Carbon Star Observing Program
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Evolution, Mass Loss and Variability of Low and Intermediate-Mass Stars What Are Low and Intermediate Mass Stars?
Evolution, Mass Loss and Variability of Low and Intermediate-Mass Stars What are low and intermediate mass stars? Defined by properties of late stellar evolutionary stages Intermediate mass stars: ~1.9 < M/Msun < ~7 Develop electron-degenerate cores after core helium burning and ascending the red giant branch for the second time i.e. on the Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB). AGB Low mass stars: M/Msun < ~1.9 Develop electron-degenerate cores on leaving RGB the main-sequence and ascending the red giant branch for the first time i.e. on the Red Giant Branch (RGB). Maeder & Meynet 1989 Stages in the evolution of low and intermediate-mass stars These spikes are real The AGB Surface enrichment Pulsation Mass loss The RGB Surface enrichment RGB Pulsation Mass loss About 108 years spent here Most time spent on the main-sequence burning H in the core (~1010 years) Low mass stars: M < ~1.9 Msun Intermediate mass stars: Wood, P. R.,2007, ASP Conference Series, 374, 47 ~1.9 < M/Msun < ~7 Stellar evolution and surface enrichment The Red giant Branch (RGB) zHydrogen burns in a shell around an electron-degenerate He core, star evolves to higher luminosity. zFirst dredge-up occurs: The convection in the envelope moves in when the stars is near the bottom of the RGB and "dredges up" material that has been through partial hydrogen burning by the CNO cycle and pp chains. From John Lattanzio But there's more: extra-mixing What's the evidence? Various abundances and isotopic ratios vary continuously up the RGB. This is not predicted by a single first dredge-up alone. -
The Deaths of Stars
The Deaths of Stars 1 Guiding Questions 1. What kinds of nuclear reactions occur within a star like the Sun as it ages? 2. Where did the carbon atoms in our bodies come from? 3. What is a planetary nebula, and what does it have to do with planets? 4. What is a white dwarf star? 5. Why do high-mass stars go through more evolutionary stages than low-mass stars? 6. What happens within a high-mass star to turn it into a supernova? 7. Why was SN 1987A an unusual supernova? 8. What was learned by detecting neutrinos from SN 1987A? 9. How can a white dwarf star give rise to a type of supernova? 10.What remains after a supernova explosion? 2 Pathways of Stellar Evolution GOOD TO KNOW 3 Low-mass stars go through two distinct red-giant stages • A low-mass star becomes – a red giant when shell hydrogen fusion begins – a horizontal-branch star when core helium fusion begins – an asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star when the helium in the core is exhausted and shell helium fusion begins 4 5 6 7 Bringing the products of nuclear fusion to a giant star’s surface • As a low-mass star ages, convection occurs over a larger portion of its volume • This takes heavy elements formed in the star’s interior and distributes them throughout the star 8 9 Low-mass stars die by gently ejecting their outer layers, creating planetary nebulae • Helium shell flashes in an old, low-mass star produce thermal pulses during which more than half the star’s mass may be ejected into space • This exposes the hot carbon-oxygen core of the star • Ultraviolet radiation from the exposed -
U Antliae — a Dying Carbon Star
THE BIGGEST, BADDEST, COOLEST STARS ASP Conference Series, Vol. 412, c 2009 Donald G. Luttermoser, Beverly J. Smith, and Robert E. Stencel, eds. U Antliae — A Dying Carbon Star William P. Bidelman,1 Charles R. Cowley,2 and Donald G. Luttermoser3 Abstract. U Antliae is one of the brightest carbon stars in the southern sky. It is classified as an N0 carbon star and an Lb irregular variable. This star has a very unique spectrum and is thought to be in a transition stage from an asymptotic giant branch star to a planetary nebula. This paper discusses possi- ble atomic and molecular line identifications for features seen in high-dispersion spectra of this star at wavelengths from 4975 A˚ through 8780 A.˚ 1. Introduction U Antliae (U Ant = HR 4153 = HD 91793) is classified as an N0 carbon star with a visual magnitude of 5.38 and B−V of +2.88 (Hoffleit 1982). It also is classified as an Lb irregular variable with small scale light variations. Scattered light optical images for U Ant have been made and these observations are consistent the existence of a geometrically thin (∼3 arcsec) spherically symmetric shell of radius ∼43 arcsec. The size of this shell agrees very well with that of the detached shell seen in CO radio line emission. These observations also show the presence of at least one, possibly two, shells inside the 43 arcsec shell (Gonz´alez Delgado et al. 2001). In this paper, absorption lines in the optical spectrum of U Ant are tentatively identified for this bright cool carbon star. -
