DOCSLIB.ORG

Photonic Crystals by E

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Photonic Crystals by E 6 August/September 2002 NEWS Photonic Crystals By E. Yablonovitch Photonic crystals are the tures though not full photonic some of the first calculations on (Given their long wavelength they electromagnetic analog of semicon- bandgaps. A complete bandgap thin-film 2-dimensional slab should be called “electromagnetic ductor crystals. They are artificial seems to have eluded nature—it photonic crystals. Such thin films crystals” rather than “photonic crystal structures that do for seems to require too much refrac- were not thought to be useful for crystals”) For example a cellular electromagnetic waves what semi- tive index contrast. Nevertheless, trapping light, since they are com- telephone often uses radio waves conductor crystals do for an incomplete bandgap can still be pletely open, top and bottom. that are 35cm long in free space. electron waves. In today’s world, very useful. Novel forms of Nonetheless, they are intriguing in The corresponding electromag- electronic semiconductors are the synthetic opal can be self-as- that they could be easily patterned netic crystal consisting of multiple basis for the micro-electronic, tele- sembled in titanium dioxide by standard integrated circuit periods would have to be even communications, and computer particles, the white pigment used production methods. When one of larger than that and not very prac- industries. We are just now begin- in paint and to make printer paper the holes is left plugged up, the re- tical for carrying around. Here the ning to understand the exciting white. Coherent scattering of light sult is a “donor” cavity, a local common electrical circuit of induc- potential of their electromagnetic can give more whiteness for less electromagnetic mode in a region tors and capacitors (“LC-circuit”) cousins for tomorrow’s world. titanium dioxide. One day we may with an otherwise forbidden rescues us. An LC-circuit can Figure 1: The first photonic crystal The powerful analogy between find photonic crystals all around bandgap. confine an electromagnetic wave was formed by drilling three intersect- photonic and semiconductor crys- ing arrays of holes into a block of ce- us on painted walls and in the Surprisingly, these 2-dimen- to a small volume and arrays of LC tals has unleashed the collective ramic material. Each array is angled stacks of documents that clutter sional cavities can be very effective circuits can behave as photonic scientific imagination of many 35o into the plane, producing a struc- our work desks! for trapping light, in spite of being crystals, controlling long electro- creative physicists, engendering a ture now called Yablonovite. The pat- While a perfect 3-dimensional open top and bottom. Indeed O. magnetic waves, even though the profusion of synthetic electromag- tern of 6mm-diameter holes blocks ra- structure is needed to block all Painter, R.K. Lee, A. Scherer, A. whole array can be smaller than netic crystal structures. These dio waves from 13 to 16 GHz. waves in all directions, we have Yariv, J.D. O’Brien, P.D. Dapkus, and one free space wavelength. usually have an electromagnetic learned that 2-dimensional I. Kim at Cal Tech and USC have This simple concept has led to a bandgap, a band of frequencies in photonic crystals might be even recently fabricated the tiniest series of innovative new ideas in which electromagnetic waves are the problems that faced theo- more valuable. Two-dimensional lasers ever from them. These 2-di- electromagnetics. For example, forbidden. Various 2-dimen- rists. Electromagnetic waves are photonic crystals come in many mensional photonic crystal thin using arrays of LC-circuits, David sional and 3-dimensional photonic vectors like electric fields. It forms, since there is considerable films can be readily patterned into Smith, Willie J. Padilla, D. C. Vier, crystal structures have now been therefore took time for theorists freedom in handling the 3rd dimen- optical circuits that would repre- S. C. Nemat-Nasser and Shelley conceived for application in high to retool their band structure sion. If the 3rd dimension is sent the ultimate limit of Schultz of UCSD have created the capacity optical fibers, color pig- computer programs to accept stretched out long and narrow, optoelectronic miniaturization. first “left handed” materials, in ments, and especially vector waves. Several groups that photonic crystals provide a new Many researchers believe that which the group velocity and phase nano-photonic integrated circuits undertook this task, including M. method for confining