DOCSLIB.ORG

Patent 0 ICC Patented Aug

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Patent 0 ICC Patented Aug 2,849,470 United Patent 0 ICC Patented Aug. 26, 1958 Qua! 2 with a substantially equirnolar proportion of a salt of the 2,s49,470 desired transition metal of groups VI to VIII. The following examples in which parts are by weight‘ OXY-DECYCLOPENTADIENYL COMPOUNDS OF are illustrative of the invention. TRANSITION METALS 0F GROUPS V1 TO vm AND THEE PREPARATICN EXAMPLE I Richard Edward Benson, Claymont, DeL, assignor to E. 1. Part A.—Prep.flrati0n 0f bis(]-benzoyloxy-3-methyl du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DeL, cyclopentadienyl ) iron a corporation of Delaware To a vigorously stirred suspension of 16 parts of No Drawing. Application August 6, 1954 sodium amide (from 9.4 parts of sodium) in about 200 Serial No. 448,371 parts of anhydrous liquid ammonia in a glass reactor ?tted with a sealed stirrer and a re?ux condenser cooled 25 Claims. (Cl. 260-439) with solid carbon dioxide/acetone was added dropwise over a period of 20 minutes 19.2 parts (0.5 molar pro This invention relates to a new class of organometallic " portion based on the sodium amide) of 3-methyl-2-cyclo compounds and more particularly to the hydroxy-substi pentene-l-one while maintaining the reactor at about tuted derivatives of organometallic compounds of tran -—33° C. A red-brown solid formed at once and after. sition metals of groups VI to VIII, inclusive, of the stirring the reaction mixture for one hour at this tem— periodic table. perature, 12.7 parts (0.5 molar proportion based on the Organometallic compounds, in which the metal is di 3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-l-one) of anhydrous ferrous chlo recting linked to one or more organic radicals through ride was added in small portions over a period of 15 carbon thereof, are not only of interest from a theoretical minutes. The resultant black reaction mixture was held standpoint but also have many practical applications. at —33° C. under re?ux with stirring for an additional Thus, tetraethyllead is widely used as an antiknock agent 75 minutes. No further solid carbon dioxide was packed for internal combustion engines, and many mercury com 25 into the re?ux condenser and approximately one-half of pounds have found use in the fungicide and/or pesticide the liquid ammonia was permitted to evaporate through art. Many organometallic derivatives of the elements the condenser. The remaining liquid ammonia was dis of groups 1 and H of the periodic table have found funda placed by the addition of about 175 parts of anhydrous mental use in chemical syntheses, both as reactants and diethyl ether. The resulting black ?uid reaction mixture catalysts. Until quite recently, however, very little was was allowed to stand overnight under nitrogen at room known concerning any stable organometallic compounds temperature and then about 90% of it was poured under of transition metals of groups VI~VIII of the periodic nitrogen into 250 parts of deoxygenated water contain— table. ing eight parts of sodium hydroxide. After brief stirring Dicyclopentadienyliron has been prepared (see Kealey the resultant black solid was removed by ?ltration under and Pauson, Nature, 168, 1039 (1951), and Pauson, 35 nitrogen. The red-yellow ?ltrate thereby obtained was U. S. Patent 2,680,756) as have also some derivatives shaken with cooling with 24 parts of benzoyl chloride and of this interesting organoiron compound, for instance, cer the resultant yellow-orange solid removed by ?ltration. tain diacyl derivatives and the dicarboxylic acid [see After washing with 1% aqueous sodium hydroxide solu Woodward et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 74, 3458 (1952)]. tion, dilute sodium bicarbonate solution, and ?nally with ‘ Other cyclopentadienylmetals have been made, e. g., di 40 water, there was obtained after drying 15.3 parts (34% cyclopentadienylnickel (Thomas U. S. Patent 2,680,758), of theory) of crude bis(1-benzoyloxy-3~methylcyclopenta- ‘ dicyclopentadienylruthenium (Wilkinson, I. Am. Chem. dienyl)iron as a yellow-orange solid. After recrystalli- ‘ Soc. 74, 6146, 1952), and dicyclopentadienylcobalt (III) zation from glacial acetic acid, the pure bis(l-benzoyl salts (Wilkinson,'ibid., 6148). These various compounds _ oxy-3~methylcyclopentadienyl)iron was obtained as ?ne, are of special interest in many ?elds, such as antiknock yellow-orange needles, melting