Infrastructure for QIS Research DOE’s Light Sources, Neutron Sources, and Nanoscale Science Research Centers National Quantum Initiative Community Meeting | December 8, 2020 STEPHEN STREIFFER Deputy Laboratory Director for Science & Technology Interim Associate Laboratory Director, Photon Sciences Director, Advanced Photon Source Argonne National Laboratory Office of Science at a Glance FY 2020 Enacted: $7.0B + $99.5M (CARES Act) Largest Supporter of Funding at >300 Institutions, Over 23,000 Researchers Over 36,000 Users of Physical Sciences in the U.S. including 17 DOE Labs Supported 28 SC Scientific Facilities ~38% of Research to Research: Facility Operations: Projects/Other: Universities 38.8%, $2.7B 36.4%, $2.5B 24.9%, $1.7B 2 2 Office of Science User Facilities • A SC user facility is a federally sponsored research facility available for external use to advance scientific or technical knowledge under the following conditions: – The facility is open to all interested potential users without regard to nationality or institutional affiliation. – Allocation of facility resources is determined by merit review of the proposed work. – User fees are not charged for non-proprietary work if the user intends to publish the research results in the open literature. Full cost recovery is required for proprietary work. – The facility provides resources sufficient for users to conduct work safely and efficiently. – The facility supports a formal user organization to represent the users and facilitate sharing of information, forming collaborations, and organizing research efforts among users. – The facility capability does not compete with an available private sector capability. https://www.energy.gov/science/science-innovation/office-science-user-facilities https://science.osti.gov/User-Facilities https://science.osti.gov/User-Facilities/User-Facilities-at-a-Glance/BES 3 3 FY 2021 28 Scientific User Facilities 36,000+ users OLCF ALCF NERSC ESnet EMSL ARM JGI SNS HFIR ALS APS LCLS NSLS-II SSRL CFN CINT CNM CNMS TMF DIII-D NSTX-U FACET ATF Fermilab AC CEBAF ATLAS RHIC FRIB 4 4 Basic Energy Sciences Light and Neutron Sources Spectroscopy of Spectroscopy for Nanoscale structure Electronic Structure, Magnetic structure composition and and strain excitations chemical state National Synchrotron Light Source II Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Light Source Brookhaven National Laboratory SLAC SLAC Spallation Neutron Source High Flux Isotope Reactor Advance Light Source, Advanced Photon Source Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge National Laboratory Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Argonne National Laboratory 5 BES Nanoscale Science Research Centers Electron Optical microscopy Scanning Materials Nanofabrication spectroscopy for materials probes synthesis characterization Center for Integrated Nano Technologies The Molecular Foundry Sandia, Los Alamos Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Center for Functional Nanomaterials Center for Nanophase Materials Science Center for Nanoscale Materials Brookhaven National Laboratory Oak Ridge National Laboratory Argonne National Laboratory 6 Accessing BES User Facilities § Prospective user submits a proposal to facility • Proposals are typically short – 3-5 pages – describing importance of proposed work, estimate of time required to complete work, requested beamline/instrument • Life of the proposal typically 1-2 years (depending on facility) or a 1-time experiment (sometimes called rapid-access proposals) • Proposal can be non-proprietary (no user fees) or proprietary (user fees applied) § Proposal goes through review process managed by facility • Proposals are evaluated on feasibility and merit of proposed work – criteria set by individual user facility • May be different review processes for different types of proposals (e.g., proprietary, non-proprietary proposals, rapid access, etc.) § Successful proposals are allocated time on requested beamline/instrument 7 Requirements Before/After the Experiment § Before start of experiment: • All users must have a completed User Agreement between their home institution and the facility – 2 types of User Agreements – proprietary and non-proprietary • A Safety Form is submitted by PI describing any hazards associated with experiment and any hazard mitigations (if necessary), and approved by facility representatives • All users associated with experiment must have completed facility’s required training § After completion of experiment: • Users acknowledge use of facility in any publications resulting from data obtained from access to facility • Users notify facility of those publications 8 DOE’s Light Source Network Impact by the Numbers Product breakthroughs: • ~ 11,000 users each year HIV & cancer drugs, green