light in opti- these types of photonic crystal velocity are opposite! that might be included in standard Leung of Polytechnic University, cal communications fibers, as first integrated circuits stand ready to Meanwhile, M.C.K. Wiltshire, J.B. microchips. and K.M. Ho, C.T. Chan and C.M. introduced by J. C. Knight, J. extend the integrated circuit Pendry, I.R. Young, D.J. Larkman, D.J. Soukoulis of Iowa State Univer- Broeng, T. A. Birks, and Philip St. J. revolution into the domain of high Gilderdale, and J.V. Hajnal of Impe- A Little History sity, began to make valuable rial College have used LC In electronic semiconductor predictions. The Iowa State electromagnetic bandgap arrays for crystals, electron waves scatter group discovered that the dia- manipulating the radio magnetic off the layers or rows of atoms. mond structure would indeed fields used in medical magnetic reso- Bumping into periodic row after produce a real bandgap. Dia- nance imaging and D. Sievenpiper, periodic row of atoms, the back- mond structure is a form of Z. Lijun, R.F.J. Broas, N.G. scattering is reinforced if the face-centered-cubic (fcc) in Alexopolous, and E. Yablonovitch electron wavelength matches the which two atoms, instead of one, have used LC resonator arrays for spacing of successive layers. are inscribed into each unit cell. controlling radio antennas. Venturing off in different direc- The form of diamond structure It appears likely that these tions, the electron waves meet that was most effective, giving the circuit concepts can be extended other layers of atoms. No matter widest photonic bandgap, right back up to optical frequen- which direction they go, they just consisted of only the dielectric Figure 2: Left: the cladding of several hundred capillary tubes confines light cies, where they emerge as to the central hole which is about 15 microns in diameter. Right: the pattern can’t get through if their wave- rods (“valence bonds”) between of colors shows that the optical confinement of a bandgap fiber depends so-called “plasmons”, the optical lengths roughly match the layer the atoms, which were allowed strongly on wavelength. frequency currents that can flow spacings. The result is the cel- to shrink simply to points. Images courtesy of University Bath, UK. on metallic surfaces. Such ultra- ebrated forbidden bandgap of There was also the question of Russell of Bath University. Normally bandwidth optical signals, follow- miniature LC circuit arrays, smaller electronic semiconductors like whether the required refractive light is trapped in optical fibers by ing the same miniaturization than an optical wavelength, may silicon. index might be unattainable in real total internal reflection in a high trajectory as conventional elec- eventually represent the ultimate While it took thousands of years materials, but the calculations refractive index region at the core tronic integrated circuits. end point of photonic crystal min- of metallurgy and materials science showed that a refractive index of of the fiber. In contrast, bandgap From the ultimate miniaturiza- iaturization. to discover and bring to perfection as little as 1.87 was enough in a confinement allows the core to tion of tiny optical waves, we go to Eli Yablonovitch is professor of electronic semiconductor crystals, diamond structure. As there are have a lower refractive index, in- macroscopic radio waves. Can the electrical engineering at the Univer- photonic crystals are in principle many optical materials available deed to consist of an empty hole. concept of an electromagnetic sity of California, Los Angeles. He is a more accessible. Since electromag- with refractive indices of up to 3.5, These “holey” fibers allow new free- bandgap be useful for radio waves? Fellow of the APS. netic waves appear equally well at it seemed feasible that photonic dom in fiber design that can be all wavelengths from giant radio bandgaps could be successfully valuable even when photonic waves to tiny gamma rays, artificial made from real existing materials. bandgap confinement is absent. It electromagnetic crystal structures But theoretical searches for is predicted that holey fibers may APS E-Board Passes Resolution can be made with any convenient photonic bandgaps in fcc struc- carry up to 100 times the informa- on Perpetual Motion Machines row spacing and size. tures were at first elusive. Initially, tion of conventional telecom- Only human imagination limits only a pseudo-gap emerged be- munications fibers, potentially with The APS Executive Board ap- tronic newsletter “What’s New,” the crystal design and structure— tween the 2nd and 3rd bands but such low losses that