at 121.5-1235" C. and‘ agents, fungicides and pesticides and as intermediates to soluble in ethanol, methylene chloride, acetone, and still other interesting and desirable organometallic com diethyl ether to give yellow-red solutions. pounds. Analysis-Calculated for C28H2204Fe: C, 68.7%; H, This invention has as an object the preparation of 4.9%; Fe, 12.3%. Found: C, 68.9%; H, 5.0%; Fe, new organometallic compounds. A further object is the 12.5%. preparation of new resin intermediates. Another object The crude product obtained above was a mixture of is the preparation of new photographic developers. Other two stereoisomers which are separable by fractional crys objects will appear hereinafter. tallization. Thus, after several recrystallizations from These objects are accomplished by the present inven acetic acid, the bis(1-benzoyloXy-3-methylcyclopentadien tion of dicyclopentadienylmetal compounds wherein one 55 yl)iron was obtained as ?ne yellow crystals, melting at atom of a transition metal of groups VI to VIII, inclusive, l23.5-125° C. After fractional crystallization of this of the periodic table is directly and singly bonded to material from n-heptane the high melting isomer (A) two cyclopentadiene nuclei, each carbon of which nuclei of bis(1-benzoyloxy-3-methylcyclopentadienyl)iron was is a member of but one ring, through nuclear carbon obtained as thick clusters of ?ne, yellow-orange needles of said nuclei, at least one of said nuclei having a nuclear 60 melting at 125.5-127" C. The acetic acid ?ltrates from carbon thereof singly and directly bonded to oxy oxygen, the previous recrystallizations were combined‘ and‘con i. e., to hydroxyl, or salt, ester, or ether thereof. centrated. Upon standing yellow-orange crystals of the This new class of compounds can conveniently be low melting isomer (B) of bis(1-benzoyloXy-3-methyl prepared by the process wherein a ?ve membered mono cyclopentadienyl)iron separated and after isolation by nuclearly unsaturated, carbocyclic ketone having at least 65 ?ltration were found to melt at 99-103“ C. After frac two hydrogens on annular carbon wherein the carbons tional crystallization from n-heptane as described above, , of the carbonyl containing, 5 membered ring are mem (B) was obtained as ?ne, long yellow-orange needles, bers of that ring only, i. e., a cyclopentenone, are metal melting at 104-105" C. Addition of approximately 5% lated by bringinc7 the ketone in contact with two molar of the high melting isomer (A) to the low melting isomer, proportions of an alkali metal amide in liquid ammonia 70 (B) depressed the melting point to 99-103" C. and the resulting dialkali metallated product is reacted Analysis.-Calculated for C26H22O4Fe: C, 68.7%; H, 2,849,470 ~ 3 r v 4.9%. Found [for thehigh melting isomer (A)]: C, "methylene chloride and insoluble in carbon tetrachloride, 69.0%, 69.0%; H, 5.0%, 4.8%. Found [for the low n-heptane, and petroleum ether. Sublimation at 130 melting isomer (B)]: C, 69.2%, 69.1%; H, 5.0%, 5.0%. 140° C. under a pressure corresponding to 0.1 mm. of The infrared spectrum of a sample of the above low mercury in open ended glass vessels aiforded the pure melting, . isomer of : ,bis ( 1-benzoyloxy-3jmethylcyclop enta bis(l-hydroxy-3~methylcyclopentadienyl)iron as an or dienyl)iron,~,determined in carbon tetrachloride solution, ange-yellow solid, extremely sensitive to air. exhibitedstrong absorption bands at 3_.25,u., 3.4a, and The infrared spectrum of the pure bis(1-hydroxy-3 5.76,Ir which three bands are ‘characteristic, respectively, methyl cyclopentadienyl)iron determined as a mull in for unsaturated C—H linkages, i. e., hydrogen bonded to hexachlorobutadiene exhibited strong absorption. bands an unsaturated carbon," saturated C-H linkages, i. e., 10 at 3.25” and 3.411., which bands are characteristic, re hydrogen“ bonded ._to saturated carbon, and ester type spectively, for unsaturated C-H link-ages, i. e., hydrogen carbonyl linkages; The spectrum. also exhibited strong bonded to unsaturated carbon and saturated C-H link absorption bands at 6.751;, 6.9,u, 7.3”, 825p, and 8.35”, ages, i. e., hydrogen bonded to saturated carbon. The as well as several weaker bands, particularly at the longer spectrum also exhibited strong absorption bands at 3.0;r, wavelengths. These ‘observations are consistent with the 15 3.7,“, and 3.9”, which three bands are characteristic for sandwich structure. hydroxyl and similar to that of phenol. As in the