Stellar Spectral Classification of Previously Unclassified Stars Gsc 4461-698 and Gsc 4466-870" (2012)
University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects January 2012 Stellar Spectral Classification Of Previously Unclassified tS ars Gsc 4461-698 And Gsc 4466-870 Darren Moser Grau Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Recommended Citation Grau, Darren Moser, "Stellar Spectral Classification Of Previously Unclassified Stars Gsc 4461-698 And Gsc 4466-870" (2012). Theses and Dissertations. 1350. https://commons.und.edu/theses/1350 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STELLAR SPECTRAL CLASSIFICATION OF PREVIOUSLY UNCLASSIFIED STARS GSC 4461-698 AND GSC 4466-870 By Darren Moser Grau Bachelor of Arts, Eastern University, 2009 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Master of Science Grand Forks, North Dakota December 2012 Copyright 2012 Darren M. Grau ii This thesis, submitted by Darren M. Grau in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science from the University of North Dakota, has been read by the Faculty Advisory Committee under whom the work has been done and is hereby approved. _____________________________________ Dr. Paul Hardersen _____________________________________ Dr. Ronald Fevig _____________________________________ Dr. Timothy Young This thesis is being submitted by the appointed advisory committee as having met all of the requirements of the Graduate School at the University of North Dakota and is hereby approved. -
Carbon Stars T. Lloyd Evans
J. Astrophys. Astr. (2010) 31, 177–211 Carbon Stars T. Lloyd Evans SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK. e-mail: [email protected] Received 2010 July 19; accepted 2010 October 18 Abstract. In this paper, the present state of knowledge of the carbon stars is discussed. Particular attention is given to issues of classification, evolution, variability, populations in our own and other galaxies, and circumstellar material. Key words. Stars: carbon—stars: evolution—stars: circumstellar matter —galaxies: magellanic clouds. 1. Introduction Carbon stars have been reviewed on several previous occasions, most recently by Wallerstein & Knapp (1998). A conference devoted to this topic was held in 1996 (Wing 2000) and two meetings on AGB stars (Le Bertre et al. 1999; Kerschbaum et al. 2007) also contain much on carbon stars. This review emphasizes develop- ments since 1997, while paying particular attention to connections with earlier work and to some of the important sources of concepts. Recent and ongoing develop- ments include surveys for carbon stars in more of the galaxies of the local group and detailed spectroscopy and infrared photometry for many of them, as well as general surveys such as 2MASS, AKARI and the Sirius near infrared survey of the Magel- lanic Clouds and several dwarf galaxies, the Spitzer-SAGE mid-infrared survey of the Magellanic Clouds and the current Herschel infrared satellite project. Detailed studies of relatively bright galactic examples continue to be made by high-resolution spectroscopy, concentrating on abundance determinations using the red spectral region, and infrared and radio observations which give information on the history of mass loss. -
Stellar Evolution
AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education Page 1 of 19 www.accessscience.com Stellar evolution Contributed by: James B. Kaler Publication year: 2014 The large-scale, systematic, and irreversible changes over time of the structure and composition of a star. Types of stars Dozens of different types of stars populate the Milky Way Galaxy. The most common are main-sequence dwarfs like the Sun that fuse hydrogen into helium within their cores (the core of the Sun occupies about half its mass). Dwarfs run the full gamut of stellar masses, from perhaps as much as 200 solar masses (200 M,⊙) down to the minimum of 0.075 solar mass (beneath which the full proton-proton chain does not operate). They occupy the spectral sequence from class O (maximum effective temperature nearly 50,000 K or 90,000◦F, maximum luminosity 5 × 10,6 solar), through classes B, A, F, G, K, and M, to the new class L (2400 K or 3860◦F and under, typical luminosity below 10,−4 solar). Within the main sequence, they break into two broad groups, those under 1.3 solar masses (class F5), whose luminosities derive from the proton-proton chain, and higher-mass stars that are supported principally by the carbon cycle. Below the end of the main sequence (masses less than 0.075 M,⊙) lie the brown dwarfs that occupy half of class L and all of class T (the latter under 1400 K or 2060◦F). These shine both from gravitational energy and from fusion of their natural deuterium. Their low-mass limit is unknown. -
198 4Apj. . .211 . .7 91N the Astrophysical Journal, 277:791-805
