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Cover image: Courtesey of EDF Energy — www.edfenergy.com/energy CONTENTS... 1 AT A GLANCE... 2 A BRIEF HISTORY OF NUCLEAR ENERGY... 4 BENEFITS OF NUCLEAR ENERGY... 5 WHAT THE PUBLIC THINK... 6 HOW NUCLEAR CREATES ENERGY... 7 HOW A REACTOR WORKS... 8 THE NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE... 9 MANAGING WASTE... 10 RADIATION EXPLAINED... 12 NUCLEAR AROUND THE WORLD... 14 UK NUCLEAR SITES... 16 NUCLEAR NEW BUILD... 17 NEW BUILD IN NUMBERS... 18 LOOKING TO THE FUTURE... 19 DECOMMISSIONING... 20 CAREERS IN NUCLEAR... 21 FUTHER INFORMATION... AT A GLANCE... Nuclear is a major part of our energy mix. Today it accounts for 21% of electricity generated in the UK and has been providing secure low carbon electricity for over 60 years. Low carbon energy, including There are 15 nuclear power and renewables, nuclear power account for almost 51% of the reactors operating UK’s generation electricity mix across eight sites in the UK In 2016 nuclear energy avoided 22.7 million metric tonnes of CO2 emissions in the UK BEIS,Digest of UK Energy Statistics 2018 That’s equivalent to taking around a third of all cars in the UK off the road Civil nuclear contributes over £6 billion to the jobs in the UK civil nuclear sector UK economy as much as aerospace manufacturing 12,159 Women in civil nuclear 1,981 People on apprenticeships Three quarters of the public 914 believe nuclear should be part People on graduate schemes of the clean energy mix Jobs Map figures generated from participating NIA members 1 This simple timeline charts some of the key people, events and legislation A BRIEF HISTORY OF NUCLEAR ENERGY.. -
Decommissioning Study of Forsmark NPP
R-13-03 Decommissioning study of Forsmark NPP Åke Anunti, Helena Larsson, Mathias Edelborg Westinghouse Electric Sweden AB June 2013 Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co Box 250, SE-101 24 Stockholm Phone +46 8 459 84 00 ISSN 1402-3091 Tänd ett lager: SKB R-13-03 P, R eller TR. ID 1400307 Decommissioning study of Forsmark NPP Åke Anunti, Helena Larsson, Mathias Edelborg Westinghouse Electric Sweden AB June 2013 This report concerns a study which was conducted for SKB. The conclusions and viewpoints presented in the report are those of the authors. SKB may draw modified conclusions, based on additional literature sources and/or expert opinions. A pdf version of this document can be downloaded from www.skb.se. SKB R-13-03 3 Abstract By Swedish law it is the obligation of the nuclear power utilities to satisfactorily demonstrate how a nuclear power plant can be safely decommissioned and dismantled when it is no longer in service as well as calculate the estimated cost of decommissioning of the nuclear power plant. Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB (SKB) has been commissioned by the Swedish nuclear power utilities to meet the requirements of current legislation by studying and reporting on suitable technologies and by estimating the costs of decommissioning and dismantling of the Swedish nuclear power plants. The present report is an overview, containing the necessary information to meet the above needs, for the Forsmark NPP. Information is given for the plant about the inventory of materials and radioactivity at the time for final shutdown. A feasible technique for dismantling is presented and the waste manage ment is described and the resulting waste quantities are estimated. -
Our Vision: First in UK Power
Operator: kevin Date: 02.06.2008 Server: studio 3 Set-up: Dave First Read/Revisions Our vision: First in UK power British Energy Group plc Annual Report and Accounts plc Annual ReportBritish Energy Group and Accounts 2007/08 British Energy Group plc GSO Business Park East Kilbride G74 5PG United Kingdom Registered in Scotland Number 270184 Annual Report and Accounts 2007/08 MM60056005 BBEE CCover.inddover.indd 1 99/6/08/6/08 007:24:147:24:14 Operator: kevin Date: 02.06.2008 Server: studio 3 Set-up: Dave First Read/Revisions British Energy is the lowest carbon emitter of the major electricity generators in the United Kingdom and the only low carbon baseload generator. BUSINESS SUMMARY Our Power Stations 01 Highlights 1 02 Our Strategy Torness Two advanced gas-cooled reactors 03 Key Performance Indicators 2 Hartlepool 04 Chairman’s Statement Two advanced gas-cooled reactors 3 Eggborough DIRECTORS’ REPORT – BUSINESS REVIEW Four coal-fi red units 06 Chief Executive’s Business Review 4 Sizewell B 14 Financial Review One pressurised water reactor 5 28 Corporate Social Responsibility ' Dungeness B / Two advanced gas-cooled reactors 6 Hinkley Point B DIRECTORS’ REPORT – CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 32 Board of Directors Two advanced gas-cooled reactors 7 1 34 Corporate Governance Heysham ( Two advanced gas-cooled reactors 42 Remuneration Committee Report 8 Heysham 2 49 Other Statutory Information . Two advanced gas-cooled reactors - ) 9 Hunterston B FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Two advanced gas-cooled reactors 51 Independent Auditors’ Report to the Members of -
Name Surname
