Indo 23 0 1107118712 175
CURRENT DATA ON THE INDONESIAN MILITARY ELITE
(Prepared by the Editors)
In the past, the editors of Indonesia have periodically prepared lists of officers holding key’positions in the Indonesian Armed Forces* hierarchy to keep readers abreast of developments. The present list (updated to late March 1977) offers some interesting insights into intra-army politics since our last listing in Indonesia3 No. 18 (Octo ber 1974), pp. 155-67.
The general format presented here differs somewhat from earlier listings. In part because of the reorganization of the Department of Defense and Security announced in February 1974 (but implemented only in February 1975), and in part because of the great decline in the power of Kopkamtib (Restoration of Security and Order Command) since the fall of General Sumitro in March 1974, we have decided to follow the full official organizational structure of the department, listing all the various bodies under the minister’s control, and to eliminate the section we earlier included on Kopkamtibfs internal staff structure. (Readers are warned that we have so far been unable to get the kind of full background material on some of the heads of departmental agencies that we usually provide for staff and line officers.)
The data suggest both strong continuities with previous New Order military politics, and certain instructive changes. The most important continuities are: (a) increased centralization of power in the upper echelons of the department; (b) further Javanization of the ruling officer corps; (c) a careful balancing of personnel from the three Java Divisions (Brawijaya, Diponegoro, and Siliwangi).
Centralizing tendencies can be seen along two dimensions. First, the structural changes implemented in February 1975 have rationalized the department’s hierarchy and put crucial power in the hands of the minister’s eleven assistants. For example, the newly created position of Assistant for Personnel and Manpower Development combines the func tions of the old G-3, the Assistant for Manpower Development, and the Assistant for Education. The new position of Assistant for Logistics, Material Development and Installations combines the roles of G-4, the Assistant for Material Development, and the Badan Penampungan dan Penyaluran Barang2 ABRI. (Another sign of centralization, continued from 1974, is that none of the Outer Island territorial commands [Kodam] are held by ’’native son” officers.) Secondly, the turnover of personnel at the higher levels of the department has been markedly slower than at subordinate levels. In spite of the formal military requirement that a normal tour of duty in any one position be about two years (24 months), men like Darjatmo (77 months!!), Panggabean (49), Saleh Basarah (48), Sudomo (39), Yoga Sugama (39), Subijono (39), Hasnan Habib (38), Makmun Murod (36), and Surono (35) , have been in the same positions for much longer periods, a circumstance that should, other things being equal, increase their organizational control.
175 176
As for Javanization and divisional balance, the following data speak for themselves: As of July 1974, at least 74% of the officers holding listed jobs were Javanese (35 out of 47), while only 12% were Sumatrans (5), 8% Sundanese (4), and 6% others (2). As of March 1977, the proportions are 76% Javanese (58 out of 76), 11% Sundanese (8), 8% Sumatrans (6), and 5% others (4). Analysis of Divisional a f f i l i a tions, where these can be ascertained, suggests a rough parity between Diponegoro (13) and Siliwangi (13), with Brawijaya close behind (10). The only other Division seriously represented is Bukit Barisan.
The changes that we believe can be detected are of two rather different kinds: First, there has been an interesting increase in the proportion of listed officers who are identified not so much with the territorial divisions as with the specialized services, such as the Artillery, the Judge-Advocacy, the Military Police, and so forth. No less than thirteen appointees come from these specialized units, a figure that compares favorably with the representation for the terri torial divisions. The appointments of men like Norman Sasono or Soe- weno to Kodam commands is especially striking, since these commands have traditionally been Divisional spoils. This tendency suggests that in the Armed Forces of the late 1970s the influence of Divisional loyalties, with their roots in the Revolutionary period, have seriously declined. The effects of the rationalization of promotions according to academic or para-academic criteria since the mid-1960s have height ened the weight of the specialized services’ claims to greater intra military power. In the absence of much serious fighting for a decade (except for the Timor debacle), successful careers have more and more been made in staff rather than in line positions; the officers of the specialized services, typically much better educated than the infantry men, have taken advantage of this change. (We may also note that the Javanizing trend mentioned above has been facilitated by the new role of these specialized services.)
