Locke's Concept of Personal Identity
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Natural Persons, Juridical Persons and Legal Personhood
Esta revista forma parte del acervo de la Biblioteca Jurídica Virtual del Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la UNAM www.juridicas.unam.mx http://biblio.juridicas.unam.mx exican M Review aw L New Series V O L U M E VIII Number 1 NATURAL PERSONS, JURIDICAL PERSONS AND LEGAL PERSONHOOD Elvia Arcelia QUINTANA ADRIANO* ABSTRACT. The study of commercial law can be divided into four basic ca- tegories: (a) individuals (natural persons); (b) objects of commerce; (c) legal instruments and (d) administrative and legal procedures. Business relations bet- ween individuals and business entities requires significant legal documentation, including atypical or nonstandard business contracts. A central feature of all business transactions is the “legal entity”, used by organizations worldwide to conduct business. In order for many businesses to carry out routine activities, they must have many of the same legal rights and responsibilities as natural persons. In a word, these entities require “legal personhood”. Which leads us to the question of Legitimation. The most widely used legal instruments are nons- tandardized business contracts. In essense, this is the delineation of contracting parties as entities with well-defined rights and obligations. This authority de- pends, in turn, on the legitimacy of the “personhood” of the contracting parties, which is often a point of dispute in business relations. Regardless of whether one accepts the use of terms “legal entity” and “legal personhood”, they often give rise to immeasurable and diverse conflicts domestically, regional and at global level. This had led to efforts to improve the rules of the International Chamber of Commerce and improve legal models that provide guidance to di- verse nations. -
Chapter 02 Who Am I?
January 8, 2013 at 10:30 AM 452_chapter_02.docx page 1 of 52 CHAPTER 02 WHO AM I? I. WHO AM I? ...................................................................................................................................... 3 A. THREE COMPONENTS OF THE EMPIRICAL SELF (OR ME) ............................................................................. 4 B. EXTENSIONS AND REFINEMENTS OF JAMES’S THEORY ................................................................................ 9 II. SELF-FEELING, SELF-SEEKING, AND SELF-PRESERVATION ............................................................... 14 A. SELF-FEELINGS AS BASIC EMOTIONS ..................................................................................................... 15 B. SELF-CONSCIOUS EMOTIONS .............................................................................................................. 15 C. SELF-FEELINGS AND SELF-STANDARDS .................................................................................................. 17 D. SELF-FEELINGS AND SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS ........................................................................................... 20 E. SUMMARY AND SYNTHESIS ................................................................................................................. 21 III. GROUP DIFFERENCES IN THE SELF-CONCEPT .................................................................................. 21 A. CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN THE SELF-CONCEPT ..................................................................................... -
St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas on the Mind, Body, and Life After Death
The University of Akron IdeaExchange@UAkron Williams Honors College, Honors Research The Dr. Gary B. and Pamela S. Williams Honors Projects College Spring 2020 St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas on the Mind, Body, and Life After Death Christopher Choma [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/honors_research_projects Part of the Christianity Commons, Epistemology Commons, European History Commons, History of Philosophy Commons, History of Religion Commons, Metaphysics Commons, Philosophy of Mind Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Please take a moment to share how this work helps you through this survey. Your feedback will be important as we plan further development of our repository. Recommended Citation Choma, Christopher, "St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas on the Mind, Body, and Life After Death" (2020). Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects. 1048. https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/honors_research_projects/1048 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by The Dr. Gary B. and Pamela S. Williams Honors College at IdeaExchange@UAkron, the institutional repository of The University of Akron in Akron, Ohio, USA. It has been accepted for inclusion in Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects by an authorized administrator of IdeaExchange@UAkron. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. 1 St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas on the Mind, Body, and Life After Death By: Christopher Choma Sponsored by: Dr. Joseph Li Vecchi Readers: Dr. Howard Ducharme Dr. Nathan Blackerby 2 Table of Contents Introduction p. 4 Section One: Three General Views of Human Nature p. -