case “To a solution of 3 parts of potassium hydroxide in of the preceding diester, the spectrum of the hydroxy about ‘40 parts of methanol was. added 2.3 parts of an compound also exhibited additional sharp bands, par othervsample ‘of the above-described mixture of stereo ticularly vat the longerwave lengths which observations isomers of vbi_s(l-benzoyloxy-3-methylcyclopentadienyl)— 20 are consistent with a sandwich type structure. iron; The resultant orange solution was boiled for about 5 minutes during which it became green. About EXAMPLE II half the methanol was evaporated and the residue diluted Preparation of bis(1-hydroxy-3-methylcyclopentadienyl)— with about, 75-80 parts of freshly boiled distilled Water. cobalt (III) reineckarte Acidi?cation of the resultant light green'solution resulted 25 in a voluminous. precipitate which redissolved on the addi To a vigorously stirred suspension of sodium amide tion ‘of 5% aqueous sodium hydroxide to bring the pH to (from 10 parts of sodium) in about 200 parts of liquid ammonia in a reactor Similar to that described in Exam 10.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • HISTORY of LEAD POISONING in the WORLD Dr. Herbert L. Needleman Introduction the Center for Disease Control Classified the Cause
    HISTORY OF LEAD POISONING IN THE WORLD Dr. Herbert L. Needleman Introduction The Center for Disease Control classified the causes of disease and death as follows: 50 % due to unhealthy life styles 25 % due to environment 25% due to innate biology and 25% due to inadequate health care. Lead poisoning is an environmental disease, but it is also a disease of life style. Lead is one of the best-studied toxic substances, and as a result we know more about the adverse health effects of lead than virtually any other chemical. The health problems caused by lead have been well documented over a wide range of exposures on every continent. The advancements in technology have made it possible to research lead exposure down to very low levels approaching the limits of detection. We clearly know how it gets into the body and the harm it causes once it is ingested, and most importantly, how to prevent it! Using advanced technology, we can trace the evolution of lead into our environment and discover the health damage resulting from its exposure. Early History Lead is a normal constituent of the earth’s crust, with trace amounts found naturally in soil, plants, and water. If left undisturbed, lead is practically immobile. However, once mined and transformed into man-made products, which are dispersed throughout the environment, lead becomes highly toxic. Solely as a result of man’s actions, lead has become the most widely scattered toxic metal in the world. Unfortunately for people, lead has a long environmental persistence and never looses its toxic potential, if ingested.
    [Show full text]
  • April 9, 1946. E. BARTHOLOMEW 2,398,282
    April 9, 1946. E. BARTHOLOMEW 2,398,282 ' ANTIKNOGK AGENT 7 Filed ‘Nov’. 27, 1944 0-0 GQAMS £5440 . 0 GRAMS IRON‘ R‘ 3.18 GRAMS LEAD [68 GQAMS IRON ' 5 ‘ [06 694515 LEAD 2.52 GRAMS IEON T ' 2.65 GQAMS LEAD 2.52 GRAMS IRON 2.52 Y (6.0) \ we 2/2 (/.0) (2.0) 0/00) TETRA Al/(Yt 1540,6940” (£40 PAW GAILO/V {FIGURES //V PARENTHESEj 4P5 CC. 7571645 7/1’ YL LEAD/ INVENTOR. Patented Apr. 9, 1946 2,398,282 UNITED STATES ‘PATENT OFFICE c an'rnmocx AGENT Earl Bartholomew, Birmingham, Mich., asslgnor to Ethyl Corporation, New York, N. Y., a cor poration of Delaware : Application November ‘27, 1944, Serial No. 565,200 5 Claims. (Cl. 252-—386) This invention relates to antiknock compounds. bonyl is indicated as grams of‘ iron per gallon. Many attempts have been made to use iron car For convenience the corresponding volumes 0! bonyl as an antiknock agent in high compres tetraethyl lead and iron pentacarbonyl are shown sion engines, chie?y because it can be manufac in parentheses on the horizontal and vertical tured at a lower cost than the lead alkyls.~ Some scales respectively. of these attempts have included the use of lead Each line, A to M inclusive, indicates mixtures alkyls in very small proportional quantities. having a constant antiknock value. Mixtures in These attempts have not had any appreciable dicated by line A have the lowest antiknock value success and the reason for this has not been clear. and lines lying to the right of A indicate mix So far as I am aware these attempts have been 10 tures of progressively higher‘ antiknock value.
