Trademark Law and Policy

Kenneth L. Port Professor of Law and Director of Intellectual Property Law Studies William Mitchell College of Law

ISBN 1-59460-019-8 LCCN 2004112494

Carolina Academic Press 700 Kent Street Durham, North Carolina 27701 Telephone (919) 489-7486 Fax (919) 493-5668 www.cap-press.com Email: [email protected]

Printed in the United States of America For Elissa, Emily and Paula K.L.P

Summary of Contents

Prelude 1 Chapter I: Introduction 13 Chapter II: Why Protect Trademarks? 35 A. Competition 35 B. Economic Justification of Protecting Trademarks 36 C. Social Justification of Protecting Trademarks 38 D. Justification in Light of the First Amendment 39 Chapter III: Subject Matter 55 A. Word Marks 55 B. Trade Dress 61 C. Scent Marks 69 D. Sound 72 E. Color 75 Chapter IV: Infringement of the Trademark Right 81 A. Likelihood of Confusion 81 B. Relevant Consuming Public 95 C. Reverse Confusion 103 D. Contributory Infringement 107 E. Vicarious Liability 111 F. Defenses 115 Chapter V: Requirements of a Trademark 133 A. Distinctiveness 133 B. Secondary Meaning in Trademarks 139 Chapter VI: Acquisition of Trademark Rights 157 A. Adoption and Use 157 B. Priority 171 C. Concurrent Use 184 D. Intent to Use 191 Chapter VII: Trademark Registration 209 A. Registration Process 209 B. Advantages of Registration 213 C. Statutory Bars to Registration 214 D. Trademark Searches 286

vii viii CONTENTS

Chapter VIII: Incontestability 289 Chapter IX: Loss of Trademark Rights 309 A. Genericism 309 B. Abandonment 340 Chapter X: Section 43(a) 365 A. Unregistered “Marks” 365 B. Inherently Distinctive Trade Dress 374 C. Functional Trade Dress 378 D. False Advertising 390 E. Outer Limits of Claims under § 43(a) 407 F. Section 43(b) 416 Chapter XI: Dilution (Section 43(c)) 423 A. Background 423 B. State Law Incorporation 429 C. FTDA 439 Chapter XII: Domain Names (Section 43(d)) 477 A. The Problem: Cybersquatting 477 B. Introduction to the Current Domain Name System 479 C. The Domain Name Registration Process 485 D. Legal Protections of Domain Names 490 E. Dilution 496 F. Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act (ACPA) 500 G. Administrative Dispute Resolution of Domain Names: Overview 528 Chapter XIII: International Inﬂuences and Harmonization 583 A. Paris Convention 583 B. TRIPs Agreement 587 C. Madrid Protocol 597 D. Extraterritoriality 602 Chapter XIV: Remedies 607 A. Injunctions 607 B. Disclaimers 612 C. Recalls and Destruction 616 D. Monetary Relief 619 Appendix 641 Title 15—Commerce and Trade Chapter 22—Trademarks: “The Lanham Act” 641 Appendix B Sample Survey 687 15 U.S.C./Lanham Act Index 691 Detailed Table of Contents

Table of Graphs, Figures, and Charts xvii Table of Primary Cases xix Table of Secondary Sources xxiii Acknowledgments xxvii Editorial Note xxix Prelude 1 Pebble Beach Co. v. Tour 18 Limited 1 Notes 11 Chapter I: Introduction 13 The Trademark Cases 14 United Drug Co. v. Theodore Rectanus Co. 16 INS v. AP 16 The National Basketball Association v. Motorola, Inc. and Sports Team Analysis and Tracking Systems, Inc. 24 Cheney Bros. v. Doris Silk Corporation 27 Notes 29 Chapter II: Why Protect Trademarks? 35 A. Competition 35 Restatement of the Law (Third), Unfair Competition Chapter 1. The Freedom to Compete 35 B. Economic Justification of Protecting Trademarks 36 Kenneth L. Port, The Congressional Expansion of American Trademark Law: A Civil Law System in the Making 36 C. Social Justification of Protecting Trademarks 38 Kenneth L. Port, The Congressional Expansion of American Trademark Law: A Civil Law System in the Making 38 Notes 39 D. Justification in Light of the First Amendment 39 Dallas Cowboy Cheerleaders Inc. v. Pussycat Cinema, Inc. 40 L.L. Bean, Inc. v. Drake Publishers, Inc. 41 Mattel, Inc. v. MCA Records 47 Notes 51 Chapter III: Subject Matter 55 A. Word Marks 55 1. Trademarks 55

