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African Journal on Terrorism Volume 9 • Number 2 • December 2020 A JOURNAL OF THE AFRICAN CENTRE FOR THE STUDY AND RESEARCH ON TERRORISM | A Journal of the African Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism | ii Editor in Chief Prof. Isaac Olawale Albert - Institute for Peace and Strategic Studies, University of Ibadan, Nigeria Managing Editor Mr. Idriss Mounir. Lallali - Acting Director - African Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism (ACSRT), Algeria Journal Manager Mr. Moise Lazare Emery Leckiby - African Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism (ACSRT), Algeria Editorial Board Members • Prof. Hussein Solomon - University of free State, South Africa • Prof. Cyril Musila - Centre of Security Studies, Democratic Republic of Congo • Prof. Nicodemus Fru Awasom - University of Swaziland, Swaziland • Prof. Henry Kam Kah - University of Buea, Cameroon • Amb. Prof. Joram M. Biswaro - African Union SRCC / Head of AU Mission in South Sudan • Prof. Sariette Batibonak - University of Yaounde II, Cameroon • Dr. C. Nna-Emeka Okereke - Nigeria Defense College, Nigeria • Dr. Fiifi Edu-Afful - Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, Ghana • Dr. Abdoulaye Maiga - Economic Community of West African State (ECOWAS) • Dr. Rania Hussein Khafaga - Cairo University, Egypt • Dr. Mohammed Salaj Djemal - Guelma University, Algeria • Dr. Mustafa Yusuf Ali - HORN International Institute for Strategic Studies, Kenya • Dr. Mady Ibrahim Kante, Enseignant-chercheur à la Faculté des Sciences administra- tives et politiques de l’USJP de Bamako, Mali. iii | Editorial Advisory Board Members Editorial Advisory Board Members • Prof. Lisa Schirch - Eastern Mennonite University, Virginia, USA • Prof. Saïbou Issa - University of Maroua, Cameroon • Prof. Ugur Gungor - Baskent University, Ankara - Turkey • Assist. Prof. Anita Peresin - National Security Council, Croatia • Dr. Festus Kofi Aubyn - Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping T raining Centre, Ghana • Dr. John Karlsrud - Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI), Norway • Dr. Jakkie Cilliers - Institute for Security Studies, South Africa • Dr. Frimpong Twum - Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana • Dr. Freedom C.C. Onuoha - University of Nigeria, Nigeria • Brig. Gen. (Dr.) Emmanuel Kotia - Ghana Armed Forces (GAF), Ghana • Mr. Abdelkader Abderrahmane - International Consultant on Security Issues in Sahel, France • Col. Christian Emmanuel Mouaya Pouyi - African Centre for Study and Research on Terrorism, Algeria • Mr. Inusah Ziblim - African Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism, Algeria • Ms. Mauna Bagwasi - African Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism, Algeria • Mr. Hussain Usman - African Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism, Algeria • Mr. Richard Apau - Adjunct Research Fellow (Cyber Security) Human Security Research Centre, Ghana Information For Contributors | iv Contributions African journal on Terrorism is a continental, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary jour- nal. The journal seeks to publish quality grounded research on all aspects of terrorism, counter-terrorism and violent extremism. The journal seeks to provide a platform that encourages critical analysis and sustained reflection of terrorism and violent extremism on the continent. Procedures All submitted manuscripts are subject to an initial blind peer-review by the Editors, and, if found suitable for further consideration, to a second peer-review by at least two independent, anonymous expert referees.The Editor In Chief and Editors review the comments from reviewers, and where appropriate communicate them directly to the author. The Editors will inform the author if the original or revised paper has been accepted for publication in the journal. Length and Format Authors submitting papers for the consideration of the journal should limit their works to between 5000 and 6000 words, including references, text, all tables and figures. They are encouraged to support their arguments with relevant statistics, pictures and gra- phical illustrations. The preferred referencing format of the journal is the electronically generated endnotes. The referencing style however, is the Harvard referencing style. Abstract should not exceed 300 words with at least five keywords. CONTENTS • Editorial Comments ..................................................................................................................................vii • Investigating Intergroup Violence to Better Understand Terrorism : An Interdisciplinary Approach – Henrique Britto de Melo ................................................ 12 • Overview of the Boko Haram’s Sources of Finance, Weapons and Logistics – Babayo Sule (PhD) , Sani Yakubu Gombe (PhD) .................................... 