91N .7 . The Astrophysical Journal, 277:791-805, 1984 February 15 © 1984. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. .211 . 4ApJ. 198 EVOLUTION OF 8-10 M0 STARS TOWARD ELECTRON CAPTURE SUPERNOVAE. I. FORMATION OF ELECTRON-DEGENERATE O + Ne + Mg CORES Ken’ichi Nomoto1 Laboratory for Astronomy and Solar Physics, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Received 1983 March 4; accepted 1983 July 12 ABSTRACT Helium cores in stars with masses near 10 M0 are evolved from the helium burning phase; the outer edge of the core is fitted to the boundary conditions at the bottom of the hydrogen-rich envelope. Two {0) cases with initial helium core mass of MH = 2.6MG (case 2.6) and 2.4 M0 (case 2.4) are studied. Both cores spend the carbon burning phase under nondegenerate condition and leave O + Ne + Mg cores. Further evolution depends on the mass of the O + Ne + Mg core, Mc. For case 2.6, Mc exceeds a critical mass for neon ignition (1.37 M0) so that a strong off-center neon flash is ignited. The neon and oxygen flashing layer moves inward. For case 2.4, on the other hand, neon is not ignited because Mc is smaller than 1.37 M0. Then the O + Ne + Mg core becomes strongly degenerate and a dredge-up of a helium layer by the penetrating surface convection zone starts. Further evolution up through the core collapse which is triggered by electron 24 20 (0) captures on Mg and Ne must be common to cases with Mh = 2.0-2.5 M0 (i.e., stellar mass of 8-10 M0). -
GEORGE HERBIG and Early Stellar Evolution
GEORGE HERBIG and Early Stellar Evolution Bo Reipurth Institute for Astronomy Special Publications No. 1 George Herbig in 1960 —————————————————————– GEORGE HERBIG and Early Stellar Evolution —————————————————————– Bo Reipurth Institute for Astronomy University of Hawaii at Manoa 640 North Aohoku Place Hilo, HI 96720 USA . Dedicated to Hannelore Herbig c 2016 by Bo Reipurth Version 1.0 – April 19, 2016 Cover Image: The HH 24 complex in the Lynds 1630 cloud in Orion was discov- ered by Herbig and Kuhi in 1963. This near-infrared HST image shows several collimated Herbig-Haro jets emanating from an embedded multiple system of T Tauri stars. Courtesy Space Telescope Science Institute. This book can be referenced as follows: Reipurth, B. 2016, http://ifa.hawaii.edu/SP1 i FOREWORD I first learned about George Herbig’s work when I was a teenager. I grew up in Denmark in the 1950s, a time when Europe was healing the wounds after the ravages of the Second World War. Already at the age of 7 I had fallen in love with astronomy, but information was very hard to come by in those days, so I scraped together what I could, mainly relying on the local library. At some point I was introduced to the magazine Sky and Telescope, and soon invested my pocket money in a subscription. Every month I would sit at our dining room table with a dictionary and work my way through the latest issue. In one issue I read about Herbig-Haro objects, and I was completely mesmerized that these objects could be signposts of the formation of stars, and I dreamt about some day being able to contribute to this field of study. -
PREFACE Symposium 177 of the International Astronomical Union
PREFACE Symposium 177 of the International Astronomical Union was held in late May of 1996 in the coastal city of Antalya, Turkey. It was attended by 142 scientists from 32 countries. The purpose of the symposium was to discuss the causes and effects of the composition changes that often occur in the atmospheres of cool, evolved stars such as the carbon stars in the course of their evolution. This volume includes the full texts of papers presented orally and one-page abstracts of the poster contributions. The chemical composition of a star's observable surface layers depends not only upon the composition of the interstellar medium from which it formed, but in many cases also upon the star's own history. Consequently, spectroscopic studies of starlight can tell us much about a star's origin, the path it followed as it evolved, and the physical processes of the interior which brought about the composition changes and made them visible on the surface. Furthermore, evolved stars are often surrounded by detectable shells of their own making, and the compositions of these shells provide additional clues concerning the star's evolutionary history. It was Henry Norris Russell who showed in 1934 that the gross spectro- scopic differences between the molecular spectra of carbon stars and M stars could be explained as due to a simple reversal of the abundances of oxygen and carbon. It was also realized early on that the interstellar medium is nowhere carbon-rich, and that changes in chemical composition must be the result of nuclear reactions that take place in the hot interiors of stars, not in their atmospheres. -
Late Stages of Stellar Evolution*
