ANNEXURE I MONUMENT

CONCEPT PAPER ON TAJ PROTECTION MISSION COHCCPT PflPCR c.\J PROTECTION MISSION

By PrashantTrivedi, IAS Vice-Chairman, A.D.A. & Member-Convener Taj Trapezium Zone Pollution (Prevention & Control) Authority, CONTENTS

SL. INDEX PAGE NO. NO. i

1- PREFACE •

2- INTRODUCTION 1-2

i Chapter -I - THE PROBLEMS 2-16 i 3- ! ! 4- Chapter - II - THE INITIATIVE 17-22 ! ' t

Chapter - III - THE TAJ PROTECTION MISSION 23-48 Ii 5- I

6- Chapter - IV - THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE 49-56 i

7- ANNEXURES A-l LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

TTZ Taj Trapezium Zone NEERI National Environmental Engineering Research Institute CPCB Central Pollution Control Board UPPCB Pollution Control Board TERI Tata Energy Research Institute UNESCO United Nation Educational. Social & Cultural Organisation SPM Suspended Particulate Matter TSP Total Suspended Particulates

SO2 Sulphur Dioxide

NOX Oxides of Nitrogen RTO Regional Transport Officer NATPAC National Transportation Planning & Research Center DG Sets Diesel Generating Sets PCL Power Corporation Limited LPG Liquid Petroleum Gas STP Sewage Treatment Plant YAP Action Plan APCD Air Pollution Control Device CPHEEO Central Public Heath & Environmental Engineering Organisation

DPR Detailed Project Report EFC Expenditure-Finance Committee NOG No Objection Certificate MM8 Mission Management Board RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete

MUD Ministry of Urban Development

,MH National Highway

PV/D Public Works Department MOEF Ministry of Environment & Forests GOUP Government of Uttar Pradesh GOI Government of CWG Central Water Commission NGO Non Governmental Organisation KV Kilo Volt MVA Mega Volt Ampere MLD Million Litres per Day CWR Clear Water Reservoir OHT Over Head Tank PLA Public Ledger Account GSB Granular Sub Base WMM Wet Mixed Macadam Lpcd Litres Per Capita Per Day PREFACE

It had been desired for a very long time, that a Concept Paper on the Taj Protection Mission be prepared which would document all the relevant aspects of the efforts being undertaken to protect the and other monuments in Agra.

I am happy that Prashant Trivedi, the Vice-Chairman • of the Agra Development Authority, who is also the Member-Convener of the Taj Trapezium Zone Pollution (Prevention & Control) Authority, has prepared such a document.

The Concept Paper describes the problems of the city of Agra and the anxiety of the Hon'ble Supreme Court articulated in the various orders passed in connection with the Writ Petition (Civil) No. 13381/84-M.C.Mehta Vs. Union of India & Others. The Paper also goes on to describe the various projects of the Taj Protection Mission. An attempt has also been made -to evaluate the present achievements and some suggestions have also been made as to the 'direction of the future efforts.

I am sure that the reader will find the Concept Paper extremely useful.

I would also like to compliment Prashant Trivedi, Vice-Chairman. Agra Development Authority and his team of officers for their commendable effort in compiling this document.

Sd/- V.K. Sharrt.a. (AS Commissioner. , Agra f INTRODUCTIO—•—•____^__M_«M«_iW^_^_N_

It is not often that the concept paper for a Mission is written when it is in progress. Normally, it precedes the action phase and partially forms the basis for project formulation.

This does not mean that there was no concept behind the Taj Protection Mission. The sense of urgency that formed the backdrop of the efforts to protect the Taj Mahal resulted in the projects being implemented without any further delay.

i' Originating as a result of the Writ Petition No. 13381/84-M.C.Mehta V/s the Jnion of India & Others, the Taj Protection Mission refers to a group of projects ntended to check the deterioration of the Taj Mahal on account of the environmental pollution. The basic issues were discussed in the Hon'ble Supreme ourt and most of the projept formulations were based on these discussions.

Studies of specialised agencies such as the NEERI, the Vardharajan Committee, the CPCB and the UPPCB were taken note of by the Hon'ble Court.

It was felt however that a concept paper should be prepared which would highlight the basic issues involved and outline the initiatives being taken by way of the projects of the Taj Protection Mission.

I have, attempted to bring together all the aspects of the Taj Protection Mission into this paper, namely, the problems of the environment vis-a-vis the Taj, the concerns of the Hon'ble Supreme Court, the projects being implemented and some basic suggestions.

As a word of caution, I would like to submit that this concept paper is very elementary as I have gleaned information from various studies conducted by other specialised agencies and have also drawn upon the collective experience of the field agencies concerned with the project implementation. . A more detailed understanding of the environmental dynamics and its interaction with the developmental process of Agra would require specialised treatment by a competent agency or a specialist such as the NEERI, TERI or the CPCB.

Sd/- (Prashant Trivedi) Vice-Chairman, Agra Development Authority. Member-Convener. TTZ Pollution (Prevention & Control) Authority. CHAPTER-I

THE PROBLEMS

\e city of Agra is well known for having been the capital of the Mughal

Empire, which flourished in the period between 1526 to 1707 A.D. It houses the Taj Mahal, the world famous monument which is notified in the World Heritage list of the UNESCO.

The city is beset with problems that plague just about any average city of India, except that it has attracted attention and aroused concerns in context of the environmental pressures on the Taj Mahal and other historical monuments in the region.

Agra can be considered to be the focal point of the Taj Trapezium, which represents an area of 10,400 sq.km. covering portions of Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. It includes the twin cities of and Vrindavan and also the city of Firozabad. In Rajasthan the notable area is the town of Bharatpur in which the Keoladeo National Park is situated.

The city of Agra is spread over an area of 120 sq.km. and has a population of about 1.2 million. This is projected to double by about 2031. On account of a large influx of domestic and international tourist and also on account of a daily influx of labour force from nearby areas, the city is estimated to have a floating population of about 20,000. This constitutes a tremendous pressure on the city infrastructure which has not been able to keep pace with the population growth. Consequently, the pressure has spilled on to the environment.

An attempt to list the problems of city is made below but, in the final analysis, it stems from the pressure of a fast growing population which engages in economic and social activities to sustain itself often at the expense of the environment on which it is dependant for its existence. ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT

INPUT OUTPUT

The City • Household • Industries • Commercial • Institution • Agriculture

FIG.-1

To understand better the problems that beset the city, it would help to envisage it as a dynamic system that is interacting with its environment in order to sustain its host population as is depicted in the Fig.-1. The interaction is two fold. It draws resources from it in order to carry on the various socio-economic activities and produces unavoidable wastes. The broader issue of sustainability would analyse both these input and output processes in the context of the limitation, that they should not exceed the regenerative and absorptive/assimilative capacities of the relevant environment sector. Presently, however, we are confined to the output i.e. the "waste" production. The terrri "waste" is being used with caution as the latest thoughts in environmental economics tend to classify the conventional wastes as resources, which should further be used for the production of goods and services having utility. For the purpose of this paper, however, "waste" denotes the conventional wastes having substantial resource value. The city can be thought of as comprising of the household, industrial, commercial, institutional and agriculture sectors. Each of these sectors produces "waste". The environment is conventionally classified into air. water and land, which receive the wastes as pollutants. There is lateral interaction, as pollution of any part of the environment would have a spill over effect on the other.

It is now proposed to categorise the problems by grouping them into categories based on the environmental components, which bears the brunt of the pollution load.

A- AIR

We confine ourselves to the primary pollutants i.e. SPM, SO2 and NOX. The National Ambient Air Quality Standards are as follows :—

Annual Average —

Industrial Residential Sensitive

SPM 360ug/m3 140 ug/m3 70 ug/m3

SO2 80 ug/m3 60 ug/m3 15 ug/m3

NOX 80 ug/m3 60 ug/m3 . 15 ug/m3

The entire TTZ has been notified as a sensitive zone irrespective of location specific space use. Thus, even an industrial area in the TTZ would be required to maintain an ambient air quality standards of a sensitive zone.

With respect to the -ambient air quality standards in the city, the data relating to the lavel of primary pollutants has been obtained from the Regional Office of the UPPCB and is graphically reproduced below. The readings have been averaged on an annual basis > SPM (ug/m3)

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

FIG.-2

so,

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

FIG.-3

NOK

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 20CO

FIG.-4 The annual average level of SO2 was as high as 21 ug/m3 in the year 1991, as against a prescribed normative limit of 15 ug/m3 for sensitive area. In the year

2001, this has come down to 11 ng/m3. Similarly for NOX, the level in the year

1991 was 12 ug/m3. This has come down to a level of 10 ug/m3 in the year 2001.

N The SPM levels remains a cause of concern. As against the permissible limit of 70 ug/m3, the ambient levels have remained well above 400 ug/m3. It would be pertinent to point out that even the background levels of SPM assuming the complete absence of industrial, vehicular and SPM emitting domestic activity, would be above the prescribed levels of 70 ug/m3. These are due to certain natural conditions that are prevailing in the vicinity such as :- (I) proximity of the Thar desert in Rajasthan (II) ' agricultural activity such as tilling, & ploughing and barren land coupled with blowing winds generate SPM (III) pollen of crops, and flowering plants contribute to the levels of SPM (IV) The river Yamuna which reduces to a trickle in the lean season exposes vast stretches of sand on its beds and banks which forms a substantial source of SPM (V) The low humidity prevalent in this region also promotes formation of SPM. Other than natural conditions, these pollutants are derived mainly from energy sources and combustion activities. The sources can be classified into the following categories :- (i) Transport (ii) Domestic (iii) Industry (iv) Power The status with respect to the above sectors is as follows :- (I) TRANSPORT There is substantial pollution on account of the vehicular traffic. The number of registered vehicles has shown an average annual growth rate of 5.5%. The table below shows the number and category of vehicle registered :• 7 Year Car Jeup Taxi 2 Wheeler 3 Wheeler Bus Truck Others Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1994 9890 1766 202 148210 3454 973 3183 21147 188825 X995 10418 1914 232 158521 3651 1047 3247 21670 200700 1996 11344 1841 352 168179 3754 1181 3418 20346 210415 1997 12556 844 389 181110 4714 1187 4588 21695 227083 1998 14162 1148 482 195455 5462 1257 4680 22514 245160 1999 15788 1349 565 211243 8589 1338 4733 •21531 265136 2000 18490 1644 639 226669 9670 1396 4925 22383 285816 2001 20890 1920 717 245664 10512 1400 5082 23356 3C9541

Source : RTO Office

The demand in the transport sector is generated mainly from three sources. • from the inhabitants of the city • tourist influx • inter city through traffic The public transport system is inadequate and meets only 8% of the travel demand (NATPAC). The Intermediate public transport system comprising of auto, a tempo and cycle rickshaw is a major mode of intra city movement. The personalised mode comprising of cars and two wheelers have shown a marked increase in recent years, as people are forced to use them due to the inadequacy of the public transport system. Apart from an inadequate public transport system, there are several other factors, which cause traffic congestion. These are mainly :-" (A) Choking of the capacity of the existing road network. The M.G. road is the main spinal road of the city from which other important roads fork out such as these going to Bharatpur and Fatehpur-Sikri. The traffic between and also has to pass through the city using the M.G.road. Similarly, traffic between Gwalior and has to enter the city and go through using the Yamuna Kinara Road. Thus, the existing network has to bear the load of intra city, inter city and tourist traffic and their capacity has been exceeded leading to congestion, vehicular idling and pollution. (B) Although the Agra Development Authority has developed a Transport Nagar on the Agra-Mathura Bypass, the transport agencies still continue to function from the Yamuna Kinara road leading to traffic hazards. (C) The inter city bus terminal are operating from Bijlighar and Idgah, therein/. forcing the inter city buses to pass through the city.