optical ampli- proved a resolution at its June 2002 reported that the US Patent Of- we are no longer restricted to real eventually, at a little higher fre- fiers and repeaters would be meeting in Annapolis, MD, affirm- fice has received several patent material crystals that grow in na- quency, a bandgap emerged2 unnecessary. ing the fraudulent nature of claims applications for perpetual mo- ture. Yet initially there was no between the 8th and 9th bands in A photonic crystal is often most of perpetual motion machines. tion machines during the first six assurance that any particular fcc structures. Later, contrary to functional when an artificial defect The resolution was deemed months of this year alone. [Park’s design would actually produce a all expectations, H.S.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Investigation of Natural Photonic Crystal and Historical Background of Their Development with Future Aspects
    International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 11, November-2019 ISSN 2229-5518 580 Investigation of Natural Photonic crystal and Historical background of their development with future aspects Vijay Kumar Shembharkar, Dr. Arvind Gathania Abstract— In this work, microstructural and optical characteristics nanoparticles of wings of Lemon pansy (Junonia lemonias) butterfly were studied with the help of different characterization techaniques. And the historical review of their fabrication and characterizations. We developed the sequence of descoveries and investigations which had happenned in past few years and described future advancements of photonic crystals, with their importance. The mathematical description given for the understanding different dtructures and r elate them for the applications. We represented here optical images of butterfly wings which is taken by optical microscop. —————————— —————————— 1 INTRODUCTION He Nature provides ample number of biological systems T which display beautiful patterns and colours. The study of the microstructures in these systems gives hints about fabricating artificial photonic structures [1]. These biological systems provide novel platforms and templates so as to ac- commodate interesting inorganic materials. There are several biomaterials, such as bacteria [2] and fungal colonies [3], wood cells [4], diatoms [5], echinoid skeletal plates [6], pollen grains [7], eggshell membranes [8], human and dog’s hair [9] and silk Historical Devolopment. [10] which have been used for the biomimetic synthe- sis of a range of organized inorganic make ups that has potential in catalysis, magnetism, separation technology, electronics and photonics. Several re- search groups have workedIJSER on different novel meth- ods to produce such inorganic materials using natural Historical Background templates.
    [Show full text]
  • Photonic Crystal Flakes Ali K
    Letter pubs.acs.org/acssensors Photonic Crystal Flakes Ali K. Yetisen,*,†,‡ Haider Butt,§ and Seok-Hyun Yun*,†,‡ † Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States ‡ Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States § Nanotechnology Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom *S Supporting Information ABSTRACT: Photonic crystals (PCs) have been traditionally produced on rigid substrates. Here, we report the development of free-standing one- dimensional (1D) slanted PC flakes. A single pulse of a 5 ns Nd:YAG laser (λ = 532 nm, 350 mJ) was used to organize silver nanoparticles (10−50 nm) into multilayer gratings embedded in ∼10 μm poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate- co-methacrylic acid) hydrogel films. The 1D PC flakes had narrow-band diffraction peak at ∼510 nm. Ionization of the carboxylic acid groups in the hydrogel produced Donnan osmotic pressure and modulated the Bragg peak. In response to pH (4−7), the PC flakes shifted their diffraction wavelength from 500 to 620 nm, exhibiting 0.1 pH unit sensitivity. The color changes were visible to the eye in the entire visible spectrum. The optical characteristics of the 1D PC flakes were also analyzed by finite element method simulations. Free-standing PC flakes may have application in spray deposition of functional materials. KEYWORDS: photonics, nanotechnology, diffraction, Bragg gratings, nanoparticles, hydrogels, diagnostics unable PCs have a wide range of applications including consist of multilayered silver nanoparticles (Ag0 NPs) dynamic displays, mechanochromic devices, and multi- embedded in a poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-metha- T − plexed bioassays.1 5 Embedding PCs in hydrogel matrixes allow crylic acid) (p(HEMA-co-MAA)) hydrogel film.