    [Show full text]
  • Thomas Midgley, Jr
    NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIKS YOLUMK XXIV KI.F.VKNTH MKMOIR BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR OF THOMAS MIDGLEY, JR. 1889-1944 BY CHARLES F. KETTERING PRHSENTED TO THE ACADEMY AT THE ANNUAL MEETING, 191? THOMAS MIDGLEY, JR. 1889-1944 BY CHARLES F. KETTERING Midgley's name is inseparably associated with four outstand- ing advances. The first was the discovery of the chemical antiknock agents. Tetraethyl lead, the principal one of these, has added immensely to the performance and efficiency of gasoline engines both in the air and on the ground. The second advance, which was necessary to the practical success of the first, was the extraction of bromine from sea water, in which it is present in the minute concentration of only sixty-five parts per million. The third was the utilization of fluorine to produce an altogether new series of refrigerating compounds, the only such compounds known which are stable, non- inflammable, and completely nontoxic, and which are therefore indispensable in air-conditioning. An unexpected usefulness of these new compounds in World War II was as a means of dispersing insect repellents. That use had such a high priority over the original use that during the war the compounds were not generally available as refrigerants. The fourth advance was in the field of rubber, in which he extended the knowledge of the chemistry of vulcanization and of the funda- mental composition of natural and synthetic rubbers. Midgley also gave outstanding service to chemistry through the American Chemical Society, in which he was active for twenty-five years, having been a member of the Board of Directors from 1930 until his death in 1944, and chairman of the Board since 1934, as well as president of the American Chemical Society in 1944.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis and Reactivity of Cyclopentadienyl Based Organometallic Compounds and Their Electrochemical and Biological Properties
    Synthesis and reactivity of cyclopentadienyl based organometallic compounds and their electrochemical and biological properties Sasmita Mishra Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Rourkela Synthesis and reactivity of cyclopentadienyl based organometallic compounds and their electrochemical and biological properties Dissertation submitted to the National Institute of Technology Rourkela In partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry by Sasmita Mishra (Roll Number: 511CY604) Under the supervision of Prof. Saurav Chatterjee February, 2017 Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Rourkela Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Rourkela Certificate of Examination Roll Number: 511CY604 Name: Sasmita Mishra Title of Dissertation: ''Synthesis and reactivity of cyclopentadienyl based organometallic compounds and their electrochemical and biological properties We the below signed, after checking the dissertation mentioned above and the official record book(s) of the student, hereby state our approval of the dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry at National Institute of Technology Rourkela. We are satisfied with the volume, quality, correctness, and originality of the work. --------------------------- Prof. Saurav Chatterjee Principal Supervisor --------------------------- --------------------------- Prof. A. Sahoo. Prof. G. Hota Member (DSC) Member (DSC) ---------------------------
    [Show full text]
  • Tetraethyllead Is a Deadly Toxic Chemical Substance Giving Rise to Severe Psychotic Manifestations. for Its Excellent Properties
    Industrial Health, 1986, 24, 139-150. Determination of Triethyllead, Diethyllead and Inorganic Lead in Urine by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Fumio ARAI Department of Public Health St. Marianna University School of Medicine 2095 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki 213, Japan (Received March 10, 1986 and in revised form May 21, 1986) Abstract : A method was developed for the sequential extraction of tetraethyllead (Et4Pb), triethyllead (Et3Pb+), diethyllead (Et2Pb2+) and inorganic lead (Pb2+) from one urine sample with methyl isobutyl ketone and the subsequent sequential determination of the respective species of lead by flame and flameless atomic ab- sorption spectrometry. When 40 ml of a urine sample to which 2 ƒÊg of Pb of each of Et4Pb, Et3Pb+, Et2Pb2+ or Pb2+ had been experimentally added was assayed for the respective species of lead by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, ten repetitions of the assay gave a mean recovery rate of 98% for each of Et4Pb, Et3Pb+, and Et2Pb2+, and 99% for Pb2+, with a coefficient of variation of 2.0% for Et4Pb, 0.7% for Et3Pb+ and Pb2+, 2.6% for Et2Pb2+, and a detection limit of 4 ƒÊg of Pb/L for Et4Pb, 3 ƒÊg of Pb/L for Et3Pb+, and 5 ƒÊg of Pb/L for each of Et2Pb2+ and Pb2+. Examination of urine samples from a patient with tetraethyllead poisoning 22 days after exposure to the lead revealed that the total lead output was made up of about 51% Pb2+, about 43% Et2Pb2+, and about 6% Et3Pb+ but no Et4Pb. Ad- ministration of calcium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Ca-EDTA) was followed by no increased urinary excretion of Et3Pb+ or Et2Pb2+.
