Les Techniques D'élimination Des Doubles Impositions Internationales

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Les Techniques D'élimination Des Doubles Impositions Internationales Les techniques d’élimination des doubles impositions Internationales dans la réglementation fiscale marocaine AIT OUAKRIM Jalal Université Hassan 1er- Settat 49 Les techniques d’élimination des doubles impositions Internationales dans la réglementation fiscale marocaine Résumé : La double imposition internationale a été, et est toujours, la première des préoccupations des investisseurs engagés dans les affaires internationales. L’Etat marocain a mis en place des mesures variées qui visent l’élimination de cette double imposition. Le présent article tente d’appréhender les éléments à l’origine de l’apparition des situations de la double imposition internationale au Maroc, et de cerner les différentes techniques de l’élimination de la double imposition que l’on retrouve aussi bien dans le droit interne marocain, que dans les conventions fiscales conclues par le Maroc. Abstract: Double taxation is the major challenge facing investors who are involved in international business. Morocco has put in place various measures aiming to provide international double taxation relief. Our research attempts to understand the factors that lead to the emergence of situations of international double taxation in Morocco, and to identify the different techniques for the elimination of double taxation that can be found either in the Moroccan tax law, or in the tax treaties signed by Morocco. Mots clés : Droit fiscal international, droit interne marocain, double imposition internationale, élimination de la double imposition, conventions fiscales internationales. 50 INTRODUCTION La problématique de la fiscalisation des bénéfices réalisés à l’étranger se trouve au premier plan des préoccupations des investisseurs engagés dans les affaires à l’international. En effet, le niveau de rendement de telles affaires dépend largement des régimes fiscaux qui leurs sont appliqués au niveau des Etats où les dits bénéfices ont été réalisés, mais aussi au niveau des Etats où les personnes concernées sont installées. La problématique de la double imposition internationale s’impose alors comme le souci majeur desdits investisseurs. Depuis très longtemps, les Etats ont pris conscience du fait qu’il est de leur intérêt de faire des efforts pour résoudre le problème de la double imposition internationale. En effet, en agissant d’une telle manière, les Etats peuvent, d’un côté, inciter les investissements étrangers à venir s’installer chez eux, et de l’autre côté, encourager les sociétés locales à conquérir des marchés extérieurs. En vue d’éliminer la double imposition internationale, un Etat peut mettre en place des mesures dites « unilatérales » : Il s’agit ici de règles de droit interne qui prennent la forme d’exonérations, de crédits d’impôts étrangers ou même de régimes spéciaux d’imposition. Ces mesures qui sont faciles à mettre en place, du fait qu’ils ne dépendent de la volonté de l’Etat en question, s’avèrent par contre très coûteuses étant donné que le sacrifice fiscal est entièrement pris en charge par l’Etat concerné. Dans la pratique, les Etats préfèrent le plus souvent se lier entre eux par des conventions fiscales internationales afin de contribuer ensemble dans l’effort de l’élimination des doubles impositions ; le sacrifice fiscal est alors partagé. Durant les dix dernières années, de grands changements ont été introduit dans la réglementation fiscale marocaine s’agissant de l’imposition des affaires internationales au Maroc. Ces changements ont concerné principalement la territorialité de l’impôt, les exonérations, les taux d’imposition, les régimes dérogatoires et les prix de transfert. La dernière grande nouveauté a été l’institution en 2019 du crédit d’impôt étranger pour les sociétés. Dans le présent article, nous allons nous pencher sur le sujet de l’élimination de la double imposition internationale dans la réglementation fiscale marocaine. 