OFGEM FINANCIAL INFORMATION REPORTING YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2010 Under the Ofgem issued “Energy Supply Probe – Proposed Retail Market Remedies”, changes to generators and suppliers licences were made requiring licence holders to publish financial information to aid comparability of suppliers and generators. This “Segmental Reporting” satisfies Standard Licence Condition 19A of the Gas and Electricity Supply Licences and Standard Licence Condition 16B of the Electricity Generation Licence. EDF Energy (UK) Ltd and its subsidiaries (“EDF Energy”) operate through 3 operational business units supported by corporate services. These are “Energy Sourcing and Customer Supply”, ”Nuclear Generation”, “Nuclear New Build” and “Corporate Steering Functions and Company Shared Services & Integration”. The principal activities of these business units and support services are: Energy Sourcing and Customer Supply (ESCS): the provision and supply of electricity and gas to residential, commercial and industrial customers, the provision of services relating to energy, including purchasing of fuel for power generation and the generation of electricity; Nuclear Generation (NG): the generation of electricity through its fleet of nuclear power stations and Nuclear New Build (NNB): the development and construction of new nuclear power plants in the United Kingdom Corporate Steering Functions and Company Shared Services and Integration (CSF/CSSI): the provision of support services including HR, Finance, Property and IT, and the development of greater integration and synergies across the company where possible. The results of NNB are excluded from the scope of the Ofgem requirements hence NNB indirect and direct costs are not included in the analysis below. No consolidated statutory accounts have been prepared which include all UK operations of the EDF Energy group of companies. -
Nuclear Power and Deregulated Electricity Markets: Lessons from British Energy
Nuclear Power and Deregulated Electricity Markets: Lessons from British Energy EPRG Working Paper 0808 Simon Taylor Abstract The privatisation in 1996 and subsequent financial crisis in 2002 of the company British Energy plc shed some light on the difficulties of running a nuclear generator in a deregulated electricity market. This paper explains the causes of the company’s financial difficulties and argues that they do not amount to evidence that nuclear power cannot survive in liberalised markets. The causes of the financial crisis were complex and varied but nuclear power risks are not conceptually different from those successfully handled by markets in other sectors. In particular there is no reason in principle why new nuclear power stations should not be viable in a deregulated power market, assuming they are fundamentally cost competitive. Keywords Keywords: Electricity markets, nuclear power, risk management, corporate strategy, financial strategy, G PAPER privatisation. N JEL Classification G32, L94, Q48 Contact [email protected] Publication February 2008 EPRG WORKI www.electricitypolicy.org.uk 1. Introduction The British government privatised the more modern UK nuclear power stations in the form of the company British Energy plc in 1996. The company was unusual in being a wholly nuclear merchant power generator in a deregulated power market. It was also unusual in having full financial responsibility for its back end nuclear liabilities. The company initially raised output and profits and saw its shares rise strongly. But by 2002 it had run out of cash and had to get emergency financing from the government to avoid going into administration. -
Chapter 2 Design and Operation of a Pressurised Water Reactor
Chapter 2 Design and Operation of a Pressurised Water Reactor 2.1. General information about reactor operation The nuclei of some isotopes contained in nuclear fuel, such as 235U and 239Pu, can split up (fission) into two1 smaller fragments called “fission products”. These fragments have large amounts of kinetic energy that is mainly released as kinetic thermal energy in the surrounding fuel material. This release of energy is used to generate electricity in power reactors. Fission into two fragments can either be induced by neutrons (induced fission) or occur spontaneously in the case of heavy isotopes (spontaneous fission). Fission is accompanied by the release of two to three neutrons. Some of these neutrons may in turn initiate other fissions (the principle behind a nuclear chain reaction), be absorbed into the fuel without initiating any nuclear fission, or escape from the fuel. Neutrons produced by fission from the neutrons of one generation form the neu- trons of the next generation. The effective neutron multiplication factor, k, is the aver- age number of neutrons from one fission that cause another fission. The value of k determines how a nuclear chain reaction proceeds: – where k < 1, the system is said to be “subcritical”. The system cannot sustain a chain reaction and ends up dying out; 1. In about 0.4%-0.6% of cases the fission can be into three fission products, this is termed “ternary fission”. 12 Nuclear Power Reactor Core Melt Accidents – where k = 1, the system is “critical”, i.e., as many neutrons are generated as are lost. The reaction is just maintained. -
Nuclear Research and Development Capabilities
