CHAPTER 12 • SECTION 2 By the 1820s, about 100,000 Native Americans remained east of the Mississippi River. Most lived in the Southeast. The major tribes were the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole. Whites More About . . . called them the Five Civilized Tribes because they had adopted many aspects of white culture. They Gold in Georgia held large areas of land in Georgia, the Carolinas, Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee. In 1828 gold was discovered in northern More than any other Southeastern tribe, the Cher- Georgia on land occupied at that time by okee had adopted white customs, including their way the Cherokee people. Almost overnight, of dressing. Cherokees owned prosperous farms and thousands of prospectors flooded the cattle ranches. From Sequoya, they acquired a written area in their desire for instant riches. This language, and they published their own newspaper, influx of outsiders was called the “Great the Cherokee Phoenix. Some of their children attended Intrusion.” Towns quickly sprang up missionary schools. In 1827, the Cherokees drew up a constitution based on the U.S. Constitution and around the area, and the state of Georgia founded the Cherokee Nation. established a lottery system to distribute land that had been taken away from Native Jackson’s Removal Policy Andrew Jackson had Americans. The United States Army then long supported a policy of moving Native Americans west of the Mississippi. He first dealt with moving the drove the Cherokees off their land to Indian Southeastern tribes after the War of 1812. The federal Territory in present-day Oklahoma. The Traditional Creek belt government had ordered Jackson, then acting as Indian treaty commissioner, federal government then set up a mint in to make treaties with the Native Americans of the region. Dahlonega, which minted nearly 1.5 million Jackson believed that the government had the right to regulate where gold coins worth more than six million Native Americans could live. He viewed them as conquered subjects who dollars. lived within the borders of the United States. He thought Native Americans Just as the last of the Cherokees had been had two choices. They could either assimilate and become U.S. citizens, or they could move into western territories. They could not, however, have their forcibly removed from their land, the gold own government within the nation’s borders. supply in Georgia began to decline. When In 1828, gold was discovered on Cherokee land in Georgia. Now, not only gold was discovered in California in 1849, settlers but also miners wanted to move the Cherokee. Many whites began prospectors and miners hurried west, to move onto Cherokee land. Georgia and other Southern states passed abandoning the land formerly known as laws that gave them the right to take over Native American lands. When the Cherokee Nation. Cherokee and other tribes protested, Jackson supported the states. The Indian Removal Act Jackson asked Congress to pass a law that would require Native Americans to either move west or submit to state laws. Many More About . . . Americans objected to Jackson’s proposal. Massachusetts congressman Edward Everett warned against forcing Native Americans to a distant land, Jackson and Native Americans saying that the “inevitable suffering” would be “incalculable.” Religious groups such as the Quakers also opposed moving Native Americans against Andrew Jackson’s complex and their will. After heated debate, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act of contradictory nature was seldom better Answer: He viewed them as conquered subjects, 1830. The act called for the government to negotiate treaties that would illustrated than in his attitudes toward and thought that the require Native Americans to relocate west of the Mississippi. Native Americans. He considered them an government could regulate where they CLARIFY Explain why Jackson wanted Native Americans moved to the West. inferior people and an obstacle to westward lived. expansion. Yet his troops at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend included Indian allies. And after a battle in 1813, he took under 404 Chapter 12 his protection a young Indian boy whose parents had been killed by Jackson’s troops. INTERDISCIPLINARY ACTIVITIES Jackson, who had been orphaned himself, said he felt “an unusual bond of sympathy” for the child, whom he sent home to Rachel CONNECT to Language Arts CONNECT to Language Arts to raise with their other adopted son. Write an Article for the Cherokee Explore the Cherokee Language Unit 5 Resource Book Phoenix • Primary and Secondary Sources, Tell students that the Cherokee writing system p. 36 Have students write a newspaper article to has 86 characters, each representing a different be published in the next issue of the Cherokee syllable or sound. This type of system is called Phoenix. The purpose of the article is to inform a syllabary. Inventing a writing system for a readers about the passage of the Indian spoken language is a long and difficult task. Removal Act. Students should warn readers of Ask students to imagine that they are Sequoya. any possible effects this act could have on the Then ask them to try to figure out how he might Cherokee people and how they might prepare. have gone about identifying and creating the 86 characters of the Cherokee alphabet. Have them make a list of possible steps.

