College Campus Buildings Uw-Madison. Sustainability Perspective
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UNIVERSIDAD PONTIFICIA DE COMILLAS ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERÍA INGENIERÍA INDUSTRIAL PROYECTO FIN DE MÁSTER COLLEGE CAMPUS BUILDINGS UW-MADISON. SUSTAINABILITY PERSPECTIVE COORDINADO POR UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON Autor: Teresa Freire Barceló Director: Andrea Hicks Madrid, junio 2017 Universidad Pontificia de Comillas Escuela superior de Ingeniería 2 College campus buildings UW-Madison. Sustainability perspective. Teresa Freire Barceló Universidad Pontificia de Comillas Escuela superior de Ingeniería 3 College campus buildings UW-Madison. Sustainability perspective. Teresa Freire Barceló Universidad Pontificia de Comillas Escuela superior de Ingeniería 4 College campus buildings UW-Madison. Sustainability perspective. Teresa Freire Barceló Universidad Pontificia de Comillas Escuela superior de Ingeniería Declaro, bajo mi responsabilidad, que el Proyecto presentado con el título College Campus Buildings UW-Madison Sustainability perspective en la ETS de Ingeniería - ICAI de la Universidad Pontificia Comillas en el curso académico 2016/2017 es de mi autoría, original e inédito y no ha sido presentado con anterioridad a otros efectos. El Proyecto no es plagio de otro, ni total ni parcialmente y la información que ha sido tomada de otros documentos está debidamente referenciada. Fdo.: Teresa Freire Barceló Fecha: 25/4/2017 Autorizada la entrega del proyecto EL DIRECTOR DEL PROYECTO Fdo.: Andrea Hicks Fecha: 27/4/2017 5 College campus buildings UW-Madison. Sustainability perspective. Teresa Freire Barceló Universidad Pontificia de Comillas Escuela superior de Ingeniería 6 College campus buildings UW-Madison. Sustainability perspective. Teresa Freire Barceló Universidad Pontificia de Comillas Escuela superior de Ingeniería ABSTRACT The project will assess all UW-Madison on-campus buildings GHG emissions, and focus on the 3 main gases that have the higher impact, 퐶푂2, 퐶퐻4and 푁2푂. Moreover, this project will provide recommendations and ideas on how to reduce its GHG emissions in order to reach a better Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification in the future constructed buildings. LEED is an internationally recognized green building certification system created by the U.S. Green Building Council. (Sustainability at American Colleges and Universities, n.d.) The first prominent “sustainability” programs at colleges and universities focused on recycling of wastes such as paper, glass, and plastics. Recently attention to sustainability started encompassing the overall and perhaps greater impact that higher education plays in preparing future generations to address the impacts of human life on the planet. Therefore, some universities have already taken steps forward sustainability to achieve a better LEED certification. At the beginning of the project, previous research about other concerned universities with the sustainable issue have been done. In addition, it has been payed more attention to the ones that have counted its GHG emissions somehow. With this information, the scope of the project it’s been defined and the attention has focused on the universities which have similar dimensions to UW-Madison to find some relevant data. The results of this research is summarized in the following table: Table 1: Summary from the universities students CO2 emissions. University Emissions per student (t CO2e/Student) ANU (Phelps, 2009) 110,450 t CO2e. /21,113Students= 5.23 UIC (Cynthia Klein-Banai&Thomas L. 275,000 t CO2e. /29,048Students= 9.47 Theis, 2010) California State Polytechnic University (Paul Wingco, 2013) 29,516 t CO2e. /20,944Students= 1.41 9 College campus buildings UW-Madison. Sustainability perspective. Teresa Freire Barceló Universidad Pontificia de Comillas Escuela superior de Ingeniería College of Charleston (P. Brian Fisher 67,812 t CO2e./11,619Students= 5.84 Ph.D., Spring 2012) Drexel University (Ms Barbara A.W. 41,369 t CO2e./12,529Students= 3.30 Clarke, 2009) Penn State University (Pennsylvania 499,740 t CO2e./99,133Students= 5.04 State University, n.d.) University of Maryland (David Tilley, 352,000 t CO2e./38,140Students= 9.23 2007) Secondly, since it is not easy to find relevant data to perform the GHG inventory, different methods that could be applied were analyzed in case of sufficient data provided for any of them. Eventually, the recruited data was enough to conduct a GHG emissions inventory of the UW-Madison campus applying one of the studied methods. EPA standards method is applied to analyze the 퐶푂2, 퐶퐻4and 푁2푂 releases by the on campus buildings. These releases are mainly, due to HVAC and electricity requirements. It has been chosen this method due to its simple amount of data required, that matches with the available data. On the other hand, water, food, transportation around the campus and hazardous waste won't