    [Show full text]
  • Degradation and Metabolism of Tetraethyllead in Soils
    Journal of Industrial Microbiology (1995] 14, 312-318 1995 Society for Industrial Microbiology 0169-4146/95/S12,00 Degradation and metabolism of tetraethyllead in soils Li-Tse Ou, Wei Jing and John E. Thomas Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA (Received 31 March 1994; accepted 19 September 1994) Key words: Tetraethyllead; Antiknock agent; Biological degradation; Chemical degradation; Metabolites; Soils Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jimb/article/14/3-4/312/5988466 by guest on 30 September 2021 SUMMARY The objective of this study was to determine the disappearanceof the ieaded gasoline enhancer tetraethyllead (TEL), formation of degradation products, and mass balance in nonsterile and autoclaved Leon and Madison soils. EthyI-1J4C-labeledTEL was used so that mineralizationrates of TEL and mass balance could be determined. ~4C-TELin nonsterile and autoclaved surface and subsurface samples of the two soils disappeared rapidly, and ionic ethyllead products, water soluble nonlead organic products and bound residues were rapidly formed. A small fraction (<7.74%) of 14C-TELin nonsterile soil samples was mineralized to 14CO2 in 28 days. Triethyllead(TREL) was the major ionic ethylleadproduct detected in both nonsterileand autoclaved soils; diethyllead (DEL) was occasionally detected. Recovery of ~4C from mass balance studies for all nonsterile and autoclaved soil samples after 28 days of incubation was poor, less than 50% of the 14C applied. It appears that unknown volatile and/or gaseous organic products were the major degradation products of TEL in soils. Based on the observationsof more rapid initial disappearanceof ~4C-TEL,more rapid formationand more rapid disappearanceof 14C-DEL, and occurrenceof t*COzproduction in nonsterilesoils, it was concluded that both biological and chemical degradation contributedto the degradation of TEL in soils, with chemical degradation being the major factor.
    [Show full text]
  • Harmful Chemicals in Petrol Harmful Chemicals in Petrol
    FUELS TEAM HARMFUL CHEMICALS IN PETROL HARMFUL CHEMICALS IN PETROL IMPACT OF N-METHYLANILINE (NMA), AROMATIC AMINES AND ANILINE DERIVATIVES ON GASOLINE ENGINES 2017 HARMFUL CHEMICALS IN PETROL N-methylaniline (NMA) as well as chemically related derivatives such as aromatic amines and aniline derivatives are known for their octane boosting characteristic in gasoline petrol. However, beside this positive feature, engine damaging properties are attributed to these kind of substances. To gather and identify performance characteristics, material compatibility as well as toxicity of NMA and chemically related derivatives as antiknock agent a literature survey was conducted by Univativ. Thereby, particular attention was paid to harmful effects on gasoline engines. In the following, the most interesting findings of the literature survey are summarized. Octane enhancing properties Investigations on various aniline-type compounds indicate their potential as octane-boosting agents. Determined research octane numbers (motor octane numbers) for pure substances range from 95 (84) to 370 (320) with N,N-dimethylaniline resulting in the lowest and 3,4-xylidine in the highest octane number whereas NMA shows a RON (MON) of 280 (250).[1,2,3] When used as additive for different petrol types, 1% of NMA is able to lead to a RON (MON) increase of up to 3.7 (5.6) in case of primary distillate. Interestingly, the research sector tends to study the effect of combining multiple antiknock additives in one formulation on octane enhancement. Blending primary distillate with 1% of a mixture of NMA and a manganese compound the RON (MON) can be increased by 7.3 (11.2).