The other change is a more subtle one--but it has been hinted at earlier in our discussion of centralization. It is simply this: There has been a marked slowdown in promotions, not to say some stagnation, at the higher levels of the military hierarchy. This is particularly important insofar as the army has talked a great deal in recent years about the transfer of power from the generation of !45 to the post revolutionary generation. One might have expected the rhetoric to be accompanied by a speeding up of recruitment of younger men into key positions. That this has not taken place suggests that President Suharto and his long-standing inner circle feel increasingly insecure about the loyalty of the lower military. The shock of the Sumitro challenge in 1973-74 has been compounded by the Pertamina disaster (Indonesia must be the only OPEC country close to bankruptcy) and the military failures in Timor. One suspects that the feeling is strong in the presidential palace that now is not the time to gamble with significant changes in the key policy-making personnel in the military establishment. It remains to be seen how the officers who feel their advancement being slowed or blocked will respond to their plight. 177
Changes of Holders of Listed Positions 1974 through March 1977
1974 1975 1976 1977
January 4 3 - February 2 2 2 March - 2 - April 1 - May 1 - June 2 - July - - August - - - September - 3 - October - - - November - - - December - - - Total 0 13 7 2
Note that total changes for 1970 were 28; for 1971, 13; for 1972, 5; for 1973, 30; January through July 1974, 27.
The list is organized according to the format developed in previ ous issues of Indonesia. As far as possible, the following information is given for each position: the name of the occupant, the date of his assumption of the office, the length of his tenure (where completed), the name of his predecessor, his own previous post, his divisional or service background, and his ethnic origin.
Sample
OFFICEHOLDER DATE OF INSTALLATION (LENGTH OF TENURE) NAME OF PREDECESSOR OFFICEHOLDER’S PREVIOUS POST DIVISIONAL BACKGROUND ETHNIC ORIGIN
Abbrevations
B = Brawijaya J = Javanese BB = Bukit Barisan S = Sundanese D = Diponegoro SI = Siliwangi 178
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AND SECURITY (HANKAM)
COMMAND ECHELON
Minister of Defense and Security/ Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces
Gen. Maradean Panggabean 28.III.73 Gen. Suharto Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces TT/II (S. Sumatra) Toba Batak
Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces
Gen. Surono Reksodimedjo 11.V.74 Gen. Sumitro Army Chief of Staff D J
STAFF ECHELON
Chief of the Operations Staff1
1. Air Vice-Marshal Sudarmono 12.VI.73 to 11.XII.76 (42 months) Vice-Admiral R. Subono Deputy Commander of the Second Regional Defense Command (Kowilhan II) Air Force J
2. Rear-Admiral Drs. R. M. Soebroto 11.XII.76 Joedono Deputy Commander of the Third Regional Defense Command (Kowilhan III) Navy J
Chief of the Administrative Staff2
Lt. Gen. A. Hasnan Habib 11.IV.73 Air Marshal Saleh Basarah Assistant for General Planning, Hankam BB Minangkabau
Chief of the Functional Affairs Staff3
Lt. Gen. Darj atmo 3.XII.69