refrigerants, improved • From all 50 states, ~33 countries LEDs, green energy, thin films, batteries, gasoline • Oversubscribed by factor of 3 or 4 injector system • More than 250 universities • More than 200 companies, many Fortune 500 Government partnerships: • 4 Nobel Prizes DOE, NIST, NSF, NIH, NNSA, DOD, NASA Storage Rings Soft(est) X-Rays Intermediate Wavelength Hard X-Rays X-Ray Lasers Surface chemistry and Diverse range of Studies of real materials, Full spatial coherence, electronic structure characterization and systems, and processes in real ultrafast dynamics in exploration time under real conditions molecules and materials ALS NSLS-II & SSRL APS LCLS Each has unique characteristics as well as tailored overlap of certain capabilities, to cover the entire discovery space for a broad user base The Advanced Light Source at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory The ALS uses photons from the infrared to the hard x-ray to investigate the coupling between structure, electronic, magnetic, and lattice properties that are fundamental characteristics of quantum coherent systems, and the interaction of materials with their environments through study of temperature and field-dependence. Spin Crossover in T-dependent Topology in Molecular States Order Parameter van-der-Waals X-ray Spectroscopy & Scattering High Fluctuations Materials Chemical Spectroscopy Spin Magnetic Spectroscopy Orbital Order Long Range Order Dynamical Structure Factors Low Spin photon energy(eV) Photoelectron Spectroscopy Chemical Spectroscopy Spin/Electronic Bands Lifetime Renormalization Exotic Quantum Phases Wavefunction Mapping In operando measurements Entangled Electrons 5-Dimensional characterization of device-relevant electronic states with world-leading spatial resolution R. Koch to be submitted 2017 The Advanced Light Source at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory The ALS uses photons from the infrared to the hard x-ray to investigate the coupling between structure, electronic, magnetic, and lattice properties that are fundamental characteristics of quantum coherent systems, and the interaction of materials with their environments through study of temperature and field-dependence. Applications of ALS Tools to materials issues at the Quantum Systems Accelerator: Investigation of the chemical origins of performance limiting noise in superconducting q-bits, ion traps, and sensors. Mehta et al Nature 586, 533-537 (2020) Accelerating Basic Science & Discovery by revealing the structure-dependent properties of complex quantum matter such as novel engineered superconductors, spin-orbit-valley interactions, and protected states in topological materials. β-Bi4I4 , Nature Materials 2016 / Autès et al Geim/Nature SSRL ARPES at Beamline 5: SSRL A State-of-the-Art Facility for Studying Quantum Materials § Excellent control of the photon polarization § Unique combination of two complementary branch lines • PGM branch line: high flux, wide photon energy (20-200 eV), small beam spot • NIM branch line: ultrahigh res. (<2 meV), low photon energy (7-35 eV), excellent beam stability § State-of-the-art ARPES end station • Micro-ARPES capability with DA30 analyzer • 6-axis low-temperature sample manipulator (10-400 K) § Sophisticated materials synthesis chamber • In situ thin-film growth, transfer, and characterization • Oxide MBE, chalcogenide MBE, STM/STS Þ Enable rich science with both depth and diversity; open doors to future applications • High-Tc cuprates, Fe-based superconductors… ARPES • Topological materials, transition metal dichalcogenides… Oxide MBE • Novel low-dimensional materials, surfaces, and interfaces… 7-35 eV > 1×1012 ph/s @ 10,000 RP E/ΔE~20,0 32(H)×5(V) µm2 (FWHM) 00 20-200 EPU eV 11 LH, LV, CL, CR M0 > 2×10 ph/s @ 10,000 RP E/ΔE~40, 0.2(H)×0.1(V) mm2 (FWHM) M1 000 M2 Apertures STM/STS VLS Gratings Chalcogenide MBE M3 NIM branch line 5-4 PGM branch line 5-2 SSRL SSRL Resonant Soft X-ray Scattering (RSXS) at Beamline 13-3 § Unique combination of conventional RSXS capability and a state-of- the-art detector • Superconducting transition-edge sensor (TES) detector has been integrated in the RSXS setup • Delivers a highly efficient detecting mode via single photon sensitivity § Novel approach to detect glassy (weak) order • Subtraction of fluorescence background via the 2-D area (CCD) • 4-circle diffractometer and low-temperature sample environment (10-400 K) allow precise exploration of weak signals § Cutting-edge science • Exploring intertwining ordering in high-Tc cuprates • Exploring interface phenomena in emergent heterostructures BL13-3 branch • Beamline parameters - Energy range: 230 – 2400 eV - Energy resolution (E/ΔE): 8000 Elliptical Polarization Undulator - Spot size: ~ 0.02 (v) X 0.5 (h) mm2 (EPU) NSLS-II – for Quantum Information Science •