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Coca-Cola Co. v. Koke Co. of America 55 2. Service Marks 57 In re Dr Pepper Co. 57 Notes 61 B. Trade Dress 61 1. Product Packaging 61 Fun-Damental Too v. Gemmy Indus. Corp. 61 2. Product Conﬁguration 65 Ashley Furniture Industries v. Sangiacomo N.A. 65 Notes 68 3. The “Tertium quid” 68 Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc. 68 Note 68 C. Scent Marks 69 In re Celia Clarke 69 Notes 71 D. Sound 72 In re General Electric Broadcasting Company, Inc. 72 Notes 74 E. Color 75 Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co. Inc. 75 Notes 80 Chapter IV: Infringement of the Trademark Right 81 A. Likelihood of Confusion 81 Polaroid Corp. v. Polarad Elects. Corp. 81 Duluth News-Tribune v. Mesabi Publ. Co. 84 Note 89 Vitarroz Corp. v. Borden, Inc. 89 Notes 93 B. Relevant Consuming Public 95 Mastercrafters Clock & Radio Co. v. Vacheron & Constantin-Le Coultre Watches, Inc. 95 Munsingwear, Inc. v. Jockey International 97 C. Reverse Confusion 103 Sands, Taylor & Wood Co. v. Quaker Oats Co. 103 Notes 106 D. Contributory Infringement 107 Inwood Labs., Inc. v. Ives Labs., Inc. 107 Note 110 E. Vicarious Liability 111 Lockheed Martin Corp. v. Network Solutions, Inc. 111 Note 115 F. Defenses 115 1. Fair Use 115 United States Shoe Corp. v. Brown Group Inc. 116 KP Permanent Make-Up, Inc. v. Lasting Impression I, Inc. 119 Notes 123 2. Nominative Fair Use 123 CONTENTS xi

Brother Records v. Jardine 123 Notes 126 3. Laches/Acquiescence 127 Menendez v. Holt 127 Notes 130 Chapter V: Requirements of a Trademark 133 A. Distinctiveness 133 Abercrombie & Fitch Co. v. Hunting World, Inc. 133 Notes 138 B. Secondary Meaning in Trademarks 139 International Kennel Club of Chicago, Inc. v. Mighty Star, Inc. 139 Zatarains, Inc. v. Oak Grove Smokehouse, Inc. 145 Foamation, Inc. v. Wedeward Enterprises, Inc. 150 Notes 155 Chapter VI: Acquisition of Trademark Rights 157 A. Adoption and Use 157 Proctor & Gamble Company v. Johnson & Johnson, Inc. 158 Larry Harmon Pictures Corp. v. Williams Restaurant Corp. 164 Int’l Bancorp, LLC v. Societe Des Bains De Mer et du Cercle Des Etrangers a Monaco 167 Notes 171 B. Priority 171 Blue Bell, Inc. v. Farah Mfg. Co. 172 Bell v. Streetwise Records, Ltd. 176 Maryland Stadium Authority v. Becker 180 Notes 184 C. Concurrent Use 184 Burger King of Florida, Inc. v. Hoots 184 Dawn Donut Co. v. Hart’s Food Stores, Inc. 188 Notes 191 D. Intent to Use 191 Introduction to the ITU System 192 Zirco Corp. v. American Telephone & Telegraph Co. 194 Fila Sport, S.P.A. v. Diadora America, Inc. 196 Eastman Kodak Co. v. Bell & Howell Document Management Products Co. 202 Notes 207 Chapter VII: Trademark Registration 209 A. Registration Process 209 B. Advantages of Registration 213 C. Statutory Bars to Registration 214 1. Section 2(a): Scandalous Marks 214 In re Old Glory Condom Corp. 215 Pro-Football, Inc. v. Harjo 219 Notes 230 2. Section 2(b): Flag or Coat of Arms 234 In re United States Dept. of the Interior 234 xii CONTENTS