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent 0 " Ice Patented Nov
    3,009,766 United States Patent 0 " ice Patented Nov. 21, 1961 1 2 inates problems under a wide variety of storage condi 3,009,766 tions. This thermal stability is also tremendously im DIHALODIMANGANESE OCTACARBONYIS AND portant in that the dihalodimanganese octacarbony-ls de PROCESS FOR PRODUCING THE SAME compose at the correct point in the combustion cycle of Vernon R. Sandel, L’Anse, Mich., assignor to Ethyl Cor poration, New York, N.Y., a corporation of Delaware the spark ignition engines operated on fuels containing No Drawing. Filed Aug. 11, 1958, Ser. No. 754,152 these compounds. This means that the compounds can 10 Claims. (CI. 23-14) exert their profound antiknock effects under conditions where less thermally stable additives would have already This invention relates to and has as its chief object been decomposed. the provision of new halomanganese carbonyls and 10 The bene?cial thermal stability properties of the com processes for their preparation. pounds of this invention are also of great value when the Provided by this invention are dihalodimanganese octa compounds are used in conjunction with organolead anti carbonyls having the empirical formula knock agents. Because of their stability, the dihalodiman ganese octacarbonyls decompose relatively late in the X2Mn2 (Co) a 15 engine cycle and thereby liberate the halogen in a form where the X’s are halogen atoms. Typical of these com that reacts with the decomposition products of the organo pounds are bromochlorodimanganese octacarbonyl, di lead antiknock agent. Formed are relatively volatile ?uorodimanganese octacarbonyl, bromoiododimanganese lead halides which are removed from the engine via the octacarbonyl, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Spark Ignition Engine Performance Using Ethanol As Doping Agent on Constant Speed Test
    International Journal of Engineering and Technologies Submitted: 2019-04-24 ISSN: 2297-623X, Vol. 19, pp 33-39 Revised: 2020-08-13 doi:10.18052/www.scipress.com/IJET.19.33 Accepted: 2020-09-11 CC BY 4.0. Published by SciPress Ltd, Switzerland, 2020 Online: 2020-12-07 Evaluation of Spark Ignition Engine Performance Using Ethanol as Doping Agent on Constant Speed Test. J.O Azubuike1*, O.M.I Nwafor2, J.O Igbokwe3, D.O Isiohia4 1,2,3,Mechanical Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. 4Mechanical Engineering Department, Imo State University, P.M.B 2000, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. *Corresponding author: [email protected] Keywords: BSFC, Brake Power, Brake Thermal Efficiency, Fuel Flow Rate Abstract. Engine knock is a critical phenomenon engine designers strive to minimize in the world today. Before now, this has made tetra ethyl lead (TEL) an option for minimizing knock. The basic essence of tetra ethyl lead is to enhance octane rating of petrol which is a vital factor to knocking ability. However, the health and environmental challenges associated with the use of tetra ethyl lead propel the desire to replace it with a better environmental and health friendly substance that will at the same time boost octane rating and give a smoother engine operation. Hence, ethanol was considered in this work at a constant speed test of 2000 rpm and compared to leaded petrol as baseline petrol. BSFC of 0.703 kg\kWhr was obtained with 20/80 compared to 0.709 kg\kWhr obtained with 0/100 as baseline fuel.