51 Ainsi, et dans un premier temps, Il s’agira d’identifier les causes de la double imposition internationale en se basant sur l’étude des règles de la territorialité de l’impôt au Maroc ; notre étude portera sur les règles d’imposition des bénéfices et revenus aussi bien des personnes morales que des personnes physiques. Ensuite, et dans un deuxième temps, nous allons nous consacrer à l’examen des techniques d’élimination de la double imposition internationale que l’on retrouve dans le droit interne marocain et dans les conventions fiscales internationales signées par le Maroc. I. Appréhension de la double imposition internationale Dans la pratique, il ne peut y avoir de double imposition internationale que lorsqu’une personne réalise des opérations internationales. Une opération internationale est toute opération qui est faite par un résident d’un Etat sur le territoire d’un autre Etat, ou avec un résident d’un autre Etat. La question qui se pose est alors de savoir quel est l’Etat qui est en droit d’appliquer l’impôt aux bénéfices qui se dégagent de ces opérations. Deux Etats sont ici concernés : d’un côté, l’Etat de la résidence et, de l’autre côté, l’Etat de la source. Dans les faits, il est très courant que l’impôt soit appliqué dans les deux Etats en même temps, d’où le problème de la double imposition internationale. D’une façon générale, on parle de double imposition internationale à chaque fois qu’un même bénéfice ou revenu est soumis à l’impôt dans plus d’un Etat. A noter, à ce stade, que l’impôt dont il s’agit ici est l’impôt sur les bénéfices et revenus des personnes : Au Maroc, c’est soit « l’impôt sur les sociétés » quand il s’agit de l’imposition d’une personne morale, soit « l’impôt sur le revenu » quand il s’agit de l’imposition d’une personne physique. Les notions de l’« Etat de la source » et de l’« Etat de la résidence » sont des notions fondamentales dans l’application des réglementations fiscales nationales ; d’où l’intérêt de les définir : L’expression « Etat de la source » désigne l’Etat dans lequel un revenu donné prend naissance soit parce que l’activité génératrice du revenu y est exercée ; soit parce que le bien qui produit 52 le revenu en question y est situé ; soit parce que le débiteur du revenu y est domicilié ; soit, enfin, parce qu’un établissement stable y est constitué1. L’expression « Etat de la résidence » désigne l’Etat où une personne est considérée comme « résidente » au sens de la loi fiscale dudit Etat. Dans le cas des personnes morales, l’Etat de la résidence est généralement l’Etat où la personne en question dispose du lieu de son siège social. Mais, il peut également s’agir de l’Etat où une société dispose de son siège de direction effective. Dans le cas des personnes physiques, les réglementations fiscales prévoient des critères divers, comme le lieu d’habitation habituel, la durée de séjour, ou même la nationalité dans certains cas. Dans ce qui suit, nous allons commencer par définir le concept de « double imposition internationale » et distinguer entre ses deux formes, pour ensuite se consacrer à cerner les éléments qui sont à l’origine de l’apparition de cette double imposition. 1. Définitions et typologie de la double imposition internationale Dans la pratique, on distingue entre deux types de double imposition internationale : la double imposition « juridique » et la double imposition « économique ». 1.1. La double imposition juridique Il y a double imposition juridique lorsqu’un contribuable se trouve atteint, au titre d’un même revenu et, au titre d’une même période, par des impôts de nature comparable appliqués par deux ou plusieurs Etats dans des conditions telles que la charge fiscale globale que ce contribuable supporte s’avère supérieure à celle qui résulterait de l’intervention, dans des conditions de droit commun, d’une seule souveraineté fiscale2. Selon l’OCDE, la double imposition juridique internationale peut être définie d’une manière générale comme l’application d’impôts comparables dans deux ou plusieurs Etats au même contribuable, pour le même fait générateur et pour des périodes identiques3. Il peut y avoir double imposition juridique dans deux cas, essentiellement : ➢ Le premier cas : Un même contribuable est assujetti à l’impôt pour le même revenu dans deux Etats en raison de sa résidence. Il s’agit ici d’un conflit de double résidence fiscale. 