Notes 236 3. Section 2(c): Names, Portrait, Signatures 236 In re Steak and Ale Restaurants of America 236 4. Section 2(d): Confusion 238 In re Majestic Distilling Co. 238 Marshall Field & Company v. Mrs. Fields Cookies 245 Note 252 5(a). Section 2(e)(1): Merely Descriptive 253 In re Bed & Breakfast Registry 253 5(b). Section 2(e)(1): Deceptively Misdescriptive 254 Steinberg Brothers, Inc. v. New England-Overall Co., Inc. 254 5(c) Section 2(e)(2): Primarily Geographically Descriptive 256 In re Nantucket, Inc. 256 5(d). Section 2(e)(3): Primarily Geographically Deceptively Misdescriptive 263 Japan Telecom, Inc. v. Japan Telecom America Inc. 264 In re Wada 266 5(e). Section 2(e)(4): Primarily Merely a Surname 269 In re Kahan & Weisz Jewelry Mfg. 269 Taylor Wine Company, Inc. v. Bully Hill Vineyards, Inc. 270 5(f). Section 2(e)(5): Functionality 274 In re Morton-Norwich Products, Inc. 274 6. Section 2(f): Statutory Secondary Meaning 282 Yamaha International Corporation v. Hoshino Gakki Co., Ltd. 283 D. Trademark Searches 286 Chapter VIII: Incontestability 289 Park ‘N Fly, Inc. v. Dollar Park and Fly, Inc. 295 Munters Corporation v. Matsui America Inc. 303 Dieter v. B & H Industries, Inc. 305 Notes 308 Chapter IX: Loss of Trademark Rights 309 A. Genericism 309 Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co. 309 Bayer Co. v. United Drug 314 King-Seely Thermos Co. v. Aladdin Industries, Inc. 319 Anti-Monopoly, Inc. v. General Mills Fun Group, Inc. 322 Notes 330 Special Note on Surveys 331 Schering Corp. v. Pﬁzer Inc. 331 B. Abandonment 340 1. Non-use 340 Silverman v. CBS, Inc. 340 University Bookstore v. Wisconsin Board of Regents 344 Note 351 2. Inappropriate Use 351 a. Assignment in Gross 351 Marshak v. Green 351 Note 353 CONTENTS xiii

b. Naked Licenses/Lack of Quality Control 354 Clark Yocum v. Warren Covington 354 Kentucky Fried Chicken Corp. v. Diversiﬁed Packaging Corp. 360 c. Failure to Police 362 Wallpaper Mfrs., Ltd. v. Crown Wallcovering Corp. 362 Chapter X: Section 43(a) 365 A. Unregistered “Marks” 365 Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc. 366 B. Inherently Distinctive Trade Dress 374 Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Samara Brothers, Inc. 374 Notes 378 C. Functional Trade Dress 378 TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc. 378 Tie Tech, Inc. v. Kinedyne Corporation 384 Notes 389 D. False Advertising 390 Coors Brewing Company v. Anheuser-Busch Companies, Inc. 391 Surdyk’s Liquor, Inc. v. MGM Liquor Stores, Inc. 399 Note 407 E. Outer Limits of Claims under § 43(a) 407 Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp. 407 ETW Corp. v. Jireh Publ. 412 Note 415 F. Section 43(b) 416 Ross Cosmetics Distribution Ctrs. v. United States 416 Chapter XI: Dilution (Section 43(c)) 423 A. Background 423 Frank Schecter, The Rational Basis of Trademark Protection 423 B. State Law Incorporation 429 Allied Maintenance Corporation v. Allied Mechanical Trades, Inc. 429 Notes 434 Mead Data Central, Inc. v. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc. 435 C. FTDA 439 1. Cause of Action 439 Note 440 a) Blurring 440 Ringling Bros.-Barnum & Bailey Combined Shows, Inc. v. Utah Division of Travel Development 440 WAWA, Inc. v. HAHA 24 Hour Market 448 Note 450 b) Tarnishment 451 The Coca-Cola Company v. Gemini Rising, Inc. 451 Notes 456 Hormel Foods Corporation v. Jim Henson Productions, Inc. 456 2. Dilution of Trade Dress 460 I.P. Lund Trading ApS and Kroin Inc. v. Kohler Co. 460 3. Proving Dilution 466 Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc. 466 xiv CONTENTS

