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Guide Pour Les Avocats Qui Travaillent Avec Des Parties Autochtones

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Guide Pour Les Avocats Qui Travaillent Avec Des Parties Autochtones Guide pour les avocats qui travaillent avec des parties autochtones Un projet conjoint de : La Société des plaideurs, de l’Association du Barreau Autochtone et du Barreau de l’Ontario Version pour publication 8 mai 2018 Guide pour les avocats qui travaillent avec des parties autochtones Un projet conjoint de : La Société des plaideurs, de l’Association du Barreau Autochtone et du Barreau de l’Ontario Table des matières 1 PRÉSENTATION GÉNÉRALE ................................................................................. 3 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 3 1.2 Thèmes clés ............................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Objet et portée ........................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Actualité ..................................................................................................................... 6 2 APPRENTISSAGES POUR LES AVOCATS ........................................................... 7 2.1 Comprendre les incidences pratiques du Rapport de la Commission de vérité et de réconciliation ................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Comprendre l’importance de la compétence culturelle .........................................11 2.3 Comprendre les relations autochtones ...................................................................28 2.4 Comprendre les différences linguistiques ..............................................................35 2.5 Comprendre la relation entre les peuples autochtones et le Canada ...................38 2.6 Comprendre les incidences des principales directives juridiques .......................44 3 METTRE LES APPRENTISSAGES EN PRATIQUE .............................................. 45 3.1 Rencontres, entretiens et dialogue..........................................................................45 3.2 Adapter le droit de la preuve ....................................................................................56 3.3 Obtenir des conseils dans des domaines du droit en particulier ..........................70 3.4 Comprendre et utiliser les protocoles existants pour les questions autochtones .......................................................................................................82 4 RESSOURCES ....................................................................................................... 82 4.1 Protections constitutionnelles .................................................................................82 4.2 Grands arrêts ............................................................................................................84 4.3 Principales sources non judiciaires ........................................................................98 4.4 Protocoles qui régissent les rapports avec les peuples autochtones et la façon de traiter les questions autochtones ............................................................................... 100 4.5 Cartes annotées des communautés autochtones au Canada ............................. 104 4.6 Glossaires ............................................................................................................... 104 4.7 Liste d’organismes ................................................................................................. 105 4.8 Centres d’amitié ...................................................................................................... 110 4.9 Ressources communautaires et relatives à la santé ............................................ 110 4.10 Ressources pour la rédaction de rapports de type Gladue ................................. 112 4.11 Liste d’interprètes ................................................................................................... 114 4.12 Programmes de formation culturelle et organismes offrant de telles formations ................................................................................................................ 117 4.13 Spécialisations juridiques ...................................................................................... 118 5 SUGGESTIONS DE LECTURE ............................................................................. 119 VERSION POUR PUBLICATION – 8 mai 2018 Prière d’envoyer vos commentaires à [email protected]. 1 6 REMERCIEMENTS – MIIGWETCH ..................................................................... 125 VERSION POUR PUBLICATION – 8 mai 2018 Prière d’envoyer vos commentaires à [email protected]. 