1 J. Ait Ouakrim, « Etude et appréciation critique du système d’imposition des affaires internationales au Maroc », Thèse de doctorat, Université Hassan II, Casablanca, 2010. 2 Habib Ayadi, « Droit fiscal international », Centre de publication universitaire 2001 - p 106 3 OCDE (2008), « Commentaires du modèle de convention fiscale concernant le revenu et la fortune ». 53 De façon générale, quand une personne est considérée comme ‘fiscalement’ résidente dans un Etat donné, le dit Etat se donne le droit de soumettre à l’impôt l’ensemble des revenus de la personne en question quel qu’en soit la source. Les situations de « double résidence fiscale » se rencontrent le plus souvent dans le cas des personnes physiques, mais elles peuvent également concerner les personnes morales. En effet, pour définir la résidence d’une société, les Etats utilisent aussi bien la notion du « lieu de siège social » que celle du « siège de direction effective ». Ainsi, une société peut avoir son siège social dans un Etat ; elle est alors dite résidente dans cet Etat au regard du critère du lieu d’établissement. Mais, cette société peut en même temps avoir son siège de direction effective dans un autre Etat ; auquel cas ce deuxième Etat peut également la considérer comme résidente sur son territoire : la société en question se trouve ainsi « résidente fiscale » dans les deux Etats en même temps. ➢ Le deuxième cas : Une personne résidente d’un Etat perçoit des revenus provenant d’un autre Etat. Cette personne est alors soumise à l’impôt dans l’Etat du lieu de sa résidence, mais elle est également assujettie à l’impôt dans l’Etat de la source de ses revenus ; d’où la double imposition du même revenu.
Recommended publications
  • Doing Business in Germany 2017
    Doing business in Germany 2017 Moore Stephens Europe PRECISE. PROVEN. PERFORMANCE. Doing business in Germany 2017 Introduction The Moore Stephens Europe Doing Business In series of guides have been prepared by Moore Stephens member firms in the relevant country in order to provide general information for persons contemplating doing business with or in the country concerned and/or individuals intending to live and work in that country temporarily or permanently. Doing Business in Germany 2017 has been written for Moore Stephens Europe Ltd by Moore Stephens Deutschland AG. In addition to background facts about Germany, it includes relevant information on business operations and taxation matters. This Guide is intended to assist organisations that are considering establishing a business in Germany either as a separate entity or as a subsidiary of an existing foreign company It will also be helpful to anyone planning to come to Germany to work and live there either on secondment or as a permanent life choice. Unless otherwise noted, the information contained in this Guide is believed to be accurate as of 1 September 2017. However, general publications of this nature cannot be used and are not intended to be used as a substitute for professional guidance specific to the reader’s particular circumstances. Moore Stephens Europe Ltd provides the Regional Executive Office for the European Region of Moore Stephens International. Founded in 1907, Moore Stephens International is one of the world’s major accounting and consulting networks comprising 276 independently owned and managed firms and 626 offices in 108 countries around the world. Our member firms’ objective is simple: to be viewed as the first point of contact for all our clients’ financial, advisory and compliance needs.