It is estimated that for the district of Agra alone the emissions from the transport sector are as follows :-

Year 1995-96

NO, 4,683 tonnes/year

SO2 501 tonnes/year TSP 836 tonnes/year

(II) DOMESTIC SECTOR

Another major source of emission of the primary pollutants is the domestic sectors. The proportion of population consuming various types of cooking fuels has been enumerated in the census of India 1991. This is as follows :-

District Dung Coal/Coke Charcoal Cooking gas AGRA Rural 28.7 0.1 0.4 0.4 Urban 8.5 7.1 5.0 30.2

Wood Kerosene Others 68.9 0.1 1.2 41.1 5.7 1.3

Data on per capita consumption of cooking fuels is available, on the basis of which the emission from the domestic sector has been estimated as follows .- NOX 71 tonnes/year

SO2 not significant

TSP 4,469 tonnes/year

V The domestic sectors also releases pollutants on account of the use of DG sets to meet the power deficit. This shall be dealt with separately.

(Ill) INDUSTRIES

The major groups of industrial units, which are air-polluting, is,as follows >

(i) FOUNDRIES (Agra)

(ii) GLASS MANUFACTURING (Firozabad)

(iii) BRICK KILNS (TTZ)

(iv) MATHURA REFINERY

There are about 136 cast iron foundries in Agra. Although, efforts are on to technologically restructure their operations by basing them on gas, most of them still continue to use coal for their manufacturing process. The Mathura refinery is also a source of SO2 emissions. The total emission load has been estimated as follows :-

Tonnes/year « District Industry SPM SOj NOx

Agra Foundry 119 5

Mathura Refinery 718 3418 ' 1021

Firozabad « Glass , 270 711 830 Manufacturing Total 1107 4134 1851 (IV) POWER

The power sector has a direct bearing an air pollution. Due to the deficit in the power supply, the domestic, commercial and industrial users resort to the use of Diesel Generating sets to bridge the demand supply gap. It is estimated that there are around 30.000 DG sets in operation in the city.

10 There is a peak load demand in the city of 280 MVA. There is no local •generation of power (except for the DG set operation). Power is "imported" through the transmission system. The table summarises the transmission capacities available.

SU8-STN. TRANSMISSION INSTALLED EXPORT TO NET LEVEL RATIO CAPACITY OUTSIDE AVAILABLE AREA

400 KV 400/220 980 MVA 180 MVA 800 MVA (to Rajasthan) 220 KV 220/132 500 MVA 500 MVA 132KV 132/33 360 MVA 80 MVA 280 MVA (to rural) 33 KV 33/11 300 MVA 300 MVA The power demand of the various categories of consumers is summarised in the table below:-

SI. Category UDO-I UOO-li UDD-III UDO-IV UDD-V UDC No. Noi. Canntced NCJ. CcwieCrt Nci ConntCKl Nci. CannsCM .Vcs. NCJ. Cc."fCM tortJikW kMdnkW kjJfl n rtV 'CJd A V.V 'cj: n tfV 'C« ,1 i'.V

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a 9 10 11 12 13 u 1- Domestic 21490 16375 " 25494 4525 3342S 61979 3J3C2 479:9 327!o UC53 I5i:3i 2153J1 (LFJLMV-1 2- Commercial 1630? 1U3J 3242 2S43J 5152 11199 5736 30133 4320 7JJ: 4C257 J4S-3 ! •(LF.)IWV-I 3- Small & 709 3159 jy 10713 1?23 27904 570 5325 5™ ^ i:CC 4375 •••''' Medium Power LMV-5 4- la<.je & 3 912 20 3«6 9? 16655 11 2047 5 ;:o i;s 237=0 Heavy HV-2J 5- Public UgM 3 1352 4 540 7 4COO 4 750 2 •51 25 ;:a LMV-3 i 6- Water Woru 4 460 • 5<5 10 2462 J

7- S.T.W. - - 2 106 - - 1 :o - - 3 ::s i

8- P.T.W. - - - 39 247 457

9- Wy. Traction ------JiO ! j JfJ ' | * ' t i" JJJ1J 4«S9« 34SJJ »ia 40CUJ I24U4 15CW JJ4J7 M!32 55C-3 15<4«« 4iy:j

11 It is evident that for the city of Agra at the 132 KV level there is a net transformation capacity available of 280 MVA. This is just equal to the peak load demand and this is indeed a very tight fit. Normally, as per the norms of the PCL, the substations should be loaded upto a level of 70% of the installed capacity. At the same time there is no buffer supply to cater to the growth in demand. The power demand is growing at the rate of 13% per annum and by the year 2010 it would be about 560 MVA.

The distribution system is extremely weak and results in frequent breakdowns. At the best of times, there would be a supply gap of two hours (average).

Due to a lack of availability of sufficient and assured power supply, there is substantial operation of the DG sets.

The annual emissions of primary pollutants on account of DG sets are estimated as follows :-

SPM 255 tonnes/year

SO2 1776 tonnes/year

NOX 3567 tonnes/year

The proportional emissions of primary pollutants from various sectors can be summarised as follows :-

12 (I) TSP/SPM

TSP

; a Transport !«DG sets ;O Industry QOomestig

Domestic 81%

(II) S02

S02

Q Transport • OG sets O Industry Industry 62! (Ill) NOx .

NO..

: B Transport • • OG sets j i !D Industry i OG s«ti •Q Domestic

Thus, it is evident that a$ regards the SPM, 81% of the total emissions emanates from the domestic sectors due to the use of biomass as a cooking fuel by the rural and urban population. This has major policy implications for the supply of subsidised LPG and kerosene oii to the masses so as to prevent the use of biomass.

* As regards SO2, 62% of the emissions is generated by the industrial sector and 27% on account of the DG set operations. The transport sector is the major

source of NOX emissions.

B- WATER

Pollution of water bodies is a result of the generation of city sewage and ^ industrial effluents and an inadequate infrastructural capacity to collect and treat the same. The city has a very poor sewerage cover. Only 20% of the city population is covered by a sewerage system comprising of 20 km. of trunk sewer lines and 120 km. of branch sewer lines. Mostly, the residents have their ov/n soak pits or are discharging the sewage into local ponds. The drainage cover of the city is also extremely poor. Topographically the city can be divided into seven drainage districts.

U Area Drainage Cover

"I) CITY DRAINAGE DISTRICT 1347 1347

ii) WESTERN " " • 1320 470

iii) SOUTH " " 526 185

'iv) ' SOUTHERN " " 664 80 v) TAJGANJ " " 985 310 vi) NORTHERN " " 415 90 vii) TRANS YAMUNA " " 850 572 Total Area 6107 3054

Thus, out of a total area of 6107 ha , only 3054 ha. has drainage cover.

Before the commissioning of the STP at Dhandhpura under the YAP, the sewage was being pumped by a network of sewage pumping stations into sewage farms without any treatment.

But now a sewage treatment plant of a capacity of 78 MLD has been commissioned in the CIS YAMUNA area near Dhandhupura under the YAP. The Trans Yamuna side of the city is mainly an industrial area wherein several small and medium scale industries are operating. Many of those industries are discharging their wastewater directly into the drainage without any pre-treatment. Now a STP of 10 MLD has been commissioned in Trans Yamuna area near Pila Khar under YAP for tapping sullage from open drains.

The system of the management of solid waste generated in a city has implications for the pollution of land surface as also the water bodies and ground water. Presently, the population of Agra city is about 1.2 million. Due to the daily influx of tourist and labor force from nearby towns, the daily floating population is estimated to be about 20,000 persons. Assuming a daily per capita waste generation of 503 gms.. the total waste generation of the city is about 620 tonnes. On the industrial side, the Petha manufacturing units are generating considerable amounts of organic waste, which is getting, mixed with municipal waste. 15 The solid waste management of the city is the responsibility of the Municipal Corporation. There are several deficiencies, some infrastructural and others relating to management capacities. The local storage of waste is done in iron bins of various capacities and dalao ghars (masonry structure). This capacity is inadequate. As against a requirement of 3000 m3, the availability is only 2300 m3. Consequently, waste is dumped outside the bins. There is no system of house to house collection, which, results in people throwing their wastes into the streets, or some unoccupied land or into the drains. There is no primary segregation of waste into recyclable and compostable and inert categories. The transportation capacity of the corporation is also not sufficient. The trenching ground at Shahadra is presently full and the waste, which is being dumped, is spilling on to road side. There is no system for recycling and composting which is resulting in a waste of resources. Practices relating to dumping at the landfill site are not scientific. There is no system of compacting the waste and covering it with inert material. As a result of which, there is foul smell, and the presence of rodents, pests and birds. There are also several unrecognised dumpsites in the city. Sweepers also often resort to open burning of the wastes.

16 THE INITIATIVE The problems facing the city of Agra, plagues just about any average city of the state. But what sets it apart is the fact that it is home to the most beautiful monument of the "world", the Taj Mahal. Built in the 17th century by Shah Jahan, the Mughal Emperor, in memory of his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal, it is the most important tourist destination of India attracting about 2.4 million tourists annually. •> Concerns regarding the environmental threat to this monument was voiced in the Hon'ble Supreme Court through a Public Interest Litigation filed by the noted "Green" Advocate Mr. M.C.Mehta. The Writ Petition No. 13381/84-M.C.Mental V/s Union of India & others raised several issues pertaining to the environmental pressures on the monument as well as the socio-economic and physical conditions of the city. In this chapter, it is proposed to list a sample of observations of the Hon'ble Supreme Court, as also the findings of the various, expert committees in this regard. For this would provide a vital insight into the concepts which guided the formulation of the Taj Protection Mission. The concern regarding the environmental threat to the Taj has been articulated in the landmark judgement of Hon'ble Justice Shri Kuldeep Singh dated 30/12/96, and is as follows :- A- "The Taj is threatened with deterioration and damage not only by the traditional causes of decay, but also by the changing social and economic conditions which aggravate the situation with even more formidable phenomena of damage and destruction." This judgement also provides the conceptual underpinnings for the Taj Protection Mission. Relevant-extracts from it are reproduced below :- B- "According to the petitioner, the foundries, chemical/hazardous industries and the refiner/ at Mathura are the major sources of damage to the Taj. The sulphurdioxide emitted by the Mathura Refinery and the industries when combined with oxygen - with aid of moisture - in the atmosphere forms sulphuric acid called "Acid rain" which has a corroding effect on the gleaming white marble. Industrial/Refinery emissions, brick-kilns, vehicular traffic and generator sets are primarily responsible for polluting the ambient air around the Taj Trapezium (1TZ). The petition states that the white marble has yellowed and blackened in places."

