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La Naturaleza Jurídica De La Ley Hispanorromana

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La Naturaleza Jurídica De La Ley Hispanorromana La naturaleza jurídica de la ley hispanorromana I El análisis de una fuente del derecho como la ley, en Hispania, se concreta en el objeto de la naturaleza de unas leyes que lo son de colonias y municipios, fundamentalmente, y de distritos mineros1. Un estudio así, localizado en el inte- rior de las provincias, por una parte refleja problemas relativos con generalidad a la ley romana de época clásica, y por otra parte concreta significados e inter- pretaciones que no admiten con ligereza una globalización. Por eso, aunque no sea la ley hispanorromana una categoría, y se diluya, con sus peculiaridades, en la noción romana clásica de ley, la consideración de su estructura y pautas nor- mativas como punto de referencia, aconseja una expresión de tal calibre, con aliento modesto en el examen, que no prejuzgue resultados que pudieran obte- nerse del estudio simultáneo de otras leyes, de otras provincias o metropolita- nas, con su correspondiente riqueza semántica. Con todo, no son conclusiones exclusivas, específicas para Hispania las que se obtendrán a propósito de la naturaleza de la lex romana clásica. Fundamentalmente, porque en las leyes coloniales y municipales se refleja la nota esencial de aquélla: su polimorfismo como acto normativo. Tal es el patrón con el que comienza este trabajo: un polimorfismo que procede no sólo de la vocación del nombre ley por la designación de un mundo jurídico de modo abs- tracto, sino de una efectiva operatividad como fuente jurídica o acto normativo concreto en el sistema de relación de las fuentes romanas de producción nor- mativa de época clásica. 1 Las cito en lo sucesivo por Álvaro D’ORS, Epigrafía jurídica de la España romana, Madrid, 1953; en el caso de la lex Irnitana, por Álvaro y Javier D’ORS, Lex Irnitana (texto bilingüe), Santiago de Compostela, 1988. 498 Enrique Álvarez Cora II La ley romana de época clásica es un acto normativo, situado en el paisaje del derecho entre otros actos normativos. Su campo semántico no coincide con el de los demás, lo que no impide relaciones ni identificaciones eventuales de fuerza. En el campo que ocupa el concepto ley, su movimiento se caracteriza por el polimorfismo, en la medida en que se trata de un continente cuyo conte- nido gusta de mutar su estructura. El polimorfismo es lo que caracteriza a la ley clásica romana. Realmente la ley es un acto normativo, su nombre, pero no una mera designación, porque, como nombre, unifica lo que el polimorfismo diluye. Así, puede decirse, el pro- pio nombre de la ley imprime carácter. Lex es una voz con un significado que al sentirse requerido entra en fun- cionamiento sobre realidades disímiles. No pierde su única naturaleza, porque es lex la realidad nombrada, pero los elementos que configuran su estructura se vuelven maleables. Así, la lex puede ser el nombre de un acto jurídico norma- tivo del ius publicum o del ius privatum, un acto formalizado unilateral o plu- rilateralmente, su unilateralidad predicarse de un sujeto o de otro, el nombre de un acto jurídico y el nombre de las normas de ese acto y también el nombre de otro acto distinto o el nombre de las normas de otro acto normativo diferente. Esta virtualidad se armoniza por amoldarse la realidad que representa al senti- do que el nombre lex tiene impreso. Se trata, de esta guisa, de un polimorfismo que podría llamarse flexibilidad y permeabilidad, y que carece de par en nues- tro mundo jurídico contemporáneo –donde cada continente se corresponde a un contenido– pero que, conviene recordarlo, goza de par en el mundo antiguo: nomos, en el mundo jurídico griego, fue voz que se caracterizó por la misma naturaleza camaleónica. Paolo Frezza ha analizado el concepto de nomos2 y, sin manejar la ter- minología de acto jurídico normativo aquí utilizada –y desdobable en conti- nente y contenido, forma y fondo de la fuente, acto y norma–, rastrea unas posibilidades semánticas como las detectables, según se verá más adelante, en la noción de lex. A saber, su significado de acto jurídico, su significado como norma jurídica abstraída respecto de un acto jurídico normativo con- creto (significado general de ordenamiento como conjunto de normas, de pautas jurídicas de conducta), registrando los supuestos en los que a un sig- nificado de nomos concurren otras voces (psefìsmata, thesmòi). Nomos, entonces, se revela como un precedente de lex en cuanto a la preferencia del mundo antiguo por usar conceptos de carácter camaleónico, polimorfos, pro- clives a significar tanto el acto jurídico como la norma jurídica, cuanto la norma jurídica del propio acto o de un acto diverso, a teñirse de