Note 473 Note on Dilution 473 Chapter XII: Domain Names (Section 43(d)) 477 A. The Problem: Cybersquatting 477 Dan L. Burk, Trademarks along the Infobahn: A First Look at the Emerging Law of Cybermarks 477 Notes 479 B. Introduction to the Current Domain Name System 479 Image Online Design, Inc. v. Core Association and Ken Stubbs 479 Wayde Brooks, Wrestling Over the World Wide Web: ICANN’s Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy for Domain Name Disputes 481 Notes 485 C. The Domain Name Registration Process 485 Network Solutions, Inc. v. Umbro International, Inc. 485 ICANN Information 487 Notes 489 D. Legal Protections of Domain Names 490 1. Infringement 490 Intermatic v. Toeppen 490 Notes 495 E. Dilution 496 Panavision, Int’l, L.P. v. Toeppen 496 Note 499 F. Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act (ACPA) 500 1. Cause of action 500 Sporty’s Farm L.L.C. v. Sportsman’s Market, Inc. 502 Note 507 2. Bad Faith: 15 U.S.C. § 1125 (d)(l)(B)(i) 507 Virtual Works, Inc. v. Volkswagen of America, Inc. 507 Nissan Motor Co. v. Nissan Computer Corp. 512 Notes 516 3. In Rem Jurisdiction: 15 U.S.C. §1125(d)(2)(A) 517 Harrods Limited v. Sixty Internet Domain Names 517 Porsche Cars North America, Inc. v. Porsche.net 520 Caesars World, Inc. v. Caesars-palace.com 522 Notes 523 4. Statutory Damages under the ACPA 524 E. & J. Gallo Winery v. Spider Webs, Ltd. 525 Notes 527 G. Administrative Dispute Resolution of Domain Names: The Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP) 528 1. The Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy: Overview 528 Record Number of Alleged Cybersquatting Cases Filed in May 528 2. Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy: Purpose, Representations, Cancellations, Transfers and Changes, UDRP Paragraphs 1-4 529 Telstra Corporation Limited v. Nuclear Marshmallows 531 Notes 535 CONTENTS xv

a. Identical or Confusingly Similar Mark: UDRP §4(a)(i) 535 Motorola, Inc. v. Newgate Internet, Inc. 535 Note 536 b. Legitimate Interests: UDRP §4(a)(ii) 537 Volvo Trademark Holding AD v. e-motordealer Ltd. 537 c. Registration and Use in Bad Faith: UDRP §4(a)(iii) and §4(b) 539 Recordati S.Pa. v. Domain Name Clearing Company 540 Notes 541 3. Other Cybersquatting Issues 542 a. Typosquatting 542 Disney Enterprises, Inc. v. John Zuccarini, Cupcake City and Cupcake Patrol 542 Notes 546 b. Reverse Domain Name Hijacking 547 Goldline International, Inc. v. Gold Line 547 Notes 548 c. John Jacob Jingle Heimer Schmidt, His Name Is My Domain Name, Too: Using One’s Own “Famous Name” 548 Bruce Springsteen v. Jeff Burgar and Bruce Springsteen Club 548 Note 554 d. Your Trademark Sucks.com: Free Speech or Bad Faith? 555 Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Walsucks and Walmarket Puerto Rico 555 Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Wallmartcanadasucks.com and Kenneth J. Harvey 561 Note 565 4. Relationship between the ACPA and the UDRP 566 Sallen v. Corinthians Licenciamentos Ltda 566 5. Nominative Use (Meta Tags) 571 Playboy Enterprises v. Welles 571 Promatek Indus., Ltd v. Equitrac Corp. 575 6. Pop-up Advertising 575 U-Haul International, Inc. v. WhenU.com, Inc. 575 Notes 578 7. “Key Word Density” 578 J.K. Harris & Co., LLC v. Kassel 578 Note 582 Chapter XIII: International Inﬂuences and Harmonization 583 A. Paris Convention 583 SCM Corp. v. Langis Foods, Ltd. 583 B. TRIPs Agreement 587 J.H. Reichman, Universal Minimum Standards of Intellectual Property Protection Under the TRIPS Component of the WTO Agreement 588 Kenneth L. Port, Trademark Harmonization: Norms, Names and Nonsense 592 C. Madrid Protocol 597 Adam Kibort, Experience with the Madrid Protocol 600 D. Extraterritoriality 602 xvi CONTENTS