17 The judgement also quoted some of the findings of the Vardharajan • Committee Report titled as "The Report on the Environmental Impact of Mathura Refinery". One of them is given below :-

C- "There is substantial level of pollution of sulphur dioxide and particulate matter in the Agra region. The possible sources are all coal users consisting of two power plants, a number of small industries mainly foundries i (approximately 250) and a Railway Shunting Yard. As far as suspended particulate matters are concerned, because of use of coal, contribution will be substantial. Even though the total amount of emission of sulphur dioxide from these sources may be small, on account of their proximity to the monuments, their contribution to the air quality of the zone will be considerably high."

With respect to the Mathura refinery the judgement directed that the recommendations of the NEERI be complied with. These were mainly :-

a) Use of natural gas

b) Improved Sulphur recovery unit

c) Setting up of a Hydro cracking unit

d) Chemo and biochemical sulphur recovery

e) Setting up of a green belt around the refinery

D- "The^Central Board for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, New Delhi, published a report (Control of Urban Pollution Series CUPS/7/1981- 82) under the title "Inventory and Assessment of Pollution Emission in and around Agra-Mathura Region (Abridged)". The relevant findings are as under:- «i X Industrial activities which are in operation in Agra city and its outskirts could be categorised as (i) Ferrous Metal Casting using Cupolas (Foundry); (ii) Ferro-alloy and Non-Ferrous Castings using Crucibles, Rotary Furnaces etc.^iii) Rubber Processing; (iv) Lime Oxidation and N Pulverising; (v) Engineering; (vi) Chemical; and (vii) Brick and Refractory Kilns (Table 4-1) The contribution of sulphur dioxide through emission primarily from the combustion from the fuels comprising hard coke, steam coal, wood and fuel oil is estimated as 3.64 tonnes per day from industrial activities in the Agra city and its outskirts (Table 5-3). 18 The vehicular contribution as estimated from traffic census in 6 road crossings is only 65 kg. a day or 0.065 tonnes a day and should be considered negligible for the present (Para 7.4)." As regards other industries in the TTZ the judgement directed as follows :- E- "Based on the reports of various technical authorities mentioned in this judgement,* we have already reached the finding that the emissions generated by the coke/coal consuming industrial units emit pollutants and have damaging effect on the Taj and the people living in the TTZ. The atmospheric pollution in TTZ has to be eliminated at any cqst. Not even one t per cent chance can be taken when - human life apart - the preservation of a prestigious monument like the Taj is involved. In any case, in view of the precautionary principle as defined by this Court, the environmenta* l measures must anticipate, prevent and attack the causes of environmental degradation. The 'onus of proof is on an industry to show that its operation with the aid of coke/coal is environmentally benign. It is, rather, proved beyond doubt that the emissions generated by the use of coke/coal by the industries in TTZ are the main polluters of the ambient air. We, therefore, hold that the above-mentioned 292 industries shall as per the schedule indicated hereunder change-over to the natural gas as an industrial fuel. The industries, which are not in a position to obtain gas connections - for any reason - shall stop functioning with the aid of coke/ coal in the TTZ and may relocate themselves." With respect to the Brick Kilns, the Hon'ble Supre'me Court in its order dated May 10, 1996 has ordered that "(i) All licenced brick kilns within 20 km. radial distance from the Taj Mahal, other significant monuments & Bharatpur bird sanctuary shall be closed and stop operating w.e.f. 15/8/96. Court directed the State Govt. to render all possible assistance to licence brick kiln owners in relocation beyond TTZ if owner so desire. The closure order is however unconditional, (ii) Court directs the DM & SSP to close all unlicenced & » unauthorized brick kilns operating in the TTZ with immediate effect. UPPCB shall * file a compliance report within 2 months, (Hi) No new licence shall be issued for the J. . establishment of brick kiln within 20 km. radial distance from the Taj Mahal other | monuments in TTZ & Bharatpur bird sanctuary". i | ' 19

I I F- The Court in its judgement dated 30 December. 1996 spelt out the following issues that it would monitor in order to control air pollution in TTZ as follows :-

"This Court is separately monitoring the following issues for controlling air pollution in TTZ :-

a) The setting up of hydrocracker unit and various other devices by the Mathura Refinery.

b) The setting up of 50 bed hospital and two mobile dispensaries by the Mathura Refinery to provide medical aid to the people living in the surrounding areas (Court order dated Augsut 7, 1996).

c) Construction of Agra bypass to divert all the traffic, which passes through the city. Under directions of this Court, 24 kms. stretch of the bypass shall be completed by the end of December 1996 (Court order dated April 10, 1996). <• d) Additional amount of Rs. 54 Cr. sanctioned by the Planning Commission to be utilised by the State Government for the construction of electricity supply projects to ensure 100 per cent uninterrupted electricity to the TTZ. This is necessary to stop the operation of generating sets which are major source of air pollution in the TTZ (Court orders dated April 10, 1996. May 10, 1996, August 30, 1996, September 4, 1996 and ^September 10, 1996).

e) The construction erf Gokul Barrage, Water Supply works of Gokul Barrage, roads around Gokul Barrage, Agra Barrage and Water Supply of Agra Barrage, have also been undertaken on a time schedule basis to supply drinking water to the residents of Agra and to bring life into river Yamuna which is next to the Taj (Court order dated May 10. 19§6 and August 30. 1996).

f) Green belt as recommended by NEERI has been set up around the Taj. Pursuant to continuous monitoring of this Court, the Green belt has become a reality. g) This Court suggested to the Planning Commission by order dated September 4. 1996 to consider sanctioning separate allocation for the city of Agra and the creation of separate cell under the control of Central 20 Government to safeguard and preserve the Taj. the city of Agra and other national heritage monuments in the TTZ.

h) All emporia and shops functioning within the Taj premises have been directed to be closed.

i) Directions have been issued to the Government of India to decide the issue, pertaining to declaration of Agra as a heritage city within two months."

G- The Court has also directed in its order dated 4/2/98 that no polluting vehicles of visitors and tourists should be allowed within 500 metres of the monument. It also directed the Agra Development Authority to construct a parking complex beyond 500 metres on the Western side. The Court in its order dated 10/11/95 has also made the following observation regarding the construction of a Slaughter House :- H- "The . construction of Slaughter House at Agra is most important for environmental protection, pollution control and tourism purpose. The Taj Mahal at Agra attracts large number of tourists every year. The city has to be kept clean and pollution free. We are of the view that the construction of Slaughter House at Agra has to be taken up separately and with utmost urgency. Top priority should be given to this project." Rega/ding the need for a bypass to eare the problem of traffic congestion and reduce vehicular pollution the Hon'ble Court in its order dated 1/3/1996 directed as follows :- I- "It has been brought to our notice that about 14,000 trucks carrying about 64,000 tonnes of weight pass through the city of Agra every day. According to the experts, the passage of such a large number of trucks through the city of Agra every day causes huge lot of pollution. 'It has been suggested by various authorities including the Agra Heritage Project that it is of utmost urgency that a bypass be constructed for diverting the traffic from the city of Agra " "If this part of the bypass is constructed, almost 50% of the traffic can be diverted " "We are of the view that the above mentioned part of bypass should be completed within six months " 21 ' J- In its order dated 4/9/1998 the Court accepted the report jointly submitted by the NEERI and the CPCB which inter-allia mentioned that "considering the prevailing unhygienic conditions in the vicinity of the Taj Mahal due to Tajganj drain in particular, and the entire city of Agra in general, it is recommended that K the city should be provided with scientifically designed, constructed and operated sewerage system with high priority due to its international significance as a tourist centre. The design will ensure that no pumping station is located within 500 m. area of the Taj Mahal."

K- Regarding the parking of vehicles on the Western side of the Taj the Court in its order dated 7/12/1998 stated "we directed the existing parking site at the Western gate of the Taj Mahal shall be closed and alternative parking site shall be developed at Amrood-Ka-Teela, as suggested by the Sub-Committee, as the alternative site would be beyond 500 metres of the Taj Mahal. Since the development of alternative site will take some time, we directed that the existing site will be used for parking of vehicles for another 6 months. Thereafter, it shall be closed." > It is evident that the Hon'ble Supreme Court has passed several orders pertaining to almost every aspects of the Taj Mahal and its inter-relatedness with » the environment and the city of Agra. The above extracts from the various judgements are intended only to explain the focus of the Taj Protection Mission.

22 CHAPTER - II! THE TAJ PROTECTION MISSION

In the previous chapter certain extracts from the various orders of the Hon'ble Supreme Court have been quoted with a view to highlight the basic issues. The efforts that were required to be taken can be categorised as follows :- I) REGULATORY or ENFORCEMENT MEASURES I!) DEVELOPMENTAL MEASURES Under the regulatory measures, the Court directed the agencies concerned to taken certain action relating to pollution control. These actions were either of a "end of the pipe treatment" approach such as installation of APCD (Air Pollution Control Device) by the industries, brick kilns and the Mathura Refinery, or even a change of technology as in the case of the iron foundries and the glass manufacturing units. The Court has also directed that certain development initiatives be taken in order to improve the environmental condition of the city. The Court had made the following suggestion so as to make funds available in its order dated 4/9/96 > "We have suggested to Mr.K.M.Lal that the Planning Commission should consider having a separate planned allocation for the environmental protection of the Taj Mahal which is a world heritage and one of the wonders of the world. Lot of money is required to protect the environment, save the Taj from pollution and for the growth of tourism. For this purpose, it would "be advisable that a separate allocation should be made which should be utilised under the supervision of the Central Government. Even a special cell can be created to look after the Taj Mahal. This is only a suggestion for the consideration of the Planning Commission and the Government of Iridia. This was the beginning of the Taj Protection Mission, which had the following objectives :- • environmental protection of the Taj • improving the levels of sanitation and the physical condition of life in the city • promote the growth of tourism. These objectives have guided the formulation of the projects of the Taj Protection Mission and should be the criteria to judge its relevance. It was also agreed in the Planning Commission that the Central Government shall consider an allocation of Rs.300 Cr. during the Ninth Plan on a fifty-fifty percent matching basis with State Govt. to cover the estimated cost of Rs.600 Cr. to implement the scheme for the protection of the Taj. 23 At the time of writing of the concept paper, the following projects are in the process of implementation :-

FOCUS AREA Rs. in Crores

BASIC GOAL DEPARTMENT SL. NO PROJECTS APPROVED MM8 & GOI (EFC] COST

V 1 2 3 4 5 « Improvement of JAL NIGAM 1 Water Supply Agra 72.80 A the levels of sani- 2 (i) Water Supply Mathura-Vrindavan (Phase 1 & II) 42.00 tation & physical (ii) Water Supply Mathura-Vrindavan (Phase-Ill) 19.69 conditions of life [MM8] TOTAL (i & ii) 61.69 3 Agra Sewerage 43.57 4 Storm Water Drainage System Agra- (i) Jal Nigarii 5.65 (ii) Nagar Nigam 0.95 TOTAL (i & ii 6.60 SUB-TOTAL 184.66 NAGAR NIGAM 5 Solid Waste Management 7.49 IRRIGATION 6 Gokul Barrage 30.70 7 Agra Barrage 120.47 SU8-TOTAL- 151.17 B P.W.O. 8' Construction of One Part of Agra Southern Bypass 26.51 (MM8) Environmental 9 mprovement of 20 Agra City Roads 27.47 Protection SUB-TOTAL- 53.58 A.O.A. 10 Widening of Agra Byepass 0.76 11 mprovement of Master Plan Roads of Agra City 22.97 12 mprovement of Parking on Western Gate of Taj 0.94 SUB-TOTAL- 24.67 U.P.P.C.L. 13 mprovement of Electric Supply in Agra .9.11 14 mprovement of Electric Supply in the rural areas 39.09 of Agra & Fatehpur-Sikri SUB-TOTAL- 48.20 FOREST 15 i) Plantation " 9.43 ii) Maintenance of Plantation (MMB] 2.38 SUB-TOTAL- 11.81 CPCB 16 Set up of 4 Monitoring Station [MMB] 0.71 GRAND-TOTAL 482.69

Promotion of tourism is an implicit goal and need not be taken up as an exclusive head.

