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Development of Sediment Budgets at Multiple Scales Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-2013 Development of sediment budgets at multiple scales Susannah O'Brien Erwin Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Other Life Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Erwin, Susannah O'Brien, "Development of sediment budgets at multiple scales" (2013). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 1737. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1737 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DEVELOPMENT OF SEDIMENT BUDGETS AT MULTIPLE SCALES: INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE INFLUENCE OF SEDIMENT SUPPLY ON CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY by Susannah O. Erwin A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Watershed Science Approved: _____________________________ ____________________________ John C. Schmidt Peter R. Wilcock Major Professor Committee Member _____________________________ ____________________________ Joel L. Pederson David G. Tarboton Committee Member Committee Member _____________________________ ____________________________ Joseph M. Wheaton Mark R. McLellan Committee Member Vice President for Research and Dean of the School of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2012 ii Copyright © Susannah Erwin 2012 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Development of Sediment Budgets at Multiple Scales: Investigations into the Influence of Sediment Supply on Channel Morphology by Susannah O. Erwin, Doctor of Philosophy Utah State University, 2012 Major Professor: Dr. John C. Schmidt Department: Watershed Sciences Channel morphology in alluvial rivers results from the interactions among the flow of water and sediment, the grain size distribution of the material in transport, and the characteristics of the materials making up the channel boundary. Many modern river management problems depend upon the ability to predict channel behavior in response to changes in the delivery of sediment. Sediment budgets provide a framework for explicitly evaluating the links between sediment delivery to and export from a river, and changes in storage. In the work presented here I have developed sediment budgets at three different spatial and temporal scales in an effort to gain insight to channel response to a change in sediment supply. In Chapter 2, I present a bed load budget for the Snake River in Grand Teton National Park (GTNP), Wyoming. The analysis was designed to evaluate the effects of iv 50 years of flow regulation on net sediment flux and, thus, sediment storage for the Snake River below Jackson Lake Dam. In Chapter 3 I present a sediment mass balance constructed for a single flood on an aggrading 4-km reach of the middle Provo River, Utah. Sediment accumulation in the Provo River had driven significant point bar growth, and the sediment budget was designed to explicitly link patterns in sediment flux with morphologic change. In Chapter 4, I present the results from a physical experiment designed to further evaluate the effect of changing sediment supply on point bar morphology in a single meander bend. The experiment was conducted in a field-scale flume, the Outdoor StreamLab (OSL), at the University of Minnesota. In each of the cases I present here, the channel was subject to sediment accumulation due to either an increase in sediment supply (Provo River and OSL) or a decrease in transport capacity (Snake River). The analyses provide insight into processes governing channel response to changes in sediment supply and highlight the inherent challenges and uncertainties associated with sediment budgets, regardless of the scale of the analysis. (178 pages) v PUBLIC ABSTRACT Development of Sediment Budgets at Multiple Scales: Investigations into the Influence of Sediment Supply on Channel Morphology Susannah O. Erwin Channel morphology in alluvial rivers is determined by the flow of water and sediment, and the characteristics of the materials making up the channel boundary. Many modern river management problems depend upon our ability to predict channel behavior in response to changes in the delivery of water or sediment. Sediment delivery to a river may be altered by natural or human-caused changes, such as changes in land use in the watershed, construction and operations of dam, forest fires, or climate change. Understanding and predicting the effects of these alterations is important because changes in sediment supply and transport may alter river characteristics, impact riverine habitat, and affect aquatic organisms. Sediment budgets – an accounting of the sediment delivered to, transport through, and exported from a river network – are a fundamental tool used to understand how rivers respond to perturbations in sediment supply. Here, I developed sediment budgets at three different spatial and temporal scales in order to investigate the influence of sediment supply on channel form. In this dissertation I present (1) a large-scale field study of systemic change on the Snake River in Grand Teton National Park (GTNP); (2) an intermediate-scale field study on a section of the reconfigured Provo River in Heber Valley, UT, where gravel is actively accumulating; and (3) a small-scale, physical experiment of point bar response to changes in sediment influx. Together, these three studies highlight the inherent challenges and uncertainties encountered when developing sediment budgets. Additionally, the work furthers our understanding of how rivers respond to a change in the delivery of water or sediment. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my friend and mentor Jack Schmidt. Jack taught me how to be a good field scientist, a critical thinker, and to be passionate about what I do. Through Jack I gained the opportunity to work in some of the most spectacular landscapes in the American west. I am also grateful for the mentorship provided by Peter Wilcock. Although I will never embrace his enthusiasm for tubular meat, Peter has inspired me with his contagious enthusiasm for sediment transport. I would especially like to thank my committee members, Drs. Joel Pederson, David Tarboton, and Joe Wheaton – I learned a tremendous amount from each of them. My research was made possible by numerous partnerships and collaborations. My work on the Snake River would not have happened without the assistance of Sue O’Ney and Sue Consuelo-Murphy of Grand Teton National Park (GTNP). Thanks also to the River Rangers of GTNP, who worked closely with me to ensure that I could safely sample bed-load transport in a high-traffic, high-visibility section of the Snake River. Graham Matthews and Associates were incredibly generous in their willingness to teach me how to do large river, bed-load sampling. My work on the Provo River greatly benefited from the support of Mark Holden of the Utah Reclamation, Mitigation, and Conservation Commission and of Tyler Allred of Allred Restoration. Special thanks go to Daryl Devy, who was exceptionally accommodating in his willingness to modify releases from Jordanelle Dam. My work in the Outdoor StreamLab would not have been possible without the assistance of Anne Lightbody, Christian Braudrick, and numerous staff of Saint Anthony Falls Laboratory, MN. vii There have been an astonishing number of friends and technicians who helped in the field and lab to make this work possible. Special thanks go to my friends made throughout the years in the Fluvial Geomorphology Lab, and to my fellow “Barflies.” for many good times wandering around gravel bars. I was fortunate to receive financial assistance from several sources throughout my time as a student at USU. The S.J. and Jessie E. Quinney Foundation provided funding throughout the duration of my Ph.D. program. Additional funding was provided by the National Park Service, the U.S. Geological Survey Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, the Intermountain Center for River Rehabilitation and Restoration at Utah State University, the Science and Technology Centers Program of the U.S. National Science Foundation via the National Center for Earth-Surface Dynamics, and the Utah Reclamation, Mitigation, and Conservation Commission. Lastly, words cannot express how appreciative I am of the love and support I’ve received from my family. Thank you to my parents, Tom and Joanna, for their encouragement and their enthusiasm for all of my pursuits in life. Thank you to my husband, Matt, for his patience and unwavering support, and to Milo and Nellie, for keeping life exciting and making me smile every day. Susannah O. Erwin viii CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. iii PUBLIC ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................. vi LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ x CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................
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