Life with Augustine
Life with Augustine ...a course in his spirit and guidance for daily living By Edmond A. Maher ii Life with Augustine © 2002 Augustinian Press Australia Sydney, Australia. Acknowledgements: The author wishes to acknowledge and thank the following people: ► the Augustinian Province of Our Mother of Good Counsel, Australia, for support- ing this project, with special mention of Pat Fahey osa, Kevin Burman osa, Pat Codd osa and Peter Jones osa ► Laurence Mooney osa for assistance in editing ► Michael Morahan osa for formatting this 2nd Edition ► John Coles, Peter Gagan, Dr. Frank McGrath fms (Brisbane CEO), Benet Fonck ofm, Peter Keogh sfo for sharing their vast experience in adult education ► John Rotelle osa, for granting us permission to use his English translation of Tarcisius van Bavel’s work Augustine (full bibliography within) and for his scholarly advice Megan Atkins for her formatting suggestions in the 1st Edition, that have carried over into this the 2nd ► those generous people who have completed the 1st Edition and suggested valuable improvements, especially Kath Neehouse and friends at Villanova College, Brisbane Foreword 1 Dear Participant Saint Augustine of Hippo is a figure in our history who has appealed to the curiosity and imagination of many generations. He is well known for being both sinner and saint, for being a bishop yet also a fellow pilgrim on the journey to God. One of the most popular and attractive persons across many centuries, his influence on the church has continued to our current day. He is also renowned for his influ- ence in philosophy and psychology and even (in an indirect way) art, music and architecture. -
The Cosmology of Cognitive Science from Hesiod, Socrates, and Plato to Wittgenstein
Athens Journal of Humanities & Arts - Volume 8, Issue 2, April 2021 – Pages 107-136 The Cosmology of Cognitive Science from Hesiod, Socrates, and Plato to Wittgenstein By Richard McDonough* Cognitive science, the attempt to provide an account of human intelligence and behavior by reference to physical ‚mechanisms‛ in the alleged neural control center of human beings, is one of the dominant philosophical projects of our time. The paper argues that Wittgenstein in para. 608 of Zettel develops an alternative to this almost universally accepted modern paradigm. However, his efforts have been widely misunderstood, in a fashion clarified by Kuhn, because scholars read competing paradigms in the light of their own cognitive science paradigm. In the present case, scholars have assumed that the words in Zettel (para. 608), especially ‚the center‛ and ‚chaos,‛ must have the same meanings that they would naturally be assigned in cognitive science. The result is, inevitably, that Zettel (para. 608) either looks like it anticipates one of the various cognitive science paradigms or it looks absurd. In opposition to this, the paper argues that the language in Zettel (para. 608) is not the language of modern cognitive science, but, rather, is the language of the emergence of order from chaos by virtue of a stabilizing center with which the Western intellectual tradition began in ancient Greek cosmology. When read against this background, it becomes clear that Zettel (para. 608) is an attempt to formulates an alternative to the cognitive science paradigm by retrieving a paradigm found in ancient Greek philosophy and literature. The idea that the brain is not the control center of the human organism is in Plato. -
Body, Mind and Spirit—Philosophical Reflections for Researching
education sciences Article Body, Mind and Spirit—Philosophical Reflections for Researching Education about the Holocaust Katalin Eszter Morgan Historisches Institut, Fakultät für Geisteswissenschaften, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Campus Essen, Universitätsstr, 12 45117 Essen, Germany; [email protected], Tel.: +49-201-183-7395 Received: 14 August 2017; Accepted: 14 September 2017; Published: 20 September 2017 Abstract: This reflective essay draws a sketch of the theoretical and philosophical foundations in preparation for conducting a research project that investigates how German school learners deal with the memories of Shoah survivors. The essay explores some communication challenges and opportunities presented by the use of the double linguistic medium—German and English. The central philosophical argument is that there is a conceptual conflation of and confusion around the word Geist (spirit/mind), and that the difference between the spirit and the mind needs to be explored and clarified. For this purpose Hegel’s thoughts on the spirit are considered and related to theories of memory. Also, Theodor Lessing’s reflections on the origins of hatred are touched upon, which he traces back to the splitting of the spirit from the mind. How the body, mind and spirit work together is highlighted with a biographical example of a descendant of a Nazi perpetrator. By way of conclusion, the philosophical and methodological implications for researching education about the Shoah are briefly discussed. Keywords: education about the holocaust; Hegel; spirit; mind; Geist; memory; language 1. Introduction This essay sketches out some theoretical and philosophical ideas in preparation for conducting a research project that investigates how learners deal with the memories of Holocaust survivors in German schools. -