23 • Understanding the Primary Role of Climate and Environmental Changes in the Birth of Social Conflicts and Extremism : The Herdsmen-Farmers Clash in Nigeria – SULEIMAN, Murkthar M. and UCHE, Arinze O. ..................... 56 • Enforcement of Counterterrorism Treaties within the Framework of Terrorism (Prevention) Act in Nigeria – Dr. Michael D. Hanson .................................. 71 • Cameroon and Human Rights in the Wake of Counter- Terrorism – Edouard Epiphane YOGO ........................................................................................... 87 • Unraveling the Dynamics and Options for Curbing the Emerging Threat of Terrorism in Ghana – Edward Brenya , Dominic Degraft Arthur , Mohammad Sani Saeed .......................................................................................................................... 105 • Gendered Dimensions of Violent Extremism in West Africa – Usman A. Tar , Samuel B. Ayegba , Nufaisa G. Ahmed ..................................................................................................................................... 122 • Gender and Terrorism : A Critical Analysis of the Roles of Women in Insurgency and Violent Extremism. The Boko Haram in View – Blessing Adedokun ............................................................................................. 140 • The Impact of Terrorism and Trade Liberalization on Inbound Tourism in Sub-Saharan African countries – Yilmaz BAYAR , Tugba Betul OZAV .................................................................................................................................. 154 • ACSRT Africa Terrorism Dossier : The Threat of Terrorist Fighters in Africa ............................................................................... 177 vii | Editorial Comments Editorial Comments This is the second edition of the African Journal on Terrorism to be published in 2020. Both editions were produced under the stresses and strains of COVID 19: most especially the aspects of its management dealing with lockdowns and restrictions of movement. Despite the pandemic and its challenging social environments, several papers were received by the Journal from scholars across the continent. The intention of these scholars rhyme with ours and it is that terrorism should be fought and defeated in Africa as vigorously being done to the pandemic. This commitment is compelled by the fact that the marauding terrorist organizations in Africa are equally not resting on their oars. They have continued to take human lives and cause human displacements across the African continent. They do not seem to have any respect for COVID 19 as they pandemic has not witnessed any significant halt in their deadly attacks. The countries most affected by their attacks during the pandemic include the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Somalia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Mali, Kenya, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Chad. They attack critical state infrastructures, state officials, humanitarian workers, children and women. In Nigeria most especially, Boko Haram and ISWAP have conti- nued to wreak havoc. Those interested in having more detailed reports about these at- tacks should read the past editions of the monthly Africa Terrorism Bulletin published by the African Centre for the Studies and Research on Terrorism (ACSRT). The papers in the present edition of the African Journal on Terrorism express concerns about the causes, nature and management of these cases of violent extremism. More papers were submitted for consideration by us but only few of them could be accep- ted for inclusion in the volume due to the painstaking recommendation of our edito- rial board members, diligent reviewers and committed staff members of the ACSRT. Contributors whose papers are not included in this volume have been advised on how to improve the works for inclusion in future editions. Our appreciation goes to all these critical stakeholders. With their support it is possible to keep the African continent safe of the evil machinations of terrorists. We have nine papers in this edition. The first is by Henrique Britto de Melo. It encourages the use of interdisciplinary approach for understanding terrorism. The se- cond paper is jointly produced by Babayo Sule ad Sani Yakubu Gombe on the sources of finance, weapons and other logistics for Boko Haram. Nigeria is also bedeviled by incessant bloody clashes between herdsmen and farmers, most especially in the central part of the country. The third paper in this edition of our Journal discusses the role of climate and environmental changes in these clashes. The main suggestion of the paper is that with better management of climate change there are higher chances of the cla- shes reducing. The paper is jointly written by
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