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Do Sheep Worms Occur in Wild Hares and Rabbits in Australia?

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Do Sheep Worms Occur in Wild Hares and Rabbits in Australia? Do sheep worms occur in wild hares and rabbits in Australia? Marina Hsiang Hua Tai B.Vet.Sc. (The Federal University of Goiás, Brazil) Supervisors: Dr Philip Stott Dr Ryan O’ Handley Submitted for the Degree of Master of Science In the School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide May 2013 Declaration This work is the result of my own investigation. The content herein has not been accepted for the a ward of a ny ot her degree or di ploma i n any university or o ther te rtiary in stitution to Marina T ai a nd, t o t he be st of m y know ledge and be lief, c ontains no m aterial pr eviously written or published by any other persons except where due reference is made in the text. I give m y c onsent f or t his t hesis w hen de posited i n t he U niversity Library, be ing m ade available for loan or photocopying, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I also give permission for the digital version of my thesis to be made available on the web, via the U niversity’s d igital r esearch r epository, th e Library catalogue, th e A ustralian D igital Thesis P rogram ( ADTP) a nd a lso t hrough w eb s earch engines, unl ess pe rmission ha s be en granted by the University to restrict access for a period of time. September 2013 ii Acknowledgements Working on t his master´s project has been an unforgettable pleasant experience and I would not have been able to get through this awesome adventure without the support and help from the following people: Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisors Dr Philip Stott and Dr Ryan O’ Handley for their inspiring guidance, constant support and for giving me the opportunity to see Australia with an exciting adventurous perspective through fieldwork. I truly appreciated working with you! I would like to thank Dr David J. Jenkins who I have had the pleasure to work with in New South Wales and kindly sheltered me in his house during the period of sample collection in the area. I also thank Dr Miroslaw Stankiewicz for his help with spicule morphology. It was so nice to have met you. Thank you to Dr Farhid Hemmatzadeh and Dr Behzad Khansarinejad for their friendship and helping me out in the lab, teaching me techniques and principles of molecular assays which I will continue to use throughout my research career. I am very grateful to the members of the Conservation and Wildlife Management branch of the S porting S hooters A ssociation o f A ustralia, pa rticularly P atrick K erin an d A lex McDonald, V ince R ujero a nd J ohn S chulze w ho pr ovided m e t he s amples f or m y project. Special t hanks also go t o J ohn M atthews from the Department of P rimary Industries, (DPI Hamilton, Victoria). I must also acknowledge friends and colleagues who were there for me every day, giving me intuitive advice, source of warmth and plenty of fun distractions. Thank you Tai Yuan Chen, Rebecca Athorn, Richard Bosworth, Lesley Menzel, Ruidong Xiang, Vaibhav Gole and Ali Javadmanesh. Finally, and very importantly, I would like to thank my family, especially my mom and dad, who have assisted me throughout the course of my master’s work. Loving thanks must go to my boyfriend Faisal Quadri for his enduring patience and support, understanding and love. iii Abstract Areas of common grazing between hares (Lepus europaeus), rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and sheep ( Ovis aries) are widespread i n s outh e astern A ustralia. For much of t he year, lagomorphs are exposed to the infective larvae of the nematode parasites of livestock on farm pastures. Given that gastrointestinal parasites are a major problem for sheep graziers and that in experimental circumstances sheep helminths are able to develop in rabbits and hares, free- living l agomorphs w ere i nvestigated r egarding carriage of ovi ne n ematode pa rasites u nder field conditions. 110 hares and 88 rabbits were shot by hunters in paddocks previously grazed by s heep or i n vi neyards ne ar s heep pa stures. Lagomorphs w ere acquired f rom N ovember 2010 t o A ugust 2012 f rom t he A delaide r egion of S outh A ustralia, t he w estern di strict o f Victoria and central western New S outh W ales. Total helminth counts and examinations of spicule m orphology w ere pe rformed. P CR w as u tilized t o c onfirm f indings. M y study revealed t hat t he r uminant w orm, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, is c ommon i n ha res (prevalence 3 2.7%) a nd a lso, oc casionally, o ccurs i n r abbits ( prevalence 3.4 %). S tatistical analysis showed no significant effects of age or sex of either hares or rabbits, in prevalence of worms ( P > 0.05). C hi-Square and F isher E xact t ests w ere p erformed an d s howed t hat, i n general, nematode parasite infestations were not significantly different in hares or rabbits (P > 0.05) f or a ll r egions e xamined. H owever, w hile t he r uminant ne matode T. colubriformis occurred more frequently in hares, rabbits were more commonly infected with the lagomorph- specific Trichostrongylus retortaeformis (prevalence 61.4 %). The l agomorph worm Graphidium strigosum was mainly found in rabbit stomachs obtained from New South Wales. The ruminant nematode Trichostrongylus rugatus, was identified infecting four hares and one rabbit f rom th e A delaide r egion, S outh A ustralia, a nd is r eported f or th e f irst time in w ild lagomorphs. Cross-transmission of nematodes between lagomorphs and sheep in the natural environment is much more prevalent than previously believed. Further studies will contribute important information to assist sheep producers manage nematode gastrointestinal parasites and m ay a lso l ead t o ne wly i dentified c auses f or t he de clines of l agomorph popul ations i n various parts of the world. iv List of Figures Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16 Figure 1.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16 Figure 1.3 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17 Figure 1.4 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22 Figure 2.2-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23 Figure 2.3 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24 Figure 2.4 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25 Figure 2.5 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26 Figure 2.6 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------27 Figure 2.7 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------28 Figure 2.8 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------30 Figure 2.9 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------32 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------37 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------44 Figure 4.2 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------44 Figure 4.3 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------45 Figure 4.4 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------48 Chapter 5 Figure 5.1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------53 v List of Tables Chapter 2 Table 2.1 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------31 Chapter 3 Table 3.1 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------38 Chapter 4 Table 4.1 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------40 Table 4.2 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------41 Table 4.3 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------42 Table 4.4 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------45 Table 4.5 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------46 vi Summary Chapter 1 Literature Review ....................................................................................................... 9 1.1 Wild lagomorphs in Australia ...................................................................................... 9 1.2 Lagomorph parasitic nematodes .................................................................................. 9 1.3 Ovine parasitic nematodes ......................................................................................... 10 1.4 Pathogenicity .............................................................................................................. 10 1.5 Immunity .................................................................................................................... 11 1.6 Anthelmintic resistance .............................................................................................. 13 1.7 Quarantine .................................................................................................................. 13 1.8 Host specificity ..........................................................................................................
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