Technology for NASA Large Space Systems
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A Quantitative Human Spacecraft Design Evaluation Model For
A QUANTITATIVE HUMAN SPACECRAFT DESIGN EVALUATION MODEL FOR ASSESSING CREW ACCOMMODATION AND UTILIZATION by CHRISTINE FANCHIANG B.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007 M.S., University of Colorado Boulder, 2010 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Colorado in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences 2017 i This thesis entitled: A Quantitative Human Spacecraft Design Evaluation Model for Assessing Crew Accommodation and Utilization written by Christine Fanchiang has been approved for the Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences Dr. David M. Klaus Dr. Jessica J. Marquez Dr. Nisar R. Ahmed Dr. Daniel J. Szafir Dr. Jennifer A. Mindock Dr. James A. Nabity Date: 13 March 2017 The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories, and we find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. ii Fanchiang, Christine (Ph.D., Aerospace Engineering Sciences) A Quantitative Human Spacecraft Design Evaluation Model for Assessing Crew Accommodation and Utilization Thesis directed by Professor David M. Klaus Crew performance, including both accommodation and utilization factors, is an integral part of every human spaceflight mission from commercial space tourism, to the demanding journey to Mars and beyond. Spacecraft were historically built by engineers and technologists trying to adapt the vehicle into cutting edge rocketry with the assumption that the astronauts could be trained and will adapt to the design. By and large, that is still the current state of the art. It is recognized, however, that poor human-machine design integration can lead to catastrophic and deadly mishaps. -
An Integrated Reliability and Physics-Based Risk Modeling Approach for Assessing Human Spaceflight Systems
An Integrated Reliability and Physics-based Risk Modeling Approach for Assessing Human Spaceflight Systems Susie Go*a, Donovan Mathiasa, Chris Mattenbergerb, Scott Lawrencea, and Ken Geea a NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA b Science and Technology Corp., Moffett Field, CA, USA Abstract: This paper presents an integrated reliability and physics-based risk modeling approach for assessing human spaceflight systems. The approach is demonstrated using an example, end-to-end risk assessment of a generic crewed space transportation system during a reference mission to the International Space Station. The behavior of the system is modeled using analysis techniques from multiple disciplines in order to properly capture the dynamic time- and state- dependent consequences of failures encountered in different mission phases. We discuss how to combine traditional reliability analyses with Monte Carlo simulation methods and physics-based engineering models to produce loss- of-mission and loss-of-crew risk estimates supporting risk-based decision-making and requirement verification. This approach facilitates risk-informed design by providing more realistic representation of system failures and interactions; identifying key risk-driving sensitivities, dependencies, and assumptions; and tracking multiple figures of merit within a single, responsive assessment framework that can readily incorporate evolving design information throughout system development. Keywords: PRA, simulation, physical modeling, reliability modeling, risk-informed design. 1. INTRODUCTION Over the years, NASA has developed a working knowledge and body of standards to guide both the design and the evaluation of safe human space flight systems. These include specific requirements on procedures and best practices in addition to quantitative mission risk requirements. -
Spacecraft Research and Design
Spacecraft Research & Design Center Naval Postgraduate School NAVAL POSTGRADUATESCHOOL Thesis/Research Opportunities The Spacecraft Research and Design Center at the Naval The mission of the Naval Analytical and experimental investigation are performed to develop Postgraduate School consists of six state-of-the art laboratories: technologies for acquisition, tracking and pointing of flexible Postgraduate School is to Fltsatcom Laboratory, Spacecraft Attitude Dynamics and Control spacecraft with optical payloads; active vibration control, Isolation, enhance the security of the Laboratory, Smart Structures laboratory, Spacecraft Design and suppression using smart structures; space robotics, satellite United States of America Center, NPS-AFRL Optical Relay Mirror Spacecraft Laboratory, servicing, space system design, and computer aided design tools. through graduate and and Satellite Servicing Laboratory. These laboratories are used for professional education programs Three-Axis Simulator 1 Three-Axis Simulator 2 instruction and research in space system engineering and space • Slew maneuver torque profile to minimize settling time. focusing on the unique needs of operations curricula. The emphasis has been on providing • Active vibration isolation/suppression using smart sensors students with hands-on experience in the design, analysis, and and actuators the military officers. These programs are sustained by testing of space systems and systems and to provide students research and advanced studies directed towards the needs • Fast steering mirror pointing/jitter control facilities for experimental research. The emphasis in the research • Improved multi-body flexible dynamics and control models of the Navy and DoD. Our goals are to increase the combat h areas is on acquisition, tracking and pointing of flexible • Adaptive Optics Control effectiveness of the armed forces of the U.S. -