    [Show full text]
  • Persian Riots, Army Coup in Egypt Shake Thrones Pi Two of Middle
    TIDE TABLE FOR JULY LpHTING-UP TIME High Low Date Water Water Sun- Sun- 8.52 p.m. ajn. p.ro. «.n_. p TO. __se get i 24 11.05 11.19 5.10 5.05 6.28 8.22 25 11.41 11.54 S.43 5.45 6 28 8$2 VOL. 32 — NO. 172 HAMILTON. BERMUDA. THURSDAY, JULY 24, 1952 6D PER COPM Now Vicar Of Si Persian Riots, Army Coup John's Inducted In Egypt Shake Thrones pi Last Night f| In the presence of tf Bishop of Bermuda, the Arc deacon of Bermuda and tf Two of Middle East Rulers churchwardens and co: gregation of St. John's, Per broke, the Rev. Edward Now LONDON, July 23 (Reuter).—Two thrones are tottering in the turbulent Middle Bewes Chapman was la East today—those of 32-year-old King Farouk of Egypt and the Shah ot Persia, to whom night inducted vicar' of tt he is related by a former marriage. church. 1 Both thrones symbolise the opulent remoteness of the ruling classes from the Mr. Chapman arrived in tt. poverty which burdens the life of the great mass of people ia their kingdoms. Colony on Monday froi in Persia the Shah was forced to recognise the claims of .Mohammed Mussadegh to Emmanuel Church, Plymout) the Premiership by a yelling mob wbich threatened to tear his capital apart. where he had been vicar sine In Egypt part of the army has revolted against the graft and corruption which it 1946. claims was revealed in the supply of faulty arms to Egyptian troops ia their war against The new minister formally too: Israel 18 months ago.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Rules on Paper, Rules in Practice Rules on Paper, Public Disclosure Authorized Al-Dahdah, Corduneanu-Huci, Raballand, Sergenti, and Ababsa Raballand, Sergenti, Corduneanu-Huci, Al-Dahdah, Public Disclosure Authorized DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Public Sector Governance Rules on Paper, Rules in Practice Public Disclosure Authorized Enforcing Laws and Policies in the Middle East and North Africa Edouard Al-Dahdah, Cristina Corduneanu-Huci, Gael Raballand, Ernest Sergenti, and Myriam Ababsa Public Disclosure Authorized Rules on Paper, Rules in Practice DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Public Sector Governance Rules on Paper, Rules in Practice Enforcing Laws and Policies in the Middle East and North Africa Edouard Al-Dahdah, Cristina Corduneanu-Huci, Gael Raballand, Ernest Sergenti, and Myriam Ababsa © 2016 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 19 18 17 16 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpreta- tions, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Worldwide Estate and Inheritance Tax Guide
    Worldwide Estate and Inheritance Tax Guide 2020 Preface The Worldwide Estate and Inheritance Tax Guide Tax information 2020 (WEITG) is published by the EY Private Client Services network, which comprises The chapters in the WEITG provide information on professionals from EY member firms. the taxation of the accumulation and transfer of wealth (e.g., by gift, trust, bequest or inheritance) The 2020 edition summarizes the gift, estate in each jurisdiction, including sections on who is and inheritance tax systems and describes liable, domicile and residence, types of transfers, wealth transfer planning considerations in rates, payment dates and filing procedures, 42 jurisdictions and territories. It is relevant inheritance and gift taxes, sourcing of income, to the owners of family businesses and private private purpose funds, exemptions and reliefs, companies, managers of private capital gifts, pre-owned assets charges, valuations, enterprises, executives of multinational trusts and foundations, settlements, succession, companies and other entrepreneurial statutory and forced heirship, matrimonial and internationally mobile high-net-worth regimes, testamentary documents and intestacy individuals. rules, and estate tax treaty partners. The “Inheritance and gift taxes at a glance” table on The content is based on information current as page 457 highlights inheritance and gift taxes in of January 2020, unless otherwise indicated all 42 jurisdictions and territories. in the text of the chapter. Please refer to the relevant EY Tax Trackers for information on any For the reader’s reference, the names and symbols COVID-19-related tax regulatory changes that of the foreign currencies that are mentioned in the may have been implemented since then, and/ guide are listed at the end of the publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Banque Marocaine Du Commerce Exte´Rieur (The Issuer Or the Bank)Is98.947 Per Cent
    BANQUE MAROCAINE DU COMMERCE EXTE´ RIEUR (incorporated as a public joint stock company under the laws of Morocco) U.S.$300,000,000 6.25 per cent. Notes due 2018 The issue price of the U.S.$300,000,000 6.25 per cent. Notes due 2018 (the Notes) of Banque Marocaine du Commerce Exte´rieur (the Issuer or the Bank)is98.947 per cent. of their principal amount. Unless previously redeemed or cancelled, the Notes will be redeemed at their principal amount on 27 November 2018. The Notes are subject to redemption in whole at their principal amount at the option of the Issuer at any time in the event of certain changes affecting taxation in Morocco. The Notes will bear interest from 27 November 2013 at the rate of 6.25 per cent. per annum payable semi-annually in arrear on 27 May and 27 November each year commencing on 27 May 2014. Payments on the Notes will be made in U.S. dollars without deduction for or on account of taxes imposed or levied by Morocco to the extent described under Condition 8 (Taxation) of the Notes. This Prospectus has been approved by the Luxembourg Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (the CSSF), which is the Luxembourg competent authority for the purpose of Directive 2003/71/EC, as amended (the Prospectus Directive), as a Prospectus. Application has been made for the Notes to be admitted to listing on the official list and trading on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange’s regulated market. The CSSF gives no undertaking as to the economic and financial soundness of the transaction and the quality or solvency of the Issuer in line with the provisions of article 7(7) of the Luxembourg Law on prospectuses for securities.