1The Chief of the Operations Staff is responsible for coordinating the work of the Assistants for Intelligence; Operations; Territorial Affairs; Communications and Electronics; and Security and Social Order. 2The Chief of the Administrative Staff is responsible for coordinating the work of the Assistants for Personnel and Manpower Development; Logistics, Material Development and Installations; Finance; and International Cooperation. 3The Chief of the Functional Affairs Staff is responsible for coordinating the work of the Assistants for Social and Political Affairs; and Functional Group Affairs. 179
(new position) Third Deputy (Special Affairs) to the Army Chief of Staff D J
Assistant for Politics, Strategy and General Planning**
Maj. Gen. Ignatius Jogi Supardi 21.1.76 Maj. Gen. R. Suprapto Commander, Army Staff and Command School Artillery J
Assistant for Intelligence
Maj. Gen. L. Benny Murdani 5.VIII.74 Maj. Gen. Charis Suhud Charge d*Affaires, Seoul RPKAD (paratroopers) J
Assistant for Operations
1. Air-Vice Marshal Mochtar Lud 3.V.73 to 21.V.75 (24% months) Air Vice-Marshal Subambang Second Assistant (Operations) to the Air Force Chief of Staff Air Force J
2. Air Vice-Marshal Sukardi 21.V.75 Commander, Fifth Regional Air Command (Jakarta-lV. Java) Air Force J
Assistant for Territorial Affairs
Maj. Gen. Drs. Oemar Said 14.III.74 Maj. Gen. Aang Kunaefi Kartawirja Head, Mental Upbuilding Center (Pusbintal), Hankam D J
Assistant for Communications and Electronics
Maj. Gen. Drs. Suryadi 17.11.75 (new position) Head of G-6 (Communications and Electronics), Hankam ? J
Assistant for Security and Social Order
**This post seems to be somewhat autonomous and to rank higher than that of all other Assistants in Hankam. 180
1. Police Maj. Gen. Drs. Achmad 21.V.75 to 19.11.77 (21 months) Mauluddin Police Brig. Gen. Drs. Sukardjo Reksowiredjo SH Head of Secretariat, Police HQ Police S
2. Police Maj. Gen. Issukandar 19.11.77 Governor, Armed Forces Academy, Police Division Police J
Assistant for Personnel and Manpower Development
Maj. Gen. Susilo Sudarman 17.11.75 (new position) Head of G-3 (Personnel), Hankam SI J
Assistant for Logistics, Material Development and Installations
1. Vice-Admiral R. M. Kusumosutanto 26.1.72 to 2.IV.75 (39 months) Rear-Admiral Muljono Silam Chief of Staff, Sixth Regional Defense Command (Kowilhan VI) Navy J
2. Vice-Admiral R. D. Sunardi 2.IV.75 Assistant for Material Development, Hankam Navy J
Assistant for Finance
1. Maj. Gen. Suhanto 28.VIII.73 to 6.IX.75 (24 months) Maj. Gen. R. S. Sasraprawira Head, Army Finance Service ? J
2. Brig. Gen. Sarwono 6.IX.75 Officer seconded to the Army Chief of Staff Finance Corps J
Assistant for International Cooperation
Maj. Gen. Soekemi Sumantri 17.11.75 Col. R. Nastap Soeryodiprodjo Deputy Chief of Indonesian component, ICCS, Saigon Cavalry, J
Assistant for Social and Political Affairs
Lt. Gen. R. Subijono SH 8.1.74 Maj. Gen. Amir Murtono SH Assistant for Functional Group Affairs, Hankam B J 181
Assistant for Functional Group Affairs
Maj. Gen. Satibi Darwis 20.1.74 (?) Maj. Gen. Subijono SH Third Assistant (Personnel) to the Army Chief of Staff SI S
HEADS OF AGENCIES WITHIN THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AND SECURITY
I. Commander-General, Armed Forces’ Academy
Maj. Gen. Purbo S. Suwondo (1973?) Police Lt. Gen. Sukahar Head of G-5, Hankam Artillery J