2-1 As was required by the Planning Commission, the Government of U.P. has •constituted a Mission Management Board on 9th May, 1997 for overseeing the implementation, and for monitoring and reviewing the various programmes/ schemes formulated for the protection of the Taj Mahal. The constitution of the Mission Management Board is as under :- 1. v Chief Secretary , Govt Of U.P. Chairman 2. Finance Secretary , Govt. of U.P. Member 3. Commissioner, Agra Division, Govt. of U.P. Member 4. • Secretary (Power), Govt. of U.P. Member 5. Secretary ( Environment & Forests), Govt. of U.P Member 6. Representative of Ministry of Environment & Forests. Member 7. Representative of Ministry of Power. Member 8. 'Representative of Ministry of Urban Development. Member 9. Representative of Planning Commission. Member 10. Representative of Ministry of Surface Transport. Member 11. Representative of Ministry of Water Resources. Member At the divisional level the implementation is over seen and co-ordinated by the TTZ Pollution (Prevention & Control) Authority, which was constituted by the Ministry of Environment & Forests vide Notification No. 258, dated May 18. 1999 and having the following composition :- 1. Commissioner, Agra Division Chairman 2. Chairman, Uttar. Pradesh State Pollution Control Member Board 3. Deputy Inspector General of Police, Agra Range Member 4. Member-Secretary, Central Pollution Control Board Member 5. A representative of the Ministry of Petroleum and Member Natural Gas 6. A representative of Ministry of Environment and Member Forests 7. A representative of Archaeological Survey of India Member 8. . Vice-Chairman, Agra Development Authority Member-Convener A brief description of the projects is a follows :-

A- WATER SUPPLY AGRA

PROJECT DESCRIPTION As per the 1991 census the population of Agra was 9.48 lacs. Presently it is estimated to be about 12 lacs. At the end of the design period i.e. 2031, it is projected to be 24 lacs. Agra City has been divided into 25 water supply zones. 15 zones are developed and are covered by a piped water supply system. The remaining 10 zones are undeveloped. As per CPHEEO norms the requirement of water is estimated to be 150 Ipcd. Hence by the year 2031 the total demand of water will be 473 MLD. The project has been formulated to develop an efficient distribution system for water in for whole of the Agra City. The project components are as follows :—

S.No. NarteofWork Quantity of Work Approved cost (Rs. in lacs)

1. Laying of Distrbn. 600 km (Appro.) 1808.34 System 25 zones 2. Ground Level 10 No. 217.76 Reservoir • 3. O.H.T 15 No. 1767.00 4. Pump House 8 No. 25.00 5. Zonal Pumping 60 zonal 604.15 Plants 42 No. 6. . Rising. Mains 4 No. 1329.49 7 " HeadWork Pumping Job 185.00 Plants & Power Conn. 8 Repair of Zonal 4 No. 100.00 Ground level Reservoir 9. Renovation of works in water job 161.26 Works i.e. Pump house, waste Water drain e.t.c supply of New T& P

26 10. Land Acqn. 8 Nos. 480.00

Total 6678.35 Contingencies 2% 133.57 6811.92 * Less 5 % for work effecting .340.59 Total 6471.33 Centage12.5% 808.92 Total ^ 7280.25

PRESENT STATUS

The above project has been cleared by the EFC for Rs.72.80 crores. 31 Detailed Projects worth Rs,73.73 crores had been cleared and works are under progress.

Remaining 4 DPR have been prepared and are under appraised. Rs.46.50 crores have been released and about Rs.41.30 crores have been spent. The physical progress is as follows :— 1. 192 Km. of .pipe line has been laid in 19 zones namely Hariparwat, Ghatwasan-l,H, Lohamandi, Kotwali, Tajganj-I, Shahganj-l.lll, Bodla-l.ll & III, Rakabganj, Mafthan, Chhata, Khandari, Dayalbagh, Sikandra-l & Bundukatra. 2. 2 Nos. filter beds'of W.W.I have been repaired and ready to use. 3. Repairing & rehabilitation works in W.W.I, such as wastewater drain, pump houses etc. have been completed. 4. All the pumping plants of 11 old zones have been replaced. 5. Construction of Service reservoirs of Shahganj-l, Shahganj-lll and Tajganj-i and Swami Bagh Dayal Bagh zones have been completed. 6. . Repair of CWR of Kotwali, Sikandra and Khandari have been completed. 7. Trunk rising mains in a length of 17.14 Km. from water works I & II to zonal pumping stations have been laid. 8. OHT of Kotwali, Shahganj-lll, Bundukatra, Bodla-l! have been completed.

27 B- WATER SUPPLY MATHRA-VRINDAVAN

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The Mathura-Vrindavan water supply reorganization scheme project has been prepared in three phases i.e. Intake works, zonal reservoirs, feeder main and distribution system. The population of Mathura and Vrindavan town is 2,26,157 and 47,720 respectively as per 1991 census. It is projected to be 4,92,000 and 1,20,000 in the year 2021. Rate of water supply has been taken as 150 Ipcd as per CHPEEO manual. Accordingly total requirement of clear water will be 91.80 MLD. Estimates of works of phase I, if & III have been prepared amounting to Rs. 1236.71 lacs, Rs.4336 lacs and Rs.2665 lacs respectively. Out of which state EFC has approved the works of Rs. 1236.71 lacs, Rs.2669.78 lacs and Rs.1969 lacs. Treatment plant of 101 MLD and 4500 KL Storage Reservoir will be constructed in phase I. Feeder main from treatment plant to Mathura & Vrindavan town and zonal reservoirs & pumping stations will be constructed in phase-ll. Distribution system reorganisation is proposed in Phase-Ill. The construction works of Intake well and clear water reservoir of 4500 KL has been completed. The construction work of 101 MLD Water Treatment Plant is in progress and 2 filter beds are under trial run. Feeder main has been laid & is in progress. Ground Level reservoirs of Bhuteshwar, Mukharjee Park, Jawahar Bag, Jai Singh Pura & Dampier Nagar area are under construction. Installation work of raw water pumping plants at intake well and clear water pumping plant at 2 clear water CWR/Pump House is completed. Power has been made available by U.P.P.C.L. Four Tubewells have also been constructed in Laxminagar locality, which is presently a tubewell zone. Partial benefits of these works will be available to public by December, 2001. In Phase-Ill, work is in-progress in Jawahar Bagh, Bhuteshwar & Laxmi Nagar area of Mathura, which are named as zone-l, IV & IX. In these 3 zones 45 km. pipe line has been laid out of total 412 km. long pipe line proposed in all the 14 zones of Mathura & Vrindavan towns. Rs.44.32 crores have been released and about Rs.33.70 crores have been spent. * Estimate Approved by EFC Phase-! - Rs.1621 lacs. Rs.1236.71 lacs Phase-ll - Rs.4336 lacs Rs.2669.78 lacs Phase-Ill - Rs.2665 lacs Rs. 1969.00 lacs

23 C- STORM WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM PROJECT DESCRIPTION JAL NIGAM Agra Drainage

v EFC has sanctioned the construction of the following four new drains :— COST Physical Progress (Rs.in Crores) (in %) 1. Nawal Ganj in Trans 2.54 DPR cost Rs.64.17 lacs. 100% Yamuna Area Approved by CPHEEO.

2. Bheem Nagar 0.41 DPR cost Rs.57.95 lacs 100% Approved by CPHEEO.

3. Sikandra 0.77 DPR cost Rs.70.34 lacs 100% Approved by CPHEEO.

4. Mustafa Quarter 1.93 Gravity flow not possible. - to Namner Nala Hence, provisions of pumping is being included. Construction of sump well & drains have been started.

Total cost of project Rs. 5.65 crores

Total expenditure incurred is Rs. 2.20 crores. NAGAR NIGAM EFC has also cleared the proposal for cleaning the following drains by the Nagar Nigam :- COST Physical Progress (Rs.in Crores) (in %) 1. 5.92 Work has been completed. 100% 2. Mantola 31.27 Desilting work is in progress. 72% 3. Bhairon 1.33 Work has been completed. 100% 4. ' Taj East Gate 56.10 Work is in progress. Revised , 97% project of Rs. 131.16 lacs approved by MMB.

The above projects have been cleaied for Rs. 94.62 lacs Hence the total cost of the project for the storm water drainage is Rs. 6.60 crores. Rs. 6.60 crores has been released and Rs. 2.88 crores spent.

29 D- SOLiD WASTE MANAGEMENT

PROJECT DESCRIPTION To improve the solid waste management system in the city projects worth Rs. 7.49 crores have been approved by the EFC. The funds have been released to the Nagar Nigam.

The project proposes to procure equipments such as dumper placers, wheel dozer, excavator loader, wheel barrows, tipping carts, and mud/sullage pumps. Some works of civil construction have also been included such as the construction of workshop shed and purchase'of workshop equipment.

Two trenching grounds are proposed to be made after acquiring suitable lands. The land at Naraich is already in possession of Nagar Nigam and boundry/fencing work has started.

Twenty community latrines and RCC platforms for placement of dumper placer bins have been proposed.

PRESENT STATUS

Rs. 7.49 crores has been released and the expenditure reported till end of October, 2001 i\sd haRss. 7.4bee3n crores acquire. d at Naraich for the development a new trenching

ground. The land identified at Karbhana was fundable unsuitable, therefore another land is being selected near the Gwalior road.

All the vehicles and ^implements for containerised handling of solid waste have been purchased and nine out of ten covered tipper trucks have been procured.

The implements for primary collection of wastes have been procured. A new workshop shed has been constructed at Transport Nagar for maintenance and upkeep of waste handling vehicles. Eight sullage/mud pumps have been procured. 133 Nos. RCC platforms have been constructed in various parts of the city for the placement of Dumper Placer bins.

90% construction of community latrines is complete.

30 E- GQKUL BARRAGE PROJECT DESCRIPTION The projec; began in 1990 and the estimates prepared on the basis of 1988 prices were of Rs. 29.75 crores. Based on 1998 prices, the estimated cost of the project is Rs. 93.64 crores. EFC has approved it for Rs.92.20 crores. Out of which the Vvorks component is about Rs. 82.98 crores. Rs. 61.50 crores were released by MUD and Rs.30.70 crores had been proposed to provide as a part of the TTZ. The entire amount has been released. T» The Barrage has been constructed on the river Yamuna near Murlidhar Ghat in Mathura. The submergence area of this Barrage is 25900 Sq. Km. and it is designed for a flood discharge at 9500 cusec. The proposed pond level is RL 1.65.00 Mt. The net storage capacity is 13017 acre feet.