publicidad tanto como de privaticidad, a concretarse y abstraerse…, naturaleza poli- 2 Paolo FREZZA, «Lex e nomos», Bullettino dell’Istituto di Diritto romano, núm. 71 (Milano, 1968), pp. 1-29. La naturaleza jurídica de la ley hispanorromana 499 morfa preñada de una base significativa para el concepto, precisa y concisa para permitir su elasticidad, y de un prestigio inefable para arrogarse signi- ficados que a los nombres de otros actos o normas les son habitualmente vedados (el de norma de normas, por ejemplo, que subyace en la expresión amplísima de ley humana). III La lex conecta con diversos actos normativos y la forma de conexión es variable. Destacaré cuál es ese mundo de actos jurídicos con los que mantiene relación la ley hispanorromana y de los que la ley se diferencia y de qué modo se dibuja esa relación. La conexión lex-iussum3 puede actuar en el sentido de identificar un punto de partida en el último para definir cuáles son los sujetos afectados por la pri- mera, así Urso 664, o el ámbito espacial de la misma, así Urso 1065. Aparece conexo con lex, senatus consultum y plebis scitum en Urso 104, decretum y edictum en Irni 20, interdictum y decretum en Irni 84, como bloques coordina- dos de actos diversos. No obstante, se advierte la expresión verbal iubere, con lo cual iussum es devorado por la lex, un imperativo que parte de ella, por ejem- plo en Urso 626. Con independencia de que iussum, iubere, admite variedad de relaciones en su conexión con la lex7, ese último verbo de alguna forma deja en situación ambivalente a iussum, que respecto de la lex puede ser un acto nor- mativo paralelo, mas también devenir un acto meramente subsumido en su acti- vidad, como función de la ley. Así, se recalca la capacidad de algunos actos para reconducir su independencia a mera actividad de la ley, o la capacidad de la ley para instrumentalizarlos no ya sólo como conexiones que utiliza al regu- lar, sino como funciones que la caracterizan o, si se quiere, como actos simples cuyo objeto puede apropiarse. El decurionum decretum o decurionum conscriptorumve decretum, así como el verbo decernere, conecta con –incorporado en– la lex8. Esta conexión puede consistir en la consolidación de un acto como determinador de los lími- 3 Álvaro D’ORS, «La ley romana, acto de magistrado», Nuevos papeles del oficio universita- rio (Madrid 1980), p. 323, distingue entre el mandato u orden y la autorización, siendo esta últi- ma la que define el iussum, al ser «… propiamente una autorización para asumir los efectos del acto de otra persona». 4 Urso 66: «Quos pontifices quosque augures C(aius) Caesar, quive iussu eius colon(iam) deduxerit…». 5 «Quicumque c(olonus) c(oloniae) G(enetivae) erit, quae iussu C. Caesaris dict(atoris) ded(ucta) est…». También Urso 104. 6 «… neve fieri iubeto… neve adigi iubeto… neve rogari iubeto…». Así también Urso 95, 101, 123, 126, 130, 131, 134, Malaca 57, 66, Irni 71. 7 Vid. Urso 61, 95, 125, Salpensa 28, Irni 28, 87, 91, Vipasca I,1. 8 Urso 98: «Eique munitioni aed(iles) qui tum erunt ex d(ecurionum) d(ecreto) praesunto». Y Urso 69, 99, 128, 129, 130, 131, Irni 31, 42, 49, 76, 79, 82, 83, 92. 500 Enrique Álvarez Cora tes o de la subordinación de otro, así en Urso 929. En efecto, el decretum pue- de ser objeto de límites formales y materiales, como en Urso 9810, fijación de límites que implica una subordinación lege patente en Irni 7611. La relación con otros actos se produce asimismo en el caso del decretum, así con senten- tia, referre o consulere, al tiempo que entrelaza límites la lex, dando muestra de la diversidad de los actos y de su conexión flexible, así en Urso 13012. Las conexiones coordinadoras entre actos de las que forma parte el decretum pue- den apreciarse en Irni 40, con leges, senatus consulta, edicta y decreta, sumándose plebis scita y constitutiones en Irni 19 y 20; la conexión se pro- duce con iussum y edictum en Irni 20, con lex, plebis scitum, senatus consul- tum, edictum y decretum (junto a decurionum conscriptorumve decretum, pues) en Irni 81, con iussum e interdictum en Irni 84, también con statutum en Urso 64, 126 y 128. Si iussum es ejemplo de acto normativo y de función de un acto nor- mativo, decretum lo es de la configuración por la ley de los actos que con- templa (decurionum conscriptorumve decretum, quiere decirse, pues decreta situados al nivel de actos jurídicos no manipulados por la lex en la conexión se divisan en Irni 40), y a semejantes operaciones a las padecidas por decretum se someten otros actos menos frecuentemente aludidos13,o 9 «Quamque legationem ex h(ac) l(ege) exve d(ecurionum) d(ecreto), quot ex h(ac) l(ege) factum erit… uti hac lege de(curionum)ve d(ecreto) o(portet)…». En relación con Urso 92, Álva- ro D’ORS, Epigrafía, op. cit., p.
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