II. Commander-General, Armed Forces’ Staff and Command School
Lt. Gen. Sutanto Wirjoprasanto 9 Vice-Admiral K. Djaelani Commander, Army Staff and Command School ? J
III. Governor, National Defense Institute
Lt. Gen. Saj idiman (1974?) Lt. Gen. R. Kosasih Deputy Army Chief of Staff SI J
IV. Head, Armed Forces’ Mental Upbuilding Center
1. Maj. Gen. Sudarsono ? to 19.11.77 Martoprawiro Maj. Gen. Drs. Oemar Said Head, Army Mental Upbuilding Board B J
2. Brig. Gen. Drs. Sumitro 19.11.77 Kartosudjono Head, Army Psychological Service ? J
V. Head, Research and Development Center, Hankam
First Air Marshal Dr. Sunarjo ? Rear-Admiral K. Djaelani Assistant for Planning and Development to the Air Force Chief of Staff Air Force J
VI. Head, Armed Forces’ Historical Center
Brig. Gen. (Titular) Drs. Nugroho ? Notosusanto (new position) J 182
VII. Head, Armed Forces’ Medical Center
First Air Marshal Dr. H. ? Soejoso S. (new position) ? Air Force J
VIII. Head, Armed Forces’ National Reserves Center
Maj. Gen. Drs. Gatot Suwagjo Rear-Admiral Dr. Arifin Sjukur Head, Civil Defense, Hankam B J
IX. Head, Armed Forces’ Military Police Center
Maj . Gen. Atam Surakusumah ? Maj . Gen. Sudarman Head, Army Military Police CPM S
X. Head, Strategic Intelligence Center
Rear-Admiral Koesnaedi Bagdja ? Maj. Gen. Djajusman Officer seconded to G-l, Hankam Navy S
XI. Head, Armed Forces’ Information Center
Brig. Gen. Sumrahadi ? Brig. Gen. August Marpaung Head, Army Information Center D/BB J
XII. Head, Armed Forces* Functional Group Upbuilding Board
Maj. Gen. Suharto ? ? Fifth Assistant to the Army Chief of Staff (?) D J
XIII. Head, Armed Forces’ Survey and Mapping Center
Maj. Gen. Ir. Pranoto Asmoro ? (new position) Head, Army Topographical Service ? J 183
XIV. Head, Legal Upbuilding Board, Hankam
Maj. Gen. E. J. Kanter SH 3.III.76 (new position) Armed Forces1 Advocate-General Judge-Advocate Corps Minahasan
XV. Head, Armed Forces’ Supply Board
Maj. Gen. Drs. Suraryo Iskandar ? Maj. Gen. J . Rambe Head, Army Logistics Command Supply Corps J
XVI. Head, Data Gathering and Processing Center, Hankam
Brig. Gen. Hardijono ? (new position) Officer seconded to Hankam Artillery J
XVII. Head, Management Institute, Hankam
Maj. Gen. Drs. Laupase Malao ? (new position) ? BB Toba Batak
SERVICE ECHELON
Army Chief of Staff
Gen. Makmun Murod 10.IV.74 Gen. Surono Reksodimedjo Commander, National Strategic Command (Kostranas) SI Palembang
Navy Chief of Staff
Admiral R. Subijakto 29.VI.74 Admiral R. Subono Ambassador, Rangoon Navy J
Air Force Chief of Staff
Air Marshal Saleh Basarah 19.IV.73 Air Marshal Suwoto Sukendar Chief of the Departmental Staff, Hankam Air Force (Pilot Corps) S
Chief of the National Police
Police Gen. Drs. Widodo Budidarmo 1.VII.74 Police Gen. Drs. Mohammad Hasan 184
Commander of Metropolitan Police Region (Jakarta) Police J
OPERATIONAL ECHELON
Commander, National Strategic Command (Kostranas)
Vice-Admiral Sjamsul Bahri 10.VI.74 Lt. Gen. Wahono Commander of the Fleet Navy J
Commander, National Air Defense Command (Kohanudnas)
Air Vice-Marshal Suwondo 27.XI.73 Air Vice-Marshal Sudjatmiko Head of G-6, Hankam Air Force J
Commander, First Regional Defense Command (Kowilhan I--Sumatra and W. Kalimantan)
Lt. Gen. S. Poniman 6.V.74 Lt. Gen. Widodo Commander, Army Strategic Reserve (Kostrad) SI J