Late stages of Stellar Evolution £ Joris A.D.L. Blommaert ([email protected]) Instituut voor Sterrenkunde, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200B, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium Jan Cami NASA Ames Research Center, MS 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA Ryszard Szczerba N. Copernicus Astronomical Center, Rabia´nska 8, 87-100 Toru´n, Poland Michael J. Barlow Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K. Abstract. A large fraction of ISO observing time was used to study the late stages of stellar evolution. Many molecular and solid state features, including crystalline silicates and the rota- tional lines of water vapour, were detected for the first time in the spectra of (post-)AGB stars. Their analysis has greatly improved our knowledge of stellar atmospheres and circumstel- lar environments. A surprising number of objects, particularly young planetary nebulae with Wolf-Rayet central stars, were found to exhibit emission features in their ISO spectra that are characteristic of both oxygen-rich and carbon-rich dust species, while far-IR observations of the PDR around NGC 7027 led to the first detections of the rotational line spectra of CH and CH· . Received: 18 October 2004, Accepted: 2 November 2004 1. Introduction ISO (Kessler et al., 1996, Kessler et al., 2003) has been tremendously impor- tant in the study of the final stages of stellar evolution. A substantial fraction of ISO observing time was used to observe different classes of evolved stars. IRAS had already shown the strong potential to discover many evolved stars with circumstellar shells in the infrared wavelength range. -
William Pendry Bidelman (1918-2011)
William Pendry Bidelman (1918–2011)1 Howard E. Bond2 Received ; accepted arXiv:1609.09109v1 [astro-ph.SR] 28 Sep 2016 1Material for this article was contributed by several family members, colleagues, and former students, including: Billie Bidelman Little, Joseph Little, James Caplinger, D. Jack MacConnell, Wayne Osborn, George W. Preston, Nancy G. Roman, and Nolan Walborn. Any opinions stated are those of the author. 2Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; [email protected] –2– ABSTRACT William P. Bidelman—Editor of these Publications from 1956 to 1961—passed away on 2011 May 3, at the age of 92. He was one of the last of the masters of visual stellar spectral classification and the identification of peculiar stars. I re- view his contributions to these subjects, including the discoveries of barium stars, hydrogen-deficient stars, high-galactic-latitude supergiants, stars with anomalous carbon content, and exotic chemical abundances in peculiar A and B stars. Bidel- man was legendary for his encyclopedic knowledge of the stellar literature. He had a profound and inspirational influence on many colleagues and students. Some of the bizarre stellar phenomena he discovered remain unexplained to the present day. Subject headings: obituaries (W. P. Bidelman) –3– William Pendry Bidelman—famous among his astronomical colleagues and students for his encyclopedic knowledge of stellar spectra and their peculiarities—passed away at the age of 92 on 2011 May 3, in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. He was Editor of these Publications from 1956 to 1961. Bidelman was born in Los Angeles on 1918 September 25, but when the family fell onto hard financial times, his mother moved with him to Grand Forks, North Dakota in 1922. -
CGCS 673 Is a Semi-Regular Variable Carbon Star, Study Finds 23 June 2020, by Tomasz Nowakowski
CGCS 673 is a semi-regular variable carbon star, study finds 23 June 2020, by Tomasz Nowakowski source. Therefore, they started a monitoring campaign of this carbon star in order to get more insights into its nature. The researchers performed photometric observations of CGCS 673 using the Flarestar Observatory, Znith Observatory in Malta and Tacande Observatory on the island of La Palma, Spain. The study was complemented by data from the All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASAS-SN). "Our observational campaign to monitor CGCS 763 CGCS 673 light curve including ASAS-SN data. Credit: was concluded on April 11, 2019, yielding a total Brincat et al., 2020. number of 348 observations gathered by the observatories," the astronomers wrote in the paper. By analyzing the collected data, Brincat and his Astronomers from Malta and Spain have colleagues found that CGCS 763 is a semi-regular conducted an observational campaign aimed at (SR) variable with a period of about 135.10 days investigating the periodic behavior of a carbon star and a mean amplitude in V-band of approximately known as CGCS 673. The observations found that 0.188 mag. SR variables usually have periods the studied object is a semi-regular variable star. between 20 and 2,000 days, with amplitudes The discovery is reported in a paper published ranging from 1.0 to 2.0 mag in the V-band. June 15 on the arXiv pre-print repository. Moreover, the researchers identified a noticeable Carbon stars are giant stars in a late phase of periodicity in the light changes of CGCS 673, evolution.