    [Show full text]
  • Role of Additives and Their Influence on Performance of Engine for Petroleum Diesel Fuel, Oxygenated-Diesel Blend: a Review
    International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 4 Issue 07, July-2015 Role of Additives and their Influence on Performance of Engine for Petroleum Diesel Fuel, Oxygenated-Diesel Blend: A Review Vivek Singh Shekhawat Ravi Shankar Padwa Mechanical Engineering Department Mechanical Engineering Department Jodhpur Institute of Engineering and Technology Jodhpur Institute of Engineering and Technology Jodhpur, India Jodhpur, India Abstract— Increasing demand of fuel in everyday life and its flame zone of an automotive engine and breaking down hazards cause serious problem for this planet. Intensive carbon deposits on engine parts. This way, the formation of attention is required to see this problem. In this review paper soot and particulate emissions are reduced and less fuel is there is a comparative study to find out the alternative for diesel wasted. Boiler performance is also improved and requires fuel and efforts to increase its performance. In this paper less maintenance because of its smoother operation. Fuel blending of oxygenated additive at different percentage with sole diesel and effects on various performance parameters are additives are compounds formulated to enhance the quality studied. Blending of Oxygenated additives, improve brake and efficiency of the fuels used in motor vehicles; researchers specific fuel consumption (BSFC), combustion performance and have developed a range of additives which give these fuels an reduce emission from diesel engine. Properties of the blended added property
    [Show full text]
  • 1111Ilrtim11" Report N Ac A
    RB No. E5J15 NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS 1111ILRTIM11" REPORT ORIGINALLY ISSUED November 1945 as Restricted Bulletin E5J15 THE KNOCK-LIMITED PERFORMANCE OF S REFERENCE FUEL PLUS 2 MILLILITERS OF TRIETHYLTHALLIUM PER GALLON By Carl L. Meyer Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory Cleveland, Ohio POPrRTY OF JET - CALIFORNIA INSTITUIE OF TECHNOLOGY N AC A WASHINGTON NACA WARTIME REPORTS are reprints of papers originally issued to provide rapid distribution of advance research results to an authorized group requiring them for the war effort. They were pre- viously held under a security status but are now unclassified. Some of these reports were not tech- nically edited. All have been reproduced without change in order to expedite general distribution. E-112 NACA RB No. E5J15 NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOB AERONAUTICS RESTRICTED. BULLETIN THE KNOCK-LIMITED PERFORMANCE OF S REFERENCE FUEL PLUS 2 MILLILITERS OF TRTETHLTUALLIUM PER GALLON By Carl L. Meyer INTRODUCTION Data reported in reference 1 indicate that the vapors of thai- li, when introduced into the combustion chamber of an internal- combustion engine, are effective ap an antiknock agent. On a weight basis, the thallium vapors were found to have several times the anti- knock value of tetraethyl lead, which was added to the fuel. The amount of thallium vapor necessary to raise the antiknock properties of a gasoline up to exact equivalence with a benzol-gasoline mixture was determined in these engine tests. In view of the encouraging results for thallium vapors reported. in reference 1, tests of the antiknock effectiveness of a thallium compound, when added to the fuel, were considered advisable.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrous Ethanol Report Rev4
    PSFC/JA-09-33 Estimates of DI Hydrous Ethanol Utilization for Knock Avoidance and Comparison to a Measured and Simulated DI E85 Baseline L. Bromberg* and P. Blumberg ** *MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center and **Ethanol Boosting Systems LLC September 18, 2009 1 Abstract The use of hydrous ethanol DI fuel for knock avoidance in conjunction with PFI gasoline is investigated. The properties of the hydrous ethanol are described and constraints on the ethanol-water-hydrocarbon mixtures quantified. After a selection of the appropriate water-ethanol blends, calculations are performed using an engine simulation coupled to a kinetic calculation to determine the required hydrous ethanol for knock-avoidance. The volume requirements of hydrous ethanol at two levels of water concentration are then compared to measured and simulated values for DI E85. 2 I. Introduction In this report, the advantages of using hydrous ethanol as a directly-injected antiknock second fuel in conjunction with port-injected gasoline is discussed. The advantages of using directly-injected E85 as a secondary antiknock fuel has been described recently [Agarwal]. By using hydrous ethanol, having a higher heat of vaporization than E85, the possibility of decreasing the rate of consumption of the antiknock DI fuel is explored. Decreased rate of consumption will result in longer refill intervals for a given size tank for the antiknock fuel or will decrease the required tank size for a given refill interval. Hydrous ethanol is being used in Brazil and elsewhere in dedicated alternative fuel vehicles, as well as in flex fuel vehicles which experience only moderately cold conditions (~-10C).
    [Show full text]