Sydney Shoemaker A
Eric T. Olson Churchill College Cambridge What does Functionalism Tell Us about Personal Identity? abstract: Sydney Shoemaker argues that the functionalist theory of mind entails a psychological-continuity view of personal identity, as well as providing a defense of that view against a crucial objection. I show that his view has surprising consequences, e.g. that no organism could have mental properties and that a thing's mental properties fail to supervene even weakly on its microstructure and surroundings. I then argue that the view founders on "fission" cases and rules out our being material things. Functionalism tells us little if anything about personal identity. 1. Most philosophers believe that our identity through time consists in some sort of psychological continuity. You are, necessarily, that future being who in some sense inherits his mental features from you: the one who has the mental features he has then in large part because you have the mental features you have now. And you are that past being whose mental features you have inherited. Though there is dispute about what sort of "inheritance" counts--about whether those features must be continuously physically realized, for instance--most agree that some sort of mental continuity is necessary or sufficient (or both) for us to persist. So magnetic is this view that many feel entitled to assert it without argument. Such arguments as we find typically amount to little more than telling science-fiction stories and remarking that most of us (Western philosophy teachers and their students) are inclined to think that the character at the end of the story is identical with the character at the beginning of the story with whom he is psychologically continuous. -
Introduction to Law and Legal Reasoning Law Is
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW AND LEGAL REASONING LAW IS "MAN MADE" IT CHANGES OVER TIME TO ACCOMMODATE SOCIETY'S NEEDS LAW IS MADE BY LEGISLATURE LAW IS INTERPRETED BY COURTS TO DETERMINE 1)WHETHER IT IS "CONSTITUTIONAL" 2)WHO IS RIGHT OR WRONG THERE IS A PROCESS WHICH MUST BE FOLLOWED (CALLED "PROCEDURAL LAW") I. Thomas Jefferson: "The study of the law qualifies a man to be useful to himself, to his neighbors, and to the public." II. Ask Several Students to give their definition of "Law." A. Even after years and thousands of dollars, "LAW" still is not easy to define B. What does law Consist of ? Law consists of enforceable rule governing relationships among individuals and between individuals and their society. 1. Students Need to Understand. a. The law is a set of general ideas b. When these general ideas are applied, a judge cannot fit a case to suit a rule; he must fit (or find) a rule to suit the unique case at hand. c. The judge must also supply legitimate reasons for his decisions. C. So, How was the Law Created. The law considered in this text are "man made" law. This law can (and will) change over time in response to the changes and needs of society. D. Example. Grandma, who is 87 years old, walks into a pawn shop. She wants to sell her ring that has been in the family for 200 years. Grandma asks the dealer, "how much will you give me for this ring." The dealer, in good faith, tells Grandma he doesn't know what kind of metal is in the ring, but he will give her $150. -
Unit 1 Introduction to the Philosophy of Human Person
UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF HUMAN PERSON Contents 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Definition of Philosophy of Human Person 1.3 Philosophy of Human Person and Other Disciplines 1.4 Method of Philosophy of Human Person 1.5 How Objective is Philosophy of Human Person? 1.6 Importance of Philosophy of Human Person 1.7 Let Us Sum Up 1.8 Key Words 1.9 Further Readings and References 1.10 Answers to Check Your Progress 1.0. OBJECTIVES The main objective of this unit is to introduce the course in Philosophy of Human Person, a course in philosophy that helps us to understand the nature of human being. After defining what Philosophy of Human Person is, the unit deals with its distinguishing characteristics vis-à-vis other branches of Anthropology and Psychology. There are other disciplines that study human beings. Hence an attempt is made to differentiate them from Philosophy of Human Person. Different courses in philosophy make use of different methods and Philosophy of Human Person has its own method. Without going into details of the different philosophical methods, the unit examines the methods that Philosophy of Human Person employs. We have also discussed briefly the question of objectivity of this discipline. The question assumes importance when we consider the fact that any study of human person tends to become subjective. A section on the importance of this course in the overall plan of philosophy makes the unit complete. All in all, the unit enables the student to take a plunge into the world of human person from a philosophical perspective. -