2 Guide pour les avocats qui travaillent avec des parties autochtones Un projet conjoint de : La Société des plaideurs, de l’Association du Barreau autochtone et du Barreau de l’Ontario (anciennement le Barreau du Haut-Canada) 1 PRÉSENTATION GÉNÉRALE 1.1 Introduction Il est de plus en plus reconnu au Canada, dans tous les secteurs et dans toutes les régions, qu’il faut mieux comprendre et intégrer de façon plus significative les peuples autochtones1 du Canada. L’une des pièces maitresses de cette réalisation est le Rapport final de la Commission de vérité et de réconciliation du Canada, publié en 2015. Il contient 94 appels à l’action visant la réconciliation avec les peuples autochtones. L’appel à l’action 27 s’adresse à la communauté juridique du Canada et nous invite (par l’entremise de la Fédération des ordres professionnels de juristes du Canada) à : […] veiller à ce que les avocats reçoivent une formation appropriée en matière de compétences culturelles, y compris en ce qui a trait à l’histoire et aux séquelles des pensionnats, à la Déclaration des Nations Unies sur les droits des peuples autochtones, aux traités et aux droits des Autochtones, au droit autochtone de même qu’aux relations entre l’État et les Autochtones. À cet égard, il faudra, plus particulièrement, offrir une formation axée sur les compétences pour ce qui est de l’aptitude interculturelle, du règlement de différends, des droits de la personne et de la lutte contre le racisme. Cette admonition est en accord avec les conclusions d’une longue liste de décisions judiciaires, d’études gouvernementales et de commissions spéciales à l’échelle du pays. Comme l’a conclu la Cour suprême du Canada dans l’arrêt R c. Delgamuukw, « il faut se rendre à l’évidence, nous sommes tous ici pour y rester ». Concernant cet énoncé, l’ancien juge en chef de la Colombie-Britannique, Lance Finch, a fait la réflexion suivante : [TRADUCTION] C’est vrai, mais, dans le cadre de cette réalité, si nous voulons que plusieurs ordres juridiques coexistent et parvenir ultimement à une 1 En anglais, le terme « Indigenous » est la principale référence utilisée aujourd’hui, mais nous constatons que la jurisprudence moderne et plus ancienne ainsi que les textes universitaires utilisent le terme « Aboriginal ». VERSION POUR PUBLICATION – 8 mai 2018 Prière d’envoyer vos commentaires à [email protected]. 3 réconciliation égale, force est de reconnaitre que, le fait de « rester » implique également d’apprendre2. Le Guide pour les avocats qui travaillent avec des parties autochtones a été rédigé dans l’esprit de ces idées. Le présent guide se veut une ressource de départ pour aider les avocats et autres intervenants du système juridique à en apprendre davantage sur les cultures autochtones et à comprendre l’interaction entre les ordres juridiques autochtones et le système de justice canadien. Cependant, la lecture du présent guide ne peut remplacer l’établissement de relations authentiques avec les personnes, les peuples, les collectivités et les organismes autochtones et ne devrait pas être la seule action prise par les praticiens juridiques pour mieux comprendre les questions juridiques relatives aux peuples autochtones. En 2016, la Société des plaideurs a créé un groupe de travail regroupant des personnes qui avaient de l’expérience avec les peuples autochtones et qui souhaitaient travailler avec eux dans un contexte juridique. Le groupe de travail (voir la liste des membres à la fin du présent guide) se compose de membres du barreau de divers niveaux d’ancienneté, qui exercent le droit dans le domaine public ou en pratique privée, et d’anciens membres de la magistrature. Notre démarche a mené à un partenariat tripartite pour le projet, y ajoutant l’expertise et les ressources de l’Association du Barreau autochtone et du Barreau de l’Ontario (anciennement le Barreau du Haut-Canada). Pendant plus d’un an, le groupe de travail a travaillé ensemble pour déterminer quelles étaient les principales priorités en matière d’apprentissage et quels conseils pratiques seraient utiles. Les membres du groupe de travail ont procédé à des recherches approfondies et mis en commun leurs propres expériences variées. Avec une première version du guide en main, le groupe de travail a mené une série de consultations auprès d’un plus grand éventail de membres du barreau et auprès de la magistrature, d’universitaires, de travailleurs communautaires et d’ainés. Nous avons recueilli avec gratitude les commentaires de diverses personnes et associations d’un bout à l’autre du pays par voie électronique et au moyen de rencontres, de conférences et d’entretiens téléphoniques. Le résultat est un guide qui intègre les points de vue de plusieurs personnes qui travaillent avec des personnes et peuples autochtones sur une base régulière et qui font autorité dans ce domaine. Nous remercions toutes les personnes
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