Commander, Second Regional Defense Command (Kowilhan II--Java, Madura, Nusatenggara)
Lt. Gen. Widodo 8.V.74 Lt. Gen. Makmun Murod Commander, Kowilhan I D J
Commander, Third Regional Defense Command (Kowilhan III--Sulawesi, S., E., and C. Kalimantan)
1. Lt. Gen. Antonius Johannes 26.IX.72 to 7.VI.75 (44% months) Witono Sarsono Lt. Gen. Kemal Idris Commander, Kodam VI SI J
2. Lt. Gen. Willy Widjojo Sujono 7.VI.75 Commander, Kodam VIII B J
Commander, Fourth Regional Defense Command (Kowilhan IV— Maluku and Irian Jaya)
Vice-Admiral Joesatyo Mardhie 16.V.73 Vice-Admiral R. S. Subijakto Deputy Commander, Kowilhan II Navy J 185
CENTRAL ARMY STAFF
Deputy Chief of Staff
Lt. Gen. Wahono 12.VI.74 Lt. Gen. Sajidiman Commander, Kostranas B J
First Assistant (Intelligence)
Maj. Gen. Harsojo 25.11.74 Maj. Gen. Widya Latief Deputy Head of G-l, Hankam Artillery J
Second Assistant (Operations)
1. Maj. Gen. Leo Lopulisa 11.IX.71 to 5.II.75 (41 months) Maj. Gen. Mudhar Amin Commander, Kodam II SI Ambonese
2. Maj. Gen. Alex Prawiraatmadja 5.II.75 Commander, Kodam II SI S
Third Assistant (Personnel)
1. Maj. Gen. A . J . Kusno 25.11.74 to ? Maj. Gen. Satibi Darwis Head, Veterans’ Administration, Hankam SI J
2. Brig. Gen. Abdullah Sadjad ? Deputy Commander-General, Army Research, Development and Training Command Artillery S
Fourth Assistant (Logistics)
Maj. Gen. Iksan Sugiarto 25.11.74 Maj. Gen. Sukertijo Commander, Kodam X D J
Fifth Assistant (Research and Development)
1. Brig, Gen. Suprapto 7.V.73 to ca. 25.1.76 (32^ months) Maj. Gen. R. Suprapto Commander, Infantry Weapons Center SI J
2. Brig. Gen. Soepardjo ca. 25.1.76 Commander, Kodam X D J 186
Assistant for Territorial Affairs
Maj. Gen. A. Azis Bustam 4.X.75 (new position) Commander-General, Army Research, Develop ment and Training Command Has anuddin Bugine s e
HEADS OF KEY AGENCIES UNDER THE ARMY CHIEF OF STAFF
I. Commander, Army Strategic Research (Kostrad)
1. Maj. Gen. Himawan Sutanto 4.V.74 to 4.1.75 (8 months) Lt. Gen. S. Poniman Commander, Kodam IV SI J
2. Maj. Gen. Leo Lopulisa 4.1.75 Second Assistant (Operations) to the Army Chief of Staff SI Ambonese
II. Governor, Armed Forces1 Academy, General and Army Division
Maj. Gen. Wiyogo Atmodarminto ? (ca. 1974) Maj. Gen. Sarwo Edhie Wibowo Chief of Staff, Kostrad SI J
III. Commander, Army Staff and Command School
Brig. Gen. E. W. P. Tambunan 3.III.76 Brig. Gen. Ignatius Jogi Supardi Commander, Kodam XIII B Toba Batak
IV. Commander-General, Army Logistics Command
Maj. Gen. Amir Judowinarno 9.III.76 Maj. Gen. Wing Wirjawan Wirjodiprodjo Commander, Kodam IV D J
V. Commander-General, Army Research, Development and Training Command
Maj. Gen. Seno Hartono 22.IX.75 Maj. Gen. A. Azis Bustam Commander, Kodam XII SI J
VI. Commander, Army Paracommando Command
Brig. Gen. R. Yogie Suwardi Memet 31.V.75 Brig. Gen. Witarmin Commander, Airborne Battle Command, Kostrad SI S 187
TERRITORIAL COMMANDS (KODAM)
I. Iskandarmuda (Aceh)
Brig. Gen. A. Rifai Harahap 8.X.73 Brig. Gen. Aang Kunaefi Kartawirja Chief of Staff, Kodam I BB Mandailing Batak
II. Bukit Barisan (N. Sumatra)
1. Brig. Gen. Alex Prawiraatmadja 3.IV.73 to 28.1.75 (22 months) Brig. Gen. Jasir Hadibroto Commander, Kodam XI SI S
2. Brig. Gen. Soekotjo 28.1.75 Commander, Kodam IX D J
III. 17 Agustus (W. Sumatra)