Design Standard Spacecraft Charging and Discharging
JERG-2-211A DESIGN STANDARD SPACECRAFT CHARGING AND DISCHARGING May 10, 2012 Revision A Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency JERG-2-211A This is an English translation of JREG-2-211A. Whenever there is anything ambiguous in this document, the original document (the Japanese version) shall be used to clarify the intent of the requirement. Disclaimer The information contained herein is for general informational purposes only. JAXA makes no warranty, express or implied, including as to the accuracy, usefulness or timeliness of any information herein. JAXA will not be liable for any losses relating to the use of the information. Published by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Safety and Mission Assurance Department 2-1-1 Sengen Tsukuba-shi,Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan JERG-2-211A - Contents - 1. Purpose and Scope of Application .............................................................................................. 1 2. Related Documents ....................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Applicable documents .................................................................................................................. 2 2.2 References ................................................................................................................................... 2 3. Terminology, Definition, and Abbreviation ..................................................................................... 3 3.1 Terminology and definition ............................................................................................................. -
Orbital Fueling Architectures Leveraging Commercial Launch Vehicles for More Affordable Human Exploration
ORBITAL FUELING ARCHITECTURES LEVERAGING COMMERCIAL LAUNCH VEHICLES FOR MORE AFFORDABLE HUMAN EXPLORATION by DANIEL J TIFFIN Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of: Master of Science Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY January, 2020 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the thesis of DANIEL JOSEPH TIFFIN Candidate for the degree of Master of Science*. Committee Chair Paul Barnhart, PhD Committee Member Sunniva Collins, PhD Committee Member Yasuhiro Kamotani, PhD Date of Defense 21 November, 2019 *We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. 2 Table of Contents List of Tables................................................................................................................... 5 List of Figures ................................................................................................................. 6 List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... 8 1. Introduction and Background.................................................................................. 14 1.1 Human Exploration Campaigns ....................................................................... 21 1.1.1. Previous Mars Architectures ..................................................................... 21 1.1.2. Latest Mars Architecture ......................................................................... -
Spacecraft Design Innovations in the Apl Space Department
ERIC J. HOFFMAN SPACECRAFT DESIGN INNOVATIONS IN THE APL SPACE DEPARTMENT The Applied Physics Laboratory has made several important contributions to spacecraft design in the fields of Doppler tracking and navigation, attitude control, mechanisms, drag compensation, antennas, spacebome computing, and autonomous satellite positioning. Many of these innovations have since become standard spacecraft techniques. Others are being rediscovered in the light of renewed interest in small, mission-capable satellites. INTRODUCTION Since its beginning in 1959, the APL Space Department the satellite's orbit. Researchers at other laboratories had has designed, built, and launched fifty-four satellites thought about this problem, but had oversimplified the (Fig. 1). Fifty-one were completely assembled at APL; analysis, concluding (incorrectly) that the orbit could not three (the Delta series) were built jointly with McDonnell be found at all or that it could be found only with low Douglas. An additional twenty-three satellites were fab accuracy. Only Guier and Weiffenbach solved the theo ricated by government and industry to APL'S designs as retical problem correctly, concluding that a highly accu part of the Navy Navigation Satellite System (Transit) rate orbit could be determined using Doppler data gath production runs. The Space Department has also provid ered from a single pass. ed about seventy scientific instruments and numerous en In March 1958, Guier and Weiffenbach were discuss gineering subsystems for launch on non-APL spacecraft. ing their Doppler tracking results with Frank T. McClure. Despite its relatively small size, the Space Department It occurred to McClure to invert the problem: if the has been remarkably productive in introducing and im position of the satellite were accurately known, Doppler plementing simple and effective technical solutions to data could tell an observer on the ground his unknown spacecraft engineering problems. -
On-Orbit Servicing and Refueling Concepts!