PRESENT STATUS ' Rs.30.70 crores has been released as a part of the TTZ scheme. Expenditure incurred is Rs.21.64 crores. The project is now complete & commissioned.

F- CONSTRUCTION OF ONE PART OF AGRA BYPASS PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Runakta NH2 KANPUR

DELHI

4.1 Km.

Kirawali NH11 To NH3 To Gwalicr Canal Road

Proposed Parallel Bypass Rcac

31 The southern bypass takes off from NH-2 at Runakta and proceeds along the Kirawali road for as abqut 4.1 Km. It then runs along the canal for about 19.9 Km., cutting NH-11 and joining NH-3. The bypass thus seeks to bypass the vehicular traffic between Gwalior and Delhi. This project has been cleared by the EFC for Rs. 10.65 crores. The work has been taken up in a two phase manner. In the first phase, the existing canal service road has been widened and strengthened. From an initial width of 3 Mt., it was widened to 3.7 Mt. Subsequently, Agra Development Authority widened the road to 4.7 Mt. Phase-ll was cleared by EFC for Rs. 8.00 crores released although Rs. 5.45 crores has been spent by the PWDV In the second phase, a road parallel to the existing canal road of 4.7 Mt. width is proposed to be made to serve as a bypass of NH standards. This has been necessitated due to frequent traffic congestion that are taking place on account of the trees that line the canal road, and the orders of the Supreme Court banning their felling. EFC has cleared Phase-ll for Rs. 8.86 crores. The total cost of Phase-l and Phase-l! is Rs.10.65 crores. The traffic load being more than 1500 vehicles/24 Hr's period (about 2400), has led to a change in specification. The estimate has been revised as per National Highway norms. Provision for two lane (7.0 m wide) mechanical compaction, Granular sub-base, WMM has been included. The revised estimate stands at Rs 26.91 crores and has been • submitted to the State EFC for clearance. MMB has approved the revised specifications in principle, subject to examination by State EFC. PRESENT STATUS Rs.10.65 crores has been released upto 10/2001 and about Rs. 5.45 crores are reported to have been spent upto OctobeV, 2001. Out of 19.90 Km.s, 18.02 Km. land is purchased by personal negation and Rs.183.00 lacs has been disbursed as compensation 16.2 Km. of earth work has taken place and mechanical compaction is in progress. GSB-l.in 15.23 Km. and GSB-II in 2.6 Km. has been completed. Remaining works is in progress. G- WIDENING OF AGRA BYPASS P

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The Agra Development Authority had widened the Southern bypass along the canal from the existing width of 3.7 Mt. to 4.7 Mt. MMB had approved the projects worth 0.76 crores. Rs.0.76 crores have been released by the Environment Ministry. Agra Development Authority has executed the works incurring an expenditure of 0.72 crores and the work is complete.

H- IMPROVEMENT OF MASTER PLAN ROAD OF AGRA CITY

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

To complete the missing links in 16 Master Plan roads, projects worth Rs.7.59 crores has bee.n approved by the EFC.

Projects worth Rs. 6.61 crores have been cleared for the strengthening cf 10 existing Master Plan roads.

Provision of Rs. 2.04 crores has been made for street lighting and about % Rs.4.97 crores has been made for land acquisition.

Tetal project cost cleared is about Rs. 22.97 crores. 4

PRESENT STATUS i Rs.18.60 crores has been released as of date and an expenditure of Rs.14.90 crores have been reported. Land acquisition through negotiations is in progress. Out of 10 strengthening components. 7 Master Plan roads are rearing completion and out of 16 missing gaps, 7 roads are nearing completion and wcrks o on 3 roads are in progress and work on another one road in Dayal Bagh is to start.

A revised project for 7 roads for strengthening components and 11 reads as missing links and 2 new roads in the proximity of Taj with a total outlay cf Rs.22.97 crores has been approved by State EFC and the MMB.

33 I- IMPROVEMENT OF ELECTRIC SUPPLY IN AGRA

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Rs. 9.11 crores has been approved by the EFC for the installation of a 315 MVA transformer at the 400 KV sub station at Pilipokhar. v PRESENT STATUS

Rs.9.11 crores has been released. Rs.6.47 crores has been spent. The transformer has been commissioned.

J- IMPROVEMENT OF ELECTRIC SUPPLY IN RURAL AREAS OF AGRA & FATEHPUR-SIKRI

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The scheme to bring about an improvement in the power supply in the rural areas in the TTZ has been cleared by the EFC. Projects totaling up to Rs.39 09 crores have been approved.

Rs. 29.09 crores has been earmarked for works in the distribution sector and about Rs. 10.00 crores has been set aside for improving the transmission system. * (I) DISTRIBUTION WORKS t In this sector, 11 new 33/11 KV substations are proposed to be constructed (Abstract B). This project is costed at Rs. 9.48 crores

. The transformation capacities of 18 existing substations are to be increased, and about 18 Km. of 33 KV lines have to be laid.

N.E villages falling within 20 Km radius of the Taj Mahal and 15 Km radius of Fatehpur-Sikri have to be electrified. About 357 villages are to be taken up. The transformation capacity of 50 LT substation in Mathura is to be increased About 95 slums/ villages within the municipal limits of Agra have to be electrified.

The distribution system of the town of Hathras. Mursan and Mendu is proposed to be strengthened.

The above details are summarized in a tabular form as Abstract A. B & C. (II) TRANSMISSION WORKS

In the transmission sector, a new substation of 132 KV is to be constructed at Bodla. Land had been offered by the Agra Development Authority at concessional rates. The substation has been commissioned. Transmission capacity of 132 KV substation at Bah, Hathras and Shamshabad has been doubled. Project worth Rs.10.00 crores have been approved in this sector. PRESENT STATUS

Against an approved cost of Rs.39.09 crores, about Rs.29.11 crores has been released. Expenditure incurred is about Rs.27.10 crores. Substation at Saiyan, Akola, Dhamota & Majahra have been constructed and work at Papri Nagar, Karholi, Khairagarh, Kathras Junction is in progress. In 110 Nos. out of 357 Nos. coded villages and 175 Hamlets electrification work has been completed.

ABSTRACT - "A"

S.NO. DESCRIPTION OF WORKS | QUANTITY COST( in lacs) DISTRIBUTION SECTOR 1. Construction of 33/1 1 KV sub-station 11 No. 948.00 2. Increasing of transformation capacity of 18 No. 394.77 existing sub-station 3. Construction of 33 KV lines 18 Km. 54.00 4. - Electrification of N.E. villages 357 No. 1347.99 5. Increasing capacity of 1 1/0.4 KV sub- 50 No. 25.00 station 6. Electrification of slums & villages within 95 No. 95.00 municipal limits 7. Improvement works in the towrrof LS 45.00 Hathras, Mursan and Mendu Sub-Total 2909.76 TRANSMISSION SECTOR • 8. Construction of 132 kv substation at 1 700.00 Bodla (1X40 MVA) 9. Increasing caoacity of 132 kv substation 1 100.00 at BAH from 1X20 to 1X40 MVA i 10. Increasing capacity of 132 kv substation 1 100.00 at Hathras from 1X20 to 1X40 MVA 11. Increasing capacity of 132 kv substation 1 100.00 at Shamshabad from 1X20 to 1X40 MVA Sub-Total 1000.00 GRAND TOTAL 3909.76

35 ABSTRACT - "B1

Districts Construction at 33/1 1 Kv S,S. Capacity Cost AGRA DHANAOTA 1X3 - PAPRI NAGAR 1X3 - RUNAKTA 1X5 - SAIAN 1X3 •• MAJAHRA 1X3 . AKOU\l 1X3 - - 481.25 HATHRAS HATHRAS TOWN 2X5 - HATHRAS JN. 2X5 - Sub-Total - 278.00 ETAH JALESAR 1X3 | Sub-Total - 76.25 FIROZABAD KHAIRGARH | 1X3 - KARKAOLI 1X3 - Sub-Total j - 152.50 GRAND TOTAL 988.00 ABSTRACT - "C"

SI.NO NAME OF 33/11 KVSS EXISTING PROPOSED COST CAPACITY CAPACITY (Rs. in lacs) . MVA AGRA 1. FATEHBAD 2X5+3 3X5 2. BAH 2X5+3 3X5 3. JARAR . 1X3 2X3 J 4. BHADRAUL! 3+5 2X5 5. SAMSHABAD 3+5 2X5 6. KAGRAOL 3+5 2X5 7. FATEHPUR-SIKRI ROAD - 1X3 2X3 8. BICHPURI 3+5 2X5 9. SIKANDRA 2X5+3 3X5 10. DAYAL BAG 3+5 2X5 11. KIRAWALI 2X3 3+5 12. BAMRAULI KATRA 1X3 3+5 276.75 HATHRAS i 13. MURSAN ! 2X3 i 3+5 13.50 !

i MA THURA I 14 BISAWAR (MAI & 1X5&2X3 5+3 & 3+5 33.75

SAHPAU) i i i

36 K- PLANTATION

' Air Pollution Control through Plantation

One of the most effective, economical and useful remedies for control of environmental pollution is tree plantation. Trees help in soil and water conservation and are "Oxygen producing" industries to combat ever increasing air pollution. Big foliage trees also help in reducing noise and dust pollution.

The characteristic property of the trees to retard the impact of the wind is closely connected with their capability to achieve a filter effect, i.e. to filter out gases and aerosol from the air. The aerosol, i.e. dust and other filthy solid and liquid particles, which are being carried away by the wind are retained by the leaves and branches. In addition to this a strong sedimentation takes place during stillness of the wind. Hence, the filter impact of the trees extends both in horizontal and vertical directions. There have been studies which indicate higher sulfur content under trees because of the above mentioned filtering effect. » ''

The forests have also been/described as the "green lung" of the earth. The underlying implicatiofi of this characterization is that these forests absorb more carbon dioxide during th* e daytime in the process of photosynthesis than they emit at night through respiration.

. In view of the above it is imperative to go in for intensive and extensive planting of trees in order to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide and other pollutants.

37 From the above it is clear that the trees play a major role in controling the environmental pollution in the following ways :-

(iii) By providing a filter effect whereby they filter out and arrest the dispersal of harmful gases and aerosol (dust and other harmful solid and liquid particles).

(iv) By acting as a very effective carbon'sink.

In the Taj Trapezium Zone (TTZ) there are a number of centers which generate the pollutants and can be termed as source. The pollutants generated by these sources have been the major cause of damage to the great monuments within the TTZ which can be termed as Receptors.

The most important receptor within the TTZ is undoubtedly the Taj Mahal but there are other very important monuments within the zone which act as receptors. Some of these are , Etmad-ud-Daula, Sikandra and Fetehpur- Sikri (Fatehpur-Sikri is approx 40 km. from Taj).

It is a well established fact that the pollution level around the above c mentioned receptors is very high and requires immediate attention. The cause (Sources) of this high pollution levels around the monuments, however, is not necessarily located within the areas in close vicinity of the monuments but are located over the entire Taj Trapezium Zone. Some of these sources are as follows :-

1. Line Sources :

Excessive NO2 and other pollution buildup can be attributed to the heavy vehicular traffic on various roads located within the Taj Trapezium Zone. The pollutants generated on these roads disperse over the entire TTZ.