    [Show full text]
  • Sensitivity Enhanced Biosensor Using Graphene-Based One-Dimensional Photonic Crystal
    Sensors and Actuators B 182 (2013) 424–428 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/snb Sensitivity enhanced biosensor using graphene-based one-dimensional photonic crystal a b,c b a,d,∗ Kandammathe Valiyaveedu Sreekanth , Shuwen Zeng , Ken-Tye Yong , Ting Yu a Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore b School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore c CINTRA CNRS/NTU/THALES, UMI 3288, Research Techno Plaza, 50 Nanyang Drive, Border X Block, Singapore 637553, Singapore d Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive, Singapore 117542, Singapore a r a t i c l e i n f o b s t r a c t Article history: In this paper, we propose and analytically demonstrate a biosensor configuration based on the excitation Received 22 October 2012 of surface electromagnetic waves in a graphene-based one-dimensional photonic crystal (1D PC). The Received in revised form 16 February 2013 proposed graphene-based 1D photonic crystal consists of alternating layers of high (graphene) and low Accepted 13 March 2013 (PMMA) refractive index materials, which gives a narrow angular reflectivity resonance and high surface Available online 22 March 2013 fields due to low loss in PC. A differential phase-sensitive method has been used to calculate the sensitivity of the configuration. Our results show that the sensitivity of the proposed configuration is 14.8 times Keywords: higher compared to those of conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors using gold thin Graphene films.
    [Show full text]
  • Photonic Crystal Lasers
    91 Appendix Photonic crystal lasers: future integrated devices 5.1 Introduction The technology of photonic crystals has produced a large variety of new devices. However, photonic crystals have not been integrated with mechanical structures or bottom-up nanomaterials. Both approaches have the potential to create novel devices. The photonic crystal we have fabricated is a suspended slab of material. In a sense it already has a micromechanical aspect. The optical properties can be used with mechanical structures. The photonic crystal laser could be used for integrated optical detection of a nanoresonator beam. The principles of nanomechanical systems could also be used to improve the performance of the laser. For example, heating of the laser limits its performance. The periodic dielectric structure of the photonic crystal laser modifies not only the optical band structure, but also the phononic band structure. Engineering of both band structures simultaneously could increase the heat dissipation, allowing continuous wave lasing. Photonic crystals can also be constructed out of bottom-up materials. Researchers have built microwave frequency waveguides using “log cabin” stacked dielectric rods.1 However, it is a challenge to create these at optical frequencies. Metallic nanowires 92 could serve as the building blocks for such a structure. The hardest challenge of such an experiment is actually the fabrication of the device. Many possibilities for synergy exist between photonic crystals and nanomaterials. 5.2 Basics of photonic crystals Photonic
    [Show full text]
  • Photonic Integrated Circuits Using Crystal Optics (PICCO)
    Photonic Integrated Circuits using Crystal Optics (PICCO) An overview Thomas F Krauss1,*, Rab Wilson1, Roel Baets2, Wim Bogaerts2, Martin Kristensen3, Peter I Borel3, Lars H Frandsen3, Morten Thorhauge3, Bjarne Tromborg3, Andrej Lavrinenko3, Richard M De La Rue4, Harold Chong4, Luciano Socci5, Michele Midrio6, Stefano Boscolo6 and Dominic Gallagher7 1University of St. Andrews, School of Physics and Astronomy, St. Andrews, UK. 2Ghent University - IMEC, Dept. of Information Technology (INTEC), Ghent, Belgium. 3Technical University of Denmark, Research Centre COM, Lyngby, Denmark. 4University of Glasgow, Dept. of Electronics & Electrical Engineering, Glasgow, UK. 5Pirelli Labs S.p.A, Advanced Photonics Research, Milan, Italy. 6University of Udine, Dept. of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering, Udine, Italy. 7Photon Design Europe Ltd. Oxford, UK. * [email protected] PICCO has demonstrated low loss, ultracompact photonic components based on wavelength-scale high contrast photonic microstructures and underpinned their design by sophisticated CAD tools. PICCO has also demonstrated device-fabrication via industrially viable deep UV lithography. Introduction Photonic crystals (PhCs) provide a fascinating platform for a new generation of integrated optical devices and components. Circuits of similar integration density as hitherto only known from electronic VLSI can be envisaged, finally bringing the dream of true photonic integration to fruition. What sets photonic crystals apart from conventional integrated optical circuits is their ability to interact with light on a wavelength scale, thus allowing the creation of devices, components and circuits that are several orders of magnitude smaller than currently possible. Apart from miniaturisation., a key property of photonic crystal components is their "designer dispersion", i.e. their ability to implement desired dispersion characteristics into the circuit.
