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Physical and Biological Treatment Technologies of Slaughterhouse Wastewater: a Review

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Physical and Biological Treatment Technologies of Slaughterhouse Wastewater: a Review sustainability Review Physical and Biological Treatment Technologies of Slaughterhouse Wastewater: A Review Mohammed Ali Musa 1,2 and Syazwani Idrus 1,* 1 Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; [email protected] 2 Department of Civil and Water Resources Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri P.M.B. 1069, Borno State, Nigeria * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +60-13-692-2301 Abstract: Physical and biological treatment technology are considered a highly feasible and economic way to treat slaughterhouse wastewater. To achieve the desired effluent quality for disposal or reuse, various technological options were reviewed. However, most practical operations are accompanied by several advantages and disadvantages. Nevertheless, due to the presence of biodegradable organic matter in slaughterhouse waste, anaerobic digestion technology is commonly applied for economic gain. In this paper, the common technologies used for slaughterhouse wastewater treatment and their suitability were reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of the different processes were evaluated. Physical treatments (dissolved air floatation (DAF), coagulation–flocculation and sedimentation, electrocoagulation process and membrane technology) were found to be more effective but required a large space to operate and intensive capital investment. However, some biological treatments such as anaerobic, facultative lagoons, activated sludge process and trickling filters were also effective but required longer start-up periods. This review further explores the various strategies being used in the treatment of other wastewater for the production of valuable by-products through Citation: Musa, M.A.; Idrus, S. anaerobic digestion. Physical and Biological Treatment Technologies of Slaughterhouse Keywords: wastewater; slaughterhouse wastewater; physical treatment; biological treatment Wastewater: A Review. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4656. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/su13094656 1. Introduction Academic Editor: Haoran Duan The effective treatment of high-strength industrial wastewater has increased over Received: 13 February 2021 time due to the effects related to environmental pollution. The discharge of untreated Accepted: 25 March 2021 slaughterhouse wastewater (SWW) constitutes a severe threat to public health and the Published: 22 April 2021 environment [1]. Although rivers have a natural cleansing capacity, the frequent release of such effluent without it being adequately treated first might overburden the receiving water Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral body. Today, the management of wastewater needs to incorporate both waste minimization with regard to jurisdictional claims in and resource recovery [2]. Although fresh water consumption by different slaughterhouse published maps and institutional affil- industry varies in magnitude and concentration, it is usually preferable to minimize iations. wastewater generation at its source. The wastewater generated from a slaughterhouse consists of organic by-products which are considered industrial organic wastes, which are challenging to treat due to their high protein and lipid contents. The main organic streams that portrayed SWW as recalcitrant in nature include the blood, paunches from the Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. removal of the rumen and the intestinal content, the intestinal residues from the evisceration Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. process [3], fats from the meat trim step as well as the head and the limbs (mostly bones). This article is an open access article Conventionally, SWW treatment methods are similar to the current technologies used in distributed under the terms and municipal wastewater treatment, which include physicochemical and biological treatments conditions of the Creative Commons where each method has its advantages and disadvantages. Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). Sustainability 2021, 13, 4656. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094656 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 19 Sustainability 2021, 13, 4656 2 of 20 1.1. Physicochemical Treatment 1.1. Physicochemical Treatment Physicochemical treatment methods usually involve solid separation from the fluid. Physicochemical treatment methods usually involve solid separation from the fluid. It is recommended that the effluent be sent for primary or secondary treatment after the It is recommended that the effluent be sent for primary or secondary treatment after preliminary treatment depending on the intensity of the SWW [4]. Dissolved air floatation the preliminary treatment depending on the intensity of the SWW [4]. Dissolved air floatation(DAF), coagulation (DAF), coagulation–flocculation–flocculation and sedimentation, and sedimentation, electrocoagulation electrocoagulation process and process mem- andbrane membrane technology technology are usually are employed usually employed as primary as treatment primary treatment technologies technologies for the treat- for thement treatment of SWW of[5,6]. SWW In the [5, 6analysis]. In the of analysis samples of, the samples, standard the methods standard for methods the examination for the examinationof water and ofwastewater water and of wastewater the American of thePublic American Health PublicAssociation Health [7] Association are commonly [7] areapplied, commonly to achieve applied, chemical to achieve oxygen chemical demand oxygen (COD) demand, biochemical (COD), oxygen biochemical demand oxygen (BOD), demandtotal suspended (BOD), totalsolid suspended(TSS), volatile solid suspended (TSS), volatile solids suspended(VSS), ammonia solids nitrogen (VSS), ammonia (NH3-N), fats, oil and grease (FOG), colour and turbidity removals. nitrogen (NH3-N), fats, oil and grease (FOG), colour and turbidity removals. 1.1.1.1.1.1. DissolvedDissolved AirAir FloatationFloatation (DAF)(DAF) DissolvedDissolved air air floatation floatation is is simply simply the the introduction introduction of of air air from from the the bottom bottom ofthe of the system sys- fortem liquid–solid for liquid–solid separation, separation as shown, as shown in Figure in Figure1. During 1. During operation, operation, the FOG the light FOG solid light materialssolid materials are transported are transported to the surface,to the surface, creating creating a sludge a blanket.sludge blanket. Thus, the Thus, scum the formed scum isformed continuously is continuously removed removed by scrapping. by scrapping. FigureFigure 1.1. SchematicSchematic diagramdiagram ofof thethe dissolveddissolved airair floatationfloatation clarifierclarifier unitunit [8[8]].. PolymersPolymers andand otherother flocculantsflocculants areare usuallyusually appliedapplied toto enhance the efficiencyefficiency of DAF. InIn treatingtreating SWW, SWW, ferric ferric chloride chloride and and aluminium aluminium sulphate sulphate are are usually usually added added to facilitate to facilitate the aggregationthe aggregation and and precipitation precipitation of protein of protein in addition in addition to fat to and fat greaseand grease floatation. floatation. Moreover, More- 30over, to 90%30 to COD, 90% COD, as well as aswell 70 as to 70 80% to BOD80% BOD removal removal efficiency efficiency can becan achieved be achieved using using the DAFthe DAF process. process. Furthermore, Furthermore, Mittal. Mittal. [9] [9 and] and De De Nardi Nardi et et al. al. [5 [5]] have have shown shown that that the the DAF DAF systemsystem isis capablecapable ofof achievingachieving moderatemoderate toto highhigh nutrientnutrient removal.removal. FloatationFloatation cancan alsoalso bebe usedused asas anan alternativealternative methodmethod ofof handlinghandling pulppulp andand paperpaper millmill effluenteffluent inin additionaddition toto firmfirm settling.settling. TheseThese devicesdevices injectinject aa pressurizedpressurized flow flow of ofair-saturated air-saturated water water at at the the base base of of aa deepdeep chestchest thatthat holdsholds thethe paperpaper millmill processprocess steam.steam. TheThe injectedinjected water s released released into into the the chest, chest, and and tiny tiny air air bubbles bubbles come come out out of ofthe the so- solutionlution and and start start to to rise. rise. The The rising rising bubbles bubbles tend tend to to carry any otherother fairlyfairly solidsolid bindingbinding particlesparticles andand cancan easilyeasily bebe skimmedskimmed fromfrom thethe water’s water’s surface.surface. DAF’sDAF’s mainmain drawback,drawback, however,however, isis commonlycommonly associatedassociated withwith relativelyrelatively frequentfrequent systemsystem failurefailure andand inefficientinefficient TSS separation [10]. Therefore, an alternative treatment system like the upflow anaerobic TSS separation [10]. Therefore, an alternative treatment system like the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor is required, due to its lesser energy demand, smaller ecological foot sludge blanket reactor is required, due to its lesser energy demand, smaller ecological foot print production as well as its overall operation and maintenance cost. print production as well as its overall operation and maintenance cost. 1.1.2. Coagulation–Flocculation and Sedimentation 1.1.2. Coagulation–Flocculation and Sedimentation The addition of coagulant into a reactor vessel containing SWW promotes the forma- tion ofThe large addition colloidal of coagulant particles, whichinto a
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