38 2. Industrial Sources :

There are a number of Industrial Sources within the TT Zone which emit

gaseous pollutants such as SO2 and HC during their operations. Some of these Industrial Sources may be listed as follows :-

V (a) Mathura Refinary - This is the single largest air pollution source within the existing TTZ. (Approximately 40 km. from the Taj)

(b) The Glass Factories of-Eirozabad - Several glass factories located in Firozabad (50 km. east of the Taj) are the next major sources of pollutants in the TTZ.

(c) The Foundries and Rubber Processing Units located in Agra.

(d) There are large chunk of alkaline and ravinous barren lands within the TTZ. The loose soil particles from these barren lands from a major source of dust pollution. These areas need immediate attention as.

As has been clarified above, the high pollution level can be mitigated to a great extent by intensive and extensive plantation activities. The plantation activities are required to be concentrated as follows :-

(I) Plantation around the sources : *

Sources located within the TTZ are a major cause of the high pollution levels around the monuments. There is an urgent heed to carryout intensive plantation activities around these sources and create effective green belts so that the pollutants generated by them are arrested and checked at the point of their origin itself before they are dispersed and reach the receptors. This makes it inevitable to carryout plantation activities in the whole TTZ often located far from the receptors but in close vicinity of the sources. In fact the plantations around the *y sources may prove to be the most effective for the protection of the monuments as they would not allow the pollutants to spread over and reach the sources.

39 (II) Plantation between the sources and receptors :

The plantations around the sources will check the spread of pollutants to a great extent, but the winds will definitely carry it beyond these areas Consequently, there is a need to create more green belts between the sources

•WE t and the receptors. These green belts apart from working as filters and sinks would act as physical barriers in checking the pollutants from reaching the receptors.

(Ill) Plantation around the receptors :

The need for plantation and creation of green belts around the receptors (monuments) is well established and needs no further elaboration.

In light of the above it may be concluded that in order to protect the Taj Mahal and other monuments of Agra, plantation is an activity which cannot be restricted only to an area of 4 to 6 kms. radius around the monuments if it has to effective. Therefore, plantation activities must be earned out in the whole of the TTZ.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

« A project costing about Rs.9.43 Cr. for plantation in Agra. Mathura. Firozabad. Hathras and Etah districts in 2378 hect. land has been approved by the EFC. PRESENT STATUS

Rs.8.37 Cr. has been released out of which Rs.5.83 Cr. hac been spent and the work is in progress. V

1015 hect. area has been planted during the 2000-2001. Break up of the plantation is as follows :-

Around monuments • : 19

City Roads : 30

.Industrial area : 60

Ravines ' : 275

Usararea : 109

Normal Block Plantations : .249 y Other Roads : 283

Total : 1015 hect. In these areas species planted are indigenous, broad canopied, deciduous to evergreen in nature, self rejuvenating and suitable to the climatic range i.e. tolerant to temperature, local rains, soil factors etc.. Shrubs and other species having pollution reducing characters in ambient air and which are multistoried in

V. nature have also been planted.

1343 ha. area has to be planted during financial year 2001-2002 (2001 rains). Break up of this plantation is as follows :-

Categories Targets for the year Achievement (2001-2002)

Around monuments : 19 19

City Roads : 20 30

Industrial area : 130 130

Ravines : 275 275 «* 95 95 Usar area : t

Normal Block Plantations : 499 479 *

Other Roads 315 315

1343 Total : 1363 *»

_t ^^^n- u.»»»«»*»»T ••«

r The remaining 20 ha. area will be planted in winter season (during 2001

2002). L- AGRA SEWERAGE

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

• The city of Agra is spread over 8,400 hect. and has a population of 9,48,065 as per 1991 census, which is projected to, become 24 lacks by 2031.

s Presently only 1400 hectare has sewerage, comprising of 20 km. of main trunk sewer and 100 km. of branch sewer. Most of the branch sewers are choked and are badly in need of repairs.

For the sewerage disposal-system, the city has been divided into 7 zones.

(1) City Drainage District (2) Western Drainage District (3) South Drainage District (4) Southern District (5) Tajganj District (6) Northern District (7) Trans Yamuna District •>

The first six districts are in CIS Yamuna and the seventh one is in Trans .Yamuna. Sewer lines exist only in some portions^ of the city drainage district and the remaining six drainage districts do not have sewer lines.

NEERI has been requested to prepare a master plan for the implementation of a sewage disposal system in the city, which is in a Draft stage. * To improve the hygiene and sanitary condition around the Taj Mahal, a proposal to construct a system of sewer lines in the Tajganj area and to renovate and strengthen the existing system in the city drainage district, a project costing Rs.43.57 crores has been prepared.

The EFC of the U.P. Government and the MMB has approved the proposal and Rs.13.00 crores have been released by the Govt. Works is under progress and Rs.12.58 crores have been spent. 43 km. of sewer lines has been laid against a target of 112 km. Construction of all 4 sewage^ pumping station has been started. Rehabilitation and cleaning of old sewers in a length of 3.5 km. has been completed.

'43

J M- IMPROVEMENT OF 20 CITY ROADS

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

A proposal for the strengthening and improvement of 20 city roads had been submitted to the State Government. The State EFC has approved the proposal of 20 roads. The status can be summarized in a tabular form as below :

Rs. in lacs DESCRIPTION OF ROAD PROPOSED COST CLEARED SI. COST BY EFC No. 629 340.81 1 4 M. G. Road 423 298.90 2. Hariparwat crossing to 3 Yamuna Kinara Road 282.3 212.74 182.27 128.29 4. Bijli Ghar to Purani Mandi via Agra Fort 406.00 293.33 5. Kheria Airport to Purnai Mandi Crossing via Mall Road and Circuit House Mall Road Shastri crossing to J.P. Hotel via Taj 369.00 255.40 6. * View Hotel — 7 Fatehpur-Sikri Town to Fatehpur-Sikri Dargah ' 180.00 128.22 131.00 102.94 8. Bodla to Raja Mandi Railway Station via Lohamandi . 75.00 61.64 9. From NH-2 via Pailiwal Park to Ghatia (Moti Lai Nehru Marq) 21.00 17.32 10. From Pailiwal Park to Gadhapara via Moti Lai Nehru Marq _ — 56.00 37.17 | 11. "From Soor Sadan to NH-2 via Khandan i /^roccinn 101.00 79.24 I 12 Ariun Naara to Namner via Idgah Bus Stand I IZ- 118.00 66.39 I 13 Rambagh crossing to Yamuna Bridge ( IJ- 2974.00 2025.61 I From Arjun Nagar Gate to Fatehpur-Sikri Road 904.00 EFC declared 14. proposal as I •* incomplete t 293.00 | 199.69 15 | Collectarte to Sikandra _ 112.00 78.44 16. "From Pratappura crossing to Shastri crossing \/io Pl^rk Shirai 21.43 TT I Saket crossing to Shahganj via C.O.D. Colony 33.00 Manas Nagar to Shahganj 12.00 9.83 Ram Nagar Puliya to Albatiya 76.00 58.77 Hasenpura to Saket Colony crossing 19.00 1502 450 338.13 21 Khandauli Agra Tatpur Road (Stretchy Bridge) to Terhi Bagia

44 Thus, out of the proposal for 21 roads, the State EFC has cleared 20 of them for a cost totaling Rs. 27.10 crores. Central EFC clearance also has been accorded. The State Govt. has released Rs. 12.66 crores to initiate the project on M.G.Road (S.No.1), Yamuna Kinara Road (S.No.2) and Paliwal Park to Gadhapara Road (S.No.10). Rs.3.24 crores has been spent. v N- AGRA BARRAGE

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The Agra Barrage is proposed- to be constructed 9.6 km. upstream of the Taj on the river Yamuna, Near Poyia Ghat, so that water may be stored during the rnon-soons and used for the supply of drinking water in the lean months of January to July. To avoid the flow of city drains into the reservoir the barrage is being located upstream of the city. At 1997 prices the project was costad at Rs. 134.00 crores. However at 1999 prices, the cost would be Rs. 150.00 cores. The developments that have taken place as regards this project are as follows :— All the necessary clearances such as that of the CWC, State EFC, Central EFC and the MOEF, GO! have been obtained. Land acquisition of 96 hect. in the rev villages of Khaspur, Ghatwason, Naraich and Poia are in progress. Soil testing is also being done. Funds have been transferred to the Ex-En, Workshop. Bareily for the fabrication of Gates. The cost of the project shall be borne by the Nagar Vikas and the works executed by the Irrigation Department on a deposit basis. The cost components of the project is as below:—

. LAND ACQUISITION - Rs.15Cr.

. GATE-FABRICATION & MECH.' - Rs.25 Cr. EQUIPMENTS such as GANTRY and other operating system.

• CIVIL WORKS such as Barrage - Rs.HOCr. and Guide Bundhs and other protection works. Total - Rs.150Cr.

45 The funds shall be utilized as per the phased schedule given below :—

Year Money to Spend (in Crores)

2000-2001 10.00 v 2001-2002 36.00 2002-2003 54.00 2003-2004 35.00 / 2004-2005 15.00/

TOTAL 150:i)0

/' Rs. 10.00 crores have been released in the year 2000-2001 & same has been spent by the department/ For the year 2001-02. allotment of Rs.500 lacs have been received against Which C.C.L of Rs.325 lacs have been received. It has been utilized.

IMPROVEMENT OF PARKING AT THE WESTERN GATE OF TAJ

PROJECT DESCRIPTION \ U7 In compliance of the orders of the Hon'ble Supreme Court on 07/12/1998 to enforce a non-motoring zone of 500 metre around the Taj, the Western gate parking was proposed to be shifted to Amrood-Ka-Teefa.

For the construction of the parking space, an ampunt of Rs. 0.94 crores was sanctioned. The construction cost under this project was Rs. 0.88 crores.

."cThis work of parking is completed except at places where trees are to be uprooted. Hon'ble Supreme Court has been requested to grant permission Once permission is granted, work near entrance and exit gates will be completed />, The parking is constructed on an area of 15.000 sqmt. and car-. cater to parking of 38 No. Buses. 141 No. Cars. 180 No. Scooters and 612 No Cycles

46 > , P- MONITORING STATIONS

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

As per the orders of the Hon'ble Supreme Court, 4 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station have to be established to continuously monitor the Air Quality in and Ground the Industrial Area of Nunhai.

The Hardware cost of these four stations is about Rs. 71.00'lacs. These stations shall be manned by the staff of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).

The money has been released and made avaNable to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).

Four AAQMS shall be established at the locations specified below :

SI. Location Station to be established at No. 1- Taj Mahal North-West Bourge at Taj Mahal

2- Edmad-ud-daula Roof-top of internal gate of Edmad-ud-daula

3- Nunhai Roof-top of ESI dispensary, Nunhai

4- Rambagh Roof-top of Telephone Exchange building at Foundry Nagar, Agra

A Central Laboratory-cum-office is also to be established.