Nuclear Research and Development Capabilities Response from the Engineering the Future alliance which includes: • The Royal Academy of Engineering • The Institution of Engineering and Technology • The Institution of Mechanical Engineers • The Institution of Chemical Engineers • The Engineering Council • Engineering UK House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology April 2011 Engineering the Future is pleased to have the opportunity to input into the Committee’s inquiry into UK nuclear research and development capability. As the alliance of the UK professional engineering institutions, Engineering the Future can draw upon a wide range of expertise in the nuclear field. It is clear that maintaining a strong nuclear research and development capability within the UK is important not only in its own right, but also in terms of positioning the UK as a credible partner in the international civil nuclear business and in maintaining the skills pipeline required by the industry in the UK for today and the future. This response has been coordinated by the Royal Academy of Engineering on behalf of Engineering the Future. Engineering the Future is a broad alliance of engineering institutions and bodies which represent the UK’s 450,000 professional engineers. We provide independent expert advice and promote understanding of the contribution that engineering makes to the economy, society and to the development and delivery of national policy. Nuclear Research and Development Capabilities The implications of future scenarios • What are the research and capability requirements of nuclear energy policy options, roadmaps and scenarios up to 2050? • What consideration is the Government giving to the UK’s R&D requirements to meet the policy objectives for nuclear energy both in the near term and longer term (to 2050)? Does more need to be done? • What research capabilities and commitments are required now to meet these future nuclear energy policies? 1. -
Endless Trouble: Britain's Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant
Endless Trouble Britain’s Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant (THORP) Martin Forwood, Gordon MacKerron and William Walker Research Report No. 19 International Panel on Fissile Materials Endless Trouble: Britain’s Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant (THORP) © 2019 International Panel on Fissile Materials This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial License To view a copy of this license, visit ww.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0 On the cover: the world map shows in highlight the United Kingdom, site of THORP Dedication For Martin Forwood (1940–2019) Distinguished colleague and dear friend Table of Contents About the IPFM 1 Introduction 2 THORP: An Operational History 4 THORP: A Political History 11 THORP: A Chronology 1974 to 2018 21 Endnotes 26 About the authors 29 About the IPFM The International Panel on Fissile Materials (IPFM) was founded in January 2006 and is an independent group of arms control and nonproliferation experts from both nuclear- weapon and non-nuclear-weapon states. The mission of the IPFM is to analyze the technical basis for practical and achievable pol- icy initiatives to secure, consolidate, and reduce stockpiles of highly enriched uranium and plutonium. These fissile materials are the key ingredients in nuclear weapons, and their control is critical to achieving nuclear disarmament, to halting the proliferation of nuclear weapons, and to ensuring that terrorists do not acquire nuclear weapons. Both military and civilian stocks of fissile materials have to be addressed. The nuclear- weapon states still have enough fissile materials in their weapon stockpiles for tens of thousands of nuclear weapons. On the civilian side, enough plutonium has been sepa- rated to make a similarly large number of weapons. -
Implications of the Accident at Chernobyl for Safety Regulation of Commercial Nuclear Power Plants in the United States Final Report
NUREG-1251 Vol. I Implications of the Accident at Chernobyl for Safety Regulation of Commercial Nuclear Power Plants in the United States Final Report Main Report U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission p. o AVAILABILITY NOTICE Availability of Reference Materials Cited in NRC Publications Most documents cited in NRC publications will be available from one of the following sources: 1. The NRC Public Document Room, 2120 L Street, NW, Lower Level, Washington, DC 20555 2. The Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, P.O. Box 37082, Washington, DC 20013-7082 3. The National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 Although the listing that follows represents the majority of documents cited in NRC publica- tions, it is not intended to be exhaustive. Referenced documents available for inspection and copying for a fee from the NRC Public Document Room include NRC correspondence and internal NRC memoranda; NRC Office of Inspection and Enforcement bulletins, circulars, information notices, inspection and investi- gation notices; Licensee Event Reports; vendor reports and correspondence; Commission papers; and applicant and licensee documents and correspondence. The following documents in the NUREG series are available for purchase from the GPO Sales Program: formal NRC staff and contractor reports, NRC-sponsored conference proceed- ings, and NRC booklets and brochures. Also available are Regulatory Guides, NRC regula- tions in the Code of Federal Regulations, and Nuclear Regulatory Commission Issuances. Documents available from the National Technical Information Service include NUREG series reports and technical reports prepared by other federal agencies and reports prepared by the Atomic Energy Commission, forerunner agency to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. -
Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) Systems
Reactor Concepts Manual Pressurized Water Reactor Systems Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) Systems For a nuclear power plant to perform the function of generating electricity, many different systems must perform their functions. These functions may range from the monitoring of a plant parameter to the controlling of the main turbine or the reactor. This chapter will discuss the purposes of some of the major systems and components associated with a pressurized water reactor. USNRC Technical Training Center 4-1 0603 Reactor Concepts Manual Pressurized Water Reactor Systems CONTAINMENT BUILDING REACTOR COOLANT SYSTEM MSR S/G ELECTRIC P GENERATOR Z HP LP R MAIN COOLING TOWER TURBINE MAIN CONDENSER RHR CORE HX RCP FW RHR HTR PUMP MAIN FEED CONDENSATE PUMP PUMP CIRC. WATER PUMP CONTAINMENT AUXILIARY BUILDING SUMP TURBINE BUILDING There are two major systems utilized to convert the heat generated in the fuel into electrical power for industrial and residential use. The primary system transfers the heat from the fuel to the steam generator, where the secondary system begins. The steam formed in the steam generator is transferred by the secondary system to the main turbine generator, where it is converted into electricity. After passing through the low pressure turbine, the steam is routed to the main condenser. Cool water, flowing through the tubes in the condenser, removes excess heat from the steam, which allows the steam to condense. The water is then pumped back to the steam generator for reuse. In order for the primary and secondary systems to perform their functions, there are approximately one hundred support systems. -
Section IB INL Accident History
Environmental Defense Institute Section I.B. Page | 1 Section I.B. INL Accident History Of the 52 reactors built and operated at INL, forty-two (42) reactors melted downed so far in its history of operations. Sixteen (16) of these meltdowns were accidents. The remaining twenty-six (26) were experimental/intentional meltdowns to test reactor design parameters, fuel design, and radiation releases. These nuclear experiments were conducted with little regard to the radiation exposure to workers and surrounding residents. Below is a partial listing of the more notable meltdowns and criticality releases. (See IX Appendix (A)) for a listing of acknowledged melt-downs, accidents, and experimental radioactive releases. The term accidental, used by DOE, is perhaps not an appropriate term any more than when the term is applied to a hot-rodder who "accidentally" crashes his car while speeding at 100 miles per hour down a road designed for 30 mph. Hot-rodding a nuclear reactor just to see what it will take is no accident and no less irresponsible. According to Boyd Norton, manager of the SPERT tests in the early 1960s notes, "These reactors are, essentially, stripped-down “hot-rodders,” [sic] they had no radiation shielding and no elaborate safety systems. Sitting as they were, in the middle of more than nine hundred square miles of desert, there wasn't much concern over such things. Not back then." [ Norton] See discussion below on SPERT Tests. An ICPP/INTEC criticality accident on October 16, 1959 required evacuation of the facility. "Outside the building and for 130 yards west to the area entrance the radiation field was 5 R/hr or greater." [IDO-10035 @ 4] Thankfully, it was a night shift and less than 10% of the normal work-force was on the site. -
SSE Annual Report 2007
energy made better Scottish and Southern Energy plc Annual Report 2007 Our purpose is to provide people with the energy they need – in a reliable and sustainable way. This Annual Report describes how we’ve worked to make energy better. And we’re continuing to work to make it better still. Scottish and Southern Energy Annual Report 2007 Contents 1 Chairman’s Statement 2 Directors’ Report 36 Dividends 68 Profile 3 Corporate Governance Report 38 Earnings Per Share 69 Providing Energy 4 Organisation and Structure 38 Intangible Assets 70 Key Performance Indicators 6 Board Effectiveness 39 Property, Plant and Equipment 72 Board Committees 39 Investment in Associates and Joint Ventures 73 Chief Executive’s Statement 10 Audit Committee 39 Subsidiary Undertakings 76 Financial Overview 10 Remuneration Committee 40 Acquisitions and Disposals 77 Energy Systems 11 Nomination Committee 40 Inventories 79 Generation and Supply 16 Risk Committee 40 Trade and Other Receivables 79 Contracting, Connections and Metering 25 Executive Committee 40 Cash and Cash Equivalents 80 Gas Storage 27 Health, Safety and Environmental Advisory Committee 40 Trade and Other Payables 80 Telecoms 28 Internal Control and Risk Management 40 Current Tax Liabilities 80 Exceptional Item 28 Going Concern 41 Construction Contracts 80 Investment and Capital Expenditure 28 Communication with Shareholders Loans and Other Borrowings 81 Financial Management 30 and Major Business Stakeholders 41 Deferred Taxation 83 Tax 31 Provisions 84 Balance Sheet 31 Directors’ Biographies and Responsibilities