    [Show full text]
  • Physical Specifications of Photonic Crystal Slab Lenses and Their Effects on Image Quality
    Safavi et al. Vol. 29, No. 7 / July 2012 / J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 1829 Physical specifications of photonic crystal slab lenses and their effects on image quality Sohrab Safavi,1,* Rahim Ghayour,2 and Jonas Ekman1 1Department of Computer Science, Electrical & Space Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden 2Department of Electronic and Communications, Electrical Engineering School, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran *Corresponding author: [email protected] Received February 13, 2012; revised May 29, 2012; accepted May 29, 2012; posted May 30, 2012 (Doc. ID 163004); published June 28, 2012 Photonic crystal (PhC) lenses with negative refractive index have attracted intense interest because of their ap- plication in optical frequencies. In this paper, two-dimensional PhC lenses with a triangular lattice of cylindrical holes in dielectric material are investigated. Various physical parameters of the lens are introduced, and their effects on the lens response are studied in detail. The effect of the surface termination is investigated by analyzing the power flux within the PhC structure. A new lens formula has been obtained that shows a linear relation be- tween the source distance (distance between the source and the lens) and the image distance (distance between the image and the lens) for any surface termination of the PhC lens. It is observed that the excitation of surface waves does not necessarily pull the image closer to the lens. The effects of the thickness and the lateral width of the lens are also analyzed. © 2012 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 230.5298, 240.6690, 110.2960. 1. INTRODUCTION the image is formed in the vicinity of the lens as well.
    [Show full text]
  • Fabrication of Photonic Crystals in Silicon-On- Insulator Using 248-Nm
    928 IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, VOL. 8, NO. 4, JULY/AUGUST 2002 Fabrication of Photonic Crystals in Silicon-on- Insulator Using 248-nm Deep UV Lithography Wim Bogaerts, Member, IEEE, Vincent Wiaux, Dirk Taillaert, Member, IEEE, Stephan Beckx, Bert Luyssaert, Member, IEEE, Peter Bienstman, Associate Member, IEEE, and Roel Baets, Senior Member, IEEE Abstract—We demonstrate wavelength-scale photonic nanos- photonic crystals (PhCs). PhCs are wavelength-scale periodic tructures, including photonic crystals, fabricated in silicon-on-in- structures with a strong refractive index contrast. Another sulator using deep ultraviolet (UV) lithography. We discuss the candidate is the photonic wire (PW), a narrow ridge wave- mass-manufacturing capabilities of deep UV lithography com- pared to e-beam lithography. This is illustrated with experimental guide, typically a few hundred nanometers in width, with high results. Finally, we present some of the issues that arise when refractive index contrast. trying to use established complementary metal–oxide–semi- Because of the large refractive index contrast needed for pho- conductor processes for the fabrication of photonic integrated tonic crystals and photonic wires, semiconductor is the preferred circuits. material for ultracompact PICs. For active devices, one needs a Index Terms—Integrated optics, lithography, nanotechnology. material system that can emit light at the required wavelengths, implying the use of III-V semiconductors. For passive applica- I. INTRODUCTION tions, it is also possible to use silicon, particularly in the form of silicon-on-insulator (SOI). SOI consists of a thin silicon film N THE last decade, optical communication has been separated from the silicon substrate by an oxide layer.