47 TTZ PROJECTS AT A GLANCE

Rs. in Crores

DEPARTMENT SL. PROJECTS APPROVED MMB COST AMT. RELD. DURING FIN.YR. TOTAL No. GOI [EFC] RELEASED 1998- 1999- 2000- 2001- AMOUNT \ 1999 2000 2001 2002 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 JAL NIG AM 1 Water Supply Agra 72.80 16.50 0 15.00 15.00 46.50 (i) Water Supply Mathura-Vrindava 17.32 0 16.00 5.00 2 42.00 33.32 (Phase I & II) (ii) Water Supply Mathura-Vrindava 19.69 0 0 0 6.00 6.00 (Phase-Ill) [MMBJ •v

*A TOTAL (i & ii 58.75 17.32 0 16.00 11.00 44.32 3 Agra Sewerage 43.57 4.00 0 3.00 6.00 13.00 4 Storm Water Drainage System Agra (i) Jal Nigam 5.65 2.00 0 3.65 0 5.65 (ii) Nagar Nigam 0.95 0 0.95 0 0 0.95 i TOTAL (i & ii 6.60 2.00 0.95 3.65 0 6.60 i SUB-TOTAL 181.72 39.82 0.95 37.65 32.00 110.42 . NAGAR NIGAM 5 Solid Waste Management 7.49 6.42 0.00 1.07 0 7.49

IRRIGATION 6 Gokul Barrage 30.70 12.50 10.42 0.00 7.78 30.70 7 Agra Barrage 120.47 0 1.00 10.00 5.00 15.00 SUB-TOTAL- 143.39 12.50 11.42 10.00 5.00 45.70 P.W.D. B Construction of One Part of Agra 26.51 4.00 0.00 1.00 5.65 10.65 Southern Bypass (MMB) 9 Improvement of 20 Agra City Roads 27.47 0 0 2.30 10.27 12.57 SUB-TOTAL- 75.26 4.00 0.00 3.30 15.92 23.22 A.D.A. 10 Widening of Agra Byepass 0.76 0 0.76 0 0 0.76 i mprovement of Master Plan Roads 22.97 3.10 4.00 7.50 4.00 18.60 11 of Agra City t mprovement of Parking on Western 0.94 0 0 0.94 0 0.94 i 12 Gate of T.J& SUB-TOTAL- 24.67 3.10 4.76 8.44 4.00 20.30 mprovement of Electric Supply in U P.P.C.L 13 9.11 0 4.55 1.00 3.56 9.11 Agra mprovement of Electric Supply in the 39.09 0 19.55 3.56 6.00 29.11 ' 1"4 rural areas of Agra & Fatehpur-Sikri ; SUB-TOTAL- 48.20 0 24.10 4.56 9.56 38.22

FOREST 15 ( i) Plantation 9.43 0 1.15 3.00 4.22 8.37

(ii) Maintenance of Plantation (MMB] 2.38 0 0 1.03 0 1.03 SUB-TOTAL- 11.81 0 1.15 4.03 4.22 9.40 C.PC.8. 1 6 I5et up of 4 Monitoring Station [MMB] 0.71 0 0 0 0.71 0.71

GRAND-TOTAL— 482.69 65.84 42.38 75.41 79.19

48 CHAPTER - IV

THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE

1- TAKING STOCK

• The projects of the Taj Protection Mission are in progress from 1998-S9. Presently, at the time of writing of this project paper 16 projects worth Rs.483 Cr. have been sanctioned by the Mission Management Board (MMB) and are in various stages of progress. These- projects are in 6 sectors and are being implemented by 8 departments. Rs. 255.46 Cr. have been released and as on October, 2001 the expenditure stood at Rs. 191.90 Cr.

It is relevant to attempt to examine the extent to which the mission has been successful in trying to achieve its stated objectives. As mentioned earlier, the projects form a part of a much wider effort to improve the environment around the Taj Mahal..

To be objective, it might be worthwhile to examine the annual trends in the level of the primary pollutants.

The time series data of the annual average of the levels SO:. NO* and SPM have been obtained from the office of the Regional Officer, Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board (UPPCB) and reproduced graphically as follow :-

SPM

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 19S9 2000

F1G.-2

49 OOOZ 6661 8661 Z661 9661 9661 C661 Z661 1661

0002 6661 8661 Z661 9661 S661 ^661 e66l 3661 1661

OS Levels of S02 have reduced from a level of 21 ug/m3 in 1991 to 11 ug/m3 in

2000. Similarly, levels of NOxhave reduced from a level of 12 ug/m3 in 1995 to 10 3 . .' ug/m in 2000. The levels of SPM remains to be a cause of concern as in recent

years it has remained well above 400 ug/m3 as against a limit of 70 ug/m3 . As mentioned earlier due to certain geographical and natural reasons, such as proximity of the Thar desert, agricultural activity and the Yamuna river, the back

ground levels of SPM would continue to be much higher than 70 ug/m3. The best mitigation measures as far as the SPM levels are concerned seems to.be intensive plantation in the TTZ. Reassessment of the SPM for the sensitive zone in

the TTZ may also be considered. Nevertheless, if the trend of NOX and SO2 is seen in the backdrop of increase in the number of vehicles, population and general economic activity, it can be stated beyond a doubt, that the efforts have shown result.

However, the efforts have to continue and come to a logical conclusion. The question now arises is about the direction of the future efforts. THE FUTURE

Presently, 16 projects worth Rs.482.69 Cr. is being implemented by 8 departments. A decision in principle has been taken by the Mission Management Board (MMB) to get a midterm review of the projects by an external consultant, so as to get an idea of the achievements and to generate recommendations for the future. It is worthwhile to specify the focus of the projects. All projects which are to form a part of the Taj Protection Mission must have a direct linkage or relevance to :- (i) improvement of the air quality and the environment around the Taj in particular and in Agra in general. (ii) improvement of the physical conditions of life in the city.

(iii) promotion of tourism. The projects can be classified into two categories, external and internal. By the term "internal project", it is implied that the physical location of the project activity and the created infrastructure is within a radius of 4 to 6 km. of the Taj Mahal.

51

A For example, projects such as the Taj Ganj Sewerage, City Road improvement, Agra Water Supply would be classified as an internal project.

An external project would denote project activities, which are well beyond the 6 km. zone, but have substantial and significant impact in terms of the objectives of the Mission. Projects such as the Gokul Barrage, though located in Mathura would increase water supply to Agra and hence is an external project. Similarly, the Southern Bypass is being constructed beyond the 6 kms. limit, but would ease traffic congestion in Agra.

Projects in both the categories need to be selected as environmental space zones are not water tight compartments. But the linkage should be clear and significant.

On the basis of the collective experience at the field level some broad suggestions pertaining to various sectors emerge. These are being listed as follows :- A. POWER SECTOR

The Hon'ble Supreme Court had directed that investments be made in the power sector so as to ensure the availability of uninterrupted power supply in the Agra city with, a view tc prevent the operation of DG sets. Normally, bridging the < •demand supply gap of power should be a routine process in the power sector. But the focus of projects in the TPM is to eliminate completely the DG sets operation in the city of Agra. Several new 33/11 kv sub-stations have been .constructed and the transformation capacities of several existing sub-stations have been upgraded. The location of many of these does not have a clear linkage with the focus of the

f* TPM. It can be argued that polluting emissions anywhere in the TTZ can have a significant impact on the environment around the Taj. But in the report of the Mahajan Committee* for the month of January, 2001, it was recommended that the focus of the projects should be within a radius of 4 to 6 km. around the Taj Mahal, which would encompass almost the entire city of Agra.

Mahajan Committee is a Committee appointed by the Hon'ble Supreme Court. It comprises of two scientists of the CPC8 and is headed by Shri Krishan Mahajan, Sr. Advocate of the Hon'ble Supreme Court. 52 Thus, this would.suggest that in the future we undertake projects in the power sector with a view to eliminate the dependence on the DG sets. Two specific projects that can be suggested are as follows :- (I) To upgrade and strengthen the distribution network of the city, with a priority being given to Taj Ganj area which is in the immediate vicinity of the Taj Mahal. (II). At the 132 KV level, the net transformation capacity available is about 280 MVA, which is just equal to the peak load demand of 280 MVA. This needs to be increased.

(Ill) Keeping in view that by 2010 the peak load.demand is projected to be 560 MVA. It would be desirable to plan for installing the transformation capacities immediately otherwise the present achievements in the power sector will be short-lived.

B. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

The solid waste management is another sector, which is very critical insofar as the improvement of the sanitary and hygiene conditions of the city is concerned. Further intervention in this sector would be required in the following three directions :-

(I) Infrastructural improvement

(II) Capacity enhancement

' (III) "Public awareness and participation

To elaborate the three issue :-

(I) INFRASTRUCTURAL IMPROVEMENT

• The storage capacity available with municipal corporation is inadequate. Presently, the daily volumetric generation of solid waste

is about 2700 M3. Providing for a buffer of 10% the storage capacity

available should be about 3000 M3. As against this the Nagar Nigam

has a storage capacity of on 2300 M3. This requires additional procurement of Bins of appropriate capacities. 53 The landfill site at Shahadra is not scientifically designed and mounds of waste are visible near the NH-2. Due to the absence of a impervious coating there is leaching action which would pollute the ground water sources. Surface run off would pollute water bodies. In addition to the above, practice of covering the waste with inert "material after dumping is not followed resulting in the area being infested with rodents, vermins and pests, not to mention the foul smell.

There is an urgent need to construct a scientifically designed landfill site with an integrated facility for the composting of biodegradable waste to facilitate energy and resource recovery. There is also a need to establish specialised facilities for the handling of biomedical waste as presently this is mixed with the normal solid waste.

(II) CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT

Low productivity of the workforce of the municipal corporation demands training as well as better management. Presently the process of primary waste collection and' street sweeping requires improvement. There is no system of waste segregation at the primary levels, which should be introduced ungently. Private sector participation through NGO in the solid waste management system should also be considered to improve productivities.

(III) PUBLIC AWARENESS

The levels of public apathy frustrates all attempts to keep the city clean. The "NIMBY" syndrome afflicts the average citizen who is only concerned about cleanliness of his private space without bothering about his vicinity. This can be broken only by sustained publicity cum education.

NIMBY — Not in my backyard.

54 C. DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE Presently, under the Taj Protection Mission only 4 new drains are being constructed by the Jal Nigam and 4 existing drains are being strengthened by the Nagar Nigam. Even after the completion of these projects substantial areas in the City would remain without drainage cover. Different agencies such as the Agra Development Authority and the Nagar Nigam undertake drainage projects from time to time but these do not have a integrated perspective. A Master Plan for Drainage should be prepared so that the various agencies can then undertake the construction of new drains along, planned lines. The Mission Management Board (MMB) has sanctioned the preparation of such a Master Plan. To cover the entire city with a scientifically designed drainage wo.uld require an investment of about Rs.200 Cr., as per preliminary projections of the Jal Nigam. Similarly, the sewerage cover of the city is presently only 20%. Out of 7 drainage districts, only one i.e. the city drainage district has a sewerage network. Under the Taj Protection Mission, the Taj Ganj drainage district is also being covered with a sewerage system. But to provide a sewerage cover for the entire area of the city projected to be inhabited by 2016 would require an additional investment of about R's.200 crores. These projects also need to be considered under the Taj Protection Mission. D. ROADS Investments in the sector are very critical in relieving the traffic congestion and vehicular.pollution. The Southern Bypass which being built between NH-2 and NH-3 should be extended so the road finally terminate on NH-2 instead of NH-3 as is presently being done. This would require an additional investment of Rs. 60.00 crores. Wit'hin the city, fly-overs should be made at congested intersections such Hari Parwat and Collectorate Crossing so as to reduce idling of vehicles. E. TAJ BARRAGE The Taj Barrage is an important project, which must be taken up on account of the Agra Barrage. The Barrage is being built 9.6 km. upstream of the Taj. Due to the impounding of the water of the river Yamuna, the water front behind the Taj would be reduced. Even now, in the lean summer season there is no water front behind the monument. The Taj Barrage would cost about Rs. 80 crores and preliminary studies have indicated that it should be located 2 km. downstream of the Taj creating a pond level of not more that 146 metres. 55 A list of suggested projects alongwith cost projections is as follows :-

SL. PROJECTS COST No. (inCr.)