Steele v. Bulova Watch Co. 602 Notes 606 Chapter XIV: Remedies 607 A. Injunctions 607 Firma Melodiya v. ZYX Music GmbH 607 Note 612 B. Disclaimers 612 Home Box Office, Inc. v. Showtime/The Movie Channel Inc. 612 C. Recalls and Destruction 616 Kiki Undies Corp. v. Promenade Hosiery Mills, Inc. 616 D. Monetary Relief 619 1. Recovery of Defendant’s Profits (Accounting) 619 George Basch Co. v. Blue Coral, Inc. 619 2. Recovery of Plaintiff’s Actual Damages 626 Note 627 3. Punitive Damages 627 Getty Petroleum Corp. v. Bartco Petroleum Corp. 628 Notes 633 4. Attorneys’ Fees 634 Quaker State Oil Refining Corp. v. Kooltone, Inc. 634 WSM, Inc. v. Wheeler Media Services, Inc. 635 Notes 638 Appendix 641 15 U.S.C. §§ 1052 et seq. 641 SUBCHAPTER I—THE PRINCIPAL REGISTER 641 SUBCHAPTER II—THE SUPPLEMENTAL REGISTER 656 SUBCHAPTER III—GENERAL PROVISIONS 657 SUBSECTION IV.—THE MADRID PROTOCOL 679 Appendix B Sample Survey 688 MODEL SURVEY [BAND-AID] 688 15 U.S.C./Lanham Act Index 691 15 U.S.C. 691 Lanham Act 692 Table of Graphs, Figures, and Charts

Figure 1-2 Federal Intellectual Property Law Summary 33 Picture 4-1 Jaeger-LeCoultre Atmos Clock 96 Trademark Continuum 138 Picture 5-1 Zatarain’s Fish-Fri 146 Picture 5-2 Cheesehead 150 Picture 6-1 Burger King of Mattoon IL 185 Table 7-1 Application and Registration Statistics 210 Table 7-2 Use-Based Trademark Application Process 211 Table 7-3 Intent-to-Use Based Trademark Application Process 212 Table 7-4 Application Process Under the Madrid Protocol 213 Old Glory Condom Corp. 215 National Park Service Logo 234 Mrs. Fields Logo 245 Picture 9-1 Anti-Monopoly 323 Picture 10-1 Taco Cabana Restaurant 366 Picture 10-2 Two Pesos Restaurant 366 Madrid Applications Report 602 Completed Trademark Cases in US District Courts FY1997-FY2002 612

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Table of Primary Cases

ABERCROMBIE & FITCH CO. v. HUNTING DIETER v. B& H INDUSTRIES, INC., 305- WORLD, INC., 75, 79, 123, 133, 138, 296, 308 369, 375-376, 390 DISNEY ENTERPRISES, INC. v. JOHN ZUC- ALLIED MAINTENANCE CORPORATION v. CARINI, CUPCAKE CITY AND CUP- ALLIED MECHANICAL TRADES, INC., CAKE PATROL, 542-545 429-434, 438, 444 IN RE DR PEPPER CO., 57 ANTI-MONOPOLY, INC. v. GENERAL DULUTH NEWS-TRIBUNE v. MESABI MILLS FUN GROUP, INC., 49, 322-330 PUBL. CO., 84-86 ASHLEY FURNITURE INDUS. v. SANGIA- E. & J. GALLO WINERY v. SPIDER WEBS, COMO N.A., 65-66, 68 LTD., 525-527 BAYER CO. v. UNITED DRUG, 48, 314-319 EASTMAN KODAK CO. v. BELL & HOWELL IN RE BED & BREAKFAST REGISTRY, 253 DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT PROD- BELL v. STREETWISE RECORDS, LTD., 16, UCTS CO., 202-207 172-177 ETW CORP. v. JIREH PUBL., 412-415 BLUE BELL, INC. v. FARAH MFG. CO., 172- FILA SPORT, S.P.A. v. DIADORA AMERICA, 176 INC., 196-201 BROTHER RECORDS v. JARDINE, 123-126 FIRMA MELODIYA v. ZYX MUSIC GMBH, BRUCE SPRINGSTEEN v. JEFF BURGAR 607 AND BRUCE SPRINGSTEEN CLUB, 548- FOAMATION, INC. v. WEDEWARD ENTER- 554 PRISES, INC., 150-154 BURGER KING OF FLORIDA, INC. v. FUN-DAMENTAL TOO v. GEMMY INDUS. HOOTS, 184-188, 191, 307, 623 CORP., 61-65 CAESARS WORLD, INC. v. CAESARS- IN RE GENERAL ELECTRIC BROADCAST- PALACE.COM, 522, 632 ING COMPANY, INC., 72 IN RE CELIA CLARKE, 69 GEORGE BASCH CO. v. BLUE CORAL, INC., CHENEY BROS. v. DORIS SILK CORPORA- 619 TION, 27 GETTY PETROLEUM CORP. v. BARTCO PE- CLARK YOCUM v. WARREN COVINGTON, TROLEUM CORP., 621-628 354-360 GOLDLINE INTERNATIONAL, INC. v. COCA-COLA CO. v. KOKE CO. OF AMER- GOLD LINE, 547-548 ICA, 55-57, 79, 148, 377, 462, 573, 631 HARRODS LIMITED v. SIXTY INTERNET COCA-COLA COMPANY v. GEMINI RIS- DOMAIN NAMES, 517-520 ING, INC., 45, 451 HOME BOX OFFICE, INC. v. COORS BREWING COMPANY v. AN- SHOWTIME/THE MOVIE CHANNEL HEUSER-BUSCH COMPANIES, INC., INC., 117, 612 391, 395 HORMEL FOODS CORPORATION v. JIM DALLAS COWBOY CHEERLEADERS INC. v. HENSON PRODUCTIONS, INC., 456- PUSSYCAT CINEMA, INC., 40-41 460, 498 DASTAR CORP. v. TWENTIETH CENTURY I.P. LUND TRADING ApS AND KROIN INC. FOX FILM CORP., 407-412 v. KOHLER CO., 447, 460 DAWN DONUT CO. v. HART’S FOOD IMAGE ONLINE DESIGN, INC. v. CORE AS- STORES, INC., 188-189 SOCIATION AND KEN STUBBS, 479