Putnam's Argument That the Claim That We Are Brains-In-A-Vat Is Self
Richard McDonough / Putnam’s Argument… META: RESEARCH IN HERMENEUTICS, PHENOMENOLOGY, AND PRACTICAL PHILOSOPHY VOL. X, NO. 1 / JUNE 2018: 149-159, ISSN 2067-3655, www.metajournal.org Putnam’s Argument that the Claim that We are Brains-in-a-vat is Self-Refuting Richard McDonough Arium Academy of Arts and Sciences, Singapore Abstract In Reason, Truth and History, Putnam provides an influential argument for the materialist view that the supposition that we are all “actually” brains in a vat [BIV’s] is “necessarily false”. Putnam admits that his argument, inspired by insights in Wittgenstein’s later views, is “unusual”, but he is certain that it is a correct. He argues that the claim that we are BIV’s is self-refuting because, if we actually are BIV’s, then we cannot refer to real physical things like vats. Although the present author agrees, fundamentally, with Heidegger’s view that we are essentially “in a world” (a real world, not a private “vat-world”), and, therefore, with Putnam’s conclusion that we cannot possibly be BIV’s, the paper argues that Putnam’s argument is fallacious. The proper conclusion to draw from Putnam’s argument is that asserting that one is a BIV is beyond the limits of a BIV’s (private) language. That is, Putnam only shows that if we actually are BIV’s, then we cannot think or assert either that we are or that we are not BIV’s. It does not show that we are not “actually” BIV’s. The cogency of this criticism is illustrated with a concrete “science-fiction” example. -
Agent, Person, Subject, Self
Agent, person, subject, self PAUL KOCKELMAN Abstract Building on ideas developed in ‘The semiotic stance’ (2005), this essay out- lines a social and semiotic theory of four seemingly human-specific and individual-centric capacities that, while essential for understanding modern social processes, are often confused and conflated. Loosely speaking, agency is a causal capacity: say, the relatively flexible wielding of means towards ends. Subjectivity is a representational capacity: say, the holding of inten- tional states such as belief and desire. Selfhood is a reflexive capacity: say, being the means and ends of one’s own actions, or being the object of one’s own beliefs and desires. And personhood is a sociopolitical capacity: say, rights and responsibilities attendant on being an agent, subject or self. 1. Why do we care? Take the words in the title of these essays: agent, person, subject, self. What do they mean? Why do they belong together? Why do we need to theorize them? And what are the stakes involved in choosing one theory over another? The short answer to all these questions is this: each of us should care deeply about the meaning of such words precisely because they attempt to capture why we care so deeply about meaning. More generally, to theorize these words is to reflexively theorize the key terms in the above questions: care, depth, choice, stakes, meaning, belong- ing, aboutness, and us. That is, with this reflexive turn we are not only try- ing to characterize the features of some object viewed through some frame — an object which is just the viewer at one degree of remove — but also the features of the frame through which the object is being viewed. -
Front Matter
Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-41471-6 - Consciousness and the Self: New Essays Jeeloo Liu and John Perry Frontmatter More information CONSCIOUSNESS AND THE SELF “I never can catch myself at any time without a perception, and never can observe any thing but the perception.” These famous words of David Hume, on his inability to perceive the self, set the stage for JeeLoo Liu and John Perry’s collection of essays on self-awareness and self-knowledge. This volume connects recent scientific studies on consciousness with the traditional issues about the self explored by Descartes, Locke, and Hume. Experts in the field offer contrasting perspectives on matters such as the relation between consciousness and self-awareness, the notion of personhood, and the epistemic access to one’s own thoughts, desires, or attitudes. The volume will be of interest to philosophers, psychologists, neuroscientists, cognitive sci- entists, and others working on the central topics of consciousness and the self. jeeloo liu is Associate Professor of Philosophy at California State University, Fullerton. She is the author of An Introduction to Chinese Philosophy: From Ancient Philosophy to Chinese Buddhism (2006). john perry is Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at Stanford University, and Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Riverside. He is the author of Knowledge, Possibility and Consciousness (2001), Identity, Personal Identity and the Self (2002), and a number of other books. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org