On-orbit Servicing and Refueling Concepts! June 17, 2015 Benjamin B. Reed Deputy Project Manager Satellite Servicing Capabilities Office http://ssco.gsfc.nasa.gov Pre-decisional. Do not forward or post without the consent of [email protected] Introduction! • Over the past five years, NASA has: – Invested in satellite-servicing technologies and tested them on the ground and in orbit – Examined several different “design reference missions” • Non-Shuttle-based Hubble Space Telescope • Propellant depot • 30-m telescope assembly • GOES-12 refueling (GEO) • Landsat 7 refueling (LEO) Growing momentum towards robotic satellite servicing capability. Pre-decisional. Do not forward or post without the consent of [email protected] 2 In Space Robotic Servicing ! • The Satellite Servicing Capabilities Office is responsible for the overall management, coordination, and implementation of satellite servicing technologies and capabilities for NASA. To meet these objectives it: – Conducts studies – Conducts demonstration experiments in orbit and on the ground – Manages technology development and satellite servicing missions – Advises and designs cooperative servicing elements and subsystems Pre-decisional. Do not forward or post without the consent of [email protected] 3 In Space Robotic Servicing Team and Partners! Johnson Space Canadian Space Center Agency Goddard Space Flight Center Department of Defense Space Test Program Glenn Research Center WVU RPI JHU UMD Naval Research Kennedy Laboratory Space Center Pre-decisional. Do not forward or post without the consent of [email protected] 4 Servicing Supports Multiple Objectives! On-orbit Assembly Asteroid Infrastructure Redirection Inspection and Maintenance Fleet Management Government and Commercial Human Exploration Observatory Servicing Servicing Planetary Capabilities! Defense Propellant Depot 5 5 Pre-decisional. -
Design and Utilization of the Stanford Vision-Based Navigation Testbed for Spacecraft Rendezvous
IWSCFF 17-26 DESIGN AND UTILIZATION OF THE STANFORD VISION-BASED NAVIGATION TESTBED FOR SPACECRAFT RENDEZVOUS Connor Beierle,∗ Joshua Sullivan,y and Simone D’Amicoz Vision-based navigation is an enabling technology for the new generation of on-orbit ser- vicing and debris-removal missions. In contrast to legacy metrology systems such as radar, lidar, and the global positioning system, vision sensors are passive, simple, and do not place stringent requirements on the spacecraft design in terms of power, weight, or inter-satellite communication. Most importantly, vision-based navigation has the potential to support ac- curate autonomous relative operations from hundreds of kilometers down to virtually zero separation in many orbit regimes. The demonstration of this capability calls for a new testbed capable of stimulating cameras in a representative sensing environment to assess functional- ity, performance, and robustness of the navigation tasks before deployment in space. Based on typical requirements posed by future autonomous rendezvous missions, the goal of this re- search is to design a virtual-reality sensor-in-the-loop optical stimulator with ten-arcseconds angular resolution and over eight orders of magnitude in radiometric dynamic range. This paper addresses the key challenges in the design, development, calibration, verification, and utilization of such an optical stimulator. A rendezvous hardware-in-the-loop simulation is then conducted to verify the functionality and performance of a new optical angles-only nav- igation article. This test demonstrates a successful estimation and recovery of the relative translational state of a non-stellar object using optical angles-only measurements to within 1% of the ground-truth. -
Arxiv:1906.05079V1 [Astro-Ph.IM] 12 Jun 2019
Draft version June 13, 2019 Typeset using LATEX twocolumn style in AASTeX61 A THOUSAND EARTHS: A VERY LARGE APERTURE, ULTRALIGHT SPACE TELESCOPE ARRAY FOR ATMOSPHERIC BIOSIGNATURE SURVEYS Daniel´ Apai,1 Tom D. Milster, Dae Wook Kim,2 Alex Bixel,3 Glenn Schneider,3 Ronguang Liang,4 and Jonathan Arenberg5 1Steward Observatory and the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 2James C. Wyant College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 3Steward Observatory, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 4College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 5Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 (Received July 1, 2016; Revised September 27, 2016; Accepted June 13, 2019) Submitted to AJ ABSTRACT An outstanding, multi-disciplinary goal of modern science is the study of the diversity of potentially Earth-like planets and the search for life in them. This goal requires a bold new generation of space telescopes, but even the most ambitious designs yet hope to characterize several dozen potentially habitable planets. Such a sample may be too small to truly understand the complexity of exo-earths. We describe here a notional concept for a novel space observatory designed to characterize 1,000 transiting exo-earth candidates. The Nautilus concept is based on an array of inflatable spacecraft carrying very large diameter (8.5m), very low-weight, multi-order diffractive optical elements (MODE lenses) as light-collecting elements. The mirrors typical to current space telescopes are replaced by MODE lenses with a 10 times lighter areal density that are 100 times less sensitive to misalignments, enabling light-weight structure. -
A Value Proposition for Lunar Architectures Utilizing On-Orbit Propellant Refueling