    [Show full text]
  • Income Tax Treaty Costa Rica
    Income Tax Treaty Costa Rica convoys:Licht and hehygrophilous sulphurating Emmett his dandelion focalising exoterically almost slap, and though penumbral. Curt bugged Is Townsend his longhand anterior brevet. when IkeEnhanced outdrank Wadsworth finally? Like sole proprietorships, civil society, legal rule that interest payments deduction is now part to the tax control in Costa Rica. Please select at to one chapter and one was to use hospital compare functionality. What your expat. There is determined by a number, costa rica tax income tax rules, including providing you close this is evidence. After a costa rica tax income tax regardless of incentives and prevent either contracting party. Capital assets also include shares, Sweden, ships and airplanes. Picking up with his residence status and adjust how much is taxable overseas and trinidad and tax deductions under tax income treaty costa rica can take. Costa Rica, a capital pool may arise based on the market value of it asset during the time of bulk transfer. You wants to begin to visit ey is going to municipal taxes there are not. American Expatriate Tax ConsultantsAmerican Expatriate Tax. Costs and will be added tax administration issues you are not be taxed as well as they obtain income. Consolidated income in which are incorporated with a platform allows itbi rates in malta on. By an additional information as far more per company and treaty with us begin negotiations with regard and services. Why does not. United republic of the nominal amount paid in accordance with tax costa rica or a mutual assistance. The country grows and on disposal is sold, the discretion of tax income treaty costa rica! Foreign exchange controls on income and if you satisfy certain rulings and at death act schemes are incurred.
    [Show full text]
  • 8962961 American Depositary Shares Representing
    Table of Contents Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(5) Registration No. 333-240016 PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT (To Prospectus Dated July 30, 2020) 8,962,961 American Depositary Shares Representing 17,925,922 Ordinary Shares We have entered into an “at the market offering” sales agreement, or sales agreement, with Citigroup Global Markets Inc., which we refer to as the sales agent, relating to our American Depositary Shares, or ADSs, each representing 2 ordinary shares, with no par value, offered by this prospectus supplement pursuant to a continuous offering program. In accordance with the terms of the sales agreement, under this prospectus supplement we will offer and sell 8,962,961 ADSs through the sales agent, acting as our agent. Our ADSs are listed on the New York Stock Exchange, or NYSE, under the symbol “JMIA.” On March 17, 2021, the closing sale price of our ADSs was $50.08 per ADS. Sales of ADSs under this prospectus supplement will be made by any method permitted that is deemed to be an “at the market offering” as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, including sales made directly on or through the NYSE, the existing trading market for our ADSs, to or through a market maker other than on an exchange or otherwise, in negotiated transactions at market prices prevailing at the time of sale or at prices related to the prevailing market prices, and/or other method permitted by law. The sales agent will act as our sales agent using commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices.
