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Practical Algorithms in Pediatric Gastroenterology

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Editor R. Shaoul Practical Algorithms in Pediatric Gastroenterology Practical Algorithms in Pediatrics Series Editor: Z. Hochberg Practical Algorithms in Pediatric Gastroenterology Editor Ron Shaoul, Haifa 51 graphs and 9 tables, 2014 Basel · Freiburg · Paris · London · New York · Chennai · New Delhi · Bangkok · Beijing · Shanghai · Tokyo · Kuala Lumpur · Singapore · Sydney Contents IV Contributors Gastroesophageal refl ux and vomiting 44 Chronic intestinal II pseudo-obstruction 22 Neonatal vomiting T. Zangen; P.E. Hyman VI Preface R. Shaoul; N.L. Jones Z. Hochberg 46 Irritable bowel syndrome 24 Nausea and vomiting E. Chiou; S. Misra; S. Nurko VII Introduction P.S. Lemos; R. Shaoul R. Shaoul 26 Recurrent vomiting and/or regurgitation Stomach and intestine Y. Vandenplas; R. Shaoul Various gastrointestinal conditions 48 Protein-losing enteropathy 28 Typical and atypical refl ux syndrome B. Zeisler; F.A. Sylvester 2 Abdominal pain Y. Vandenplas; R. Shaoul R. Arnon; S. Misra 50 Celiac disease 30 Recurrent vomiting and/or Y. Bujanover; R. Shaoul 4 Acute gastroenteritis regurgitation and poor weight gain A. Lo Vecchio; D. Turck; A. Guarino 52 Helicobacter pylori Y. Vandenplas; R. Shaoul N.L. Jones; B.D. Gold 6 Food allergy 32 Cyclic vomiting syndrome B. Wershil; F.A. Sylvester 54 Gastrointestinal polyps Y. Vandenplas; B.D. Gold B. Zeisler; F.A. Sylvester 8 Failure to thrive A. Lahad; S. Reif 56 Intestinal malabsorption – Part 1: Other motility disorders Pathogenesis and etiology 10 Chronic diarrhea A. Guarino; E. Ruberto; Y. Finkel Y. Finkel; A. Guarino 34 Achalasia S. Nurko; Y. Vandenplas 58 Intestinal malabsorption – Part 2: 12 Upper gastrointestinal bleeding First diagnostic steps C.G. Sauer; B.D. Gold 36 Constipation A. Guarino; E. Ruberto; Y. Finkel S. Misra; H.M. Van de Vroot 14 Lower gastrointestinal bleeding F.A. Sylvester; D. Turck 38 Dysphagia P.E. Hyman; T. Zangen 16 Malnutrition Infl ammatory bowel disease P.S. Lemos; B. Wershil 40 Fecal incontinence 60 Infl ammatory bowel disease A. Siddiqui; O. Eshach Adiv; S. Nurko 18 Perianal disease D. Turner; A.S. Day A.S. Day; N.L. Jones 42 Hirschsprung’s disease 62 Crohn’s disease P.E. Hyman; T. Zangen 20 Gastrointestinal foreign bodies D. Turner; A.S. Day I. Rosen; R. Shaoul 64 Ulcerative colitis D. Turner; A.S. Day Surgical conditions 80 Hepatitis C Pancreas E. Granot 66 Abdominal mass 100 Acute pancreatitis R. Udassin; A. Vromen; E. Gross 82 Elevated aminotransferases M. Wilschanski; R. Arnon J. Garah; R. Shaoul 68 Right lower quadrant abdominal pain 102 Chronic pancreatitis I. Sukhotnik; P.S. Lemos 84 Elevated alkaline phosphatase M. Wilschanski; R. Shaoul R. Shaoul; J. Garah 70 Peritonitis S. Peleg; R. Shaoul 86 Autoimmune liver disease 104 Index G. Mieli-Vergani; M. Samyn 72 Short bowel syndrome 109 Abbreviations Y. Finkel; I. Sukhotnik 88 Sclerosing cholangitis G. Mieli-Vergani; M. Samyn 90 Acute liver failure Liver G. Mieli-Vergani; M. Samyn 74 Neonatal jaundice 92 Hepatomegaly E. Fitzpatrick; A. Dhawan E. Fitzpatrick; A. Dhawan 76 Acute hepatitis 94 Gallstones Y. Bujanover; S. Reif E. Broide; S. Reif 78 Hepatitis B 96 Portal hypertension E. Granot R. Arnon; A. Dhawan 98 Ascites A. Ben Tov; S. Reif Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Disclaimer. The statements, options and data contained in this publi- All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into cation are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, Practical algorithms in pediatric gastroenterology / editor Ron Shaoul. not of the publisher and the editor(s). The appearance of advertise- electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, micro- p. ; cm. -- (Practical algorithms in pediatrics) ments in the book is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the copying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without Includes bibliographical references and index. products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN 978-3-318-02509-5 (alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-3-318-02510-1 safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any (e-ISBN) injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, in- © Copyright 2014 by S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH–4009 Basel I. Shaoul, Ron, editor of compilation. II. Series: Practical algorithms in structions or products referred to in the content or advertisements. (Switzerland) pediatrics. Printed in Switzerland on acid-free and non-aging paper (ISO 9706) [DNLM: 1. Gastrointestinal Diseases--Handbooks. 2. Adolescent. 3. Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort by Werner Druck, Basel III Child. 4. Decision Trees--Handbooks. 