    [Show full text]
  • Photonic Crystals ---An Introduction
    Photonic Crystals −−− An Introduction Toshihiko Baba, Yokohama National University 1. Introduction This presentation introduces a unique world of photonic crystals. They are artificial multi- dimensional periodic structures with a period of the order of optical wavelength. They have many analogies to solid state crystals. The most important one is the band of photons, which is a powerful theory for the understanding of light behavior in a complex photonic crystal structure. It enables us to create the photonic bandgap and the localization of light. They have great potentials for novel applications in optics, optoelectronics, µ-wave technologies, quantum engineering, bio-photonics, acoustics, and so on. Here, I will outline these fundamental features of photonic crystals with their progress of research. 2. Structures and Photonic Bands Figure 1 shows semiconductor photonic crystals with nanometer order periods and corresponding Brillouin zones (unit cells in a reciprocal lattice space, which represents the spatial Fourier spectrum of the photonic crystal structure). They are categorized by the dimension of periodicity. Figure 2 shows examples photonic bands, the dispersion relations between the time frequency and the spatial frequency (wave number k). Such bands are obtained by the similar procedure to solid state physics theory, i.e. a master equation (Maxwell’s wave equation) is transformed into an eigenvalue equation with a periodic boundary condition and solved by computation. Due to the rigorous treatment of vectorial property of electromagnetic fields, photonic bands precisely predict the behavior of light. 3. Unique Phenomena One of the most important discoveries is the existence of a photonic bandgap, which is a forbidden Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantum Nanophotonics with Quantum Dots in Photonic Crystals
    Quantum Nanophotonics with Quantum Dots In Photonic Crystals Benasque Workshop, July 2014 Peter Lodahl, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Quantum Photonics Group www.quantum-photonics.dk Photonic Quantum Networks Outstanding challenge in quantum physics: The scaling of small quantum systems into large architectures Kimble, Caltech & Rempe, Munich Integrated photonic circuits: Stable and easy operation of photonic networks Bristol, Oxford, Queensland,... Photonic Crystal Quantum Circuits with On-Chip Quantum Emitters • Deterministic single- photon sources on chip (quantum dots) • Tailor light-matter interaction strength • High-efficiency channeling of photons to a single mode → On-chip quantum- information processing and (Stanford, Munich, Zurich, Cambridge, computing Sheffield, Eindhoven, Copenhagen, …) Outline • All solid-state quantum optics with quantum dots in photonic crystals. • Mesoscopic quantum optics effects. • Role of fabrication imperfections. Controlling Light-Matter Interaction with Photonic Crystals Control of Spontaneous Emission with Photonic Crystals Inhibited (enhanced) spontaneous emission rate in band gap (at band edge) Yablonovitch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2059 (1987). Lodahl, van Driel, Nikolaev, Irman, Overgaag, Vanmaekelberg & Vos, Nature 430, 654 (2004). The Local Density of Optical States The local light-matter coupling strength is determined by the projected local density of states (LDOS) 2 3 (,r) d k e E (r) (k ) d n,k n n 1BZ The decay rate of single emitters is proportional to the LDOS 2 rad(,r) d (,r) 3 0 LDOS can be mapped by employing single emitters with known optical properties Mapping the LDOS of a photonic crystal Fix lattice wavelength and Calculated spatial variation of vary lattice constant the inhibition factor for an LDOS frequency map ideal photonic crystal X dipole Y dipole x70 inhibition of spontaneous emission rate observed Wang, Stobbe & Lodahl, Phys.