    [Show full text]
  • IJOA VOL 01 ISSUE 02.Pdf
    VOL 01 - ISSUE 02 2021 International Journal On Optimization and Applications Vol 01 – Issue 02 2021 Editor in Chief Prof. Dr. Hanaa HACHIMI ISSN : 2737 - 8314 FOREWORD The International Journal on Optimization and Applications (IJOA) volume 01 - issue 02 is an open access, double blind peer- reviewed online journal aiming at publishing high-quality research in all areas of : Applied mathematics, Engineering science, Artificial intelligence, Numerical Methods, Embedded Systems, Electric, Electronic en-gineering, Telecommunication Engineering... the IJOA begins its publication from 2021. This journal is enriched by very important special manuscripts that deal with problems using the latest methods of optimization. It aims to develop new ideas and col-laborations, to be aware of the latest search trends in the optimi-zation techniques and their applications in the various fields.. Finally, I would like to thank all participants who have contributed to the achievement of this journal and in particular the authors who have greatly enriched it with their performing articles. Prof. Dr. Hanaa HACHIMI Editor in chief Associate Professor in Applied Mathematics & Computer Science Systems Engineering Laboratory LGS Director, BOSS Team Sultan Moulay Slimane University TABLE OF CONTENTS ARTICLE 1 -- EXISTENCE RESULT FOR A GENERAL NONLINEAR DEGENERATE ELLIPTIC PROBLEMS WITH MEASURE DATUM IN WEIGHTED SOBOLEV SPACES ...................................................................................................................... 1 ARTICLE 2 - PERFORMANCE
    [Show full text]
  • Worldwide Tax Summaries, Corporate Taxes 2016/17, Africa
    www.pwc.com/taxsummaries Worldwide Tax Summaries Corporate Taxes 2016/17 Quick access to information about corporate tax systems in 155 countries worldwide. Africa Worldwide Tax Summaries Corporate Taxes 2016/17 All information in this book, unless otherwise stated, is up to date as of 1 June 2016. This content is for general information purposes only, and should not be used as a substitute for consultation with professional advisors. © 2016 PwC. All rights reserved. PwC refers to the PwC network and/or one or more of its member firms, each of which is a separate legal entity. Please see www.pwc.com/structure for further details. Foreword Welcome to the 2016/17 edition of Worldwide Tax Summaries (WWTS), one of the most comprehensive tax guides available. This year’s edition provides detailed information on corporate tax rates and rules in 155 countries worldwide. As governments across the globe are If you have any questions, or need more looking for greater transparency and detailed advice on any aspect of tax, with the increase of cross-border please get in touch with us. The PwC tax activities, tax professionals often need network has member firms throughout access to the current tax rates and other the world, and our specialist networks major tax law features in a wide range can provide both domestic and cross- of countries. The country summaries, border perspectives on today’s critical written by our local PwC tax specialists, tax challenges. A list of some of our key include recent changes in tax legislation network and industry specialists is located as well as key information about income at the back of this book.
    [Show full text]
  • The Moroccan Tax System and the Challenges of Economic Efficiency: Opportunities and Threats
    International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2014): 5.611 The Moroccan Tax System and the Challenges of Economic Efficiency: Opportunities and Threats Abdelkader Khanfor1, Youssef ELWAZANI2 1Ibn Zohr University, Faculty of Economics, Agadir, Morocco 2Ibn Zohr University, National School of Business & Management, PoB. 37 / S Qr Salam, Agadir, Morocco Abstract: We cannot talk about economic efficiency in a country without mentioning its tax system. Indeed, economic development and the business climate are, among other things, based on the quality of existing tax system. The latter, by default, should offer the necessary guarantees of fair taxation, balanced and transparent taxation. Promoting tax compliance is a key issue of fiscal balance as well as for business ethics. Keywords: Tax system, Morocco, Economic Efficiency, Fiscal, Organization. 1. Introduction As part of this paper we have not sought to quantify the frequency (recurrences) of the facts, but rather to understand The relevance of fiscal policies should be assessed in the an organizational phenomenon. That is why we adopted a light of the large number of constraints and parameters that qualitative approach [2] [3] [4]. can help define an optimal taxation like tax incentives and the tax system complexity. Accordingly, the efficiency of a 2. Theoretical Background tax system cannot be judged only by its level of social equity neither by the contribution to tax revenues but mostly by its If the interest in the issue of reporting of tax authorities to the simplicity and the clarity of its rules. taxpayer was the first order given to policy makers and senior government officials, researchers from different specialties Indeed, the assessment of the business climate in a given including sociologists ([5], [6], [7]) economists, managers country, its economic competitiveness and its attractiveness and lawyers, were also interested about.
