaSy to Resd and Forget," kee Hat1on, CLXXVIII (MarCh 6, 1954), 204. Fe1d, Rose. "New NovelS and Short Stories of America,' New YQrk Hereld Tribune Weekly Book Revlew, XVIII (November 16, 1941), 10. Freneh, w. G. "Note on Eudora Welty'S 'The Ponder Heart,'" College English. XV (May, 1954), 474. Gaither. Fl'!IIlces. 'Of the South and Beyond,' New york X1mes Book Review, April 10, 1955, p. 4. Garnett. Emily . 'New Books Appraised," Library Journal, XLVII (September 15, 1942), 795. the Fiction of Eudora Welty." Edt ted by Allen Iete • lIew Inc.. 1947. Pp. 78-91- Hardy, J. E. "' Delta Wedding' as Region 8lld Symbol," The Sevene" Rt!view, LX (July, 1952), 397-417. Herkneu, David James. • Literary Profiles of the southern States," The University of Tennessee Newsletter, XXXII (J811U817. 1963). 39. 78 HftUl!er, Mar1aDne. • 'A CUrtain ot Green' and Other I ..... Writ4rs of Fiction,' Hew york Times Dook Review, Hove.ber 16, l~l, p. 6.

___• '~i .. Walt,.'. Fai1'7 Tale,' Haw XOr\( Times !look ilevi!!)!, Jlov.ber 1, 1942, p. b. HiCks, GrenviUa. • Eudora '.e1ty,· CoUal!e '2SU8h, XIV , , • (Iove.ber, 1962), 69-76. ____• 'Budo.,. •• It)',' th!Jn!5lisl1 JOUl'Dll1, XLI (Hovember, 1962), 4~-iB! •

• 'lb.. HUIIlan COlIIIdy. lit October [9, • HU.tclb.8I1lI, John K. "Min ".lty·" $omewbat Puul1n& Art,' XXXI

'In the Deep South,' me T1r..e" ( London] Li terag Supplepent, May 5, 1945, p. 2011. Kane, H.matt T. • Eudora Welty's AuthentiC and Vital Talent,' ,ew Y~rfH.rali tribune Wpekly Book Revl!lf, XXII Apr! 4, 194 ), 3. Itazin, Alfred. 'An Enchanted World in America,' Hew ii!0rls ~~rl!ld tribune Weekly Book Rev1!!!, XIX (Octo r , 1943), 19. LeI'IIIaD, Lao. 'Ilau,ebter of MissilSippi,' Tr1b\!!!!! weeklY Book !leyiew, XX , 4. LitteU, Robert. 'outstanding IIOYa18,' me ¥ale Review, XXXII (Winter, 1943), xU. JI.arehall, Margaret. 'liotes by the ;,ay,' The N.. tion. CLXIX (September 10, 1949). 256. N1chola, Elizabeth P. '.aw Books Appral.ad,' L1brary Journal. LXXIV (Auguat, 1949), 1097.

'An Original lewcOIler.· The Tws ( "QMon) Literarx supplement, JulT 10.n 1943, p. 341. Orvls, lIary Burchard. The Art ot ~rit~F1~10n. lIaw Yorks Prent1cellall, Inc., 1948. pp~1~3. Peden, William. 'A Trial Wlth 110 Verdict,' saturO,u Review. XXXVII (Jenua1'7 16, 1954), 14. 79

___~. "The InCOMparable Welty ,' Saturday Bavley, XXXVIII (April 9, 1955), 16. Plckrel, Paul. • Outstanding Novels,' The Yale Rev1!!!, XXXIX (Autumn, 1949), 192. Poore, Charles. 'Books ot the TiMes.' New York TiMes, January 7. 1954. p. 29, col. 2 . • "A F1ne Novel ot the Deep South.' 1I.w York T1J! •• Book Review. April 14. 1946, p. 1. Porter, Katharine Anne. 'Eudora Welty and 'A curts1n or Green,l~ The paYS Before. New Yorkl Harcourt, Brace and Company. 1952. Pp. 101-106. Prescott, Orville. "A Handtul or Ri.1ng Stsre,' New York Times Book ReView. March 21, 1943, p. 13. ____• 'Outstand1ng Novels." The Xale RevIew. XXXV (Summer, 1946), 765-766. Pritchett. V. S. 'B08SY Edns Earle Had a Word for Everything,' New York Times Book Review, January 10, 1954, p. 5. Ransom, John Cro.... 'Delta FictIon," The l\:,,!!yon Review, VIII (sommer, 1946), 603-601. Rosenberger, Coleman. "Eudora Welty Story of: a Mlseissippi Town," Tribune weekly Book Review, • 1.

Rosenfeld, Isaac. 'Consolations of: Poetry," The Hew Republic, CIX (October 18, 1943). 525-526. ____• • Double standard,' The New Republic, ClCIV (April 29, 1946), 633-~. Rothman, Nathan L. • The Lost Realm,' saturgy Reyiew or Literature, XXV (November 14, 1942J,J:6. Rubin, Lout. D., Jr., and Jacobe, Robert D. (ada.). southern Remcence. The Literature or the Modern South. BaTlIIOre, Marylanc!lI The John!! Hopk1na Press. 1963. Pp. 306-315.

'Sense and Sensibility," ~, XLIV (September 27, 1943), 100-101. 80 Skelton, B. J. "Double-Take on Mississippi," Sat.urdax Review. XXXIV (li.ay 19, 1951), 20-'1; 330 'Southern Allegory," The TimeS r London] Lltemry Supplement, January ~2, 1944, p, 41: "Southern Books and Authors," Southern Observer, III (May, 1955), 148 • • The Southern Revivel,' The Urnes [kondon] Lit",w.r SUpple­ ~, September 17, 1954, p. vi. Spencer, Theodore. '"Recent Fiction,· The S.ewanee Rev1.w, LIII (Spring, 1945), 297-304. Steegmuller, Frances. 'Small Town Life,' lie" York Times Book ReView, August 21, 1949, p. 5.

Streumann, Heinrich. Americen Liter!ture in the ~ntieth £enturz. London. HutchInson's universItil'ress, 1951. p~, 68, ll?, 1115-U8.

II Tales from Frap.ee .'H September 8, Trilling, Diana. "Fiction in Review, " The ""Uon, CLYII (October 2 , 1943), 3&6-387. .

___~. 'Fiction in Review,' The Nation, CLXII (May 11, 1946), 578, Trilling! Lionel." American Fairy Tale,' The "!!Ition, CLV lDecember 19, 1942), e86-S87. Van Gelder, Robert (ed.). Writers end Writing. lIew York: Ch!!rle. Scribner'. Sons, 1946. "Variety of People, ' The Times [London] Literary Supplement, July 19, 1947, p. 561, Weeks, Edward. 'Eudora Welty of the Delta," The Atlantio Monthlz, CLXXXIV (September, 1949), 80. ____,. 'Good as Gold,' The Atlentic Mon1j!ll.x. CXCIII (February, 1954), 78. West, R. B., Jr. 'Three Methods of Modern Fiction. Ernest Hemin8l'ay, Thom ... Mann, Eudora Welty, n College EngY.h, XIIT (January, 1951), 193-203. Wilson, John W. • Del ta Revival,' English JOUrnal, XXXVIII (March, 1949), 117-184.