be considered as there is not available such detailed information. The buildings operate in different manners depending on their use. Therefore, each building is going to be classified within a category. The different categories considered are: Dwelling buildings, Offices, School buildings (which are compound of labs, classrooms and offices), Schools without a lab, Laboratories, Retail, Restaurant, Sport building, Service(Garage, Police Station…), Historic, Leisure, Library, Greenhouse, Power plant and Hospital. For each building category, it is going to be assumed a different energy consumption based on real data in KWh/SF. Table 2 Categories and subcategories weighed with their corresponding energy ratio in KWh/SF KWh/SF Category Subcategory per year School 29%Office 50%Classroom 20%lab 1%Cafeteria 25.68 10 College campus buildings UW-Madison. Sustainability perspective. Teresa Freire Barceló Universidad Pontificia de Comillas Escuela superior de Ingeniería *School(without 29%Offices 70%Classroom 1%Cafeteria 7.57 Lab) Offices 100%Offices 18.72 Offices&Lab 50% each 56.16 Dweling 85%Rooms 15%Kitchens 21.66 Restaurant 20%Kitchen 80%Living room 65.59 Lab 100% lab 93.6 Hospital Surgery rooms/Patient Rooms/Offices 57.36 Hospital&Lab 80%Hospital 20% Lab 64.6 75%Living rooms for events 10%Cafe Leisure 13.27 15%Offices Can be dry, Combined(with pool), ice rink for Sport 41.62 Hokey. Library 60%living rooms 40%Computer labs 26.84 Greenhouse 100% Plantation 67.2 Service Police/Boat/Garage 25.88 Power Plant 100% Machinery and Labs Retail Store 100% 13.8 Historic 100%Space 13.27 With the EPA standards and taking into account the categories which data is specifically obtained from California, which are: schools without a lab, Schools, hospitals and offices that need to include the conversion factor from California to Madison. It is applied the following: 푀푊ℎ퐶푎푙푖푓표푟푛푖푎 푙푏퐶푂2 푙푏퐶푂2푀푎푑푖푠표푛 푆퐹퐵푢푖푙푑푖푛푔 ∗ ∗ ( )퐶푎푙푖푓표푟푛푖푎 ∗ = 푙푏퐶푂2푀푎푑푖푠표푛 푆퐹 푀푊ℎ 푙푏퐶푂2퐶푎푙푖푓표푟푛푖푎 The other categories don´t require conversion factor so the equation is simplified as follows: 푀푊ℎ 푙푏퐶푂 푆퐹 ∗ 푀푎푑푖푠표푛 ∗ ( 2) = 푙푏퐶푂 퐵푢푖푙푑푖푛푔 푆퐹 푀푊ℎ 푀푎푑푖푠표푛 2푀푎푑푖푠표푛 The results obtained are shown in the table below: Table 3 Total GHG emissions for each type of building. Categories Kg of CO2 Kg of CH4 Kg of N2O Kg of CO2e Dwelling 16,917,540 2,012,753 296,307 17,051,011 Greenhouse 1,747,236 207,876 30,602 1,761,021 Historic 334,163 39,757 5,853 336,799 11 College campus buildings UW-Madison. Sustainability perspective. Teresa Freire Barceló Universidad Pontificia de Comillas Escuela superior de Ingeniería Hospital 959,396 116,754 17,024 975,860 Hospital/Lab 37,890,426 4,507,989 663,643 38,189,364 Hospital/School 3,188,808 379,386 55,851 3,213,966 Lab 55,990,532 6,661,438 980,663 56,432,272 Leisure 5,509,875 655,534 96,504 5,553,346 Library 7,770,004 924,431 136,090 7,831,305 Office&Classrooms 60,895 7,245 1,067 61,375 Offices 794,404 96,675 14,097 808,036 Offices&Lab 29,544,216 3,515,004 517,461 29,777,306 Restaurant 3,522,559 419,094 61,697 3,550,351 Retail 70,081 8,338 1,227 70,634 School 13,404,523 1,631,267 237,861 13,634,545 School&SportsDry 130,626 15,541 2,288 131,657 School(Without 365,665 44,500 6,489 371,940 Lab) Service 688,011 81,856 12,050 693,439 Service & Leisure 100,677 11,978 1,763 101,471 Service & Offices 976,772 116,211 17,108 984,479 Sport Combined 5,026,530 598,028 88,039 5,066,187 Sport Dry 11,849,368 1,409,771 207,539 11,942,854 Sport Ice rink 6,926,029 824,020 121,308 6,980,672 Grand Total 203,768,337 24,285,446 3,572,531 205,519,891 In the end, some proposals are made to decrease the on-campus GHG emissions regarding each particular type of buildings. Consequently, LEED certification would take part at the end of the project as a target for the new constructed buildings or the renovating of the already existing ones to take these proposals into account to reach LEED certification standards. Some conclusions have been drawn from above review: ■ The quantities are not that consistent nor the way to reach the most dangerous gas for the atmosphere. ■ Lab buildings category use more energy consuming equipment. For instance, fume hoods are necessary to clean the air in this areas and this equipment requires a high amount of energy. ■ To control emissions there is a need of increasing awareness amongst stakeholder to adopt such methods, which aren’t technologically better but environmentally safe. 12 College campus buildings UW-Madison. Sustainability perspective. Teresa Freire Barceló Universidad Pontificia de Comillas Escuela superior de Ingeniería ■ Shifting power generation technology from conventional sources to cogeneration or hybrid technology results into substantial reduction in carbon emission. ■ Improvement in thermal performance of building envelope leads to reduction in carbon emission. ■ Construction process should be made more environmental friendly. ■ The materials used in the buildings and the processes used should be identified and assessed.