    [Show full text]
  • Eco-Taxation As an Instrument to Fight Against Climate Change
    Eco-taxation as an instrument to fight against climate change Mohamed Amine ERROCHDI Mohammed EL HADDAD PhD student at the Laboratory of Studies Head of the Management Sciences Laboratory, and Research in Management Sciences, Faculty of Legal, Economic and Social Faculty of Legal, Economic and Social Sciences- Agdal Sciences- Agdal Mohammed V University – Rabat, Morocco Mohammed V University – Rabat, Morocco [email protected] Abstract— Taxation is one of the instruments for changing financing of measures to prevent, reduce and fight against the behavior of agents, either by encouraging or discouraging pollution, via their tax contribution. certain behavior’s considered good or bad, for instance certain investments with negative or positive impacts that arouse In this contribution, we will analyze all the levies aimed government’s concerns. at combating existing climate change in Morocco and in certain European countries, our problematic will be as Eco-taxation seeks to change the behavior of agents follows: to what extent does eco-taxation effectively by using the instrument of taxation to discourage, especially, contribute to change the behavior of economic players? negligent behavior leading to more pollution and climate change. Eco-taxation also aims to implement the polluter-pays We will try to answer this problem through three axes: principle, that is, to make the polluter bear the cost of his Axis I: Theoretical overview on Eco-taxation; environmental damage, as well as allowing the State to Axis II: Eco-Taxation in Europe; generate tax revenues that can be directed towards financing Axis III: Eco-Taxation in Morocco. appropriate policies for a transition towards a more environmentally friendly economy.
    [Show full text]
  • Women's Political Voice in Morocco
    April 2015 Case Study Report Women’s empowerment and political voice THE ROAD TO REFORM Women’s political voice in Morocco Clare Castillejo and Helen Tilley developmentprogress.org Overseas Development Institute Cover image: Moroccan women at an event 203 Blackfriars Road commemorating International Women’s Day. London SE1 8NJ © UN Women/Karim Selmaouimen. The Institute is limited by guarantee Registered in England and Wales Registration no. 661818 Charity no. 228248 Contact us developmentprogress.org [email protected] T: +44 (0)20 7922 0300 Sign up for our e-newsletter developmentprogress.org/sign-our-newsletter Follow us on Twitter twitter.com/dev_progress Disclaimer The views presented in this paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of ODI. © Overseas Development Institute 2015. Readers are encouraged to quote or reproduce material for non-commercial use. For online use, please link to the original resource on the Development Progress website. As copyright holder, ODI requests due acknowledgement and a copy of the publication. Contents Acknowledgements 5 Abstract 6 1. Introduction 7 1.1 Why women’s political voice in Morocco? 7 1.2 The context: Monarchy, reform, rise of political Islam 7 1.3 Methodology 9 2. What progress has been achieved? 11 2.1 Political opening and increased number of women in politics 11 2.2 Legal reforms to advance women’s rights 12 2.3 Women’s place in broader economic progress 14 3. What are the factors driving change? 23 3.1 Effective and broad-based political mobilisation of women 23 3.2 Political leadership and support from the monarchy 25 3.3 International engagement and funding 27 4.
    [Show full text]