404 • Chapter 12 The Trail of Tears CHAPTER 12 • SECTION 2 KEY QUESTION What were the effects of the Indian Removal Act? Jackson immediately set out to enforce the law. He claimed his policy was Connecting History “just and liberal” and would allow Native Americans to keep their way of life. Instead, his policy caused much hardship and forever changed relations Westward Expansion By 1890, the western between whites and Native Americans. Teach half of Indian Territory The Forced March As whites invaded their homelands, many Native Amer- had opened up to white The Trail of Tears icans saw no choice but to sign treaties. Under the treaties, Native Americans settlement as Oklahoma Territory. Native Americans would exchange their current lands for lands in an area that covered what tried to organize their Talk About It is now Oklahoma and parts of Kansas and Nebraska. This area came to be remaining lands into called Indian Territory . the state of Sequoya. • Why do you think Jackson refused to negotiate Beginning in 1831, the Choctaw and other Southeast tribes were moved The federal government with the Cherokees? (Possible Answers: He rejected this idea, and in west. The Cherokees, however, appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court to believed whites had a right to Cherokee lands; 1907 the two territories protect their land from being seized by Georgia. In 1832, the Court, led by formed the state of he was afraid he would lose America’s support; Chief Justice John Marshall, ruled that only the federal government, not the Oklahoma. if he negotiated with the Cherokees, he would states, could make laws governing the Cherokees. This ruling meant that the have to negotiate with all the other tribes.) Georgia laws did not apply to the Cherokee Nation. However, both Georgia and President Jackson ignored the Supreme Court. Jackson said, “John Mar- • Causes and Effects What caused the shall has made his decision. . . . Now let him enforce it.” Second Seminole War? (the Seminoles’ refusal to leave Florida)

GEOGRAPHY Removal of Southeast Tribes 1820–1840 GEOGRAPHY

Click here to see the interactive map M PA. Removal of Southeast Tribes

i s

@ ClassZone.com s Cherokee

i s MD. 1820–1840 s OHIO ip IND. Chickasaw p ILL. CLASSZONE.COM UNORGANIZED i Riv TERRITORY er o Choctaw R hi MO. iv O VA. er Creek Connect Geography History Tra KY. il Seminole of INDIAN Te TERRITORY ars N.C. CAUSES AND EFFECTS As settlers moved TENN. west into new territories, more Native ARK. Chickasaw Cherokee S.C. Re Americans were displaced. Besides the Five d Riv REPUBLIC OF TEXAS er Creek GA. ATLANTIC Civilized Tribes who were uprooted from the Choctaw Southeastern People Relocated ALA. OCEAN Southeast, the Potawatomi, Sauk, Fox, and MISS. 14 Shawnee groups were forced out of Michigan LA. FLA. 12 TERR. and Wisconsin Territory.

10 Seminole N ANSWERS 8

W E Gulf of Mexico 6 1. Movement about 800 to 1,000 miles long

S 4 Connect Geography History 2. Location Missouri and Arkansas

Population (in thousands) Population 2 1. Movement About how long was the Trail 0 200 200 miles Unit 5 Resource Book 0 of Tears? 0 100 200 kilometers 2. Location What states bordered Indian • Connect Geography & History, Creek Choctaw Seminole CherokeeChickasaw Territory? pp. 33–34

The Age of Jackson 405 Presentation Options DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION Use the Power Presentations DVD-ROM or the Animated Center Struggling Readers Gifted & Talented @ ClassZone.com to project the map. • Highlight the routes of the Native Draw a Sketch Map Revisit the Decision to American groups. of Indian Territory Remove the Cherokee • Ask students to identify the tribe that was Refer students to the map on page 405. Have small groups of students discuss forced to leave Florida. (the Seminole) Ask Ask them to study the area of land set the competing interests Jackson them which was the largest group forced aside as Indian Territory. Then have faced in his dealings with the Georgia to relocate. (the Creek) students draw a large sketch map of Cherokees. Ask students to develop their Indian Territory. Using the information own opinions on why Jackson decided • Ask students why they think so many found on the map, students should to remove the Cherokee, taking into Cherokee died on the trek to the Indian label the area each Native American consideration the white settlers’ views, Territory. Nation occupied, its population, and Jackson’s personal beliefs, the Supreme the approximate length of its journey. Court’s ruling, the Cherokee history. Remind students to add a title to their Have students explain to the class what maps. they would have done in Jackson’s place. Teacher’s Edition • 405