xix xx TABLE OF PRIMARY CASES

INT’L BANCORP, LLC v. SOCIETE DES NATIONAL BASKETBALL ASSOCIATION v. BAINS DE MER ET DU CERCLE DES MOTOROLA, INC. AND SPORTS TEAM ETRANGERS A MONACO, 167-171 ANALYSIS AND TRACKING SYSTEMS, INTERMATIC v. TOEPPEN, 486, 490-495, INC., 24-27 497, 499-500 NETWORK SOLUTIONS, INC. v. UMBRO INTERNATIONAL KENNEL CLUB OF INTERNATIONAL, INC., 485-486 CHICAGO, INC. v. MIGHTY STAR, INC., NISSAN MOTOR CO. v. NISSAN COM- 139-145, 378 PUTER CORP., 512-516, 517 INWOOD LABS., INC. v. IVES LABS., INC., IN RE OLD GLORY CONDOM CORP., 215- 107, 110 219 J.K. HARRIS & CO., LLC v. KASSEL, 578-82 PANAVISION, INT’L, L.P. v. TOEPPEN, 47, JAPAN TELECOM, INC. v. JAPAN TELECOM 496 AMERICA INC., 264-265 PARK ‘N FLY, INC. v. DOLLAR PARK AND IN RE KAHAN & WEISZ JEWELRY MFG., 269 FLY, INC., 295-303, 304, 307, 628 KELLOGG CO. v. NATIONAL BISCUIT CO., PEBBLE BEACH CO. v. TOUR 18 LIMITED, 148, 309-313, 410 1-11 KENTUCKY FRIED CHICKEN CORP. v. DI- PLAYBOY ENTERPRISES v. WELLES, 571-574 VERSIFIED PACKAGING CORP., 360-362 POLAROID CORP. v. POLARAD ELECTS. KIKI UNDIES CORP. v. PROMENADE CORP.., 81-84, 91 HOSIERY MILLS, INC., 616-619 PORSCHE CARS NORTH AMERICA, INC. v. KING-SEELY THERMOS CO. v. ALADDIN PORSCHE.NET, 520-523, 524 INDUSTRIES, INC., 319 PRO-FOOTBALL, INC. v. HARJO, 219-229 KP PERMANENT MAKE-UP, INC. v. LAST- PROCTOR & GAMBLE COMPANY v. JOHN- ING IMPRESSION I, INC., 119-122, 123 SON & JOHNSON, INC., 158-164, 171 L.L. BEAN, INC. v. DRAKE PUBLISHERS, QUAKER STATE OIL REFINING CORP. v. INC., 41-46, 48, 437 KOOLTONE, INC., 634-635 LARRY HARMON PICTURES CORP. v. QUALITEX CO. v. JACOBSON PRODUCTS WILLIAMS RESTAURANT CORP., 164-167 CO. INC., 55, 75-80, 152, 380, 388, 410, LOCKHEED MARTIN CORP. v. NETWORK 469 SOLUTIONS, INC., 111-115, 486, 489 RECORDATI S.P.A. v. DOMAIN NAME IN RE MAJESTIC DISTILLING CO., 238-239 CLEARING COMPANY, 540-541 MARSHALL FIELD & COMPANY v. MRS. RINGLING BROS.-BARNUM & BAILEY FIELDS COOKIES, 245-252 COMBINED SHOWS, INC. v. UTAH DIVI- MASTERCRAFTERS CLOCK & RADIO CO. v. SION OF TRAVEL,DEVELOPMENT,440- VACHERON & CONSTANTIN-LE COUL- 448, 468-469, 471 TRE WATCHES, INC., 95-97 ROSS COSMETICS DISTRIBUTION CTRS. v. MATTEL, INC. v. MCA RECORDS, 47-51 UNITED STATES, 416-422 MEAD DATA CENTRAL, INC. v. TOYOTA SALLEN v. CORINTHIANS LICENCIAMEN- MOTOR SALES, U.S.A., INC., 435-439, TOS LTDA, 566-571 443, 464 SANDS, TAYLOR & WOOD CO. v. QUAKER MENENDEZ v. HOLT, 127 OATS CO., 103-106 IN RE MORTON-NORWICH PRODUCTS, SCHERING CORP. v. PFIZER INC., 331-340 INC., 274 SCM CORP. v. LANGIS FOODS, LTD., 201, MOSELEY v. V SECRET CATALOGUE, INC., 583-587 13, 466-473 SILVERMAN v. CBS, INC., 340-344 MOTOROLA, INC. v. NEWGATE INTERNET, SPORTY’S FARM L.L.C. v. SPORTSMAN’S INC., 24, 535-536 MARKET, INC., 502-507, 509, 516, 521 MUNSINGWEAR, INC. v. JOCKEY INTER- IN RE STEAK AND ALE RESTAURANTS OF NATIONAL, 97-103 AMERICA, 236 MUNTERS CORPORATION v. MATSUI STEELE v. BULOVA WATCH CO., 167, 602- AMERICA INCORPORATED, 123 606 IN RE NANTUCKET, INC., 256, 267 STEINBERG BROTHERS, INC. v. NEW ENG- LAND-OVERALL CO., 254-256 TABLE OF PRIMARY CASES xxi