Brig. Gen. Sutedjo 6.II.74 Brig. Gen. Sumantoro Commander, Army Logistics Command B J
IV. Sriwijaya (S. Sumatra)
1. Brig. Gen. Amir Judowinarno 9.V.74 to 25.11.76 (21% months) Brig. Gen. Himawan Sutanto Commander, Infantry Weapons Center D J
2. Brig. Gen. Haroen Soewardi 25.11.76 Commander, Kodam XV B J
V. Jaya (Greater Jakarta)
Maj. Gen. G. H. Mantik 17.IV.73 Maj. Gen. S . Poniman Commander, Kodam IX SI Minahasan
VI. Siliwangi (W. Java)
1. Maj. Gen. Aang Kunaefi 14.1.74 to 15.1.75 (12 months) Kartawirja Maj. Gen. Wahju Hagono Head of G-5, Hankam SI S
2. Maj. Gen. Himawan Sutanto 15.1.75 Commander, Kostrad SI J 188
VII. Diponegoro (C. Java)
Maj. Gen. Jasir Hadibroto 7.IV.73 Maj. Gen. Widodo Commander, Kodam II D J
VIII. Brawijaya (E. Java)
1. Maj. Gen. Willy Widjojo Sujono 17.XII.71 to 3.VI.75 (42 months) Maj. Gen. Wahono Commander, Kodam XIII B J
2. Maj. Gen. Witarmin 3.VI.75 Commander, Army Paracommando Command B J
IX. Mulawarman (E. Kalimantan)
1. Brig. Gen. Soekotjo 4.IV.73 to 8.II.75 (22 months) Brig. Gen. G. H. Mantik Chief of Staff, Kodam VII D J
2. Brig. Gen. Ery Supardjan 8.II.75 Chief of Staff, Kodam VII D J
X. Lambung Mangkurat (S. and C. Kalimantan)
1. Brig. Gen. Soepardjo 14.11.74 to 5.1.76 (23 months) Brig. Gen. Iksan Sugiarto Deputy Commander, Joint Command Staff Education Institute ? J
2. Brig. Gen. R. Mistar 5.1.76 Tjokrokusumo Chief of Staff, Kodam VIII B J
XII. Tanjungpura (W. Kalimantan)
1. Brig. Gen. Seno Hartono 11.IV.73 to ca. 15.IX.75 (29 months) Maj. Gen. Drs. Sumadi Commander, Special Forces Airborne Center, KOPLAT SI J
2. Brig. Gen. R. M. Subandiono5 ca. 15.IX.75 to c. 20.11.76 (5 months) Chief of Staff, Kostrad Air Wing ? J
5Died unexpectedly while in office. 189
3. Brig. Gen. Norman Sasono 20.11.76 Chief of Staff, Kodam V CPM J
XIII. Merdeka (N. and C. Sulawesi)
1. Brig. Gen. E. W. P. Tambunan 25.11.74 to 8.1.76 (22% months) Brig. Gen. Julius Henuhili Deputy (Operations) to the Governor of the Armed Forcesf Academy B Toba Batak
2. Brig. Gen. Edy Sugardo 8.1.76 Head, Army Historical Center B J
XIV. Hasanuddin (S. and S.E. Sulawesi)
1. Brig. Gen. Hasan Slamet 10.IV.73 to 22.IX.75 (29% months) Brig. Gen. Abdul Azis Bustam Chief of Staff, Kodam VI SI S
2. Brig. Gen. H. Endang Sukma 22.IX.75 Chief of Staff, Kodam VI SI S
XV. Pattimura (Maluku)
1. Brig. Gen. Haroen Soewardi 19.1.74 to 2.III.76 (25% months) Brig. Gen. Wing Wirjawan Wirjodiprodjo Chief of Staff, Kodam VIII B J
2. Brig. Gen. Abdurrachman Suhodo 2.III.76 Assistant for Intelligence, Kostrad D J
XVI. Udayana (Nusatenggara)
1. Brig. Gen. Ignatius 16.11.74 to 4.III.76 (24% months) Pranotokusumo Brig. Gen. Ignatius Jogi Supardi Deputy Assistant, G-2 ? J
2. Brig. Gen. Soeweno 4.III.76 Commander, Paracommando Training Center RPKAD J
XVII. Cendrawasih (Iriah Jaya)
1. Brig. Gen. Kisrad Soetrisno 2.VI.73 to 25.1.75 (19% months) Brig. Gen. Acub Zaenal Chief of Staff, Kodam XVII B J 190
2. Brig. Gen. Imam Munandar 25.1.75 Chief, Army Physical Training Service B J
Chief of Staff, Kopkamtib (Restoration of Security and Order Command)6
Admiral R. Sudomo 18.1.74 (new position) Deputy Commander of Kopkamtib Navy J
Head, Bakin (State Intelligence Coordination Board)
Lt. Gen. Yoga Sugama 28.1.74 Lt. Gen. Sutopo Juwono Deputy Ambassador to the U.N. D J
6The commander of Kopkamtib is the President.