A VALUE PROPOSITION FOR LUNAR ARCHITECTURES UTILIZING ON-ORBIT PROPELLANT REFUELING By James Jay Young In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Aerospace Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology May 2009 Copyright © 2009 by James J. Young A VALUE PROPOSITION FOR LUNAR ARCHITECTURES UTILIZING ON-ORBIT PROPELLANT REFUELING Approved by: Dr. Alan W. Wilhite, Chairman Dr. Douglas Stanley School of Aerospace Engineering School of Aerospace Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Trina M. Chytka Dr. Daniel P. Schrage Vehicle Analysis Branch School of Aerospace Engineering NASA Langley Research Center Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Carlee A. Bishop Electronics Systems Laboratory Georgia Tech Research Institute Date Approved: October 29, 2008 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As I sit down to acknowledge all the people who have helped me throughout my career as a student I realized that I could spend pages thanking everyone. I may never have reached all of my goals without your endless support. I would like to thank all of you for helping me achieve me goals. I would like to specifically thank my thesis advisor, Dr. Alan Wilhite, for his guidance throughout this process. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. Carlee Bishop, Dr. Trina Chytka, Dr. Daniel Scharge, and Dr. Douglas Stanley for the time they dedicated to helping me complete my dissertation. I would also like to thank Dr. John Olds for his guidance during my first two years at Georgia Tech and introducing me to the conceptual design field. I must also thank all of the current and former students of the Space Systems Design Laboratory for helping me overcome any technical challenges that I encountered during my research. -
Integrating Spacecraft Systems
NASA TECHNICAL NOTE __NASA TN- D-3049.- < o* d 0 Cr) d z c 4 VI 4 z NASA TN D-3049 INTEGRATING SPACECRAFT SYSTEMS By Allen L. Franta Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Md. NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION For sale by the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information Springfield, Virginia 22151 - Price $0.30 ABSTRACT The integration of a satellite or spacecraft system consists of combining the mechanical and electrical subsystem elements into a single entity through the application of logical processes, and takes into account the physical and functional aspects of the subsystem interre- lationships. It is characterized by three levels of effort: (a) project management integration, (b) integration of physical systems, and (c) in- tegration by subsystem Combination through advanced design. The over-all coordination of a spacecraft project is a responsibility of a project management group assigned the task of translating functional concepts into an operating spacecraft. The actual physical integration of a spacecraft system is accomplished through the combined work of a mechanical integration group and an electronic integration group work- ing together in a concerted effort. Subsystem combination through advanced electronic design is a more sophisticated form of partial spacecraft integration. It is accomplished through improved circuit design utilizing the most advanced electronic packaging techniques. ii CONTENTS Abstract ................................ .. ii INTRODUCTION .......................... .. 1 -
System Engineering of Photonic Systems for Space Application
System Engineering of Photonic Systems for Space Application Michael D. Watson and Jonathan E. Pryor NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812 Abstract The application of photonics in space systems requires tight integration with the spacecraft systems to ensure accurate operation. This requires some detailed and specific system engineering to properly incorporate the photonics into the spacecraft architecture and to guide the spacecraft architecture in supporting the photonics devices. Recent research in product focused, elegant system engineering has led to a system approach which provides a robust approach to this integration. Focusing on the mission application and the integration of the spacecraft system physics incorporation of the photonics can be efficiently and effectively accomplished. This requires a clear understanding of the driving physics properties of the photonics device to ensure proper integration with no unintended consequences. The driving physics considerations in terms of optical performance will be identified for their use in system integration. Keywords: System Engineering, Optical Transfer Function, Optical Physics, Photonics, Image Jitter, Launch Vehicle, System Integration, Organizational Interaction 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES Engineering of photonics systems has many effects that must be accounted for in order to support the optical functions. The photonic system’s interaction with the spacecraft and the environment has many different and complex effects.1,2 There are 4 system engineering aspects that must be understood in order to properly define and develop any system: Mission Context, Driving Physics, Organizational Dynamics, and Policy & Law constraints. The Mission Context sets many of the environments and system parameters. Astronomy missions (x-ray, ultra violet, visible, infrared), solar physics, planetary observation, planetary landers, planetary rovers, or launch vehicle monitoring are all missions with very different environments and spacecraft busses.