SURDYK’S LIQUOR, INC. v. MGM LIQUOR VIRTUAL WORKS, INC. v. VOLKSWAGEN STORES, INC., 399-407 OF AMERICA, INC., 507-512, 513, 521 TAYLOR WINE COMPANY, INC. v. BULLY VITARROZ CORP. v. BORDEN, INC., 89-93 HILL VINEYARDS, INC., 270-74 VOLVO TRADEMARK HOLDING AD v. E- TELSTRA CORPORATION LIMITED v. NU- MOTORDEALER LTD., 537-539 CLEAR MARSHMALLOWS, 531-535, 541 IN RE WADA, 266 TIE TECH, INC. v. KINEDYNE CORPORA- WAL-MART STORES, INC. v. SAMARA TION, 384-389 BROTHERS, INC., 374-378, 380, 411 TRAFFIX DEVICES, INC. v. MARKETING WAL-MART STORES, INC. v. WALLMART- DISPLAYS, INC., 378-384, 389-390, 410, CANADASUCKS.COM AND KENNETH J. 412 HARVEY, 561-565 TWO PESOS, INC. v. TACO CABANA, INC., WAL-MART STORES, INC. v. WALSUCKS 55, 64, 67,68, 75, 98, 213, 366-368, 377, AND WALMARKET PUERTO RICO, 536, 380, 382, 414 555, 564 U-HAUL INTERNATIONAL, INC. v. WALLPAPER MFRS., LTD. v. CROWN WALL- WHENU.COM, INC., 575-578 COVERING CORP., 362-363 UNITED DRUG CO. v. THEODORE WAWA, INC. v. HAHA 24 HR. MARKET, 448- RECTANUS CO., 16, 30, 159, 169, 174 450 INS v. AP, 16-23, 29-33, 479 WSM, INC. v. WHEELER MEDIA SERVICES, IN RE UNITED STATES DEPT. OF THE IN- INC., 635-638 TERIOR, 234 YAMAHA INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION UNITED STATES SHOE CORP. v. BROWN v. HOSHINO GAKKI CO., LTD., 283-286 GROUP INC., 116 ZATARAINS, INC. v. OAK GROVE SMOKE- UNIVERSITY BOOKSTORE v. WISCONSIN HOUSE, INC., 138, 145-149 BOARD OF REGENTS, 344-351 ZIRCO CORP. v. AMERICAN TELEPHONE & TELEGRAPH CO., 194-196