5. Infant. 6. Liver to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in ISBN 978–3–318–02509–5 Diseases--Handbooks. 7. Pancreatic Diseases--Handbooks. WS 39] accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of pub- e-ISBN 978–3–318–02510–1 RJ446 lication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government 618.92’33--dc23 regulations, and the constant fl ow of information relating to drug ther- 2014004252 apy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the rec- ommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Contributors Orly Eshach Adiv, MD Emer Fitzpatrick Avishay Lahad, MD IV Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit Consultant Paediatric Hepatologist Pediatric Gastroenerology and Nutrition Unit Rambam Medical Center Paediatric Liver GI and Nutrition Center Pediatric B North Department Haifa, Israel King’s College Hospital Edmond and Lili Safra Children’s Hospital London, UK Sheba Medical Center Ronen Arnon, MD, MHA Tel Hashomer, Israel Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Surgery Jamal Garah, MD Medical Director of Pediatric Hepatology and Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit Piedade Sande Lemos, MD, PhD Liver Transplantation Rambam Medical Center Pediatric Gastroenterology Consultant Recanati-Miller Transplant Institute Haifa, Israel Hospital Fernando Fonseca Mount Sinai School of Medicine Director, Clinica CUF Cascais New York, NY, USA Benjamin D. Gold, MD, FACG Cascais, Portugal Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Efrat Broide, MD Nutrition Andrea Lo Vecchio, MD Head of Pediatric Gastroenterology Children’s Center for Digestive Healthcare Section of Pediatrics Institute of Gastroenterology Atlanta, GA, USA Department of Translational Medical Science Assaf Harofeh Medical Center University of Naples Federico II Zerifin, Israel Esther Granot, MD Naples, Italy Kaplan Medical Center Prof. Yoram Bujanover Rehovot and Hebrew University-Hadassah Giorgina Mieli-Vergani Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit Medical School Professor of Paediatric Hepatology Edmond and Lili Safra Children’s Hospital Jerusalem, Israel Consultant Paediatric Hepatologist Sheba Medical Center Paediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre Tel Hashomer, Israel Eitan Gross, MD King’s College London School of Medicine Pediatric Surgery Department King’s College Hospital Eric Chiou, MD The Hebrew University Medical School London, UK Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Hadassah Nutrition Jerusalem, Israel Sudipta Misra, MBBS, MD, DM Texas Children’s Clinical Care Center Clinical Professor of Pediatrics and Chief Houston, TX, USA Alfredo Guarino, MD Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Section of Pediatrics Hepatology and Nutrition Prof. Andrew S. Day Department of Translational Medical Science Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University Paediatric Gastroenterologist University of Naples Federico II Vidant Medical Center Department of Paediatrics Naples, Italy Greenville, NC, USA University of Otago Christchurch, New Zealand Paul E. Hyman, MD Samuel Nurko, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Director Anil Dhawan Chief, Gastroenterology Center for Motility and Professor of Paediatric Hepatology Children’s Hospital Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Director Paediatric Liver GI and Nutrition Centre New Orleans, LA, USA Boston Children’s’ Hospital King’s College Hospital Boston, MA, USA London, UK Nicola L. Jones, ND, FRCPC, PhD Departments of Paediatrics and Physiology Sarit Peleg, MD Prof. Yigael Finkel University of Toronto Pediatric Gastroenterology Service Department of Clinical Science and Education Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children Ha’emek Medical Center Karolinska Institutet Toronto, ON, Canada Afula, Israel Stockholm, Sweden Shimon Reif, MD Anees Siddiqui, MD Prof. Dr. Yvan Vandenplas Director Pediatric Gastroenterology Pediatric Gastroenterology Department of Pediatrics Specially for Children/Dell Children’s UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Hadassah Medical Center Medical Center Brussels, Belgium Jerusalem, Israel Austin, TX, USA Holly M. Van de Voort, MD Irit Rosen, MD Igor Sukhotnik, MD Centennial Pediatrics Murfreesboro Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit Pediatric Surgery Unit Murfreesboro, TN, USA Rambam Medical Center Bnai Zion Medical Center Haifa, Israel Haifa, Israel Amos Vromen, MD Pediatric Surgery Department Eliana Ruberto, MD Francisco A. Sylvester, MD The Hebrew University Medical School Section of Pediatrics Professor of Pediatrics and Immunology Hadassah Department of Translational Medical Science University of Connecticut School of Medicine
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