    [Show full text]
  • Gold Nanoparticles in Photonic Crystals Applications: a Review
    materials Review Gold Nanoparticles in Photonic Crystals Applications: A Review Iole Venditti Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00187 Rome, Italy; [email protected]; Tel.: +39-06-4991-3347 Academic Editor: Ilaria Fratoddi Received: 30 November 2016; Accepted: 12 January 2017; Published: 24 January 2017 Abstract: This review concerns the recently emerged class of composite colloidal photonic crystals (PCs), in which gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are included in the photonic structure. The use of composites allows achieving a strong modification of the optical properties of photonic crystals by involving the light scattering with electronic excitations of the gold component (surface plasmon resonance, SPR) realizing a combination of absorption bands with the diffraction resonances occurring in the body of the photonic crystals. Considering different preparations of composite plasmonic-photonic crystals, based on 3D-PCs in presence of AuNPs, different resonance phenomena determine the optical response of hybrid crystals leading to a broadly tunable functionality of these crystals. Several chemical methods for fabrication of opals and inverse opals are presented together with preparations of composites plasmonic-photonic crystals: the influence of SPR on the optical properties of PCs is also discussed. Main applications of this new class of composite materials are illustrated with the aim to offer the reader an overview of the recent advances in this field. Keywords: gold nanoparticles; composite materials; photonic crystals; opals; inverse opals; plasmonic; plasmonic photonic crystals 1. Introduction Photonic crystals (PCs) are a class of optical media represented by natural or artificial structures with periodic modulation of the refractive index. The period of refractive index repetition must be comparable to the wavelength of the light for intended application.
    [Show full text]
  • Planar Magneto-Photonic and Gradient-Photonic Structures : Crystals and Metamaterials
    Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports - Open Reports 2011 Planar magneto-photonic and gradient-photonic structures : crystals and metamaterials. Zhuoyuan Wu Michigan Technological University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds Part of the Physics Commons Copyright 2011 Zhuoyuan Wu Recommended Citation Wu, Zhuoyuan, "Planar magneto-photonic and gradient-photonic structures : crystals and metamaterials.", Dissertation, Michigan Technological University, 2011. https://doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.etds/121 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds Part of the Physics Commons PLANAR MAGNETO-PHOTONIC AND GRADIENT-PHOTONIC STRUCTURES: CRYSTALS AND METAMATERIALS By Zhuoyuan Wu A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Engineering Physics MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2010 © 2010 Zhuoyuan Wu This dissertation, “PLANAR MAGNETO-PHOTONIC AND GRADIENT-PHOTONIC STRUCTURES: CRYSTALS AND METAMATERIALS” is hereby approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the field of Engineering Physics. Department: Physics Signatures: Dissertation Advisor _______________________________________________ Dr. Miguel Levy Committee Members _______________________________________________ Dr. Ranjit Pati _______________________________________________ Dr. Will Cantrell _______________________________________________ Dr. Craig Friedrich Department Chair __________________________________________________ Dr. Ravi Pandey ABSTRACT In the field of photonics, two new types of material structures, photonic crystals and metamaterials, are presently of great interest. Both are studied in the present work, which focus on planar magnetic materials in the former and planar gradient metamaterials in the latter. These planar periodic structures are easy to handle and integrate into optical systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Subwavelength Imaging in Photonic Crystals
    PHYSICAL REVIEW B 68, 045115 ͑2003͒ Subwavelength imaging in photonic crystals Chiyan Luo,* Steven G. Johnson, and J. D. Joannopoulos Department of Physics and Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA J. B. Pendry Condensed Matter Theory Group, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2BZ, United Kingdom ͑Received 5 December 2002; revised manuscript received 14 February 2003; published 29 July 2003͒ We investigate the transmission of evanescent waves through a slab of photonic crystal and explore the recently suggested possibility of focusing light with subwavelength resolution. The amplification of near-field waves is shown to rely on resonant coupling mechanisms to surface photon bound states, and the negative refractive index is only one way of realizing this effect. It is found that the periodicity of the photonic crystal imposes an upper cutoff to the transverse wave vector of evanescent waves that can be amplified, and thus a photonic-crystal superlens is free of divergences even in the lossless case. A detailed numerical study of the optical image of such a superlens in two dimensions reveals a subtle and very important interplay between propagating waves and evanescent waves on the final image formation. Particular features that arise due to the presence of near-field light are discussed. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.045115 PACS number͑s͒: 78.20.Ci, 42.70.Qs, 42.30.Wb I. INTRODUCTION important to note that the transmission considered here dif- fers fundamentally from its conventional implication of en- Negative refraction of electromagnetic waves, initially ergy transport, since evanescent waves need not carry energy proposed in the 1960s,1 recently attracted strong research in their decaying directions.
    [Show full text]