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Orion Armon, Is This as Good as It Gets? An Appraisal of ICANN’s Uniform Domain Name Resolution Policy (UDRP) Three Years After Implementation, 22 Rev. Litig. 99 (2003). Douglas Baird, Common Law Intellectual Property and the Legacy of International News Service v. Associated Press, 50 U. Chi. L. Rev. 411, 428 (1983). S teven A . Bowers , Lo c a ti o n , Lo c a ti o n , Lo c a tion: The Case Against Extending Ge o g ra p h i c a l In d i cti on Prote ction Un d er the T R I Ps Agre em en t, 31 A I P LA Q. 129 (2003). Curtis A. Bradley, Territorial Intellectual Property Rights in an Age of Globalism, 37 Va. J. Int’l L. 505 (1997). W.W. Buckland, A Text-Book of Roman Law from Augustus to Justinian (1990). J. Taylor Buckley, The Bike That Roared: Can Harley’s Sound Be Trademarked?, USA TODAY, Jan. 8, 1996. 3 Rudolph Callmann, The Law of Unfair Competition, Trademarks, and Monop- olies § 21.12 (3d ed. 1969). Rudolph Callmann, Unfair Competition Without Competition?: The Importance of the Property Concept in the Law of Trade-Marks, 95 U. Pa. L. Rev. 443, 467 (1947). Pamela C. Chalk, The True Value of Trademarks: Influencing Who We Are and Who We Want to Be, 12 J. Contemp. Legal Issues 20 (2001). Douglas D. Churovich, Policy Considerations from a Practitioner’s Perspective: Scents, Sense or Cents? Something Stinks in the Lanham Act Scientific Obstacles to Scent Marks, 20 St. Louis U. Pub. L. Rev. 293 (2001). 92 Cong. Rec. 7524 (1946). Rosemary J. Coombe, Interdisciplinary Approaches to International Economic Law: The Cultural Life of Things: Anthropological Approaches to Law and Society in Condi- tions of Globalilzation, 69 Tex. L. Rev. 1853 (1991). – New Di re ction: Cri tical Cu l tu ral Legal Stu d i e s, 10 Yale J. L . & Human. 463 (1998). – Objects of Property and Subjects of Politics: Intellectual Property Laws and Democ- ratic Dialogue.,13 Yale J.L. & Human. 451 (2001). – The Cultural Life of Intellectual Properties: Authorship, Appropria- tion, and the Law (1998). Sanjeev Dave, Trademark Law Lost in Cyberspace: Had Progress Been Made?, 12 J. Con- tmp. Legal Issues 506 (2001). Benjamin G. Davis, Une Magouille Planetaire: The UDRP Is an International Scam, 72 Miss. L.J. 815 (2002). Robert C. Denicola, Trademarks as Speech: Constitutional Implications of the Emerging Rationales for the Protection of Trade Symbols, 1982 Wis. L. Rev. 158. Daniel Domenico, Note, “Mark Madness”: How Brent Musberger and the Miracle Bra May have Led to a More Equitable and Efficient Understanding of the Reverse Con- fusion Doctrine in Trademark Law, 86 Va. L. Rev. 597 (2000).

xxiii xxiv TABLE OF SECONDARY SOURCES

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Acknowledgments

I am especially indebted to a core of very good research assistants at William Mitchell College of Law who made this project much better and much more fun to do. Speciﬁ- cally, Adam Kibort, Meghan Stiling, Mike Berger, Carl Christensen, Jill Sonek and Melissa Weaver deserve much credit. In addition, my Trademark Law class of fall 2003 had to suffer through this text in manuscript form. They deserve a lot of credit for putting up with the book in less than perfect condition. Additionally, I would like to ex- press my appreciation to Greg Larson who copyedited the entire manuscript. Meg Daniel, Nancy Bolin and Cal Bonde provided expert support for the project. General comments were provided by Sheldon Helpern, David Welkowitz, Marshall Leaffer, and Niels Schaumann. Needless to say, any and all mistakes that remain are mine alone.

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Editorial Note

For the sake of simplicity, many footnotes in cases as well as excerpted law review ar- ticles have been deleted without any indication. Those footnotes that remain have been renumbered.

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