V 1- Improvement of Electricity Distribution System of Taj Ganj 1.CO

2- Improvement of Electricity Distribution System of Agra City 22.00

3- Southern Bypass Phase - II 60.00

4- City Sewerage ' 200.00

5- City Drainage 200.00

6- Taj Barrage 80.00.

7- Solid Waste Management

(i) Landfill Site 2.00

(ii) Equipments 5.00 -

•• Total - 570.00 **

The above list is indicative and suggestive. It is obvious that the project costs involved would result in sanctions well beyond the planned allocation of Rs.600.00 crores. This would imply either a revision of plan outlay or targeting otrler sources of investments such as the ADB. The State Government is n negotiating a package with the ADB to help finance projects in the TTZ. It would be appropriate to maintain the focus of the Taj Protection Mission in the ADB package.

56 ANNEXURE-A AGRA CITY

Situation

Latitude 27° 10' N Longitude 78° 02' E

Location

Lies at the junction of -

NH-2 (Delhi - Calcutta) G.T.Road NH-3 (Agra - ) NH-11 (Agra - Jaipur) SH-39 (Chandausi - Agra - Tantpur - Kot) C.A.T.K.

Climate

Maximum Temperature 47° C (Summer) Minimum Temperature 3° C (Winter) Average Rainfall 685 mm (In the month of July, August, September) Wind direction from North-West (Prevailing wind) from South & South-East (Monsoon wind)

Population

Year Total Population % increase 1901 1,88,000 - 1911 1,85,400 H 1 1921 1,86,000 00 1931 j 2,29,764 24 | ' 1941 2,84,149 24 1951 3,71,665 32 1961 5,08,680 36 | 1971 6,34,622 25 „ | 1981 7.47,318 18 I 1991 9,48,065 27 2001 I 11.47,000 21

work force ratio 27% tourist inflow 8,000 to 10,000/day

contd. (2)

Roads (year 1999) Total Network length of major roads - 142 km

Out of this. 80% of roads are of 2 lanes & above.

Traffic (year 1999)

Total No. of vehicles in Agra City 2.65 lacs Composition - Buses 9% Auto/Tempos 4% Car/Jeeps 4% 2 Wheelers 38% Cycle Rickshawas 15% Bicycles 30%

Industries (year 1999)

No. of polluting Industries 96 identified by (PCS)

» Composition - Foundry. Rubber. Chemical. Tannery. Casting. Diesel Engine. Generator. 3 ANNEXURE-B

U.P. POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD, AGRA

ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN BS : 1RD AT AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING STATION TAJ MAHAL

YEAR SULPHUR OXIDES OF SUSPENDED I DIOXIDE NITROGEN PARTICULATE (S02) (NOX) (S.P.M.) ! . 1991 21 12 ' 420

1 1992 ; 25 16 523

1993 25 12 447

1994 . 22 10 356

1995 19 11 444

1996 17 14 477

1997 14 12 . 425

1998 12 11 506

1999 11 10 474

• 2000 • 1f 10 507

NOTE - All values are in

STANDARD :- Annual arithmetic mean for sensitive area. (As per National Ambient Air Quality Standard Notification No. S.O.384(E), dated 11th April, 1994

1- SO2 - 15 2- NPx - 15 ug/nv 3- SPM - 70 j.ig/nrr ANNEXURE-C REGIONAL LABORATORY U.P. POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD, AGRA

MEAN VALUES OF SO2 CONCENTRATION IN AMBIENT AIR SURROUNDING "TAJ MAHAL", AGRA

MONTH 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 JANUARY 31 28 41 20 34 31 21 17 15 11

FEBRUARY 22 36 31 29 24 23 16 14 13 13

MARCH 20 26 30 23 30 17 14 12 12 13

APRIL 17 21 19 27 18 16 13 12 10 10

MAY 13 19 20 23 16 15 12 10 10 11

JUNE 11 20 23 20 13 13 11 11 09 11

JULY 13 18 28 16 12 14 11 10 08 10

AUGUST 18 18 10 12 12 10 09 10 08 OS

SEPTEMBER 20 20 19 16 15 13 10 11 10 09

OCTOBER 21 31 17 18 19 18 13 12 11 11

NOVEMBER 27 29 19 22 22 20 16 14 12 13

DECEMBER 35 40 22 29 27 21 18" 14 13 14

All values are in jig/m3

Standard - 30.00 ug/m3 (For Sensitive Area) so,

•; :. .• v . /•. •• • "

SSSSSSfSSSSSSSS/S/'fS/SSSfSSSSSSSS/SStSSSSSSSSSSSfSSSSSSSS

r MonHorlng SUIIon *l lh« T<| M*h

MEAN VALUES OF NOX CONCENTRATION IN AMBIENT AIR SURROUNDING "TAJ MAHAL", AGRA r! (MONTH 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 JANUARY 13 19 15 16 18 19 19 15 14 10

[FEBRUARY 12 18 13 09 17 18 15 13 11 10

(MARCH 11 10 11 07 14 15 14 12 10 10

;l APRIL 10 13 07 10 11 11 13 11 09 09

I MAY 07 14 08 10 09 12 11 09 09 10

I JUNE 06 18 08 10 07 09 . 10 10 08 10

| JULY 08 17 08 08 05 11 09 08 07 08

| AUGUST 11 15 15 05 05 08 08 09 07 08

I SEPTEMBER 12 14 12 07 08 11 09 09 09 08

I OCTOBER 13 11 12 12 11 15 12 11 10 10

I NOVEMBER 15 18 12 14 15 17 13 12 11 12 I DECEMBER 20 12 17 19 15 20 15 13 11 12

All values are in ug/m3

Standard - 30.00 ug/m3 (For Sensitive Area) NO,

//v / vv // s sss

*jnt>Unl Al/ Monlioring Suilon *t Ui« T<| WUIul In Ag>«. SOURCE BY • UPfCB. AGRA ANNEXURE - E

REGIONAL LABORATORY U.P. POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD, AGRA

MEAN VALUES OF SPM CONCENTRATION IN AMBIENT AIR SURROUNDING "TAJ MAHAL", AGRA

MONTH 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 JANUARY 684 547 609 537 811 845 711 759 861 559 FEBRUARY 651 411 582 516 613 605 639 580 579 628 MARCH 446 358 407 461 462 436 353 500 486 5S1 APRIL 447 546 401 381 397 409 367 534 465 441 MAY 381 613 300 393 381 412 417 513 445 504 JUNE 355 741 441 349 378 401 . 359 517 4'i4 541

JULY 390 674 320 300 315 347 352 301 348 419 AUGUST 406 322 336 173 223 266 248 306 254 367 SEPTEMBER 449 413 433 223 271 326 252 419 397 404 OCTOBER 483 570 447 292 383 390 335 436 418 435 NOVEMBER 672 605 452 330 506 525 399 500 467 508 DECEMBER - 821 623 408' 420 593 770 654 668 534 587

..All values are in

Standard - 100.00 }.ig/m3 (For Sensitive Area) SPM

l I -1 1- 11 I I i ' I ' M I I I I • I ' I I I I / N. J L

' i

\ t

11 II ' ,',->' .•;'.'.»•

~\-f-t /

/ /// /yV / ///

AjnbUnl Air Monitoring Sullon

x\ \\ x*^'/\vo-- Nv '••r*-»-i- x;tt, •K M*rr: \S5T * x xo .\\\\ \-. \^N^tffa- i

ttiFifniiigii 2 2 m x irn • • ?.Ti5 7. V 1997 at ^Slf

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EXTRAORDIIMARY MPT ii— Tsnr^ 3 — ^-a PART II— Section 3 —Sub-sectio n (ii)

PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY

M> 2SS ] , *(? IS, 1999/^7TP3 23. 192 1 .No. 25«"| NEW DELHI, TUESDAY, MAY 18, I999/VAISAKHA 2S, 1921

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MLMSTRYOF EiNVlRONMENT AND FORLSTS ORDER' New Delhi, the 17th May, I'W S.O. 350 (E).--ln exercise of the powers conferred by sub-sections (1) and (.1) of section 3 of the Environment ; Protection) Act. 1986 (29 of 1986) (hereinafter referred to as the said Act), the Central Government hereby constitutes ar. j minority to be known as the Taj Trapezium Zone Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority (herein referred to as the j Uithontyl consisting of the following persons for a period of two years with cdcct from tlic date of publication of this unification in the Official Gazette, namely •- i ! ) Commissioner. Agra Division. "* Chairman. (1) Chairman. Uttar Pradesh State Pollution Control Board. Member. (TO Deputy Inspector Genera! of Police. Agra Range. Member. U; Member-Secretary, Central Pollution Control Board. Member.

f.*i A representative of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas Member -.0) A representative of the Ministry of Environment and Forests Member

"i A representative of the Archaeological Survey of India Member.

s; V:u%-(.'!i:miT.an. Agra Development Auilioruv Mcmber-Ccnvcr.:r The ;iuthority shall, within the geographical limits of Agrn Division in tiic Taj Trapezium Zone (see Aancxure) in the State of Utur Pradesh, have the power to — ' U) monitor progress of the implementation of various schemes for protection, of the Taj Mahal iinnd programmes for protection and improvement of the environment in the above said area ; (it) exercise powers under section 5 of the said act; fin) i;ike ;ill necessary steps to ensure compliance of specified emission standards by motor vehicles ,ind ensuring compliance of fuel quality standards; iiv) do;il with any environmental issue which may be referred to it by ilic Central Government or the State Government of Ultar Pradesh relating 10 the above said area; !

p "A d —^s 3(ii) ] 3 The forciviMg powers and functions of ihc Authority shall be subject lo the overall supervision and control of the Ccu...:i Government. 4 The Aut.'ioriiy shall be authorised to exercise the powers under section 19 of the said Act. 5 The geographical limits of ihc Taj Trapc/ium Zone (sec Anncxurcj have been defined in the shape of a trapczoid between 26" 45' N & IT 15' E lo 27° 45' N & 77° 15' C in the West of the Taj Mahal and in the East of Taj Mahal between IT 00' N & 7X" W I- to 27" .10' N A 78" .10' F..

6 The -Authority may co-opt experts for facilitating the work assigned to it 7 The Authority shall furnish a report about its activities at least once in two months to the Central Govcnuncnt in the Ministry of Environment and Forests. 8 The Authority shall have its headquarters al Agra in the State of Uuar Pradesh.

(File No. Z-2001S/1/99-CPA1 VIJAl SHARMA. Jt. Secy.